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  • 1995-1999  (120)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1997  (120)
  • Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
  • Paris : OECD Publishing
Datasource
Material
Language
Years
  • 1995-1999  (120)
  • 1980-1984
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kulturelle Identität, soziale Netzwerke und Kognition : Berichte ethnologischer Forschungen aus Köln (1997)
    Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitätsverlag | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783663086734 , 3663086739 , 3824442531
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XII, 227 Seiten) , 23 Abb.
    Series Statement: DUV : Sozialwissenschaft
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kulturelle Identität, soziale Netzwerke und Kognition
    DDC: 650
    RVK:
    LB 33000
    RVK:
    MD 2700
    RVK:
    MS 1290
    RVK:
    MS 9300
    Keywords: Kulturelle Identität ; Soziales Netzwerk ; Aufsatzsammlung
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-663-08673-4
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-08673-4
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Ausführliche Beschreibung
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    Online Resource
    HeBIS
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Natur als Kulturprodukt : Kulturökologie und Umweltethik (1997)
    Basel : Birkhäuser Basel | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783034877718 , 3034877714 , 3764354887
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VI, 360 Seiten) , 14 Abb.
    Series Statement: Themenhefte Schwerpunktprogramm Umwelt
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Krieger, David J Natur als Kulturprodukt
    DDC: 570
    RVK:
    AR 14400
    RVK:
    RB 10844
    RVK:
    CC 8200
    RVK:
    XC 2800
    RVK:
    BK 3350
    Keywords: Sozialökologie ; Umweltethik ; Religion
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7771-8
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7771-8
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Ausführliche Beschreibung
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    Online Resource
    HeBIS
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Essai n 475: Essai d'aberration chromosomique sur moelle osseuse de mammifères (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071315
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 475; Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosome Aberration Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 475: Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosome Aberration Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'essai d'aberration chromosomique in vivo sur mammifères est employé à l’identification des composés d'essai qui induisent des aberrations structurales dans des cellules de moelle osseuse d’animaux, généralement des rongeurs (rats, souris et hamsters chinois). Les aberrations structurales peuvent être de deux types : chromosomiques ou chromatidiques. Des animaux sont exposés à la substance d'essai (liquide ou solide) par une voie d'exposition appropriée (habituellement par gavage via une sonde gastrique ou d’une canule de tubage appropriée, ou par injection intrapéritonéale) et sont sacrifiés après des délais appropriés de traitement. Avant le sacrifice, les animaux sont traités avec un inhibiteur de fuseau. Des préparations chromosomiques sont alors faites à partir des cellules de moelle et colorées, et des cellules de métaphase sont analysées pour mettre en évidence les aberrations chromosomiques. Chacun des groupes traités et de contrôle doivent inclure au moins 5 animaux analysables par sexe. La dose de limite est 2000 de mg/kg pc/jour pour le traitement jusqu'à 14 jours, et de 1000 mg/kg pc/jour pour le traitement de plus de 14 jours.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071315-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Promouvoir l'efficacité et le professionnalisme dans la fonction publique (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.21
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Promoting Performance and Professionalism in the Public Service
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Le présent rapport a pour objet les pratiques relatives à la gestion des ressources humaines dans quatre pays d’Europe centrale et orientale : l’Albanie, l’Estonie, la Hongrie et la Pologne. L’étude est fondée sur des informations disponibles en 1996. Depuis lors, des changements importants ont eu lieu pour le moins dans deux de ces pays. En Pologne, une nouvelle Loi sur la Fonction publique est entrée en vigueur en janvier 1997 (certaines dispositions sont entrées en vigueur 30 jours après la promulgation de la loi). En Albanie, la situation actuelle de l’administration publique est difficile à appréhender depuis les récents désordres politiques. En 1996, alors que ce rapport était en cours de préparation, une législation sur la fonction publique était en vigueur en Albanie, en Estonie et en Hongrie. En Pologne, l’emploi dans l’administration publique était encore régi par la loi de 1982 sur les fonctionnaires.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kgkkh6q7s7c-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Revision of the High-Technology Sector and Product Classification (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1997/02
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Révision des classifications des secteurs et des produits de haute technologie
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper describes the methods used to classify the OECD countries’ industrial sectors and manufactures by level of technology, and presents the resulting classifications. In the proposed new classification by industrial sector, the concept of technology intensity has been expanded to take into account both the level of technology specific to the sector (measured by the ratio of R&D expenditure to value added) and the technology embodied in purchases of intermediate and capital goods. Four groups of industries have been identified on the basis of the degree of technology intensity. The classification by product consists solely of high-technology products (products which are the most technology-intensive). The classification was drawn up by the OECD Secretariat in collaboration with Eurostat, the object being to finalise the approach by sector and provide a more appropriate instrument for analysing international trade. Because no detailed data were available for services, the two ...
    DOI: 10.1787/134337307632
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Do Funded Pensions Contribute to Higher Aggregate Savings? : A Cross-Country Analysis (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.130
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper provides statistically significant international evidence on the interaction between funded pensions and aggregate savings, after controlling for country-specific effects and for other saving determinants that have typically been identified in earlier cross-country studies. Using panel data for eleven countries (both OECD and non-OECD), this study goes beyond earlier work which has been based on individual country studies only (which have suffered from a small number of degrees of freedom). Building several proxies of pension wealth based on internationally comparable pension fund and life insurance data, the paper estimates the relationship between aggregate saving rates and pension wealth using ordinary least squares and two-stage least squares over the 1982-93 period. The empirical analysis supports the predictions of a simple two-period life-cycle saving model that incorporates tax treatment of pension returns, population heterogeneity, capital market imperfection and ...
    DOI: 10.1787/215438532570
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measurement of Non-Tariff Barriers (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 118 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.179
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: For governments, the advantage of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to trade is that their effects are more certain than for tariffs. Now that tariff barriers have been substantially reduced, there has been increasing interest in the ways that non-tariff barriers (NTBs) may distort and restrict international trade. This working paper assesses currently available methods for quantifying NTBs. Calculation of the tariff equivalent of a given NTB for a given economic indicator is complex, and requires a great deal of information. Measures that are equivalent for one indicator will not be so for others, and there is no substitute for NTB-specific expertise ...
    DOI: 10.1787/568705648470
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 473: In vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071261
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 473; Essai d'aberration chromosomique in vitro chez les mammifères
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 473: Essai d'aberration chromosomique in vitro chez les mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of the in vitro chromosome aberration test is to identify agents that cause structural chromosome aberrations in cultured mammalian somatic cells. Structural aberrations may be of two types: chromosome or chromatid. The in vitro chromosome aberration test may employ cultures of established cell lines, cell strains or primary cell cultures. Cell cultures are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) both with and without metabolic activation during about 1.5 normal cell cycle lengths. At least three analysable concentrations of the test substance should be used. At each concentration duplicate cultures should normally be used. At predetermined intervals after exposure of cell cultures to the test substance, the cells are treated with a metaphase-arresting substance, harvested, stained. Metaphase cells are analysed microscopically for the presence of chromosome aberrations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071261-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Urban Credit Co-Operatives in China (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 79 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.125
    Keywords: Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This Technical Paper is a study of the working of urban credit cooperatives in China. It begins by putting the German, French, US and Japanese experiences into perspective, before constructing a macroeconomic analysis of the operation, institutional context and the role of urban credit co-operatives within the savings and credit systems. A survey of 57 cooperatives in eight Chinese towns is used to study credit co-operative activities at the micro-economic level. The survey shows that within their heterogeneity the credit co-operatives generally ignore the laws governing banking operations. Unsurprisingly, the most profitable are located in the fast-growing coastal regions, but they tend to use a large proportion of their funds for loans to the state, rather than the co-operative, sector ...
    DOI: 10.1787/711240731236
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Les régimes de retraite privés dans les pays de l'OCDE : Le Royaume-Uni (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 109 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Private Pensions in OECD Countries: The United Kingdom
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Ce volume fait partie d’une série de monographies sur les régimes de retraite privés dans les pays de l’OCDE. Les volumes précédents ont été consacrés à la situation du Canada, de l’Irlande, de la Nouvelle-Zélande et des Etats-Unis. Le système de pensions du Royaume-Uni présente un certain nombre de spécificités. La part des pensions du régime public dans les revenus de retraite a régressé. Le vieillissement de la population va entraîner une diminution du nombre d'actifs relativement au nombre de retraités, mais compte tenu des faibles taux des pensions servies par le régime public, il ne sera pas nécessaire de procéder à un relèvement important des taux de cotisation pour faire face aux dépenses de pensions. Les régimes de retraite d’entreprise financés par capitalisation sont très développés et la proportion de leurs actifs par rapport au PIB est parmi la plus élevée des pays de l’OCDE. Le nombre de personnes couvertes par des plans de retraite privés individuels augmente rapidement ...
    DOI: 10.1787/560675708185
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of European Union Accession: Part II External Audit (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 152 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.20
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Incidences de l'adhésion à l'Union européenne Partie 2, audit externe
    Keywords: Governance ; European Union
    Abstract: Over the past decade, the European Commission, as the institution responsible for implementing the Community Budget, has taken an increasingly active interest in the effectiveness of the control measures applied by Member States to Community funds. Indeed, it is in the common interest of the Member States to exercise proper supervision of Community funds. The responses of EU Member States’ Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) to the Commission’s external audit procedures and requirements are divergent for various reasons, including legislative ones. This issue overview paper draws on the separate country papers which describe in more detail the different experiences of selected national SAIs in their co-operation with the Commission’s services and the European Court of Auditors (ECA). The present publication complements SIGMA Paper No. 19 Effects of European Union Accession — Part 1, Budgeting and Financial Control on the impact of accession on budgeting and financial control. In both cases, the approach adopted has been analysis of selected issues for reflection and debate.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6164r4q7-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Case of Missing Foreign Investment in the Southern Mediterranean (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.128
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The developing countries of the Southern Mediterranean (SOM) have missed the extraordinary surge of private international investment in recent years. Although the SOM region was an important destination for foreign direct investments, its share of world FDI has declined. In 1994, private capital represented only 37 per cent of the SOM’s capital inflows (of which nearly all went to Egypt and Morocco) compared to 76 per cent for all developing countries. There is great potential for expanding foreign investment in the region. Comparative econometric exercises in the study also suggest large gaps between actual inflows into SOM and into similar economies elsewhere. Moreover, the region’s history of emigration and capital flight have created a pool of resources that could quickly respond to opportunities. This paper identifies a cluster of policy initiatives that could help increase private capital inflows: domestic measures — including privatisation, trade liberalisation, and currency ...
    DOI: 10.1787/883370106308
    URL: Volltext
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La budgétisation et le contrôle des dépenses de personnel (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Budgeting and Monitoring of Personnel Costs
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: La présente publication est le fruit d’un colloque «multi-pays», organisé par le Programme SIGMA à Paris en mars 1996 et consacré à la budgétisation et au contrôle des coûts en personnel. L’objectif du séminaire était d’offrir aux professionnels de haut niveau des pays d’Europe centrale et orientale la possibilité de se familiariser avec différentes approches à la budgétisation et au contrôle des coûts en personnel, et d’apprécier leur intérêt au regard des besoins et des contraintes propres à chacun des pays concernés. Le colloque, qui se référait en particulier à l’expérience des Pays membres de l’Union européenne (UE), offrit aux participants l’occasion de comparer différents types de budgétisations et de contrôles, leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients, de même que les institutions et les procédures qu’ils requièrent.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6g60vfns-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Incidences de l'adhésion à l'Union européenne Partie 2, audit externe (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 162 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.20
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Effects of European Union Accession: Part II External Audit
    Keywords: Governance ; European Union
    Abstract: Depuis 10 ans, la Commission européenne s’est préoccupée de plus en plus activement, dans le cadre de sa responsabilité dans l’exécution du budget communautaire, de l’efficacité du contrôle des fonds communautaire dans les États Membres. Une surveillance adéquate des fonds communautaires par les États Membres est d’ailleurs dans l’intérêt de l’ensemble d’entre eux. Plusieurs raisons, notamment législatives expliquent que les Institutions supérieures de contrôle (ISC) des États Membres réagissent différemment aux exigences et aux procédures de la Commission en matière de contrôle externe. Dans cette présentation générale, ou se référera aux études par pays qui décrivent de manière plus détaillée les différentes expériences des ISC nationales concernées dans leur coopération avec les services de la Commission et la Cour des Comptes européenne. La présente publication complète le document SIGMA N° 19 intitulé Incidences de l’adhésion à l’Union européenne : Partie 1 : Contrôles budgétaire et financier. Dans les deux cas, l’objectif poursuivi est de nourrir la réflexion et la discussion par l’analyse d’un certain nombre de problèmes.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6160z9r5-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 475: Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosome Aberration Test (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071308
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 475; Essai d'aberration chromosomique sur moelle osseuse de mammifères
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 475: Essai d'aberration chromosomique sur moelle osseuse de mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The mammalian in vivo chromosome aberration test is used for the detection of structural chromosome aberrations induced by test compounds in bone marrow cells of animals, usually rodents (rats, mice and Chinese hamsters). Structural chromosome aberrations may be of two types: chromosome or chromatid. Animals are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) by an appropriate route of exposure (usually by gavage using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula, or by intraperitoneal injection) and are sacrificed at appropriate times after treatment. Prior to sacrifice, animals are treated with a metaphase-arresting agent. Chromosome preparations are then made from the bone marrow cells and stained, and metaphase cells are analysed for chromosome aberrations. Each treated and control group must include at least 5 analysable animals per sex. The limit dose is 2000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment up to 14 days, and 1000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment longer than 14 days.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071308-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Private Pensions in OECD Countries : France (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 134 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.30
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les régimes de retraite privés dans les pays de l'OCDE : France
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; France
    Abstract: This volume is part of a series of monographs on private pensions in OECD countries. Previous titles have considered the situation of Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Private pensions occupy a central role in the French system of retirement provision. In addition to a high degree of institutional fragmentation, the general structure of the French pension system combines two tiers. The first consists of statutory social security plans, set up to cover the whole of the working population, and “special plans”, exempted from participation in the general schemes and almost exclusively covering the public sector. The second tier is made up of supplementary occupational plans, mainly compulsory plans federated at the national level. The extensive role of these compulsory occupational plans has left little room for the development of other voluntary occupational pension plans. A number of features make the specificity of the second tier in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/664831631060
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  • 17
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    Private Pensions in OECD Countries : The United Kingdom (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 97 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.21
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les régimes de retraite privés dans les pays de l'OCDE : Le Royaume-Uni
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This volume is part of a series of monographs on private pensions in OECD countries. Previous titles have considered the situation in Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. The United Kingdom pension system has some distinctive characteristics. Publicly-provided pensions have become less important as a source of retirement income. The ageing of the population will shrink the numbers of those working relative to those receiving old-age pensions, but because of the low rates of public pension payments, contribution rates will not need to rise dramatically to cover pension costs. Funded company-based schemes are extensive, with one of the highest asset to GDP ratios among the OECD countries. Personal private pensions are growing rapidly in coverage. Evidence suggests that these pension funds have boosted saving and increased the supply of long-term funds, so stimulating the development of capital markets. The size and scope of private pensions in the United Kingdom makes the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/114267514347
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  • 18
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    Promoting Performance and Professionalism in the Public Service (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.21
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Promouvoir l'efficacité et le professionnalisme dans la fonction publique
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This is a report on human resources management practices in the public administrations of four central and eastern European countries: Albania, Estonia, Hungary and Poland. The report is based on information from 1996. Since then significant changes have occurred in at least two of the countries. In Poland a new Civil Service Act came into force in January 1997 (certain provisions came into force 30 days after the Act’s promulgation); and in Albania the current situation in the administration is difficult to assess due to recent political upheaval. When this report was prepared in 1996, Albania, Estonia and Hungary all had civil service laws in force, while in Poland the1982 Act on Civil Servants still regulated employment in the state administration. The report’s purpose is to determine to what extent the implementation of a specific law for employment in the administration would lead to significant changes in personnel management or in the preconditions for management, selection and promotion of staff. This report is therefore about public personnel management systems, management procedures and management practices and how they either support or hinder professionalism and appropriate conduct. To a certain extent it is also about the legislation and institutions as well as the training necessary to promote suitable civil service behaviour. The study was based on a common guideline document developed together with experts from the four countries. These experts are Odeta Dibra, Lawyer, Albania (now with UNESCO); Professor Georg Sootla, Tallinn Pedagogical University, Estonia; Istvan Borbiro, Lawyer, Jutasi & Partners, Hungary; and Wojciech Marchlewski, Co-operation and Partnership, Poland. The four experts used the guideline document as a reference tool for conducting interviews in the administrations of their countries and for reporting their findings.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml615rm5mv-en
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  • 19
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    Incidences de l'adhésion à l'Union européenne Partie 1, processus de budgétisation et contrôle financier (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 179 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.19
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Effects of European Union Accession: Part I Budgeting and Financial Control
    Keywords: Governance ; European Union
    Abstract: Le respect des exigences communautaires en matière de contrôle budgétaire et financier qui constitue l’une des obligations fondamentales liées à l’adhésion à l’UE peut exiger, de la part des États Membres, une modification en profondeur de leurs procédures budgétaires nationales. La présente note de synthèse s’inspire de différents articles qui décrivent, de manière plus détaillée, l’expérience d’un échantillon d’États Membres.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6186bm0r-fr
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  • 20
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    Corruption : The Issues (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.122
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper sets out a framework within which the problem of corruption may be analysed in any specific country. It does not seek to establish the importance of such activity in a general sense, or seek to propose particular economic policy or institutional programmes that should be pursued in order to reduce the impact on the development process. Rather, the objective is to provide a structure for two distinct areas of analysis. Firstly, it considers the investigation of the determinants of corruption, emphasising the environment in which corruption evolves — whether shaped by international, national or specific institutional factors — and the manner in which the different parties to corruption interact and organise themselves in conducting these activities. Secondly, the paper focuses on the importance of corruption for economic development by considering the different forms of corruption and the characteristics of these forms that are most critical for economic activity ...
    DOI: 10.1787/623840765428
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  • 21
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    Test No. 486: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) Test with Mammalian Liver Cells in vivo (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071520
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 486; Essai de synthèse non programmée de l'ADN (UDS) sur des hépatocytes de mammifères in vivo
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 486: Essai de synthèse non programmée de l'ADN (UDS) sur des hépatocytes de mammifères in vivo
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of the unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) test with mammalian liver cells in vivo is to identify substances that induce DNA repair after excision and removal of a stretch of DNA containing a region of damage induced by chemical substances (solid or liquid) or physical agents in the liver. The test is usually based on the incorporation of tritium-labelled thymidine, 3H-TdR, (during 3-8 hours) into the DNA of liver cells which have a low frequency of cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle. The uptake of 3H-TdR is usually determined by autoradiography. Rats are commonly used, and the number of animals should be at least three analysable animals per group. Normally, at least two dose levels are used. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bw/d. Test substances are generally administered as a single treatment by gavage using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula. Liver cells are prepared from treated animals 12-16 hours after dosing of animal. After autoradiography, normally 100 cells are scored from each animal from at least two slides. A positive result from the UDS test with mammalian liver cells in vivo indicates that a substance induces DNA damage in mammalian liver cells in vivo that can be repaired by unscheduled DNA synthesis in vitro. A negative result indicates that, under the test conditions, the test substance does not induce DNA damage that is detectable by this test.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071520-en
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  • 22
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    Essai n 483: Toxicologie génétique: Essai cytogénétique sur cellules germinales de mammifère (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071476
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 483; Mammalian Spermatogonial Chromosome Aberration Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 483: Mammalian Spermatogonial Chromosome Aberration Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cet essai mesure des événements chromosomiques dans les cellules germinales de spermatogonies et devrait donc prévoir l'induction de mutations héréditaires dans les cellules germinales. Des hamsters chinois et des souris mâles sont généralement utilisés. Les animaux sont exposés à la substance d'essai (liquide ou solide) par une voie appropriée d'exposition, habituellement par gavage ou par injection intrapéritonéale. Puis, ils sont sacrifiés à des moments appropriés après traitement. Chacun des groupes traités et témoins incluent au moins cinq mâles analysables. Les substances d'essai sont de préférence administrées une ou deux fois mais elles peuvent également être administrées en prises fractionnées quand le volume à administrer est grand. Avant le sacrifice, les animaux sont traités avec un inhibiteur de fuseau. Des préparations chromosomiques sont alors faites à partir des cellules germinales puis colorées. Les aberrations chromosomiques des cellules en métaphase sont analysées. Un essai limite peut être réalisé si aucun effet n’est prévu à une dose de 2000 mg/kg pc/j. Des résultats positifs de l'essai d'aberration chromosomique sur des spermatogonies in vivo indiquent qu'une substance induit des aberrations chromosomiques dans les cellules germinales des espèces examinées.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071476-fr
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  • 23
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    OECD Submission to the UK Low Pay Commission (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.185
    Keywords: Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: A. Introduction This submission provides a brief factual survey of statutory minimum wage systems in OECD countries (Section B) as well as a summary of recommendations concerning minimum wages which have been presented in the OECD Jobs Study and recent OECD Economic Surveys (Section C). This is followed by a discussion of the factors which should be considered when reviewing the likely effects of statutory minimum wages on employment and unemployment (Section D), and on low pay and poverty (Section E). It is based on recent empirical evidence from OECD countries and, whenever possible, discusses the relevance of the different factors characterising minimum wage for the UK context. The need for further research is discussed in Section F. B. Minimum-wage systems in OECD countries The description of minimum-wage systems in this section has been derived from a number of sources, including national submissions in response to an OECD questionnaire. However, it should be noted that the information presented has not yet been verified for factual accuracy by the relevant national authorities ...
    DOI: 10.1787/130388816440
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  • 24
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    Occupational Classification (ISCO-88) : Concepts, Methods, Reliability, Validity and Cross-National Comparability (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.20
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La classification des professions (CITP-88) : Concepts, méthodes, fiabilité, validité et comparabilité internationale
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper considers a range of topics concerned with the statistical application of an occupational classification, focusing in particular upon the use of the international standard, ISCO-88. Following a brief presentation of the conceptual basis of ISCO-88 and on methods of collecting and coding occupational information, evidence is presented on the reliability and validity of occupationally classified data. The paper reviews progress on the implementation of ISCO-88 on a global basis and presents an assessment of the likely comparability between countries of occupational data based upon ISCO-88. From the evidence available it appears that ISCO-88 has successfully superseded ISCO-68 and, in many countries, has become the model for a new national classification even where a national classification of occupations previously existed. However, occupational classification remains a difficult process, subject to a fairly low level of reliability. In addition to problems of reliability ...
    DOI: 10.1787/304441717388
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  • 25
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    Les systèmes de formation dans le service public des pays de l'OCDE (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.16
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Public Service Training in OECD Countries
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale le service public doit s'adapter à une multitude de changements dans un laps de temps très bref. Le personnel y est constamment confronté à un cadre réglementaire en évolution constante qu'il s'agit de mettre en oeuvre et de faire respecter; il lui faut également faire face à de nouvelles demandes émanant aussi bien d'un secteur privé en expansion que de l'ensemble des citoyens. De tels défis ne peuvent être relevés qu'avec un personnel hautement qualifié et mettant sans cesse à jour ses qualifications. Un solide système de formation permanente est donc indispensable pour que les agents publics ne se laissent pas dépasser par un contexte en transformation rapide. Cette brève étude a pour objet de mettre en lumière les éléments clés des systèmes de formation, ainsi que les avantages et les inconvénients des solutions mises au point dans les pays de l'OCDE, de façon à aider les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale à créer un système de formation de qualité tout en évitant les erreurs déjà commises dans les pays de l'OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml619fgfjj-fr
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  • 26
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    Evolution des rémunérations du secteur public dans les pays de l'OCDE 1997 (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062597
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (163 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trends in Public Sector Pay in OECD Countries 1997
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Certains pays de l'OCDE ont achevé de réformer leur système de détermination des rémunérations. Les processus de réforme développés par les gouvernements de ces pays et les résultats obtenus attirent tout naturellement l'attention. D'autant plus que ces réformes ont un effet positif sur la limitation des dépenses publiques. Cependant, certains pays fidèles au système centralisé de détermination des rémunérations sont également parvenus à contrôler leurs dépenses en personnel.L'analyse comparative des systèmes de détermination des rémunérations du secteur public des pays de l'OCDE montre que les expériences en la matière sont variées et que chaque pays adapte les instruments disponibles en fonction de sa structure institutionnelle et de ses contraintes économiques et sociales. Les pays qui n'ont pas opté pour un changement radical tendent à adopter une démarche progressive et pragmatique, ce qui conforte l'idée que la réforme des systèmes de détermination des rémunérations est en passe de toucher l'ensemble des pays de l'OCDE. Ce rapport s'adresse aux fonctionnaires chargés de la définition, de la mise en oeuvre et du suivi des politiques salariales du secteur public, ainsi qu'aux spécialistes des modes de détermination des rémunérations, de la gestion de l'emploi et des relations professionnelles. Il s'adresse également aux universitaires, spécialistes du marché du travail et de la détermination des salaires.
    DOI: 10.1787/pubsector_pay-1997-fr
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  • 27
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    Budgétisation moderne (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264262164
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Modern Budgeting
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: D'importantes réformes budgétaires ont été lancées au cours de ces dernières années dans différents pays de l'OCDE. Leur but est de donner aux organismes dépensiers une plus grande souplesse dans l'utilisation de leurs ressources, à charge pour eux d'assumer la responsabilité des résultats obtenus.Cette publication montre comment cinq pays Membres -- l'Australie, la France, la Nouvelle-Zélande, le Royaume-Uni et la Suède -- ont mis en oeuvre ces réformes dans ce domaine et dresse un premier bilan des progrès accomplis.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262164-fr
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  • 28
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    OECD Submission to The UK Low Pay Mission (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.29
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This submission provides a brief factual survey of statutory minimum wage systems in OECD countries (Section B) as well as a summary of recommendations concerning minimum wages which have been presented in the OECD Jobs Study and recent OECD Economic Surveys (Section C). This is followed by a discussion of the factors which should be considered when reviewing the likely effects of statutory minimum wages on employment and unemployment (Section D), and on low pay and poverty (Section E). It is based on recent empirical evidence from OECD countries and, whenever possible, discusses the relevance of the different factors characterising minimum wage for the UK context. The need for further research is discussed in Section F.
    DOI: 10.1787/046632218057
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  • 29
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    New Technologies and their Impact on the Accounting Rate System (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.28
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine and highlight policy implications of developments taking place in new technologies which are impacting on international telecommunication prices and the accounting rate and settlements system, used by telecommunication operators to compensate each other for terminating international telecommunications traffic.
    DOI: 10.1787/237180271128
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  • 30
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    Essai n 471: Essai de mutation réverse sur des bactéries (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071254
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 471; Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 471: Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'essai de mutation réverse sur les bactéries est pratiqué sur des souches de Salmonella typhimurium et d'Escherichia coli auxotrophes pour un acide aminé, afin de détecter des mutations ponctuelles provenant de substitutions ou de décalages du cadre de lecture. Le principe de cet essai de mutation réverse sur les bactéries repose sur la détection de mutations qui inversent des mutations présentes dans les souches d’essai et rétablissent les possibilités fonctionnelles des bactéries pour synthétiser un acide aminé essentiel. Des suspensions des cellules bactériennes sont exposées à la substance d'essai (liquide ou solide) en présence et en l'absence d'un système métabolique exogène d'activation. Au moins cinq concentrations différentes analysables de la substance d'essai devraient être employées. La concentration d'essai maximum recommandée pour les substances non-cytotoxiques solubles est de 5 mg/boîte ou de 5 ml/boîte. Il y a deux méthodes : la méthode par étalement et la méthode de pré-incubation. Pour les deux techniques, après deux ou trois jours d'incubation à 37°C, les colonies révertantes sont comptées et comparées au nombre de colonies révertantes spontanées des boîtes de contrôle.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071254-fr
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  • 31
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    Trade Strategies for the Southern Mediterranean (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.127
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The lagging economic performance of the Southern Mediterranean (SOM) region over the past decade is often attributed to the region’s relative lack of openness to international trade. The closer analysis of the region’s trade patterns undertaken in this study suggest a more complex picture. These findings show that except for Syria and to a lesser extent Morocco, the region’s overall trade flows are above international norms, that is, levels predicted given the country economic characteristics. Moreover, they also suggest that intra-regional trade, with some qualifications, is relatively high given the region’s economic characteristics. Nevertheless, trade relationships in the Southern Mediterranean appear to lack the vitality of those in East Asia and even Eastern Europe. The Southern Mediterranean’s trade is expanding relatively slowly, exports are concentrated in relatively slow-growing sectors, and the region does not figure prominently in the multinational production strategies ...
    DOI: 10.1787/546501873371
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  • 32
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    Country Pofiles of Civil Service Training Systems (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 247 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.12
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Profils par pays des systèmes de formation pour le service public
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This publication is the product of a project which SIGMA started in autumn 1995. The country papers were completed in late spring 1996, and since that time some countries have reviewed their training strategies. Lithuania, for example, has adopted a regulation concerning the qualification of civil servants, which includes training. The rationale for launching this project was the recognised need for more detailed information on training systems and on the organisation of training in central and eastern European countries. This information is essential to the efforts by countries in transition, working in collaboration with the donor community, to develop demand-driven training strategies, efficient structures for civil service training, and cost-effective and sustainable training activities.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6g5hxlf6-en
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  • 33
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    Structural Unemployment in Finland (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.177
    Keywords: Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: Since the Finnish unemployment rate has rocketed to a very high level in the beginning of the 1990's, it is worth to study to what extent the unemployment rate prevailing today is due to cyclical or to structural reasons. In this paper we try to estimate two different indicators that represent the structural part of unemployment, the NAWRU and the NAIRU. The NAWRU (non-accelerating wage rate of unemployment) measures the structural unemployment simply by relating unemployment to wage inflation. The NAIRU (non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment) in this paper is based on structural estimates of the price setting behaviour of firms and the wage setting behaviour of trade unions. The estimated NAWRU follows very closely the actual unemployment in Finland indicating that it is not the proper measure for the structural unemployment. The estimated NAIRU were at a low level up to the end of the eighties. Since then both the actual unemployment rate and the NAIRU have rocketed. In ...
    DOI: 10.1787/378343303078
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  • 34
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    The Definition of Part-Time Work for the Purpose of International Comparisons (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.22
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La définition du travail à temps partiel à des fins de comparaison internationale
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: National definitions of part-time work are based either on hours thresholds or on an assessment by the respondent of the nature of the job, or on a combination of both methods. This report compares the results obtained from the application of an hours-based definition to job of wage and salary workers with those based on the respondent’s self-assessment, and examines the international comparability of such estimates. In countries where part-time work (national definitions) is common, jobs of more than 30 usual hours per week that are classified as part-time are significant in number. These countries tend to use a definition based on a 35 usual hours threshold. In countries where part-time work (national definitions) is relatively less common, the incidence of jobs of less than 35 usual hours per week that are classified as full-time is high. Part-time jobs are generally identified on the basis of self-assessment in these countries. As a result of these findings a definition of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/132721856632
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  • 35
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    Évaluation prévisionnelle de l'impact des lois et des règlements (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 103 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Assessing the Impacts of Proposed Laws and Regulations
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: L’évaluation de l’impact des projets et propositions de lois et de règlements est du domaine de l’évaluation des politiques et l'évaluation prévisionnelle de l'impact des lois et règlements (EPILR). Il s’agit, en d’autres termes, de l’évaluation ex ante de la manière dont les lois et les règlements affecteront l’économie, la société, le budget, les lois déjà adoptées, les accords internationaux, l’environnement, etc. Grâce à l’analyse d’impact, les gouvernements peuvent affiner la qualité de leurs interventions en vérifiant que les impacts, voulus ou subis, des projets et propositions de lois et de réglementation sont connus d’avance, et sont pris en compte pour la prise de décisions. La présente publication est dérivée du séminaire qui a été tenu à Riga les 2 et 3 octobre 1996 avec la participation de responsables des Pays baltes (Estonie, Lettonie et Lituanie). Elle comprend un bref compte-rendu des points forts des débats du séminaire et les trois documents de travail qui avaient été préparés pour le séminaire par des experts du Canada, des États-Unis, et de la France.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6g56qztl-fr
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  • 36
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    Profils par pays des systèmes de formation pour le service public (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 260 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.12
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Country Pofiles of Civil Service Training Systems
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: La présente publication est le résultat d’un projet de recherche lancé par SIGMA à l’automne de 1995. Les rapports par pays ont été achevés au printemps de 1996 et depuis, certains pays ont revu leur stratégie de formation. C’est ainsi que la Lituanie a adopté en matière de qualification des agents de l’Etat une réglementation qui couvre également la formation. Si ce projet a été lancé, c’est parce que l’on a pris conscience de la nécessité d’une information plus complète sur les systèmes de formation et sur l’organisation de la formation dans les pays d’Europe centrale et orientale. Cette information est essentielle pour l’action menée par les pays en transition, travaillant en collaboration avec l’ensemble des donateurs, pour élaborer une stratégie de formation régie par la demande, des structures efficientes de formation des fonctionnaires, ainsi que des actions de formation économes et viables.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6g5dx8jj-fr
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  • 37
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    Essai n 476: Essai in vitro de mutation génique sur des cellules de mammifères (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071339
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 476; In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 476: In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'essai in vitro de mutation génique sur des cellules de mammifères peut être employé pour détecter des mutations induites par les substances chimiques. Dans ces lignées cellulaires, les systèmes les plus couramment utilisés permettent de détecter une mutation sur les loci de la thymidine kinase (TK), de l’hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) et d’un transgène de la xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (XPRT). Les essais de la mutation de TK, de HPRT et de XPRT détectent différents types d’événements génétiques. Des cellules en suspension ou en culture monocouche sont exposées à quatre concentrations analysables de la substance d'essai au moins, avec et sans activation métabolique, pendant une période appropriée. Elles sont repiquées pour déterminer la cytotoxicité et pour permettre l'expression phénotypique avant la sélection. On recommande d'utiliser au moins 106cellules. La cytotoxicité est habituellement déterminée en mesurant l'efficacité de clonage relative (survie) ou la croissance totale relative des cultures après la période de traitement. Les cultures traitées sont maintenues dans le milieu de croissance pendant une période suffisante, caractéristique de chaque locus et de chaque type cellulaire, afin de permettre l'expression phénotypique presque optimale des mutations induites. La fréquence de mutant est déterminée par l’ensemencement d’un nombre connu de cellules dans le milieu contenant l'agent sélectif pour détecter des cellules mutantes, et dans le milieu sans agent sélectif pour déterminer l'efficacité de clonage (viabilité). Après un temps approprié d'incubation, des colonies sont comptées.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071339-fr
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  • 38
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    Economic Reform in Egypt in a Changing Global Economy (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.129
    Keywords: Development ; Egypt
    Abstract: Egypt, the oldest and most populous country in the Arab world, and one of its most influential in the Southern Mediterranean region, is now moving into the global economy. During the 1990s the country has pursued successful macroeconomic stabilisation policies and has also begun the structural reform programmes needed to put the country onto an export-led, high-growth path. The main constraint for this is the need to introduce change at a pace which will not undermine political stability. This paper reviews the results of the Uruguay Round Trade Agreements from the perspective of the Egyptian economy, examines the country’s economic relationships with the European Union in the context of the Europe-Mediterranean Partnership Initiative, and identifies main domestic policy challenges. It argues that the European Union could offer more technical assistance and better access for Egyptian agricultural products, while Egypt could further liberalise its trade regime, including ...
    DOI: 10.1787/132382274657
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    Making the Public Employment Service More Effective through the Introduction of Market Signals (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.25
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Many OECD countries have taken steps to increase competition in areas that have been typically dominated by public monopolies in the past. The goal is to improve the production and delivery of public goods and services. Among these areas, governments have introduced market signals to make the public employment service (PES) contestable in some of its activities in order to improve its effectiveness. This has involved i) liberalisation of the rules and regulations governing private employment agencies; ii) the use of market-type mechanisms (MTMs) such as contracting-out; and iii) organisational reforms, for example separating purchasers and providers of services to jobseekers. Separating purchasers and providers is an important requirement to make the delivery of public services contestable. For example, if the PES provides training and also purchases it on the open market, it may have the incentive to deal with only one segment of the market, making it difficult to compare its ...
    DOI: 10.1787/031348351683
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  • 40
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    Essai n 474: Le test de micronoyaux sur les érythrocytes de mammifères (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071292
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 474; Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 474: Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'essai de micronoyaux de mammifères est employé pour la détection des dommages induits par la substance d'essai aux chromosomes ou à l'appareil mitotique des érythroblastes, par l'analyse des érythrocytes prélevés dans la moelle et/ou les cellules du sang périphérique des animaux, habituellement des rongeurs (souris ou rats). Le but de l'essai de micronoyaux est d'identifier des substances (liquide ou solide) qui causent des lésions cyto-génétiques et des micronoyaux dans lesquels il reste des fragments de chromosomes ou des chromosomes entiers. Une augmentation de la fréquence des érythrocytes polychromatiques micronucléés chez les animaux traités est une indication des dommages chromosomiques induits. Les animaux sont exposés à la substance d'essai par une voie d’exposition appropriée (habituellement par gavage à l'aide d'une sonde gastrique ou d'une canule de tubage adaptée, ou par injection intrapéritonéale). La moelle et/ou les cellules sanguines sont rassemblées, préparées sur des lames et colorées. Les lames sont analysées pour détecter la présence de micronoyaux. Chacun des groupes traités et de contrôle doivent inclure au moins 5 animaux analysables par sexe. L'administration des traitements se compose d'une dose unique de la substance d'essai ou de deux doses quotidiennes (ou plus). La dose limite est 2000 mg/kg pc/j pour le traitement jusqu'à 14 jours, et 1000 mg/kg pc/j pour le traitement de plus de 14 jours.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071292-fr
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    Test No. 476: In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071322
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 476; Essai in vitro de mutation génique sur des cellules de mammifères
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 476: Essai in vitro de mutation génique sur des cellules de mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test can be used to detect gene mutations induced by chemical substances. In the cell lines the most commonly-used genetic endpoints measure mutation at thymidine kinase (TK) and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), and a transgene of xanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase (XPRT). The TK, HPRT and XPRT mutation tests detect different spectra of genetic events. Cells in suspension or monolayer culture are exposed to, at least four analysable concentrations of the test substance, both with and without metabolic activation, for a suitable period of time. They are subcultured to determine cytotoxicity and to allow phenotypic expression prior to mutant selection. It is recommended to utilise at least 106cells. Cytotoxicity is usually determined by measuring the relative cloning efficiency (survival) or relative total growth of the cultures after the treatment period. The treated cultures are maintained in growth medium for a sufficient period of time, characteristic of each selected locus and cell type, to allow near-optimal phenotypic expression of induced mutations. Mutant frequency is determined by seeding known numbers of cells in medium containing the selective agent to detect mutant cells, and in medium without selective agent to determine the cloning efficiency (viability). After a suitable incubation time, colonies are counted.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071322-en
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  • 42
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    La procédure administrative et le contrôle de l'administration en Hongrie, Pologne, Bulgarie, Estonie et Albanie (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 144 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.17
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Administrative Procedures and the Supervision of Administration in Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Estonia and Albania
    Keywords: Governance ; Albania ; Bulgaria ; Estonia ; Hungary ; Poland
    Abstract: SIGMA, en publiant ce rapport, poursuit l’objectif de rendre mieux accessible des informations comparées sur le droit administratif et le contrôle de l’administration publique dans les pays d’Europe centrale et orientale, en faisant apparaître leurs relations avec les progrès accomplis dans ces mêmes domaines dans les pays d’Europe occidentale. S’il est vrai que chaque pays aborde ces questions dans le contexte de sa propre histoire et ses traditions, il est néanmoins exact qu’on observe actuellement la naissance d’un modèle commun et de plus en plus accepté pour leur gestion dans des Etats démocratiques. Ce rapport pourra intéresser tout particulièrement les hauts fonctionnaires, les responsables des gouvernements, les parlementaires et tous ceux qui suivent avec intérêt le développement des procédures administratives et des institutions de contrôle. Beaucoup de personnalités des cinq pays étudiés ont collaboré au projet dont est issue cette publication. Les uns ont apporté des informations qui n’aurait pas pu être obtenues sans leur concours. D’autres ont accepté d’être interrogés et ont généreusement donné de leur temps. D’autres encore ont relu et commenté les premières ébauches de ce rapport. Parmi ces collaborateurs, il est des responsables aux gouvernements, des juristes, des parlementaires, des juges et des universitaires de beaucoup de pays d’Europe centrale et orientale. Ils ont souvent été particulièrement utiles en expliquant d’une part la lettre des lois et d’autre part leur mise en oeuvre pratique.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6192616k-fr
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    Public Service Training in OECD Countries (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.16
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de formation dans le service public des pays de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The public service in central and eastern Europe has to adapt to an enormous number of changes in a very short time. The staff is faced with a constantly changing regulatory framework which needs implementation and enforcement, as well as new demands from the growing private sector and the citizenry at large. These challenges can only be met if the staff is highly qualified and constantly updating their qualifications. A sound system of in-service training is therefore crucial to keep the personnel within the public service on equal footing with the rapidly changing environment. This short paper is meant to point out the determining components of training systems, and advantages and disadvantages of possible solutions as they were developed in OECD countries, in order to assist countries in central and eastern Europe to set up a sound training system, while avoiding mistakes already experienced in OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml619ljzzn-en
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  • 44
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    International Movements of the Highly Skilled (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.3
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: In recent years there has been a growing recognition of the importance of international recruitment and movement of the highly skilled. Modern industries and services increasingly rely upon the acquisition, deployment and use of human expertise to add value in their operations. When this expertise is not available locally, employers frequently import it from abroad. This takes place in the context of two fundamental and interrelated processes: the development of internal labour markets by employers, on the one hand, and of the institutional framework by governments to facilitate the global interchange of skills, on the other. The principal flows of highly skilled workers today reflect the global expansion of world trade, the international expansion of trans-national corporations, and the activities of institutions such as governments and recruitment agencies. Although not straightforward, there appears for example to be a positive relationship between flows of skilled labour and ...
    DOI: 10.1787/104411065061
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  • 45
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    Révision des classifications des secteurs et des produits de haute technologie (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Revision of the High-Technology Sector and Product Classification
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper describes the methods used to classify the OECD countries’ industrial sectors and manufactures by level of technology, and presents the resulting classifications. In the proposed new classification by industrial sector, the concept of technology intensity has been expanded to take into account both the level of technology specific to the sector (measured by the ratio of R&D expenditure to value added) and the technology embodied in purchases of intermediate and capital goods. Four groups of industries have been identified on the basis of the degree of technology intensity. The classification by product consists solely of high-technology products (products which are the most technology-intensive). The classification was drawn up by the OECD Secretariat in collaboration with Eurostat, the object being to finalise the approach by sector and provide a more appropriate instrument for analysing international trade. Because no detailed data were available for services, the two ...
    DOI: 10.1787/050148678127
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    Assessing the Impacts of Proposed Laws and Regulations (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 93 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Évaluation prévisionnelle de l'impact des lois et des règlements
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Assessing the Impacts of Proposed Laws and Regulations deals with policy assessment and Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA), or the ex ante assessment of how proposed legislation and regulations will affect a country’s economy, society, budget and existing laws, international agreements, etc. Through RIA governments can improve the quality of their interventions by ensuring that the impacts, both intended and unintended, of proposed legislation and regulations are assessed in advance, and form an input into decision-making. This is especially relevant for countries of Central and Eastern Europe in light of European Integration and the need for economic management. This publication is a follow-up to a seminar that was held in Riga on 2 and 3 October 1996 for public officials of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. It comprises a brief description of the highlights of the seminar discussions and the three papers that were prepared for the seminar by experts from Canada, France and the United States. Canada and the United States are leaders in RIA technology, and France is adopting new methodologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6g5bc1s6-en
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    The OECD Report on Regulatory Reform : Synthesis Report (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189751
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This book shows hows how regulatory reform has produced substantial economic and social benefits for citizens by enhancing competition and reducing regulatory costs. It can boost efficiency, sharply reduce prices, stimulate innovation, and improve the ability of economies to adapt to change and remain competitive in global markets. Properly done, regulatory reform also can help governments promote other important policy goals, such as environmental quality, health, and safety. Finally, country experience shows that disruptions which can accompany reform can be addressed by complementary policies and actions. In this Report, the OECD calls for renewed attention to regulatory reform, and the recommendations in this Report constitute an ambitious plan for action. In May 1997, Ministers of OECD countries welcomed this Report and agreed to work to implement its recommendations in their countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189751-en
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  • 48
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    Politiques de biotechnologie pour l'agriculture des pays en développement (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biotechnology Policy for Developing Country Agriculture
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • La biotechnologie offre des possibilités d'agriculture plus écologique, mais il reste à créer les conditions qui permettront aux pays en développement d'en tirer parti. • L'intervention du gouvernement doit garantir l'adéquation de la biotechnologie aux priorités fixées pour l'agriculture. • Des décisions urgentes sont à prendre dans deux domaines particuliers de la biotechnologie : la biosécurité et les droits de propriété intellectuelle. • Les réductions budgétaires exigent la mise en place de stratégies novatrices et d'un partenariat des secteurs public et privé. • La faculté d'adaptation et l'engagement à long terme sont essentiels à la réussite des programmes de biotechnologie financés par des donneurs.
    DOI: 10.1787/080058801374
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    Bibliometric Indicators and Analysis of Research Systems : Methods and Examples (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1997/01
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicateurs bibliométriques et analyse des systèmes de recherche : Méthodes et exemples
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report – linked to the technical documents of the OECD manuals for the measurement of R&D activities (“Frascati Family”) – presents the essential elements of bibliometrics and its application to the analysis of research systems. Bibliometrics is based on the enumeration and statistical analysis of scientific output in the form of articles, publications, citations, patents and other, more complex indicators. It is an important tool in evaluating research activities, laboratories and scientists, as well as the scientific specialisations and performance of countries. The report, having set the background for the development of bibliometrics, presents the databases on which bibliometrics is built, as well as the principal indicators used. Twenty-five examples are presented at the end of the document, illustrating the various uses of bibliometric methods for analysing research systems. These indicators measure scientific output, by counting the number of papers; the impact of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/208277770603
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  • 50
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    Civil Service Legislation : Checklist on Secondary Legislation (and Other Regulatory Instruments) (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 17 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Statut de la fonction publique : Liste de critères de référence sur la législation subordonnée (et autres instruments règlementaires)
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This checklist is intended to supplement the Civil Service Legislation Contents Checklist, (Sigma Papers: No.5 OCDE/GD(96)21, February 1996). The previous checklist was principally concerned with matters that could usefully be considered when a civil service bill (i.e. the draft of primary legislation governing the civil service) was in preparation in a central and eastern European country. The present checklist deals with matters that can usefully be considered in connection with the secondary instruments that may be needed to implement the Civil Service Act enacted by the Parliament. It begins with a narrative section describing the types of instruments that are typically used for this purpose in OECD Member countries and factors that are widely taken into account when such instruments are being prepared and drafted. This is followed by a checklist of questions which law drafters in particular may find useful in the drafting process. These questions concern the general approach to secondary regulation rather than the substantive contents of instruments dealing with particular topics. Such contents are necessarily dictated by the contents and details of the primary legislation and are likely to vary considerably from one country to another. This checklist, as for the primary legislation checklist, is not intended as directions for approaching these matters but rather as guidance to best practice. Final choices must reflect local circumstances.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6g4zxd9w-en
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    Private Pensions in OECD Countries : Australia (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 90 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.23
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia
    Abstract: As most other OECD Member countries had already done, Australia has, since 1991, supplemented an existing flat-rate universal (but means-tested) residence-based old-age pension by a compulsory earnings related second tier for employees known as the “Superannuation Guarantee”. However, it was the first Member country in which the favoured format of participation in the second tier is in the form of pure “money purchase” schemes in which benefits are determined solely by the amount which accumulates in individual accounts. Benefits are predominately paid as lump-sums on retirement, although tax arrangements are being changed to encourage beneficiaries to purchase annuities. This report, compiled by two Australian experts, describes this system and its relation to pre-existing tax-advantaged voluntary provision, which only covered one-third of employees but remains predominant in terms of assets accumulated and benefits payable. The report discusses the sources of retirement ...
    DOI: 10.1787/774368522640
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    Modern Budgeting (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162167
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Budgétisation moderne
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Major budgeting reforms have been initiated in a number of OECD countries in recent years. These reforms focus on giving spending agencies greater flexibility in using resources, in exchange for holding them responsible for achieving results. This publication examines how five Member countries -- Australia, France, New Zealand, Sweden and the United Kingdom -- have implemented reforms in this area and offers an early assessment of the progress of those reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162167-en
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    Taxation and Economic Performance (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 142 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.176
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the effects of taxation on economic performance, adds marginally to the empirical literature, and draws conclusions for tax policy in OECD countries. Key issues covered are how, in open OECD economies, taxes may have affected economic performance via their effects on capital and labour markets, and on human capital formation. Perhaps the most important policy conclusion that emerges is that the increased integration of OECD capital markets limits the scope for using tax incentives to raise domestic savings and investment, which suggests that the tax burden in the future will have to fall increasingly on labour as the less mobile factor of production. With labour taxes having already increased sharply in recent years, contributing to a reduced demand for labour, greater labour-market flexibility is required to facilitate employers’ passing labour taxes on to reductions in real wages so as to reduce labour costs; while ...
    DOI: 10.1787/668811115745
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  • 54
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    Checklist on Law Drafting and Regulatory Management in Central and Eastern Europe (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Liste de critères de référence pour l'élaboration des lois et la gestion de la réglementation dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The development of a regulatory framework which meets EU standards is a major concern in central and eastern European countries, and this not only to foster economic development but also to ensure the wellbeing of the citizen. To achieve this goal, it is important to create a sound institutional structure, to dispose of staff qualified in law drafting, to set up efficient procedures for co-ordination and consultation, and to ensure that the possible impact of new legal instruments is assessed before they are adopted. SIGMA has been requested by several of its beneficiary countries to assist them in this extremely difficult task to set up efficient and effective structures and procedures for law drafting. Besides several workshops which have been carried out regarding crucial issues in law drafting, this checklist has been developed to provide countries with an additional means for self assessment. This checklist offers a means for evaluating structures, procedures and techniques for preparing and drafting legislation, and for identifying methodologies that may be helpful when changes are under consideration. Law drafting comprises two stages: policy development, and preparation of the legislative text to give effect to the policy adopted. The checklist is primarily concerned with the latter. The checklist draws upon experience gathered in OECD and central and eastern European countries. In particular, it takes into account work carried out by the Regulatory Management and Reform Group of the OECD’s Public Management Service (PUMA) and concerns of the EU Phare Programme voiced in the context of the approximation of law with regard to EU accession.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6g2zl0bw-en
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    La rédaction des lois et la gestion réglementaire dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 222 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.18
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Law Drafting and Regulatory Management in Central and Eastern Europe
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Le cadre réglementaire est un élément fondamental pour la bonne gestion des affaires publiques, car il fixe les "règles du jeu" applicables au secteur privé et au secteur public. La qualité des réglementations peut avoir une large incidence sur le développement économique et sur le bien-être des administrés. Les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale ont déployé beaucoup d'efforts pour mettre en place le cadre institutionnel et réglementaire indispensable à l'économie de marché et à la démocratie pluraliste. Ce faisant, ils ont dû faire face à toute une série de problèmes, dont un grand nombre tenaient à un manque d'informations. C'est pourquoi certains d'entre eux ont demandé à SIGMA et à d'autres donateurs une aide méthodologique. En réponse à ces demandes et dans le but d'aider les pays à améliorer leurs méthodes et techniques de rédaction des lois, SIGMA a lancé en 1996 un projet destiné à faire le bilan des pratiques suivies dans un certain nombre de pays, à savoir l'Albanie, la Bulgarie, l'Estonie, la Lituanie, la Slovaquie et la Slovénie. Ce projet, intitulé "La rédaction des lois et la gestion réglementaire", a abouti à une série de rapports nationaux sur les méthodes et techniques de rédaction des lois, émanant d'experts des pays concernés, et à un rapport comparatif détaillé établi par le Professeur Keith Patchett, de l'Université de Cardiff, Royaume-Uni. Ce rapport met en lumière les aspects fondamentaux à prendre en compte pour élaborer ou réexaminer les réglementations concernant la rédaction des lois.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml618pj26f-fr
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    Liberalising Foreign Investments by Pension Funds : Positive and Normative Aspects (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.120
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The paper evaluates the economics of foreign investment regulation for pension funds, with a focus on developing countries, where fully-funded pension systems are being started de novo. The analysis produces three observations. First, the benefits of global portfolio diversification apply particularly to developing-country pension assets because the volatility of asset returns is high while the risk tolerance of pensioners is low. Second, restrictions of foreign investment by domestic pension funds can hardly be justified on grounds of financial-development arguments: cross-country evidence which little support for the claim that the accumulation of pension assets would provide strong externalities for financial development. Moreover, the home bias generally observed in pension fund investment should translate into sufficient potential demand for domestic financial assets so as to deepen markets and develop the institutional infrastructure. Third, a case for initial localisation ...
    DOI: 10.1787/030370320363
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  • 57
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    Globalisation and Linkages : Macro-Structural Challenges and Opportunities (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 103 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.181
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper was prepared in the OECD Economics Department as a contribution to the Organisation-wide study entitled, “Towards a New Global Age”. It examines macro-structural economic developments in and between OECD and non-OECD economies, the economic linkages and a number of structural factors and policies which have influenced growth performance. It goes on to consider a number of alternative forward-looking macroeconomic scenarios to 2020 for the world economy based on different hypotheses about economic policies and other factors influencing factor productivity developments. A final section provides a model-based evaluation of the potential influence of some of the key factors underlying these scenarios, in particular the influence of demographic changes such as population ageing and alternative fiscal policies ...
    DOI: 10.1787/807377186466
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    Sacher Report (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.29
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: A group of high-level private-sector experts on electronic commerce, (senior executives of major enterprises that use electronic commerce), chaired by John Sacher, Executive Director of UK retailer Marks and Spencer, prepared a report on the framework conditions necessary for the favourable development of global electronic commerce and the action required by governments at national and international level.
    DOI: 10.1787/237058611046
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    The Unemployment Problem : A Norwegian Perspective (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.172
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: This paper lays out a simple open economy macromodel based on the recent literature on imperfect competition and equilibrium unemployment. It is shown that the NAIRU is not a clearcut concept in the open economy framework. Furthermore, it is argued that the self-correcting mechanisms in the economy are weak, so that the actual rate of unemployment may deviate considerably from the NAIRU over long periods. The theoretical discussion is illustrated by recent Norwegian experience. The paper also investigates the costs and benefits of incomes policies in unionised economies. Finally, there is a discussion of various aspects of the Norwegian labour market and Norwegian labour market policies ...
    DOI: 10.1787/168455031871
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  • 60
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    Emerging Market Risk and Sovereign Credit Ratings (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.124
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In principle, the sovereign credit rating industry could help mitigate the congestion externalities common to world capital markets that arise from the failure of market participants to internalise the social cost of external borrowings. This would require that modifications in ratings on government bonds convey new information to market participants, with changes in credit ratings leading to changes in country risk premia. Using panel data analysis and event studies this paper presents econometric evidence that changes in credit rating have a significant impact on international financial markets. In line with earlier studies, our event study finds a highly significant announcement effect when emerging-market sovereign bonds are put on review with negative outlook. Our findings imply that the sovereign rating industry has the potential to help dampen excessive private capital inflows into the emerging markets with negative rating announcements ...
    DOI: 10.1787/004352173554
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  • 61
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    Effects of European Union Accession: Part I Budgeting and Financial Control (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 176 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.19
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Incidences de l'adhésion à l'Union européenne Partie 1, processus de budgétisation et contrôle financier
    Keywords: Governance ; European Union
    Abstract: Compliance with the European Union’s budgetary, financial control and audit requirements is one of the basic obligations of EU membership. SIGMA examines this in two publications that chronicle the experiences of seven EU Member States, including its three newest adherents, in integrating EU budgetary, financial control and audit procedures and requirements with national ones. The publications also describe central regulations and procedures used by the European Commission and the European Court of Audit. The present publication complements SIGMA Paper No. 20 Effects of European Union Accession—Part 2, External Audit, on the impact of accession on external audit. The purpose of these publications is to assist central and eastern European countries that have applied for membership of the European Union in discerning the ideas at stake, to give comparative information on the various approaches and solutions used by Member States and to sum up the experiences gained and lessons learned. The approach is to provide an overview of the topic and analyse key issues for reflection and debate. The focus is on practical experiences gained and conclusions drawn by those who have been involved in the daily work of adaptation and development of the government administration in the seven countries. The two publications also provide insight into the implementation policies adopted and an overview of the regulations and procedures used. Appendices include lists of abbreviations and useful terms and a selection of EU
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml61892zr2-en
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    Capital humain, ouverture extérieure et croissance : Estimation sur données de panel d'un modèle à coefficients variables (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.121
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The innovation of this paper is the proof of a relationship between human capital and growth, using a sample of 83 countries and six time periods between 1960 and 1990. Nonetheless, calculations from both interactive and variable-coefficient models based on these same panel data suggest that the contribution of education to growth depends on the level of commercial opening. This result could be explained by the variation in factor returns linked, on one hand, to trade-induced changes in labour demand and, on the other, to changes in relative factor supply which are amplified in closed economies. Distortions of human-capital allocation are therefore likely to influence the rate of growth ...
    DOI: 10.1787/853867736526
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    Regional Competitiveness and Skills (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162013
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Compétitivité régionale et qualifications
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Human resources, training, qualifications and skills play an essential part in the development of regional economies. The notion of "learning" regions which has now become self-evident has yet to be translated into practice: but under which conditions and what are the priorities? This publication gives a comprehensive picture of current practices and future issues. Regional policies are increasingly focusing on human resources and their orientation towards market demand and improvement of partnerships. The great diversity of regional approaches to human resource development in industrialised countries shows that an efficient regional governance, coupled with concern for equity, can reinforce and consolidate national policies. This volume casts a new light on these issues, providing a useful source of information and inspiration for regional actors and their national partners.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162013-en
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  • 64
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    La classification des professions (CITP-88) : Concepts, méthodes, fiabilité, validité et comparabilité internationale (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Occupational Classification (ISCO-88): Concepts, Methods, Reliability, Validity and Cross-National Comparability
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Le présent document traite de diverses questions relatives à l’application statistique d’une classification des professions, et plus particulièrement de l’utilisation de la classification internationale type, la CITP-88. Après un bref rappel des concepts sur lesquels repose la CITP-88 et des méthodes de la collecte et de codage des informations sur les professions, des observations sont présentées au sujet de la fiabilité et de la validité des données ventilées par profession. Ce document fait le point des progrès réalisés dans la mise en oeuvre de la CITP-88 à l’échelle mondiale et évalue la comparabilité probable, d’un pays à un autre, des données sur les professions fondées sur la CITP-88. D’après les informations dont on dispose, il semble que la CITP-88 ait réussi à supplanter la CITP-68 et soit devenue, dans de nombreux pays, le modèle d’une nouvelle classification nationale des professions même lorsqu’il en existait déjà une. La classification des professions n’en demeure pas ...
    DOI: 10.1787/554385158062
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    Test No. 483: Mammalian Spermatogonial Chromosome Aberration Test (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071469
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 483; Toxicologie génétique; Essai cytogénétique sur cellules germinales de mammifère
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 483: Toxicologie génétique: Essai cytogénétique sur cellules germinales de mammifère
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This test measures chromosome events in spermatogonial germ cells and is, therefore, expected to be predictive of induction of inheritable mutations in germ cells. Male Chinese hamsters and mice are commonly used. Animals are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) by an appropriate route of exposure, usually by gavage or by intraperitoneal injection. Then, they are sacrificed at appropriate times after treatment. Each treated and control group must include at least five analysable males. Test substances are preferably administered once or twice but they may also be administered as a split dose to facilitate administering a large volume of material. Prior to sacrifice, animals are treated with a metaphase-arresting agent. Chromosome preparations are then made from germ cells and stained, and metaphase cells are analyzed for chromosome aberrations. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bw/d. Positive results from the in vivo spermatogonial chromosome aberration test indicate that a substance induces chromosome aberrations in the germ cells of the species tested.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071469-en
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    Measuring Electronic Commerce (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.27
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The purpose of this report is to begin to outline the issues associated with measuring electronic commerce, propose an initial framework and begin to compare some of the disparate data on the subject so as to form a mosaic which gives a clearer quantitative picture of the current status and future direction of electronic commerce. From this position a better sense of the relative importance of the various policy issues can be obtained.
    DOI: 10.1787/237203566348
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    L' analyse de l'impact de la réglementation : Meilleures pratiques dans les pays de l'OCDE (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264262157
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (344 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulatory Impact Analysis; Best Practices in OECD Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulatory Impact Analysis: Best Practices in OECD Countries
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Dans une période caractérisée par des marchés mondiaux concurrentiels et une évolution technologique rapide, les pouvoirs publics se doivent de mieux comprendre les coûts et les avantages de la réglementation. L'analyse de l'impact de la réglementation -- c'est-à-dire l'évaluation systématique des effets positifs et négatifs de la réglementation et de ses alternatives -- a aidé de nombreux gouvernements à réduire les coûts de la réglementation pour les entreprises, tout en maximisant l'efficacité de l'action gouvernementale à protéger les intérêts publics.Ce rapport est le premier à analyser comment l'analyse de l'impact de la réglementation est effectivement conçue et mise en oeuvre à travers les pays de l'OCDE. Les "meilleures pratiques" concrètes sont mises en évidence pour ce qui est d'améliorer l'aptitude des pouvoirs publics à produire des analyses de haute qualité, d'appliquer des méthodes d'analyse, notamment l'analyse coûts-avantages, de collecter des données, et de consulter le public pour s'assurer que les estimations sont réalistes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262157-fr
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    Test No. 471: Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071247
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 471; Essai de mutation réverse sur des bactéries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 471: Essai de mutation réverse sur des bactéries
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The bacterial reverse mutation test uses amino-acid requiring at least five strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli to detect point mutations by base substitutions or frameshifts. The principle of this bacterial reverse mutation test is that it detects mutations which revert mutations present in the test strains and restore the functional capability of the bacteria to synthesize an essential amino acid. Suspensions of bacterial cells are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) in the presence and in the absence of an exogenous metabolic activation system. At least five different analysable concentrations of the test substance should be used. The recommended maximum test concentration for soluble non-cytotoxic substances is 5 mg/plate or 5 ml/plate. There are two methods: the plate incorporation method and the preincubation method. For both techniques, after two or three days of incubation at 37°C, revertant colonies are counted and compared to the number of spontaneous revertant colonies on solvent control plates.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071247-en
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    Internet Domain Names : Allocation Policies (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 79 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.30
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The Domain Name System (DNS) maps Internet addresses and is a necessary element enabling communication routing to function.
    DOI: 10.1787/237020717074
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  • 70
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    Regulation and Performance in the Distribution Sector (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 69 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.180
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses the impact of government-imposed regulations on performance in the distribution sector. It first deals with the role of the distribution sector in OECD economies and gives an overview of competitive conditions in the sector. Next, it provides an overview of recent evidence concerning the impact of regulation. The paper finds that a range of regulations, including restrictions on large stores, opening hours and zoning, have slowed down structural change in the distribution sector. These regulations have sometimes reduced the efficiency of the distribution system, but have mainly limited the range of services provided to consumers ...
    DOI: 10.1787/121136556730
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    Liste de critères de référence pour l'élaboration des lois et la gestion de la réglementation dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Checklist on Law Drafting and Regulatory Management in Central and Eastern Europe
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Les pays d’Europe centrale et orientale doivent repenser leur législation et l’adapter aux critères de l’Union européenne dans la perspective de leur adhésion. L’élaboration d’une législation de bonne qualité, facile à appliquer, revêt donc une importance majeure. En publiant cette liste de critères de référence, SIGMA propose une méthodologie pour évaluer le cadre institutionnel, les procédures et les techniques d’élaboration des lois adoptés par les pays d’Europe centrale et orientale et vise à recenser les outils auxquels il peut être utile de recourir lorsque des modifications de la législation sont envisagées. SIGMA appuie sa démarche sur l’expérience et les pratiques des pays Membres de l’OCDE, ainsi que sur celles des pays d’Europe centrale et orientale. Cette liste ne se veut pas un exposé de ce qu’il convient de faire, ni un guide sur la façon de traiter certaines activités particulières. Elle vise davantage à dresser un inventaire détaillé des multiples points à prendre en considération pour produire une législation de qualité. Il va de soi que les choix faits dans ce contexte doivent refléter les spécificités locales. Cette publication repose sur un questionnaire établi dans le cadre d’un projet sur la rédaction des lois et la gestion de la réglementation dans les pays d’Europe centrale et orientale que SIGMA a lancé en 1997. Ce projet a donné lieu a la publication d’un document SIGMA intitulé “La rédaction des lois et la gestion de la réglementation dans les pays d’Europe centrale et orientale” qu’il est possible de se procurer sur simple demande auprès de SIGMA. La liste des critères de référence, établie par le Professeur Keith Patchett de l’université de Pays de Galles pour le compte de SIGMA, contient des questions sur la définition de l’action gouvernementale, la structure organisationnelle, les effectifs, les procédures actuelles d’élaboration de la législation et l’évaluation de leur impact. Afin de mettre à disposition des pays d’Europe centrale et orientale un outil méthodologique pratique, la liste de critères de référence adopte une structure qui s’efforce de refléter du mieux possible la chronologie de l’élaboration des instruments juridiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6g2v068t-fr
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    Essai n 473: Essai d'aberration chromosomique in vitro chez les mammifères (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071278
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 473; In vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 473: In vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Le but de l'essai in vitro d'aberration chromosomique est d'identifier les agents qui causent des aberrations chromosomiques structurales dans les cellules mammifères cultivées. Les aberrations structurales peuvent être de deux types : chromosomiques ou chromatidiques. L'essai in vitro d'aberration chromosomique peut utiliser des cultures de lignées cellulaires établies, des souches cellulaires ou des cultures de cellules primaires. Des cultures cellulaires sont exposées à la substance d'essai (liquide ou solide) avec et sans activation métabolique pendant environ 1.5 fois le cycle cellulaire normal. Au moins trois concentrations analysables de la substance d'essai devraient être employées. Il faut normalement réaliser les cultures en doublon à chaque niveau de dose. À intervalles prédéterminés après exposition des cultures de cellules à la substance d'essai, les cellules sont traitées avec une substance qui bloque la métaphase, récoltées et teintées. Les cellules métaphasiques sont analysées au microscope pour déceler les aberrations chromosomiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071278-fr
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    The NAIRU-Concept : A Few Remarks (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.178
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This note gives a brief survey of main theoretical and empirical issues with respect to the NAIRU concept. According to modern labour market literature NAIRU is defined as the rate of unemployment at which inflation stabilises in the absence of any wage-price surprises. Conventional thinking about the equilibrium unemployment rate assumes that in the long run NAIRU is determined solely y supply side factors of the labour market. We show that quite complex adjustment dynamics may arise even in simple log-linear wage-price models. Furthermore we provide a survey on a number of “hysteresis-mechanisms” which could lead to permanent shifts of equilibrium unemployment over time, implying that an unique long run NAIRU may not even exist. In addition to theoretical issues we refer to two serious problems which might arise with empirical applications of the NAIRU concept. First various empirical studies suggest that results highly depend on model specifications. Second a considerable amount ...
    DOI: 10.1787/415745735115
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    The Concentration of Women's Employment and Relative Occupational Pay : A Statistical Framework for Comparative Analysis (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 94 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.26
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This report assesses the relation between women’s employment in those occupations where they are most concentrated and their relative level of pay. The analysis is applied to seven countries - Australia, Canada, Germany, France, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States - over a period covering the past ten to fifteen years. An important feature of the study involves the collection and analysis of national earnings data at a detailed level of occupational classification, enabling us to address instances of vertical and horizontal gender segregation that may be obscured by less detailed categories. As international harmonised earnings data for detailed occupational categories do not exist, it has been necessary to collect data from the different national sources. Given the dangers this presents for an analysis which seeks to make comparisons of occupations across countries, the report details the wide range of different sources of data, as well as the variety of definitions of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/122123571425
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    Test No. 474: Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071285
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 474; Le test de micronoyaux sur les érythrocytes de mammifères
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 474: Le test de micronoyaux sur les érythrocytes de mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The mammalian in vivo micronucleus test is used for the detection of damage induced by the test substance to the chromosomes or the mitotic apparatus of erythroblasts, by analysis of erythrocytes as sampled in bone marrow and/or peripheral blood cells of animals, usually rodents (mice or rats). The purpose of the micronucleus test is to identify substances (liquid or solid) that cause cytogenetic damage which results in the formation of micronuclei containing lagging chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes. An increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in treated animals is an indication of induced chromosome damage. Animals are exposed to the test substance by an appropriate route (usually by gavage using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula, or by intraperitoneal injection). Bone marrow and/or blood cells are collected, prepared and stained. Preparations are analyzed for the presence of micronuclei. Each treated and control group must include at least 5 analysable animals per sex. Administration of the treatments consists of a single dose of test substance or two daily doses (or more). The limit dose is 2000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment up to 14 days, and 1000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment longer than 14 days.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071285-en
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    Civil Service Pension Schemes (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 125 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Régimes de pension de la fonction publique
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This publication is a tool for designers of new civil service pension schemes in central and eastern Europe. It presents civil service pension schemes in five OECD Member countries and ten central and eastern European countries. In most central and eastern European countries, people employed in the public administration are covered under common national pension schemes, usually defined in a common pension law. As part of efforts to improve the professionalisation and quality of public administration, countries are defining civil service categories of personnel through civil service legislation. Some countries will introduce specific pension provisions for the public administration employees subject to this legislation. There are at least three obvious reasons for this: to secure the independence of civil servants, to make a public sector career more attractive, and to shift the costs of current remuneration into the future. In most OECD Member countries, civil servants have separate and specially designed pension schemes. These are either totally independent of the common national pension schemes or complementary to them. Conditions vary between countries and so do principles for financing. In one country there might also be several schemes for various categories of state officials and employees. “Pay-as-you-go” schemes financed by the annual state budget exist in several OECD Member countries. When they were introduced, national civil services were small and common pension schemes for the working population at large were lacking. Over the last 30 years, the rapid growth of western public services has not had any major impact on pension costs in pay-as-you-go schemes for demographic reasons and, until recently, the financing of pensions has in many countries stayed unchanged. The long-term nature of pension schemes and the strong interest that civil servants and their unions have in keeping them intact has added to the difficulty of changing them. With changing demography, pensions are becoming a heavy burden on the budget. Pensions imply both considerable running costs and heavy long-term liabilities. That is why many OECD Member countries today are trying to find new solutions to fund the financing costs. Different funding and actuarial techniques can be used to achieve this.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6g6c4rvl-en
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    OECD Submission to the Irish National Minimum Wage Commission (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.186
    Keywords: Economics ; Ireland
    Abstract: This submission provides a brief factual survey of statutory minimum wage systems in OECD countries (Section B) as well as a summary of recommendations concerning minimum wages which have been presented in the OECD Jobs Study and recent OECD Economic Surveys (Section C). This is followed by a discussion of the factors which should be considered when reviewing the likely effects of statutory minimum wages on employment and unemployment (Section D), and on low pay and poverty (Section E). It is based on recent empirical evidence from OECD countries and, whenever possible, discusses the relevance of the different factors characterising minimum wages for the Irish context. The need for further research is discussed in Section F. B. Minimum-wage systems in OECD countries The description of minimum-wage systems in this section has been derived from a number of sources, including national submissions in response to an OECD questionnaire. However, it should be noted that the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/758458066383
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  • 78
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    Concept, Measurement and Policy Implications of the NAIRU : Perspective from Belgium (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.184
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: The use of the NAIRU-concept is not very widespread in Belgium. This may be partly due to an observed unemployment rate that is probably significantly higher than the NAIRU for most of the past two decades. Government policy to halve the administrative notion of unemployment by the beginning of the next century has therefore little regard for the NAIRU level. A second reason for the low popularity of the NAIRU resides in the fact that the measurement issues are seen as enormous. Confidence intervals for NAIRU estimates are notably high. From partial information on the last economic cycle in 1987-94, the deduction is nevertheless that the NAIRU would be in the 7-8 per cent range. Instead of finding exact estimates for the NAIRU, the paper looks into the wage formation process in Belgium in the long and short run. Although total factor productivity is the main long-term influence of real wages, in the short term labour market pressure is clearly the main determining factor. It is ...
    DOI: 10.1787/635467476788
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  • 79
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    Statut de la fonction publique : Liste de critères de référence sur la législation subordonnée (et autres instruments règlementaires) (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 18 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Civil Service Legislation: Checklist on Secondary Legislation (and Other Regulatory Instruments)
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Cette liste de critères de référence vient compléter celle concernant le Statut de la fonction publique qui faisait l’objet du document Sigma No. 5 (OCDE/GD(96)21 de février 1996). La précédente liste de critères de référence traitait essentiellement des questions à prendre en considération dans les pays d’Europe centrale ou orientale au moment de la préparation d’un projet de loi portant statut de la fonction publique à présenter au Parlement. La présente liste de critères de référence concerne les questions à prendre en considération pour faire les règlements d’application la législation subordonnée de la loi portant statut de la fonction publique votée par le Parlement. Le présent document commence par une section narrative décrivant les types d’instruments ordinairement utilisés à cet effet dans les pays Membres de l’OCDE et les facteurs généralement pris en compte au moment de la préparation et de la rédaction d’instruments de cette nature. Cette section narrative est suivie d’une liste de critères auxquels les auteurs de ces textes, notamment, pourraient juger utile de se référer au cours de leur travail. Il s’agit davantage de la façon générale d’aborder la rédaction de ces textes d’application que du fond des instruments traitant de tel ou tel sujet. Le fond est nécessairement dicté par le contenu général et les détails de la loi elle-même et il varie dans l’ensemble beaucoup d’un pays à l’autre. De même que dans le cas de la liste de critères de référence relative au statut de la fonction publique voté par le Parlement, le propos de la présente liste n’est pas de donner des directives impératives sur la manière d’aborder ces questions mais plutôt de proposer des conseils sur les meilleures pratiques à suivre. Il appartiendra à chacun, en fonction des circonstances locales, de faire son choix.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6g4qwxf0-fr
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  • 80
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    International Implications of European Economic and Monetary Union (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.174
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area ; European Union
    Abstract: For a long time European Economic and Monetary Union was mainly considered an internal European issue and external consequences were largely ignored. In contrast to most previous analyses, this paper looks at a number of international implications of monetary union. It is argued that several factors could contribute to the euro becoming an international currency in the future and a competitor to the US dollar in this respect. The degree of uncertainty attached to this outcome, however, remains considerable and in any event the emergence of the euro as a major international currency is likely to take some time. Given the expected size of the euro-zone and the likelihood of the euro becoming an international currency, fiscal and monetary policies in the area are likely to have a significant impact on the macroeconomic environment in the rest of the world. An important issue is how will monetary union affect major bilateral exchange rate developments and their volatility. A number of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/557406211626
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  • 81
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    Global Information Infrastructure -- Global Information Society (GII-GIS): Policy Requirements (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.25
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Industrial economies are at the threshold of potentially radical structural changes in their economic structures. Communication networks and interactive multimedia applications are providing the foundation for the transformation of existing social and economic relationships into an "information society".
    DOI: 10.1787/237255568475
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  • 82
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    Essai n 486: Essai de synthèse non programmée de l'ADN (UDS) sur des hépatocytes de mammifères in vivo (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071537
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 486; Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) Test with Mammalian Liver Cells in vivo
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 486: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) Test with Mammalian Liver Cells in vivo
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Le but de l'essai synthèse non programmée de d'ADN (UDS) sur les cellules de foie de mammifères in vivo est d'identifier les substances qui induisent la réparation de l'ADN après excision et élimination d'un segment d'ADN contenant la région endommagée par l'agent physique ou chimique (solides ou liquides). L'essai est habituellement basé sur l'incorporation de thymidine tritiée, 3H-TdR, (pendant 3-8 heures) dans l'ADN des hépatocytes qui ont peu fréquemment des cellules en phase S du cycle de cellules. L’incorporation de 3H-TdR est habituellement déterminée par autoradiographie. Les rats sont généralement utilisés, et au moins trois animaux analysables par groupe sont utilisés. Normalement, au moins deux niveaux de dose sont employés. Un essai limite peut être réalisé si aucun effet n’est prévu à une dose de 2000 mg/kg pc/j. La substance d’essai est généralement administrée comme traitement unique par gavage en utilisant une sonde gastrique ou une canule d'intubation appropriée. Des hépatocytes sont prélevés sur des animaux traités 12-16 heures après l’administration du produit. Après l'autoradiographie, normalement 100 cellules sont comptées par animal sur au moins deux lames. Un résultat positif de l'essai d'UDS avec les cellules de foie mammifères indique in vivo qu'une substance induit des dommages d'ADN en cellules de foie mammifères in vivo qui peuvent être réparées par la synthèse imprévue d'ADN in vitro. Un résultat négatif indique que, dans les conditions d'essai, la substance d'essai n'induit pas des dommages d'ADN qui sont discernables par cet essai.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071537-fr
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  • 83
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    Structural Unemployment in Denmark (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.183
    Keywords: Economics ; Denmark
    Abstract: The paper gives a broad discussion of structural unemployment seen from a Danish perspective. In the Danish Ministry of Finance the level of structural unemployment is estimated using two indicators - NAIRU and ITRU. The two indicators basically reflect variations in unemployment and inflation as measured by the GDP-deflator and are computed using historical simulations with the national macro-econometric model ADAM. The uncertainty related to estimates of the level of structural unemployment calls for a great deal of caution when using such estimates in the framing of economic policy. Estimates of structural unemployment can nevertheless be useful when making forecasts of inflation and assessing the appropriate fiscal stance and - not least - when assessing the effectiveness of labour market policies and the possible need for changes. For the purpose of policy-making it is useful to make clear to what extent structural unemployment can be ascribed to “employability” problems of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/385233524308
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  • 84
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    The NAIRU in Japan : Measurement and Its Implications (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.173
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: The NAIRU is estimated by using the Japanese data. There are three major findings. The NAIRU has been increasing modestly since 1970. Unlike the standard specification adopted in many OECD countries it can be estimated more precisely when the unemployment rate with a several-quarter lead is used. Hysteresis or “speed limit” effects are also detected. These findings lead to the following implications. Structural reform in the labor market should be pursued. Seeking for alternative labor market indicators which move ahead of inflation will be useful. Macroeconomic policy aimed at rapidly reducing unemployment could be costly in terms of inflation ...
    DOI: 10.1787/318484133467
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  • 85
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    Indicateurs bibliométriques et analyse des systèmes de recherche : Méthodes et exemples (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 69 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bibliometric Indicators and Analysis of Research Systems: Methods and Examples
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report – linked to the technical documents of the OECD manuals for the measurement of R&D activities (“Frascati family”) – presents the essential elements of bibliometrics and its application to the analysis of research systems. Bibliometrics is based on the enumeration and statistical analysis of scientific output in the form of articles, publications, citations, patents and other more complex indicators. It is an important tool in evaluating research activities, laboratories and scientists as well as the scientific specialisations and performances of countries. The report, having set the background to the development of bibliometrics, presents the databases on which bibiometrics are elaborated as well as the principal indicators used. Twenty-five exemples are presented at the end of the document, illustrating the various uses of bibliometrics methods for analysing research systems. These indicators measure scientific output by counting the number of publications, the impacts ...
    DOI: 10.1787/233811774611
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  • 86
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    Test No. 424: Neurotoxicity Study in Rodents (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071025
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 424; Étude de neurotoxicité
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 424: Étude de neurotoxicité
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline has been designed to obtain the information necessary to confirm or to further characterise the potential neurotoxicity of chemicals in adult animals. This Test Guideline is designed for use with the rat. It specifically addresses the daily oral administration, by gavage, (in the diet, in drinking water or by capsules) of the test substance. When the study is conducted as a separate study, at least 20 animals (10 females and 10 males) should be used in each dose. At least three dose groups and a control group should generally be used. Dose levels should be selected by taking into account any previously observed toxicity and kinetic data available for the test compound or related materials. The dosing regimen may be 28 days, subchronic (90 days) or chronic (1 year or longer). The procedures set out in this Test Guideline may also be used for an acute neurotoxicity study. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of at least 1000 mg/kg body weight. The results of this study include measurements (weighing, food /water consumption), functional tests, and, at least, daily detailed observations (Ophthalmology, haematology, clinical biochemistry and histopathology). At least five males and five females, selected from test group, should be perfused in situ and used for detailed neurohistopathology at the end of the study. The findings of the study should be evaluated in terms of the incidence, severity and correlation of neurobehavioural and neuropathological effects (neurochemical or electrophysiological effects as well if supplementary examinations are included) and any other adverse effects observed.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071025-en
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  • 87
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    Regulatory Impact Analysis : Best Practices in OECD Countries (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162150
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'analyse de l'impact de la réglementation ; Meilleures pratiques dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'analyse de l'impact de la réglementation : Meilleures pratiques dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This is the first report to look across the OECD membership at how regulatory impact analysis is actually designed and carried out. Concrete "best practices" are identified in areas such as improving the capacity of government to produce high-quality analysis, applying analytical methods including benefit-cost analysis, collecting data, and consulting with the public to ensure that estimates are realistic.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162150-en
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  • 88
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    Essai n 424: Étude de neurotoxicité (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071032
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 424; Neurotoxicity Study in Rodents
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 424: Neurotoxicity Study in Rodents
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice a été conçue pour obtenir les informations nécessaires pour confirmer ou mieux caractériser une neurotoxicité potentielle de produits chimiques chez des animaux adultes. Cette Ligne directrice utilise le rat. Elle s'adresse spécifiquement à l'administration quotidienne par voie orale, par gavage, (dans l’alimentation, dans l’eau de boisson ou dans des gélules) de la substance d'essai. Quand l'étude est entreprise comme une étude séparée, au moins 20 animaux (10 femelles et 10 mâles) devrait être employés dans chaque dose. Au moins trois groupes traités et un groupe de contrôle devraient généralement être employés. Des niveaux de dose devraient être choisis en prenant en considération toute toxicité précédemment observée et toutes données cinétiques disponibles pour la substance d'essai. Le régime de dosage peut être de 28 jours, 90 jours (subchronique) ou 1 an ou plus (chronique). Les procédures visées dans cette Ligne directrice peuvent également être employées pour une étude aiguë de neurotoxicité. L'essai de limite correspond à un niveau de dose d’au moins 1000 mg/kg pc. Les résultats de cette étude incluent des mesures (pesée, consommation d’eau et de nourriture), des essais fonctionnels, et des observations, au moins quotidiennes, détaillées (ophtalmologie, hématologie, biochimie clinique et histopathologie). Au moins cinq mâles et cinq femelles, choisis parmi le groupe d'essai, devraient être perfusés in situ et utilisés pour la neurohistopathologie détaillée à la fin de l'étude. Les résultats de l'étude doivent être évalués en termes d'incidence, sévérité et corrélation des effets sur le comportement et neuropathologiques (également des effets neurochimiques ou électrophysiologiques si des examens supplémentaires sont inclus) et de tous les autres effets nuisibles observés.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071032-fr
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  • 89
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    Webcasting and Convergence : Policy Implications (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.31
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Convergence between different telecommunication and broadcasting infrastructures and services is increasingly raising challenges for regulatory frameworks and may require adjustment in view of emerging services.
    DOI: 10.1787/236876806032
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  • 90
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    Outflows of Capital from China (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.123
    Keywords: Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: While the world has been mesmerised by China’s emergence as a major player in international trade, now being one of the world’s top ten traders, and also as an absorber of international capital (second only to the United States), China’s state-owned and other public sector enterprises have been quietly growing in importance as a source of international capital. Chinese enterprises now have foreign direct investment in virtually every country in the world and across the whole spectrum of economic activities, from merchant banking to fish processing and forestry. This paper reviews the available aggregate data on outflows of capital from China. It also examines such data as is available on individual foreign direct investments. One conclusion which emerges is that while such outflows are growing and being disbursed on a global basis there is a significant concentration in a small number countries, in particular Australia, Canada and the United States, in addition to the strong ...
    DOI: 10.1787/334371153553
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  • 91
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    Regional Development and Structural Policy in Mexico (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162020
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Développement régional et politiques structurelles au Mexique
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Mexico
    Abstract: Mexico is a multi-faceted country. Given the geographical and ethnic diversity of Mexico's regions, as well as their particular cultural and historical traditions, each of the regions making up the Federation calls for a specific development policy. At the same time, economic, political and social equilibria are going to be affected by the trend towards a greater decentralisation of political structures. Mexico is faced with two major challenges. How can consistency of government action be maintained in conjunction with a firm resolve to decentralise? How is it possible to reconcile regional and national development while striving to achieve the country's integration within the world economy? This study, which includes many tables, maps and figures as background material, makes it possible to define these challenges more clearly and therefore to clarify regional policy options for the coming decade.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162020-en
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  • 92
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    NAIRU: Incomes Policy and Inflation (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.187
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Italy has been one of the few industrial countries resorting to incomes policy in the current decade. Many Italian observers have attributed to this policy the remarkable slowdown in wage and price inflation. However, no apparent progress has been made concerning labour market unbalances, as the unemployment rate remains 4 percentage points above the already high level inherited from the 80s. This paper analyses this experience: it looks at the evidence of changes in the bargaining structure stemming from the incomes policies agreements, discusses their possible long run impact in terms of NAIRU and features of the inflationary process, presents a quantitative assessment of the specific contribution of those agreements to the inflation outcome. The analysis is carried out by looking at the presence of structural breaks in an aggregate-wage equation and resorting to counterfactual simulations of a large macroeconomic model (the Bank of Italy quarterly model). The empirical results ...
    DOI: 10.1787/147106272607
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  • 93
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    Long-Term Interest Rates in Globalised Markets (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.175
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of whether covariation of long-term interest rates across G10 countries has increased in recent years and whether, as a consequence, interest rates have become less subject to the influence of national monetary authorities and domestic fundamentals. A conceptual framework based on the standard parity relations among country interest rates is described, and it is argued that historical trends in interest rates and their relations across countries can be understood reasonably well under this framework as the result of changing fundamentals and shifts in (internationally-priced) risk premia. The main empirical findings are that bilateral covariation of long-term interest rates has gone up in the 1990s among some European countries but there is no evidence of any substantial increase for countries with floating exchange rates. Variance decompositions and country-specific interest rate equations show little evidence of increasing interdependence of domestic ...
    DOI: 10.1787/688612588580
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  • 94
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    Biotechnology Policy for Developing Country Agriculture (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques de biotechnologie pour l'agriculture des pays en développement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Biotechnology offers the potential for more environmentally-friendly agriculture but the conditions for developing countries to take advantage of that potential should be created. • Policy intervention is needed to ensure that biotechnology responds to the priorities set for agriculture. • Decisions are urgently needed in two policy areas specific to biotechnology: biosafety and intellectual property rights. • Public funding restrictions demand innovative approaches and public/private partnerships. • Flexibility and long-term commitment are essential if donor-supported biotechnology initiatives are to succeed.
    DOI: 10.1787/086753060303
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  • 95
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    Administrative Procedures and the Supervision of Administration in Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Estonia and Albania (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 135 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.17
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La procédure administrative et le contrôle de l'administration en Hongrie, Pologne, Bulgarie, Estonie et Albanie
    Keywords: Governance ; Albania ; Bulgaria ; Estonia ; Hungary ; Poland
    Abstract: SIGMA is publishing this report to make more widely available comparative information on administrative law and administrative supervision in central and eastern European countries, and to highlight certain relationships with developments in these areas in Western Europe. Although each country has its own history and traditions in approaching these matters, there is at the same time emerging a common and widely accepted model of how they should be managed in democratic states. This report should be of particular interest to civil servants, government officials, parliamentarians and others with an interest in the development of administrative procedures and oversight institutions.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6198lvkf-en
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  • 96
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    The Reliability of Quarterly National Accounts in Seven Major Countries : A User's Perspective (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.171
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: National accounts data provide the most comprehensive overview available of developments in national economies. They are of great interest to a wide range of users of economic information. These users, which include governments formulating budgetary policies, central banks making monetary policy decisions, businesses considering investment decisions and financial institutions making judgements concerning portfolio allocation, have needs which may differ in various respects. However, since their interest generally stems from the likelihood that they will make better decisions if they are well informed about economic developments, they all have a strong interest in the accuracy of national accounts statistics. This paper examines the reliability of preliminary quarterly national accounts statistics. In particular, it considers the longer-term behaviour of the provisional estimates to GDP growth and its main expenditure components through an examination of the revisions to those ...
    DOI: 10.1787/184371668631
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  • 97
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    Trends in Public Sector Pay in OECD Countries 1997 (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062580
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (149 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evolution des rémunérations du secteur public dans les pays de l'OCDE 1997
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The reform of pay determination systems has been completed in some OECD countries. This report presents information on the procedures which governments have developed to carry out reforms, and on the results obtained, particularly when the reforms have a positive impact on holding down public expenditure. Comparative analysis of public sector pay determination systems in OECD countries illustrates the wide variety of methods of determining public sector remuneration and shows that each country adapts the instruments available to its own institutional structure and economic and social constraints. Those countries which have not opted for radical change are taking a phased, pragmatic approach, lending weight to the view that reform of pay determination systems is extending to all OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/pubsector_pay-1997-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 98
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    Economic Globalisation and the Environment (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174436
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This book summarises the environmental implications of globalisation (both positive and negative) in terms of governance (the changing role of the nation-state and other institutions), competitiveness, foreign investments (pollution havens/industrial migration), sectoral economic activities (energy, transport, agriculture), technological change, and corporate environmental strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174436-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 99
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    OECD Submission to the Irish National Minimum Wage Commission (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.28
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Ireland
    Abstract: This submission provides a brief factual survey of statutory minimum wage systems in OECD countries (Section B) as well as a summary of recommendations concerning minimum wages which have been presented in the OECD Jobs Study and recent OECD Economic Surveys (Section C). This is followed by a discussion of the factors which should be considered when reviewing the likely effects of statutory minimum wages on employment and unemployment (Section D), and on low pay and poverty (Section E). It is based on recent empirical evidence from OECD countries and, whenever possible, discusses the relevance of the different factors characterising minimum wages for the Irish context. The need for further research is discussed in Section F.
    DOI: 10.1787/501028262326
    URL: Volltext
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  • 100
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    Les régimes de retraite privés dans les pays de l'OCDE : France (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 147 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Private Pensions in OECD Countries: France
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; France
    Abstract: Ce volume fait partie d’une série de monographies sur les régimes de retraite privés dans les pays de l’OCDE. Les volumes précédents ont été consacrés à la situation du Canada, de l’Irlande, de la Nouvelle-Zélande, des Etats-Unis, du Royaume-Uni et de l’Australie. Les régimes de retraite privés occupent un rôle central dans le système français des dispositifs de retraite. Au delà d’un fort éclatement institutionnel, l’architecture générale du système de retraite français se caractérise par une structure à deux étages. Le premier étage correspond aux régimes légaux de sécurité sociale, couvrant l’ensemble de la population active, ainsi qu’aux “régimes spéciaux” dispensés de toute affiliation au régime général et couvrant presque exclusivement le secteur public. Le second étage est constitué des régimes complémentaires relevant du domaine professionnel, principalement des régimes obligatoires fédérés au niveau national. L’importance considérable qu’ont pris ces régimes ...
    DOI: 10.1787/425822661852
    URL: Volltext
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