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  • 2015-2019  (1,641)
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  • Verlag C.H. Beck
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9783406731440
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource, 304 Seiten , mit 14 Illustrationen und 9 Scherenschnitten
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Als die Tiere in den Wald zogen
    DDC: 640
    Keywords: Märchen ; Kind ; Bruder ; Junger Mann ; (Produktform)Electronic book text ; Entwicklungsschritte ; Lehrer ; Entwicklungspsychologie ; (Darstellungsform)DF11: Anthologie ; Klassiker ; ab 4 Jahren ; Eltern ; Märchen für Kinder ; Vorlesebuch ; Kinder ; Kindermärchen ; Märchen ; Erzieher ; (VLB-WN)9114: Märchen, Sagen, Legenden ; (Produktrabattgruppe)01: S-Rabatt ; Ratgeber
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9783406734427
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource, 268 Seiten , mit 11 Abbildungen
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bonnett, Alastair, 1964- Die allerseltsamsten Orte der Welt
    DDC: 398.32
    Keywords: Geheimnisvolle Stätte ; Insel ; Ort ; Jersey ; Frankreich ; (Produktform)Electronic book text ; Reisen ; Shimla ; Regionen ; Müllstadt ; seltsame Orte ; Spratly-Inseln ; Bottnischer Meerbusen ; Entdeckungen ; Kongo ; Shinjuku ; Jerusalem ; Neurussland ; (Darstellungsform)DF13: Monographie ; ladinische Täler ; Kairo ; Reisebericht ; Welt ; Hainan ; Sahara ; Conshelf ; Arktis ; Bondi Beach ; Christiania ; (VLB-WN)9943: Regional- und Ländergeschichte ; (Produktrabattgruppe)01: S-Rabatt ; (Produktrabattgruppe)07: BSR-Rabatt ; Geheimnisvolle Stätte
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9783406739989
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (253 Seiten)
    Series Statement: C.H. Beck Paperback 6370
    Series Statement: Beck Paperback
    Series Statement: beck-eLibrary
    Series Statement: die Fachbibliothek
    Series Statement: C.H. Beck Paperback
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kein schöner Land
    DDC: 300
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Gegenwartskritik ; Film ; Freigeist ; Politik ; Mode ; Fernsehen ; Zeitdiagnosen ; Essen ; Debatte ; Theater ; Kunst ; Deutschland ; Literatur ; Musik ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Deutschland ; Kulturkritik ; Gegenwart
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9783406741784
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (319 Seiten)
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bridle, James, 1980 - New dark age
    DDC: 304.25
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    Keywords: Technischer Fortschritt ; Techniksoziologie ; Sozialer Wandel ; Digitalisierung ; Technikfolgenabschätzung ; Welt ; Climate and civilization ; Climate and civilization ; Electronic books ; Neue Technologie ; Digitale Revolution ; Algorithmus ; Automation ; Fremdbestimmung ; Gesellschaft ; Entwicklung ; Neue Technologie ; Technikbewertung ; Sozialer Wandel
    Abstract: Cover -- Titel -- Zum Buch -- Über den Autor -- Impressum -- Widmung -- Inhalt -- KAPITEL 1. Kluft -- KAPITEL 2. Computerisierung -- KAPITEL 3. Klima -- KAPITEL 4. Kalkulation -- KAPITEL 5. Komplexität -- KAPITEL 6. Kognition -- KAPITEL 7. Komplizenschaft -- KAPITEL 8. Konspiration -- KAPITEL 9. Kollaterale -- KAPITEL 10. Cloud -- Dank -- Anmerkungen -- Register.
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9783406731433
    Language: German
    Pages: 301 Seiten , 14 farbige Illustrationen und 9 Scherenschnitte
    DDC: 390
    RVK:
    Keywords: Kindermärchen ; Ratgeber ; Kindermärchen
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9783406741920
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (478 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als West, Geoffrey, 1940 - Scale
    DDC: 306.01
    RVK:
    Keywords: Multiculturalism ; Culture ; Philosophy ; Electronic books ; Skalierungsgesetz ; Komplexität
    Abstract: "Dieses Buch erweitert Ihr Denken von drei auf vier Dimensionen." Nassim Nicolas Taleb, Autor von "Der schwarze Schwan" "Scale" ist ein großes Ideen-Buch, das uns neue Welten erschließt, ein intellektuelles Abenteuer, das bislang unverknüpfte Perspektiven und Wissensgebiete miteinander verbindet. Es zeigt, welche universalen Gesetzmäßigkeiten unserem biologischen und sozialen Leben zugrunde liegen, die uns alle auf so einfache wie tief reichende Weise miteinander verbinden. Wer wissen will, wie die Welt wirklich funktioniert, muss dieses Buch lesen. Am Anfang stand die Faszination von Altern und Sterblichkeit. Mit der Präzision des Physikers hat West die Frage, warum wir so lange leben, wie wir leben, und nicht länger, zu beantworten versucht. Das Ergebnis war erstaunlich: West entdeckte, dass trotz bestehender Unterschiede alle Säugetiere skalierte Versionen voneinander sind. Kennt man die Größe eines Säugetiers, so kann man vom täglichen Nahrungsverbrauch über die Dauer des Reifungsprozesses bis hin zur Lebensspanne alles herausbekommen, was man über das betreffende Tier wissen will. Seine für die Biologie bahnbrechende Forschung hat West auf andere Felder angewendet, insbesondere auf Städte und Unternehmen. In "Scale" schlägt er vor, einige der großen Probleme, mit denen wir ringen - von der rasanten Verstädterung, dem Bevölkerungswachstum bis zum Verständnis von Krebs sowie den Ursachen von Altern und Tod -, auf der Basis eines ganzheitlichen Ansatzes anzugehen. Nur so gelangen wir zu Erkenntnissen und Strategien, mit denen wir diese großen globalen Herausforderungen auch bewältigen können. Biographische Informationen Geoffrey West ist ein Pionier auf dem Feld der Komplexitätsforschung, der Wissenschaft von Systemen und Netzwerken. Der Physiker ist Professor am Santa Fe Institute, dessen Präsident er von 2005 bis 2009 war. Für seine Forschung wurde er mit zahlreichen, international renommierten Preisen ausgezeichnet. Im Jahr 2006 wurde er vom "Time Magazine" zu den 100 einflussreichsten Menschen der Welt gerechnet.
    Abstract: Cover -- Titel -- Zum Buch -- Über den Autor -- Impressum -- Widmung -- 1. DAS GROSSE GANZE -- 1. Einführung -- 2. Wir leben in einer exponentiell wachsenden sozioökonomischen urbanisierten Welt -- 3. Leben und Tod -- 4. Energie, Stoffwechsel und Entropie -- 5. Es kommt wirklich auf die Größe an: Skalierung und nichtlineares Verhalten -- 6. Skalierung und Komplexität: Emergenz, Selbstorganisation und Resilienz -- 7. Sie sind die Gesamtheit ihrer Netzwerke: Wachstum von der Zelle bis zum Wal -- 8. Städte und globale Nachhaltigkeit: Innovation und Zyklen von Singularitäten -- 9. Unternehmen -- 2. DAS MASS ALLER DINGE -- 1. Von Godzilla zu Galileo Galilei -- 2. Falsche Vorstellungen von Skalierung: Superman -- 3. Größenordnungen, Logarithmen, Erdbeben und die Richter-Skala -- 4. Eisen stemmen und Galilei testen -- 5. Individuelle Leistung und Abweichungen von den errechneten Werten: der stärkste Mann der Welt -- 6. Weitere falsche Vorstellungen von Skalierung: Drogen- und Medikamentendosierungen (LSD bei Elefanten, Tylenol bei Babys) -- 7. Der BMI, Quetelet, der Durchschnittsmensch und soziale Physik -- 8. Innovation und die Grenzen des Wachstums -- 9. Die «Great Eastern», Breitspureisenbahnen und der bemerkenswerte Isambard Kingdom Brunel -- 10. William Froude und die Ursprünge der Modellbildungstheorie -- 11. Ähnlichkeit: dimensionslose und skaleninvariante Zahlen -- 3. DIE SIMPLIZITÄT UND KOMPLEXITÄT DES LEBENS -- 1. Von Quarks und Strings zu Zellen und Walen -- 2. Stoffwechselrate und natürliche Selektion -- 3. Die Simplizität, die der Komplexität zugrunde liegt: Kleibers Gesetz, Selbstähnlichkeit und Skaleneffekte -- 4. Allgemeingültigkeit und die das Leben beherrschende magische Zahl 4 -- 5. Energie, emergente Gesetze und die Hierarchie des Lebens -- 6. Netzwerke und der Ursprung der allometrischen ¼-Potenz-Skalierung.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9783406731433
    Language: German
    Pages: 301 Seiten , 14 farbige Illustrationen und 9 Scherenschnitte
    DDC: 390
    RVK:
    Keywords: Kindermärchen ; Ratgeber ; Kindermärchen
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  • 8
    Language: German
    Pages: 128 Seiten
    Edition: Sonderauflage für die Zentralen für politische Bildung, 6., aktualisierte Auflage
    Series Statement: C.H. Beck Wissen 2320
    DDC: 900
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Globalization History ; Globalisierung ; Geschichte ; Globalisierung ; Geschichte ; Globalisierung ; Geschichte
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 124-126
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9783406732195 , 3406732194
    Language: German
    Pages: 272 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme , 21.7 cm x 13.9 cm
    Uniform Title: Hello world
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fry, Hannah, 1984 - Hello world
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fry, Hannah, 1984 - Hello world
    DDC: 303.483
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Algorithmus ; Informationsgesellschaft ; Digitalisierung ; Informationstechnik ; Algorithmus ; Gesellschaft ; Entwicklung ; Algorithmus ; Alltag ; Gesellschaft ; Algorithmus ; Verbrauch ; Digitalisierung ; Gesellschaft ; Techniksoziologie
    Abstract: Die britische Mathematikenthusiastin ("Mathematik der Liebe"), Professorin in London, schreibt über das Wirken von Algorithmen in den Daseinsdimensionen "Macht, Daten, Justiz, Medizin, Autos, Kriminalität, Kunst." Die Algorithmen entscheiden für uns oder bereiten Entscheidungen vor, doch sie sind indiskret, fehlerbehaftet (wie menschliches Handeln), ungerecht und gaukeln eine Sicherheit vor, die sie nur bedingt geben können. Die Autorin referiert die z.T. bekannten Beispiele. Vieles grenze, vor allem in der sogenannten KI, die sie lieber eine erweiterte Computerstatistik nennen wolle, an "Zauberei", vor allem dann, wenn nicht mehr erklärt werden könne, wie die Ergebnisse zustande kämen. Die Kernfrage bleibe also, wie sehr wir den Algorithmen trauen und sie als Autorität in unserem/über unser Leben anerkennen. Man muss nicht zum Cyborg werden, aber ein vernünftiges und rationales Miteinander von menschlichen und algorithmisierten Verfahren sei ein anstrebenswertes Ziel. Sehr gut zu lesen, gut neben z.B. K. Mainzer, C. O'Neil, M. Tegmark
    Note: Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Auflagen
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Tunisia's has made significant investments in infrastructure, which has contributed to economic growth. The investments have enabled reasonably good access to basic infrastructure services. While access rates are high, the relative quality of Tunisia's infrastructure has deteriorated significantly over the last ten years. State-owned enterprises (SOEs), which dominate the infrastructure sector, receive considerable subsidies and incur notable financial losses. Overall, there is a heavy reliance on external borrowing to fund infrastructure investment, which creates contingent liabilities, and enhances foreign exchange and macro-economic risk. Chapter one provides an overview of Tunisia's infrastructure performance; chapter two discusses each sub-sector in more detail in terms of achievements and challenges; chapter three looks at historical trends in spending followed by a scenario analysis of investment needs with anecdotal examples, and discusses the present macro-economic and fiscal constraints; and chapter four presents possible action items for further discussion with the Tunisian government
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: Agriculture and the rural space will continue to demand the attention of policy makers in Bolivia for several reasons, even as urbanization gains momentum. First, agriculture is a proven engine of economic growth. Aside from showing its strength in decades past, in recent years agriculture shielded the Bolivian economy from the worst effects of the decline in other primary sectors, and in the future, healthy rates of agricultural growth will make the overall economy more diversified and more resilient. Second, a robust and dynamic agricultural sector will continue to curb dependence on the mining and gas sectors, while contributing significantly to inclusive growth, value addition, the creation of more and better jobs on and off of the farm, and better nutrition for all. Third, because agricultural growth in Bolivia has proven to be pro-poor, maintaining that growth is essential for continued reductions in poverty. Fourth, because climate and other shocks affecting agriculture can significantly disrupt steady gains in economic growth, poverty reduction, and food security, building a resilient agricultural sector is critical to sustain those gains. Finally, although policy makers will want to support agricultural growth, they will not want that growth to compromise the future for generations of Bolivians by squandering and degrading irreplaceable natural resources
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: This note presents the results of a survey undertaken in Fiji from May to June 2019 with the intention to identify the specific challenges men and women cross-border traders are facing related to trade facilitation at the firm level. Generally, efforts to improve trade conditions, especially relating to women cross-border traders, have been progressing over the years. Yet, there is limited work focusing on trade facilitation initiatives and trade competitiveness interventions aimed at women firms who face trading barriers that are not strictly linked to tariffs or policies. There is a global data gap on the nature of barriers that women traders face related to trade facilitation at the firm level. In fact, the problem is even deeper rooted; there is a global vacuum of knowledge about the exact proportion of cross-border traders that are women. No country, not even the gender equality champions in Northern Europe, can easily confirm the number of women that undertake cross-border trade in their respective countries. A survey designed to collect data on these challenges is being rolled out in the Pacific. Countries in the Pacific Islands region face unique development challenges: they are physically detached from major markets, have small populations spread across many islands and time zones, confront the worst impacts of climate change, and are some of the most vulnerable countries to natural disasters in the world
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Inequality ; Living Standards ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This report aims to map poverty and inequality in Sudan and would be representative of the 18 states and 131 localities of Sudan. The poverty mapping technique is based on a small area estimation (SAE) technique developed by the World Bank to derive estimates of geographic poverty and inequality. It combines data from the 2014-15 National Household Budget and Poverty Survey (NHBPS) and the 2008 Population and Housing Census data to build spatially disaggregated poverty maps. Although household surveys usually include measures of income and wealth, they are not representative beyond the state level. Yet, allowing lower levels of disaggregation is important for policy interventions, particularly for countries like Sudan that have state governments, which manage the activities of the state while reporting to the federal government. This study uses a model of household expenditure from a survey data set to estimate household welfare at the lower levels and apply it to the census data set which does not provide information on household income or expenditure. These maps illustrate the information gains provided by SAE, show there is a substantial spatial heterogeneity within the localities, and highlight the small areas most likely to exhibit the highest risk of poverty
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464813887
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2019 presents indicators that measure the laws, regulations and bureaucratic processes that affect farmers in 101 countries. The study covers eight thematic areas: supplying seed, registering fertilizer, securing water, registering machinery, sustaining livestock, protecting plant health, trading food and accessing finance. The report highlights global best performers and countries that made the most significant regulatory improvements in support of farmers
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464814020
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (278 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: The war in Syria, now in its eighth year, continues to take its toll on the Syrian people. More than half of the population of Syria remains displaced; 5.6 million persons are registered as refugees outside of the country and another 6.2 million are displaced within Syria's borders. The internally displaced persons include 2 million school-age children; of these, less than half attend school. Another 739,000 Syrian children are out of school in the five neighborhood countries that host Syria's refugees. The loss of human capital is staggering, and it will create permanent hardships for generations of Syrians going forward.Despite the tragic prospects for renewed fighting in certain parts of the country, an overall reduction in armed conflict is possible going forward. However, international experience shows that the absence of fighting is rarely a singular trigger for the return of displaced people. Numerous other factors-including improved security and socioeconomic conditions in origin states, access to property and assets, the availability of key services, and restitution in home areas-play important roles in shaping the scale and composition of the returns. Overall, refugees have their own calculus of return that considers all of these factors and assesses available options.The Mobility of Displaced Syrians: An Economic and Social Analysis sheds light on the 'mobility calculus' of Syrian refugees. While dismissing any policies that imply wrongful practices involving forced repatriation, the study analyzes factors that may be considered by refugees in their own decisions to relocate. It provides a conceptual framework, supported by data and analysis, to facilitate an impartial conversation about refugees and their mobility choices. It also explores the diversified policy toolkit that the international community has available-and the most effective ways in which the toolkit can be adapted-to maximize the well-being of refugees, host countries, and the people in Syria
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: The objective of the report is to inform the preparation of a Government Program for establishing the status of customers in need, the scope of their rights, and protection measures to help them meet demands for electricity in case of electricity tariff increases. The report analyzes patterns of electricity consumption, affordability, poverty and distributional impacts of hypothetical scenarios of tariff increases. It also reviews the current protection mechanism with an electricity subsidy, models the impact of short- and medium-term reform options, and recommends concrete mitigation measures. In accordance with Law No. 05/L-085 on Electricity of 2016, the Government of Kosovo should develop a detailed Program for establishing the status of customers in need, the scope of their rights, and protection measures to help them meet demands for electricity. Electricity accounts for almost 90 percent of the total energy expenditures of households in Kosovo, and over 97 percent of the energy expenditures of poor households.1 According to the Law on Electricity2, the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare (MLSW) in cooperation with the Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Finance and in consultation with the Energy Regulatory Office (ERO) and other stakeholders of the electricity sector should develop a social protection program (Program), providing social benefits to ensure the necessary electricity supply to customers in need, or providing for support for energy efficiency improvements, to address energy poverty. Such measures shall not impede the effective opening of the electricity market and its functioning. Customers in need are household consumers, who, due to social status, enjoy some special rights regarding the supply with electricity, to be provided in exceptional cases. Commitment to the development of this Program is taken also with Kosovo's Energy Strategy, and with the requirements of the Treaty of Energy Community as defined by the Third Energy Package3. The Program should propose an approach to identifying the electricity poor who are vulnerable and outline short- and medium-term measures for their protection
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Paraguay is a middle-income, landlocked country with a population of about seven million. The nation is highly dependent on its transport and logistics infrastructure to connect to regional markets and international seaports. In road quality and connectivity, on the other hand, Paraguay trails its neighbors and other middle-income countries. According to the Global Competitiveness Indices, Paraguay is in the bottom third of indexed countries for road connectivity and quality. The government has attempted to address perceptions on quality and connectivity through higher budget allocations for the road sector. The higher road sector budget has been directed to expansion and preservation of the paved roads since 2012 and has, on the whole, allocated sufficient funds for their maintenance as estimated by this Public Expenditure Review (PER). Despite this there has been a slight decline in the overall quality of the network due to over and under funding of roads geographically and by functional classification. This PER is structured as follows: Chapter 2 provides some background on the Paraguayan economy, the country's road network (primary, secondary, and tertiary) features and analysis, and an overview of the government institutions responsible for the network; Chapter 3 describes how Paraguay budgets and manages its road sector, what the funding sources are, and how efficiently the expenditures are being spent; Chapter 4 assesses Paraguay's goals for its road sector, the effectiveness of its budget execution and sustainability of its funding, and its sector monitoring practices; and Chapter 5 concludes with the main findings and recommendations
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) 2019 report is an assessment of the quality of the Ukrainian PFM system at the subnational level. More specifically, the PEFA assessment measures which processes and institutions contribute to the achievement of desirable budget outcomes, aggregate fiscal discipline, strategic allocation of resources, and efficient service delivery. A central government PEFA assessment and a subnational assessment at the oblast level were conducted in 2019. The main purpose of the 2019 PEFA assessment is to provide the government of Ukraine with an objective, up-to-date diagnostic of public financial management performance at the rayon level of subnational government based on the latest internationally recognized PEFA methodology. This assessment covers the Iziaslavskyi rayon administration which is composed of sixteen budgetary institutions
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: This analytical work assesses the current capabilities of, as well as the gaps and challenges faced by, the Georgian Hydrometeorological Department (GHMD) in producing and delivering weather, climate, and hydrological (hydrometeorological) products and services based on users' needs. It provides the government authorities and decision makers in Georgia with a technical strategic framework for improvements in hydromet and early warning systems and services (EWS), to provide socioeconomic benefits to the Georgian population; safeguard their lives, livelihoods, and property; and protect economic investments. The road map consists of 11 chapters. Chapters 1-3 highlight the climate and hydrological hazards affecting Georgia, their consequent risks, and the socioeconomic impacts on the Georgian people. Chapter 4 provides an assessment of users' needs for hydromet information. Chapter 5 gives an overview of the institutional and organizational structure of GHMD, while chapter 6 provides an in-depth analysis of GHMD's current status. Chapter 7 discusses modernization of hydromet and EWS. Chapters 8 and 9 present the road map in detail, along with three proposed successive development scenarios designed to transform GHMD into a technically modern and sound hydrometeorological service by narrowing the gap between GHMD's current status and the level of services needed for fully discharging its public service mandate. Chapter 10 presents a detailed socioeconomic benefits analysis. Finally, chapter 11 lays out the conclusions and a way forward, and several annexes provide additional details
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Abstract: Just energy transition is key to South Africa's inclusive and sustainable growth. It is necessary to unlock large pools of private capital and attract foreign investment to drive low-carbon transition. Despite downside risks, South Africa has strong macroeconomic fundamentals and commitment to improving the overall investment climate. Climate change poses considerable systematic risks, thus needs to be urgently integrated into macroeconomic policy and planning. Harness transition opportunity invest in resilient infrastructure and create market for low-carbon technologies to boost growth and strengthen the macro investment climate. Implement carbon tax effectively and raise policy ambition, supported by a fiscal framework conducive for climate investments, as well as invest tax revenues to support just transition. The current energy crisis presents an opportunity for sector reform, regulatory changes, and use of innovative financial solutions to promote low-carbon private sector investments. The World Bank has developed this discussion paper in response to the government of South Africa's request to analyze ways in which private capital flows can be catalyzed and leveraged for low-carbon investments. The focus of this paper is on electricity generation sector and the industry sector
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: In March 2018, the World Bank finalized an agreement with Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) to conduct a demand survey for housing across Egypt. The survey consisted of a sample of 10,300 households across eight governorates. The inclusive housing finance program supports several aspects of the government's social housing program, including financial aid to low-income households to help them access housing. This aid comes in the form of a subsidy that either complements the down payment and the repayments in the first years of a mortgage loan or contributes to the payment of the rent in the public or the private sector. The Government of Egypt asked the World Bank to advise on conducting a housing demand assessment to understand the differential demand for rental and ownership housing by different income and employment groups and for different types of houses, locations, and regions. The main objective of the study is to provide detailed information on the demand for affordable ownership housing with a mortgage loan, a down payment, and a subsidy and for formal rental accommodation
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: Uganda's progress in reducing poverty during the late 1990s and early 2000s was remarkable. This note documents the trends in poverty and inequality in Uganda with a focus on the period 2012 to 2016. It first explores how various indicators of monetary poverty have evolved over time and if these trends vary by urban and rural areas and by region. This is complemented with a description of the movements in several non-monetary poverty indicators. Secondly, the note analyzes who has benefitted from the lackluster economic growth, and how this has translated into different measures of inequality. It then aims to disentangle some of the forces behind the changes in poverty, mostly resorting to decomposition exercises. Finally, it provides an account of who are the poor households and what are their living conditions, particularly compared to non-poor households
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: The Union of Comoros remains at moderate risk of external debt distress, but its space to absorb shocks is "limited." All debt burden indicators exhibit a continual upward trend, with the PV of debt-to-export approaching its threshold at the end of the assessment horizon (2029) under the baseline scenario. (Thresholds reflect "medium" capacity to carry debt). The reduced space to absorb shocks reflects the taking on of a large new loan, a downward revision of projected exports in line with lower export prices and impacts of Cyclone Kenneth on debt accumulation. Shock scenarios indicate vulnerability to a deterioration of export performance, natural disasters, and exchange rate instability. Comoros' overall risk of debt distress remains moderate, given that domestic debt is expected to remain minimal. The authorities need to strengthen policies to improve macroeconomic performance including by making faster progress on domestic resource mobilization and broadening the export base. The authorities should proceed cautiously on taking up any new debt and may wish to largely avoid new non-concessional debt
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: The Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) suggests that Liberia remains at moderate risk of debt distress with limited space to accommodate shocks. The country's debt carrying capacity remains medium, but the rating has declined from 3.1 to 2.77. The authorities have pursued non-concessional loans, but none has been disbursed yet. The government has instead borrowed U.S. dollars from the Central Bank of Liberia (CBL) to close the financing gap in FY2018. Such new borrowing, as well as the legacy U.S. dollar debt from the civil war time, are both incorporated in the new DSA. The State-owned Enterprises (SOE) guaranteed debt is also incorporated. Liberia will edge closer to high risk of debt distress with a small change in the terms of both domestic and external debt or a failure to adjust primary expenditure to the available revenue envelope over the medium-term
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Iraq Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the previous six months and presents findings from recent World Bank work on Iraq, placing them in a longer-term and global context and assessing the implications of these developments and other changes in policy regarding the outlook for Iraq. Its coverage ranges from the macroeconomy to business environment and private sector development. It is intended for a wide audience, including policy makers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Iraq
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: The water sector in South Tarawa, the capital city of Kiribati, is entering a time of deep transition. In a small island context risks can materialize faster than elsewhere and have disproportionate consequences. Strengthening water sector resilience is therefore critical to people's welfare and to the economy. This report was conducted in parallel to the preparation of the South Tarawa Water Supply Project, to provide a diagnostic of the remaining vulnerabilities the capital city's water supply sector may face after the completion of this project. Its main objective is to inform decisions by the Government of Kiribati on how to address these vulnerabilities. Section one gives introduction. Section two sets the stage with a brief presentation of the concept of water supply resilience in a context of water scarcity. Section three provides a summary of water supply conditions in South Tarawa and analyzes the impacts of various stresses and shocks on freshwater availability. Section four discusses potential measures to reduce water supply deficits during major crises. Section five offers an overview of these measures, in the form of an action plan, and presents several lessons that can be applied in water scarce cities in small islands and elsewhere
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: A joint IMF-World Bank mission visited Thailand from November 1 to 16, 2018, and February 6 to 22, 2019, to update the findings of the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) conducted in 2008. This report summarizes the main findings of the mission, identifies key financial sector vulnerabilities, and provides policy recommendations
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This report contains the assessments of BAHTNET and TSD based on the PFMI. The assessment was undertaken in the context of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) of Thailand in November 2018. The assessors were Gynedi Srinivas and Dorothee Delort of the World Bank's Payment Systems Development Group. The assessors would like to thank the Thai counterparts for their excellent cooperation and generous hospitality. The objective of the assessment was to identify potential risks related to the FMIs that may affect financial stability. While safe and efficient FMIs contribute to maintaining and promoting financial stability and economic growth, they may also concentrate risk. If not properly managed, FMIs can be sources of financial shocks, such as liquidity dislocations and credit losses, or a major channel through which these shocks are transmitted across domestic and international financial markets. The scope of the assessment includes two main FMIs as well as the authorities in Thailand responsible for regulation, supervision, and oversight of FMIs. BAHTNET and TSD are assessed against all relevant principles of the PFMI. The authorities, the BOT and the SEC, are assessed using the responsibilities for authorities of FMIs
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: The Malaysian story involves a farsighted leadership that has mobilized the considerable assets of a resource-rich country to translate a long-term vision of nation building into action and transformational results. This report analyzes what Malaysia did to achieve transformative results in agriculture. It focuses on four main areas in which the Malaysian experience is distinctive and which have been critical to its success, as follows: (1) The role of the public sector, encompassing national leadership, vision, and government action; (2) The main drivers of transformation and inclusive growth; (3) The role of value chains; (4) The inclusiveness of Malaysia's agricultural transformation
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The successful conclusion of the Presidential election in January 2019 represents a historic window of opportunity for Madagascar to break cycles of political instability that abruptly interrupted its development in the past and to leapfrog its economic and social revitalization. Following a prolonged period of economic stagnation, growth accelerated over the last five years to reach 5.1 percent in 2018, its fastest pace in over a decade. The return to constitutional order in 2014 was instrumental to this economic revival, as it contributed to restore investor confidence, re-open access to key export markets, reinstate flows of concessional financing, and encourage structural reforms. Growth continued apace in 2019, although moderating slightly to an estimated 4.7 percent, amid weakening external demand and a slow execution of public spending following the presidential and parliamentary elections. A post-election rebound in public and private investments is expected to result in growth averaging 5.4 percent in 2020-21. This Economic Update suggests however that the country remains vulnerable to shocks. International risks include the possible intensification of the trade war between main trading partners, or the rise in international oil prices in a context of geopolitical tensions. The risk of natural disasters or of a sharp drop in the price of vanilla also need due consideration. The government must take advantage of the successful political transition to accelerate growth-enhancing reforms and develop the necessary fiscal buffers to support priority investments and be ready to face unexpected circumstances
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: The Ethiopia Urban Land Supply and Affordable Housing Study (EULSAH) responds to the request fromthe Government of Ethiopia (GoE), Ministry of Urban Development and Construction to carry outfollow-on technical assistance to the Ethiopia Urbanization Review (EUR) jointly published by theWorld Bank and the GoE in 2015. The EUR calls for a robust institutional framework to support efficient and sustainable land management and housing delivery, urban governance, and municipal finance, taking into account Ethiopia's constitutionally entrenched system of land tenure.EULSAH aims to inform policy decisions on how to address the growing demand for urban land andaffordable housing in the context of rapid urbanization in Ethiopia. It supports two interrelatedcomponents, Urban Land and Housing. The Urban Land component has two subcomponents. The first subcomponent "Urban Land Cadaster" was successfully delivered to the GoE in May 2017. The second subcomponent "Urban Land Supply" along with the "Housing" component are featured in the EULSAH.The Ethiopia Urban Land Supply and Affordable Housing Study is a product of close collaborationbetween the World Bank and the GoE. The Terms of Reference were developed based on technicaldiscussions and numerous consultation activities with national and local government officials,including discussions with the Prime Minister and senior Cabinet members, state enterprise leaders,private sector actors and development partners. These were undertaken during the finalization of the EUR and a subsequent scoping mission in October 2015. The inception report was presented to the GoE Task Force in June 2017; this was followed by two video conferences with the task force to discuss preliminary findings from urban land supply and affordable housing respectively. A technical consultation workshop on the key findings and preliminary recommendations on policy changes and institutional reforms was held with national and urban local governments, the private sector, academics, and development partners in November 2018. A high-level national consultation workshop was held in Addis Ababa with key stakeholders for the final draft reports on May 10, 2019 to seek further feedback on the revised reports with a focus on how to move the policy recommendation forward
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: The aim of this study was ...
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: Bangladesh's agriculture ...
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: The report, a joint effort between the World Bank's Social Development Global Practice and International Finance Corporation (IFC) advisory services, is based on the idea that local engagement, for example, through benefit sharing, is an important way for better risk management and creating a more enabling environment for renewable energy development. It finds that the underlying causes of the conflicts are diverse, complex, and dynamic: influencing factors include historical struggles over poverty and inequality, land ownership, mistrust in public and private institutions, a lack of free, prior and informed consultations (FPIC) before investment flows into the region and oftentimes a missing legal framework for benefit sharing. The study provides recommendations on how to improve the investment climate for renewable energy and wind energy, in particular, through benefit sharing, risk management, and local community engagement. Integrating communities through FPIC or benefit sharing mechanisms is costly - but the cost of not integrating communities and of failed projects is even higher
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: The Paris Agreement introduced a bottom-up approach for addressing climate change by enabling countries to pledge individual commitments through nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Furthermore, Article 6 of the Paris Agreement recognizes that Parties may engage in bilateral cooperative approaches, including through the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs), to achieve their NDCs. Heterogeneous climate markets may have different governance systems and technological approaches. Information about mitigation outcomes (MOs) or emission reductions is currently collected in a variety of repositories, including spreadsheets and registries, with different levels of information. The differences in these processes may constrain market integration and add to the complexity of tracking and recording transactions. Against this backdrop, there is a need to create a new architecture to support transparency and enhance the tradability of climate assets across jurisdictions while ensuring the integrity of trades. The Kyoto Protocol utilized an International Transaction Log (ITL), operated by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), to facilitate communication between registries and maintain a transaction log to ensure accurate accounting and verification of transactions proposed by connected registries. However, under the Paris Agreement, which may rely on a decentralized approach to markets under Article 6.2, climate negotiators are still determining whether a centralized infrastructure should continue, the functions it could perform, and to which market mechanisms or transactions it would apply. Consistent with the bottom-up ethos of the Paris Agreement, there is value in demonstrating an approach to link registry systems in a peer-to-peer arrangement
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: This PER is structured as follows: chapter two provides some background on the Paraguayan economy, the country's road network (primary, secondary, and tertiary) features and analysis, and an overview of the government institutions responsible for the network; chapter three describes how Paraguay budgets and manages its road sector, what the funding sources are, and how efficiently the expenditures are being spent; chapter four assesses Paraguay's goals for its road sector, the effectiveness of its budget execution and sustainability of its funding, and its sector monitoring practices; and chapter five concludes with the main findings and recommendations
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Kenya continues to experience steady economic growth, with real GDP expanding on average by about 5.6 percent over the last five years (2014-2018). In 2019, however, economic activity has softened primarily due to lower agricultural output and weak private sector investment. As a result, the World Bank projects Kenya's growth at 5.8 percent for 2019 and settling at around 5.9 percent over the medium term. The weakening of private investment partly reflects crowding out from widening fiscal deficits and relatedly limited access to credit by the private sector (growing by about 6.3 percent in August 2019). Against this backdrop, it is my great pleasure to present the twentieth edition of the World Bank's Kenya Economic Update
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Abstract: Madagascar is characterized by an expanding economy and a peaceful transition of power, providing a solid basis for achieving a more productive, inclusive, and sustainable growth trajectory. Given the vast opportunities, but also substantial challenges, the objective of the Madagascar country economic memorandum is to inform the policy dialogue on how the country's inclusive growth potential can be harnessed. The country economic memorandum takes an evidence-based approach to informing policy on how opportunities for achieving productive, inclusive, and sustainable growth can be realized. Accelerating the current pace of growth requires further expanding the bright spots of the economy, which are focused on exports and investment related activities. The bright spots are creating jobs at the fastest pace, are resilient to shocks and have linkages with other sectors of the economy. Scaling success requires addressing constraints related to connectivity, human capital, and the business environment, while incentivizing the uptake of improved technologies to enable other sectors, such as agriculture, to realize their potential
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: This paper has two goals - to motivate policy makers in developed and emerging economies to pay more attention to illegal logging, fishing, and wildlife trade, and to provide a road map to address the root causes of the illegal activities. Illegal wildlife trade directly causes declines in species population, resulting in the deterioration of ecosystem functions. Illegal activities involve trade of species threatened with extinction, including many keystone species. It also covers a range of mammals, such as pangolins (considered the world's most trafficked mammal), and wood products such as rosewood, and marine mammals such as the vaquita found in the Sea of Cortez in Mexico. For all practical purposes, combating illegal logging, fishing, and wildlife trade is a governance issue that first and foremost requires high-level political commitment at the national and international levels. The financial action task force (FATF) recommendations (FATF 2012-19) provide a framework for a risk-based, peer-reviewed system of mutual evaluations for compliance with global standards on money laundering and terrorist financing. The national risk assessment tools can be expanded to also address illegal logging, fishing, and wildlife trade and other natural resources crimes
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The international community is currently planning for a potential political settlement in Afghanistan. Negotiations may bring opportunities for significant reductions in violence. Government and development partners are considering how to support, consolidate, and sustain any reduction in violence following a potential political settlement, through humanitarian, development, and reintegration programming. This report provides an analysis of overall medium-term financing needs and identifies implications for ongoing grant support and post-settlement programming
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Following a two-year recession, economic activity is expected to recover in 2019. Public spending, which has traditionally been the key driver of economic growth, increased by 16 percent in the first half of 2019 when compared to the same period in 2018. Higher spending was predominantly focused on current expenditure, while capital spending was more subdued. Only a more dynamic private sector will enable the economy to grow faster and in a more sustainable way. Policy priorities for increasing firm performance include increasing firm access to finance, skills and affordable inputs, as well as easing firm entry and reducing regulatory uncertainty. Additional policy areas for reform may include the foreign direct investment (FDI) regime (affecting entry) and the insolvency and creditor rights system (affecting exit)
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: The Country Partnership Framework (CPF) outlines the principles underlying the World Bank Group's engagement with Timor-Leste from FY2020 to FY2024. The CPF responds to Timor-Leste's strategic directions and its timeframe coincides with the expected tenure of the current parliament and government - the VIII Constitutional Government - and its Five-Year Implementation Plan (2018-2023) that supports Timor-Leste's Strategic Development Plan (SDP) 2011-2030. The CPF covers three focus areas: (i) strengthen the foundation for private sector-led growth and economic stability; (ii) invest in human capital, service delivery and promote gender equity; (iii) raise productivity through investments in connective infrastructure; and a cross-cutting theme on governance, focusing on strengthening institutional and implementation capacity in government
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: In recent years, it has become clear that many children around the world are not learning to read proficiently. As a major contributor to human capital deficits, the learning crisis undermines sustainable growth and poverty reduction. To spotlight this crisis, we are introducing the concept of Learning Poverty, drawing on new data developed in coordination with the UNESCO Institute for Statistics
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: Lesotho's agricultural system faces a growing number of climate-related vulnerabilities with droughts, floods, pests, and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. In response, the Government of Lesotho is collaborating with the World Bank to integrate climate change into the country's agriculture policy agenda through the Lesotho Climate-Smart Agriculture Investment Plan (CSAIP)
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Regional integration and international connectivity via economic corridors play an essential role in reducing the isolation of West Africa's landlocked countries such as Burkina Faso. Burkina Faso's main international corridors are the Ouagadougou-Lome road corridor connecting it to Togo, the Ouagadougou-Tema (Ghana) road corridor, and the Ouagadougou-Niamey (Niger) road corridor, as well as the Ouagadougou-Abidjan (Cote d'Ivoire) road and rail corridors. Each of the corridors plays a unique role in regional integration, national trade, and sub-national rural and urban development, by providing connectivity to consumption centers, economic production zones, and/or economically lagging areas. The national perspective suggests that the Ouagadougou-Lome corridor is very important for Burkina Faso's imports, serving as the artery for about 40 percent of all cargo entering the country, while the Ouagadougou-Abidjan road and rail corridors play an equally crucial role in allowing Burkina Faso's exports to reach global markets. The region's trunk road infrastructure is in fair-to-good condition on most sections, although large gaps remain on corridors such as the eastern link between Lome and Niamey. This study develops several scenarios of corridor interventions that address the inefficiencies to quantify the expected impacts in terms of real income growth and domestic market accessibility
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to present a snapshot of the welfare landscape in Djibouti that will help stakeholders understand poverty's determinants. Exploiting data from the 2017 household expenditure survey, as well as administrative and geospatial data, it provides a detailed analysis of poverty in the country, its strong link to labor market outcomes, and the differential access to opportunities between urban and rural areas. Djibouti has recently experienced a period of unprecedented economic development, allowing it to grow its economy by an average of 7 percent per year between 2013 and 2016. This report shows that over a fifth of the Djiboutian population continues to live in extreme poverty and that the country has high levels of inequality, ranking 71 out of 95 countries with information on Gini available circa 2015. The report also focuses on the nexus of (monetary) poverty and the labor market. With a dual labor market, divided between the public sector and informality, a large share of the population-especially those who are vulnerable-continue to face high risks, as they have neither the skills nor opportunities to lift themselves out of poverty. Djibouti needs to double its efforts in pursuing an inclusive growth strategy. This strategy will need to be sustained by a strong labor market that allows individuals to capitalize on recent investments in education and closes the gaps in human capital across all groups of the population
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: Reducing gender inequality could increase GDP per capita by more than a fourth in Niger by 2030. These significant economic gains would be generated by enabling women to have the same earnings as men and reducing fertility and thereby population growth. Investing in girls' education and reducing child marriage are critical to achieve these objectives, as are investments to raise women's participation in the labor force and their productivity at work. While the estimates of the gains presented in this study are meant only to provide orders of magnitude, they suggest that achieving gender equality could have major benefits and should be a top priority for the government
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Research shows that vehicle speed affects the severity of all road crashes. Higher speed crashes involve more kinetic energy: the more energy that is dispersed in a crash, the more severe that crash will be. Speed also affects the likelihood of a crash occurring in the first place. The likelihood of a serious or fatal crash increases significantly even with small increases in vehicle speed. Field studies demonstrate that a one percent increase in mean average speeds results in a roughly two percent increase in the frequency of crashes involving injury, a three percent increase in severe crashes, and a four percent increase in deaths. The safety of infrastructure is heavily influenced by traffic speed, to the extent that without a detailed understanding of speed limits and vehicle operating speeds, it is difficult to assess the safety performance of infrastructure at a given location. This report seeks to highlight the central role of speed management in the Safe System approach and how a simple speed variation can improve safety for all types of road user. At the core of this report lies the experience derived from iRAP assessments undertaken under the Bloomberg Philanthropies Initiative for Global Road Safety (BIGRS) on 867 km of national roads in Thailand and 258 km of streets in Bangkok, between 2015 and 2019. This also involved capacity building activities with local partner, Chulalongkorn University, which led to almost 700 specialists being trained on road safety engineering during this period. The importance of speed in influencing road user risk is highlighted in two case studies on different road types in Thailand - the Outer Ring Road and Hathai Rat Road in Bangkok - to demonstrate the effects of different speeds on the iRAP Star Ratings. These ratings objectively quantify the likelihood of a crash, and its severity, whereby a person's risk of injury is highest on a 1-star road, and lowest on a 5-star road. Among a series of simulations and results, this report shows that enforcing a 10 kph speed limit reduction could prevent one in three fatal and serious injuries (FSIs) on both those roads
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: The report introduces how the Safe System Approach works, with a focus on road infrastructure and road safety engineering best practices from one of the best performing countries in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Singapore. Singapore roads are not only considered the safest in the region, they rank among the safest globally. Road safety management rules and regulations implemented in the country have resulted in significant strides in managing the effects of collision factors related to roadway design, human behavior, and vehicle attributes. As a result, road safety statistics have shown that fatalities on the Singapore road network have been steadily declining over the past decade. This is leading to a desire on the part of neighboring countries to follow Singapore's example and learn from its experience. In order to mitigate collisions attributed to vehicle inadequacies or defects, one of the measures taken in Singapore was to enforce a strict vehicle import policy. Vehicle imports are permissible from countries that have adopted and comply with recognized high vehicle safety standards. Vehicle safety compliance is particularly focused on 52 items specified by the Land Transport Authority (LTA). In addition to strict vehicle import standards, Singapore enforces a strict vehicle quota system, which regulates the number of vehicles on the road network. Additionally, vehicles are required to undergo frequent inspections. Cars between 3 and 10 years old are required to have a biennial inspection, and cars older than 10 years are required to undergo annual inspections. Furthermore, taxis are required to undergo inspections every six months. Road safety education and driver education are core tenants of Singapore's roads safety strategy. Road safety education is predominately undertaken by the Singapore Traffic Police, but nongovernmental organizations such as the National Security Coordination Secretariat contribute significantly to road safety education in Singapore
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Kazakhstan's economy in 2019 is expected to grow at a modest rate. But growth is expected to ease in 2020, with greater risks from the external environment and vulnerability to shocks. Recently, the economy expanded amid the slacking external environment. Policy stimulus has helped domestic demand, but structural weakness is constraining the economy from expanding further. Continuing with structural reforms is critical to sustain higher and more inclusive economic growth. The special topic of this report is Kazakhstan's export diversification. Trade plays an important role in Kazakhstan's development, and the country is positioned to benefit from the growing markets of China, Europe, and Central Asia. Trade offers opportunities for Kazakhstan's economic growth and for diversifying away from oil. The special topic section of this report highlights the fact that, although Kazakhstan has made progress in diversifying its export destinations, product quality outside commodities is still relatively low and has less than a fifty percent survival rate beyond the first year if a product was exported beyond the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) or Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) markets. OECD data on trade in value added indicate that Kazakhstan's exporters used fewer imported inputs compared to a decade earlier, which suggests a declining participation in global value chains
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Abstract: This report provides an assessment of the policies devoted to supporting small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Czech Republic. It presents an original analysis of all national-level SME-related policy instruments, totaling 93 instruments operational from 2013 to 2017 and disbursing 108.5 billion CZK (4.71 billion USD), using an analytical framework that compares the SME policy mix to the country needs (see Annex 1 for framework and methodology). The analysis integrates three interrelated segments: 1) A country needs assessment to determine the national needs for SME policies. The needs assessment included a macro-level analysis of the Czech Republic's performance in productivity and trade; an analysis of national- and firm-level innovation performance; a firm-level analysis of productivity across firm sizes, sectors, and regions (leveraging original data from the Czech statistics office); and an analysis of market and institutional conditions that influence resource allocation and firm productivity. 2) A policy mix analysis to determine if the Czech Republic's SME policy mix matches the needs identified in the country needs assessment. The policy mix analysis included a review of relevant SME policy stakeholders, institutions, and governance; a review of national-level strategies; identification of the characteristics of SME policies instruments (administering agency, mechanism of support, beneficiaries, etc).; and a cluster analysis to evaluate the internal consistency of the policy mix and identify overlaps. 3) Recommended areas for policy action were developed using the needs assessment and policy mix analysis to improve the effectiveness of the policy mix and the business environment
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Gold production increased substantially in 2019, providing a strong boost to economic growth. Output from the country's largest gold mine, Kumtor, rose by 33 percent year on year in January-October, a reversal from the 8 percent contraction in the same period of 2018. As a result, real GDP grew by 5.7 percent in January-October, up from 3.5 percent in 2018 as a whole. Gold exports, which increased by almost 55 percent year on year, contributed to strong export earnings and a narrower current account deficit. Monetary policy easing and continued remittance inflows also supported GDP growth. Real GDP is projected to grow by 4.2 percent in full-year 2019, as gold production growth is slowing in the last three months of the year. Economic activity is likely to keep the same pace in the medium term as gold production volume will stay at the current level. The current account deficit is expected to remain wide despite rising remittances. The fiscal deficit widened slightly in January-September 2019 owing to lower tax revenues as a percentage of GDP (mainly due to reduced receipts from import taxes). As investment spending accelerates in the second half of the year-and a 30-percent wage increase for teachers took effect in October- the budget deficit is likely to widen to 3.2 percent of GDP in 2019 from 1.6 percent of GDP in 2018. The government plans to reduce the fiscal deficit to 3 percent of GDP in 2020 in line with the fiscal rule; the latter is currently pending parliamentary approval. Improving expenditure management has been a key challenge in the Kyrgyz Republic, especially in the context of the need to create the much-needed fiscal space for investment in infrastructure and human capital. The special focus section explores the main issues related to public investment management and discusses how to enhance the selection, assessment, and evaluation processes of public investment projects
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Development Policy Review
    Abstract: Globally, Vietnam is among the most open economies with a trade-to-GDP ratio of 190 percent in 2018. Through the removal of both tariff and non-tariff barriers and fulfilling its commitment in several regional trade agreements, the country has made remarkable achievements in trade liberalization. Vietnam's major trade partners located in East Asia, North America, and Europe are reached mostly by sea or air. Trade with bordering neighbors is limited and thus trade across border-crossing points is minimal except for northern borders with China, which has seen growth in recent years. The country's trade flows are concentrated at twelve of its 48 border gates-two airports, five seaports and five border crossing points-which collectively handled 86 percent of total trade value in 2016.1 As the trade grows, congestion at and near these international gateways and border-crossing points has also increased. In addition to the current major trade partners, various regional trade relations and connectivity initiatives are relevant to Vietnam, including with Southeast Asian neighbors, and South Asia-particularly India-over land, given the rapidly growing trade relationships. In the meantime, Vietnam's transport network has undergone a significant expansion over the past decades. The most remarkable development in network expansion has occurred in the road sector. As of 2016 the total length of the road network, excluding village roads, reached over 300,000 km, including about 1,000 km of expressways-a fully access-controlled toll road system. Vietnam is endowed with an extensive network of natural waterways, including nearly 16,000 km of managed navigable routes carrying significant traffic around the Red River Delta and Mekong Delta areas. However, only about 2,600 km of the waterways can reliably handle barges greater than 300 deadweight tons, with rudimentary terminal infrastructure at most of its numerous river portraits Vietnam's century-old railway system is mostly single-tracked and non-electrified, which has remained unchanged over the past decades with very limited capital investments
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: 2019 was a year of political transition and conditions are in place for continuing stability in the country. Economic and financial crises in 2008 and 2014-16 have shown Kazakhstan's vulnerability to external shocks and altered its very strong growth path. This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) comes at a time when Kazakhstan faces growing challenges. Institutional and governance reforms have been identified by the Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) as the main constraint to achieving Kazakhstan's development goals. This CPF incorporates shifts in the World Bank Group (WBG) program that are intended to directly support Kazakhstan's development objectives and assist it in IBRD graduation
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Due to its recognized benefits, most countries today regardless of their level of development compete for and dedicate significant resources to attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). Capturing the full positive spillovers of FDI is a long-term process and requires regulatory certainty and predictability to enable strategic business planning. This paper aims to fill this gap in evidence-based policy making, by contributing to the understanding of how political risks emanating from government conduct affect FDI and proposing a tool for governments to help investors retain and expand investments. Based on investor survey data and empirical analysis of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), the paper aims to draw attention to this issue and to highlight that many countries may inadvertently be losing significant amounts of FDI. The paper responds to an urgent need for governments to provide a minimum institutional infrastructure that can enable a lead agency to identify, track, and manage conflicts arising between investors and public agencies as early as possible
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: Each of the chapters presented in this report is based on a series of 15 thematic reports. They provided the basis for the joint identification of key priority reforms by the World Bank and China that were bought together and published in an accompanying Synthesis Report. Topics included: (1) overview of water governance in China; (2) evaluation of China's water security status and issues; (3) advancing water quality markets in China; (4) macro-economic impacts of water scarcity and redlines in China; (5) re-examining the Three Red Lines Policy; (6) water rights verifications and transactions; (7) best practices in cost-benefit analysis for water investments; (8) water prices, taxes, and fees; (9) flood risk management and protection; (10) ecology compensation and governance; (11) legal reform for water governance; (12) China's water management administrative system and its reform; (13) technical innovation and development of an information platform in China; (14) Public Private Partnerships and water governance in China; (15) summary and overall design of China's water governance system. These discussions emphasized key issues for water governance in China, including the need for a stronger legislative foundation for water governance; enhanced basin-scale governance institutions; harmonization of existing policy tools, such as water permits and water rights; better information and data-sharing; and the need to promote ecosystem resilience. Based on these consultations and discussions, a final set of 15 key recommendations have been put forward. These recommendations form the core of the accompanying Synthesis Report. Each priority area is the subject of a separate chapter focusing on the rationale for each of the policy recommendations, drawing on research completed by each study team
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: The insurance industry in Albania is relatively new. Prior to 1991, there were no insurance companies operating in the country. The insurance industry has been undergoing critical changes during the last decade. The life market in Albania is small, and still dominated by credit life insurance. Life insurance was introduced only in 1997 and made up about seven percent of gross written premiums. Risk based supervision was rolled out in 2016, starting with comprehensive on-site inspections in three non-life insurance companies using the risk-focused methodology. The RBS method led to a market database that helps evaluate the risk profile of each insurance company, as well as the risk level of the insurance market as a whole. The country's good economic development in the last two decades has contributed to the insurance market's development, but so have good policy choices informed by technical assistance projects and other interventions by the World Bank Group and the FIRST trust fund. Without aspiring to the impossible task of attributing causal relationships between these interventions and specific market developments, this report will nonetheless suggest what role these interventions may have played in developing Albania's insurance market, so as to guide the way forward in this country and future developmental strategies of other countries
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This report consolidates written outputs from the Technical Assistance to Support the Elaboration of Mindanao Human Resource Development (HRD) Strategy, which was requested by the Mindanao Development Authority (MinDA) and undertaken by the World Bank under the auspices of the Australia-World Bank Partnership Development Trust Fund. The task was to provide technical assistance and advice to MinDA and other government agencies with HRD related mandate, to develop a medium to long-term skills development strategy for Mindanao, as a critical imperative in securing jobs and enhancing productivity that will redound to poverty reduction in the island-region. Launched in 2017, the World Bank's Mindanao Jobs Report presented a comprehensive strategy for regional development in Mindanao that will support sustainable peace and development, including job creation. Based on extensive consultations with stakeholders in Mindanao, one of the core recommendations of the report is to boost human development, specifically by addressing the growing skills shortage and rising inequality. Building on these efforts, the World Bank has been working closely with MinDA to generate discussions and identify priority actions on HRD, which were not highlighted in the Mindanao 2020 Peace and Development framework. This report enumerates a set of priority actions to prepare the human resource needed for the development of Mindanao, across its different subregions' contexts and economic corridors. It can serve as both a blue print and a springboard for subsequent collaboration with various development partners to support interventions and long-term programs in Mindanao. On 13 June 2019, MinDA Undersecretary Janet M. Lopoz apprised the Department of Finance (DOF) about a potential partnership with the World Bank to support a long-term program on skills development and employment agenda in Mindanao
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: Financial capability, as defined by the World Bank Group (WBG) in this report, is the capacity to act in one's best financial interest, given socioeconomic and environmental conditions. Improving financial capabilities has become a priority for policy makers seeking to promote financial inclusion, financial stability, and the smooth functioning of financial markets. In response to a request from the Central Bank of Haiti (Banque Centrale de la Republique d'Haiti) (BRH), the World Bank has conducted a financial capability and inclusion survey. The BRH has identified the low levels of financial capabilities and financial inclusion as priority areas for reform. This survey constitutes a key diagnostic tool that aims to guide the authorities in developing a detailed implementation action plan for improving financial capability and inclusion levels. The report covers following main areas: chapter one provides a brief overview of the methodology used and the composition of the sample. Chapter two assesses the level of financial inclusion in Haiti, including a more detailed look at the uptake of individual products, and chapter three assesses varies aspects of financial capability in Haiti. Chapter four summarizes the findings and makes recommendations for the development of an action plan for financial education
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Myanmar's economy continues to show resilience despite the global slowdown and domestic uncertainties. Its economy is estimated to have grown at 6.3 percent in 2018/191, marginally higher than 6.2 percent in 2017/18, supported by better performance in the manufacturing and services sectors. Macroeconomic volatility has increased since the June 2019 Myanmar Economic Monitor, with inflation reaching double digits in July 2019. Economic growth is expected to reach 6.4 percent in 2019/20, helped by growing investment in the transport and telecommunication sectors and government's planned infrastructure spending before the 2020 elections. Risks to the economic outlook are tilted to the downside due to slowing global and regional growth, and continued uncertainty about investor perceptions triggered by the Rakhine crisis and the pace of reforms prior to the 2020 general elections, although the pace has thus far been strong
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: As 2019 drew to a close, a year when Mozambique faced devastation caused by two severe cyclones, the country looks ahead having made significant progress in terms of economic stability, having strengthened its external buffers and having improved its fiscal position. The metical has been broadly stable since mid-2017, contributing to reduced inflationary pressures and providing room for an appropriately cautious monetary policy easing cycle. Growing investment flows, mostly linked to the extractive industries, have bolstered international reserves. Additional progress has been made in fiscal management with a notable reduction in the primary deficit between 2015 and 2018 and significant efforts to protect priority spending. Plus, with the progress to date in advancing its LNG interests, there is much to anticipate from the coming years. So, in this context and as the government enters a new term, where should the focus of policy makers be? The challenge remains to be growth. Growth was set further back in 2019 as Cyclones Idai and Kenneth and slower coal production affected output and is expected to fall to around 2.3 percent in 2019, down from 3.3 percent in 2018. With a population growth rate of 2.8 percent, this translates into a decline in the standard of living. Poverty has been further aggravated by the cyclones, which are likely to have impacted both the urban and rural poor in the affected areas. Growth is expected to accelerate with developments in the LNG sector and progress in post-cyclone reconstruction. But much of this expected growth is generated from the demand side of the economy, namely extractives-led investment and growing consumer demand, and less so from the supply side such as manufacturing, backbone services or non-extractive export growth. So, having put muchof the past economic volatility behind, structural reforms for more sustainable and inclusive growth must return to the center of the agenda, with the objective of recovering from the recent cyclones in the short-term and, in the medium term, of using the LNG opportunity to produce, export and employ
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: The understanding of the impacts of climate change on fisheries is constantly increasing and can be organized around several main factors - ocean acidification, sea-level rise, higher water temperatures, deoxygenation, changes in ocean currents - although these factors are unequally known and hard to model in terms of scope - where they will occur and where they will be felt the most - and severity. For instance, although the impacts of acidification are not as well understood as the effects of the other impacts, and are more difficult to measure, it is likely that they are more severe and widespread, particularly on shell-forming species, invertebrates, and coral associated species and throughout any carbon-dependent ecological processes. This report aims to assess, to the extent possible, the potential impact of climate change on fisheries and the related well-being of coastal African countries. It focuses on how the observed and anticipated ecological impacts of climate change are likely to affect fish stocks and the fisheries that depend on them and highlights the coastal countries and regions in Africa that are most vulnerable to climate change. Based on these projections, the report further assesses subsequent socioeconomic impacts on coastal countries and communities. The report concludes with a discussion of lessons learned from the modeling results
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: This note uses data from the Bhutan living standards survey (BLSS) for 2007, 2012, and 2017 to examine trends in poverty reduction and shared prosperity and to assess the drivers of poverty reduction in the last decade. The note documents the remarkable progress that Bhutan has made in reducing poverty, sharing prosperity, and improving other measures of well-being. To this end, it first establishes a poverty trend that is measured in a consistent manner over time. The resulting poverty trend deviates from official poverty rates for mainly two reasons: (a) the consumption aggregate is being measured in a consistent way over time, resulting in a different distribution of consumption in each survey year; and (b) the 3.20 dollars World Bank poverty line for lower middle-income countries is used as the cut-off to define poverty. Poverty reduction was helped by improved earnings in the commercial agriculture sector. Moreover, vulnerability has remained high, partly because farmers are exposed to various uninsured risks, including price shocks, but also because the social protection system is weak overall and nonfarm diversification is low. Going forward, it will be important to continue increasing agricultural productivity and creating productive jobs outside of the agriculture sector. Proper prioritization and sequencing of policies may also help in this regard
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: South Africa remains a high-burden country for tuberculosis (TB) and multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) with an underlying generalised HIV epidemic. TB funding must therefore be allocated to interventions which provide high impact to prevent TB transmission, identify TB cases and treat them successfully. This report presents the findings from a pilot application of the Optima TB model in Gauteng Province, where many challenges remain to sustainably reduce TB. The modelling analysis focused on relevant intervention scenarios and optimal resource allocation to achieve the 2022 TB targets, using the mathematical optimisation feature of the tool. Findings suggest that further reductions in TB prevalence and deaths are possible through improved allocative efficiency. Several scenarios highlight opportunities especially in HIV negative populations by improving the TB care cascade with higher diagnosis rates, enhanced linkage to treatment and better MDR treatment outcomes using shorter drug regimens. The same budget allocated differently could, by 2022, reduce active TB infections by up to 40 and reduce TB deaths by up to 30 perent among HIV positive and HIV negative populations. The study provided valuable input into the refinement of the Optima TB model, especially for the HIV/TB co-epidemic setting. The model outputs support Gauteng's focus on improving the care cascade and innovating MDR-TB treatment
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Since 2015, Ukraine has taken major legislative and policy steps to reform its energy sector and introduce competition for natural gas and electricity services, in particular by establishing cost-reflective pricing, phasing out implicit tariff subsidies, and introducing the ability for consumers to change suppliers. Because of this transition towards market-based arrangements, the Ukrainian district heating (DH) sector has been faced with major technical, commercial, financial, operational, and institutional challenges. The main purpose of this report is to present an analysis of the status of DH sector reform and of the remaining challenges, and to identify proposals to address these challenges, so as to facilitate the emergence of a comprehensive DH sector reform agenda, including an alignment of key decision-makers and stakeholders around crucial reform components and a process to implement these reforms. The report is organized as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two provides an overview of the current situation of the DH sector including its relative weight in the country's energy consumption in the heating services provided to the population, its financial situation, and the estimate of investments at the national level needed for modernization of the DH infrastructure. Section three analyzes the reform actions impacting the DH sector which have been implemented or initiated over the last few years, presenting the achievements as well as the limitations of these reforms. The outstanding key issues to be addressed as part of DH sector reform are analyzed in section four. Section five discusses two reform options for the DH sector which have been discussed among stakeholders for some time but for which there is no consensus. Section six identifies a list of reform actions for each major sector reform strategic priority, separating short term actions, and medium-term actions to be implemented in 2020 as part of a comprehensive package of reforms after adequate technical preparation and consultations
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The 2008 crisis marked the beginning of a lost decade for many countries - and many people - in the European Union (EU). The crises of 2008 and 2012 halted, and in some countries undid, a decade of growth and economic convergence across the EU. This report argues that the economic shocks revealed large differences in the resilience of individual economies, associated with differences in the quality of country-level institutions that shaped the absorption and response to these shocks. The report is in two parts. Part one uses an inclusive growth framework that assesses the trends in economic growth, the sharing of that growth, and its resilience. Part two looks closer at a key aspect of resilience: what are the key institutions that affect an economy's resilience or capacity to respond to shocks. This report finds that in many European countries, growth was shared with low-income households; but these households were shielded less well during downturns. During the crises, the poorest fifth of households in both Central Europe and Southern Europe saw deeper drops in incomes and for longer periods than the median household. The report puts a special emphasis on a country's membership of the European Monetary Union (EMU) - the eurozone. The report finds that resilience of inclusive growth varied across EU countries, when faced with the global financial crisis of 2008 and the euro crisis of 2012, because of the quality of institutions. This report finds that boosting resilience of EU member states should start with improving the real exchange rate institutions. Resilience and flexible and coordinated real exchange rate adjustments are short-term measures to cushion shocks and support adjustment
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: In this book, the authors share the East African story of pensions with the world. We have tried to give readers a perspective on the state of pensions within the EAC and contribute toward the development of the sector. We have also sought to provide practical advice to the business community that has embraced the opportunity to invest in pensions businesses across the region. We hope this publication will provide a useful guide not only to the history, but to the future of our pension systems. With well-thought through policies and robust implementation, we believe that East Africa can put in place pension systems fit for the 21st century and beyond. In so doing, the region can provide leadership and lessons for the rest of the world
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: The main purpose of the 2019 PEFA assessment is to provide the Government of Ukraine with an objective and up-to-date diagnostic of the national-level public financial management performance based on the latest internationally recognized PEFA methodology. The 2019 PEFA is an assessment of the quality of the Ukrainian PFM system and monitors the results achieved through PFM reforms undertaken since the 2015 PEFA assessment. More specifically, the PEFA assessment measures which processes and institutions contribute to the achievement of desirable budget outcomes, aggregate fiscal discipline, strategic allocation of resources, and efficient service. The assessment covers the central government. It also includes the Ministry of Economy as the authorized body for Procurement Service, State Audit Service, Budget Committee of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (Parliament), State Fiscal Service of Ukraine (revenue administration), and Accounting Chamber of Ukraine (supreme audit body). It also assesses aspects of the three extra-budgetary funds and qualifying state-owned enterprises in terms of the relevant indicators. A substantial number of government officials participated in the assessment
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: Despite being the largest food producer of the country, Mindanao remains Philippines' poorest region. At the heart of Mindanao's high poverty rate is the region's weak ability to transform its natural advantage into a competitive one in domestic and foreign markets. This report examines the key constraints faced by Mindanao agricultural and manufacturing producers along the supply chains. For agricultural products, vegetables and cacao were chosen as illustration of the typical constraints faced along different value chains. Vegetables is a smallholder crop consumed domestically with a relatively short supply chain composed of producers, consolidators, and primary consumers. This short supply chain reflects the domestic market focus and limited extent of processing Cacao, on the other hand, has a longer supply chain extending to export markets. Compared to vegetables, cacao requires an additional layer of processing (from wet beans to dry fermented beans to processing for chocolate) before it can reach its final markets
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: South Africa is one of the digital economy leaders on the African continent, but lags developed countries. In this context, the digital economy for Africa targets appear within reach for South Africa, although efforts need to be maintained. Launched in 2018 through a collaboration between the African Union (AU) and the World Bank, the digital economy for Africa initiative aims to ensure that every individual, business, and government in Africa will be digitally enabled by 2030. South Africa can also play a leading role for regional digital development, particularly within the context of the recently signed continental free trade area (CFTA) agreement, as well closer to home in the Southern Africa development community (SADC) and common market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) context, following on the East Africa single digital market as an example. South Africa can assist by leading the agenda to harmonize customs, disseminating best practices to other countries around issues such as data regulation, improvement in the ecommerce environment, promotion of Africa wide payment systems, and the provision of an even stronger regional hub for tech entrepreneurs. In this context, the South African government is aiming to pass several reforms across core elements of the digital economy, recognizing the need for new policy directions and preparing for the fourth industrial revolution (4iR). While South Africa's wealthy households have broad access to quality and relatively affordable internet, people earning less than South African rand (ZAR) 7000 a month are largely unconnected. This report reviews how the digital divide affects the foundations of the digital economy and provides policy options for bridging the divide. This report will provide a diagnostic and offer recommendations on the five foundations of the digital economy in South Africa. The report will examine challenges concerning digital infrastructure, public digital government platforms, digital financial services, digital entrepreneurship, and digital skills
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: As a small transition economy, Albania has achieved significant progress, and the average year-to-year growth rate of trade from 2000 to 2017 has outperformed the world average reaching almost eleven percent. Yet, Albanian exports are very concentrated in terms of market destinations and product varieties. Green shoots in a range of export industries illustrate that Albania has the potential to further leverage international trade. Despite its small size, Albania has become one of the top twenty exporters of tomatoes in the world, and one of the most attracting touristic destinations in Europe. However, the price gap it receives on exported tomatoes compared to competitors is still significant, which points towards unexploited potential. Adopting the necessary measures to close this price gap will have a great impact for the tomato producers and exporters. Future work on trade competitiveness will build and expand on these dimensions using firm level data, and input-output data for a deeper understanding of Albanian insertion in global value chains (GVCs)
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The global development co ...
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: The changing nature of work is upending traditional employment globally, and with it, social protection systems. As countries like India aspire to grow further and navigate a phase of rapid economic transformation, investments in social protection programs are critical to ensure broad gains for societies in general, and the poorest in particular. The series of articles take stock of India's major social protection programs, including pension programs, health insurance, the public distribution system, and the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. The latter two are among the largest anti-poverty measures in India and indeed the world, while the former are relatively new instruments for unorganized workers. However, these programs are important for India's future social policy architecture as they attempt to de-link social security benefits from a person's place of work. The final two articles draw on experiences from the past decade to highlight how best to use information technology to strengthen the capability of governments to design and implement social protection programs
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This report aims to provide insights into how health services are delivered at the grassroots level to support the expansion of access to quality health services in Vietnam with a focus on primary health care (PHC). It intends to identify any challenges in this area and emphasize the importance of tracking performance and accountability for the resources spent. The focus of this report is aligned with the efforts of the ministry of health (MOH) to strengthen the grassroots health system and, hence, with the World Bank's larger engagement in Vietnam on primary care strengthening. This study used the framework developed by the PHC performance initiative (PHCPI) to organize the scorecard based on specific performance domains and pre-identified core indicators, complemented or adjusted to the Vietnamese context. The indicators were grouped into a national scorecard and a provincial scorecard, which was piloted in two provinces, Bac Giang and Yen Bai. Vietnam has achieved impressive health gains with the reduction of under-five mortality (U5M) rate and maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and an increase in life expectancy; however, it needs to accelerate progress if it is to meet the health-related sustainable development goals (SDGs). Vietnam has made significant achievements in increasing the coverage of many maternal and child health (MCH) services; however, nutrition indicators are lagging behind and data are scarce on coverage of noncommunicable disease (NCD) services
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Despite higher levels of poverty and extreme poverty in rural areas, access to basic services outside the capital is limited in Guinea-Bissau. The state's weak presence beyond Bissau has meant that donors, working in partnership with local non-governmental organizations (NGOs), have become an alternative service provider, leaving the country heavily dependent on development partners. Only 1 percent of its investment program is financed by domestic finances and there is little coordination of donors, leading to gaps and duplication. Despite decentralization efforts, local governments lack the capacity to provide basic services. Therefore, in the short term, the focus should be on creating a development partnership framework (DPF) to establish a system for planning, monitoring, and evaluating development efforts. This framework should be set up in an incremental fashion, starting with (i) establishing a transitory DPF while the government puts in place the enabling actions needed; (ii) establishing an Aid Coordination Unit within the office of the Prime Minister to support the overall implementation of the DPF; (iii) creating an Aid Management Information System to act as a single repository for all aid information; and (iv) institutional development and capacity building to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of development programs and ensure a transparent and accountable planning and budget process
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: Ethiopia's financial sector has, over the past decade, been operating under a financial repression framework used by the government for managing its monetary and foreign exchange policy, and financing of large infrastructure projects and state-owned-enterprises (SOEs). Instruments used under this framework include the central bank financing of the government, a state-dominated banking sector, mandatory financing of priority projects and directed credit, administered interest rates, a captive domestic market for government debt, high liquidity and capital requirements, and strict foreign exchange controls. Over time, the framework has led to the build-up of large macro-financial imbalances; these include a system of fiscal dominance, pressures on inflation, the overvaluation of the Birr, a chronic shortage of foreign exchange, the lack of development of the financial system, a credit allocation skewed toward the public sector, and an overall risk of malinvestment. This report was prepared as part of a technical assistance engagement and was based on a request from the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) as an input to support their development of a financial sector modernization roadmap to meet the overall government reform plans. The report provides an insight on operations and challenges in Ethiopia's financial sector and proposes a framework to help open and transform the current system to meet the country's future market-oriented growth plan. The report is organized along the NBE Roadmap framework which is aligned across three pillars: (i) financial stability and safety net; (ii) long-term finance and financial markets; and (iii) access to finance and financial inclusion. Opening of the financial sector constitutes a cross-cutting theme
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Papers
    Abstract: Due to their size and lack of scale, SMEs face many challenges to their growth, and governments on occasion choose to intervene to directly support firms. These interventions can be grouped into four broad areas - capabilities, markets, finance, and environment. This paper describes each type of intervention and the relevant needs and types of firms for each intervention
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: A key focus of most countries is to stimulate growth in their small and medium enterprises (SME) population. There are various influences on SME competitiveness. Governments, development partners, non-profit entities, and private sector associations and firms intervene to aim to increase SME competitiveness by addressing market, coordination, and government failures that impact on these four areas. This paper examines interventions that seek to address firm-level capabilities and access to markets in some type of integrated fashion. A substantial body of SME interventions aim to address both capabilities and markets. The aim of this paper is to provide practical information to World Bank Group (WBG) task team leaders and other development practitioners on the design and implementation of SME support initiatives that incorporate an SME upgrading and market development element. It is structured as follows: section II describes the approach taken to identify relevant interventions; section III presents findings on types of interventions; section IV presents detailed case studies on four interventions; section V presents findings from the case studies and emerging practices within WBG, and section VI concludes with lessons learned and recommendations for WBG teams. A long list of programs is presented in Annex 1, and a literature review is presented in Annex 2
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Universal adoption and effective application of digital technologies are expected to characterize economies of the future, shaping their ability to succeed in the global marketplace and offer a better quality of life for their citizens. Disruptive technologies are already altering traditional business models and pathways to development, yielding significant gains, increased convenience, as well as supporting better access to services for consumers. In 2016, the digital economy was worth an estimated 11.5 trillion dollars worldwide, equivalent to 15.5 percent of global GDP. It is forecast to reach 25 percent in less than a decade, far outpacing the growth of the 'traditional' economy (Huawei and Oxford Economics 2016). Mobile money is driving financial inclusion, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, with the number of accounts doubling to 21 percent between 2014-17. African e-commerce is also rapidly growing, at an estimated annual rate of 40 percent. Over the past five years, there has been a tenfold increase across the region in the supply of new intermediaries such as incubators, accelerators, and technology hubs, amongst others, numbering more than 400 across Africa today. The digital economy in Africa is expected to grow to over 300 billion dollars by 2025 (McKinsey 2013). Ghana has made substantial progress on financial inclusion, due in large part to growth in DFS. According to the World Bank's Global Findex, the share of Ghanaian adults (over 15 years of age) with a formal financial account increased by 42 percent between 2014 and 2015. As a result, nearly 6 in 10 adults had formal access in 2017. With mobile account ownership increasing by nearly 200 percent between 2014 and 2017, mobile money has become the preferred payment alternative to cash when measured in terms of transaction volumes. In May 2018, the Bank of Ghana mandated that all mobile money providers connect to GHLink, with full interoperability between mobile money providers and banks introduced in December 2018
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Though the European Union (EU) is a development conversion machine for national economies, it is less so for subnational regions. EU accession countries have been catching up to regional averages in terms of economic development since they joined the union. The economic success of the accession countries reduced disparities in national GDP per capita, but since 2005 both EU-wide and in most individual countries the gap between most- and least-developed subnational regions has been widening. This suggests that in accession countries growth, and its benefits are concentrated in a few regions, mostly large cities and national capitals, while many areas fall further behind. Slovakia illustrates the difference between national convergence and subnational divergence. While Slovakia is considered one of the EU's economic stars, it also has some of the union's highest regional disparities. Slovakia's impressive economic gains over the last two decades were led by Bratislava region, which in 2016 became the sixth richest region in the EU by GDP per capita. On the other hand, Eastern Slovakia, which includes Presov, is among the poorest regions in the EU. This report on the Presov region of Slovakia, reviews patterns of regional development in Slovakia, discusses opportunities and challenges of the Presov region, and recommends policy actions for the region
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: In the face of urbanization, alternative approaches are needed to deliver adequate and inclusive sanitation services across the full sanitation service chain. Container-based sanitation (CBS) consists of an end-to-end service-that is, one provided along the whole sanitation service chain-that collects excreta hygienically from toilets designed with sealable, removable containers and strives to ensure that the excreta is safely treated, disposed of, and reused. This report builds on four case studies (SOIL - Haiti, x-runner - Peru, Clean Team - Ghana, Sanergy - Kenya) to assess the role CBS can play in a portfolio of solutions for citywide inclusive sanitation (CWIS) services. The authors conclude that CBS approaches should be part of the CWIS portfolio of solutions, especially for poor urban populations for whom alternative on-site or sewer-based sanitation services might not be appropriate. Customer satisfaction with existing services is high and services provided by existing CBS providers are considered safe but have some areas for improvement. While the proportion of total CBS service costs covered by revenues is still small, CBS services are considered to be priced similarly to the main sanitation alternatives in their service areas. Recommendations include adopting a conducive policy and regulatory environment and exploring ways to ensure that CBS services are sustainably financed. The report also identifies areas for further analysis
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Abstract: Geographically, Chongqing is strategically positioned as a gateway to China's west, a key connection in the Yangtze river economic belt, and a strategic base for China's belt and road initiative. Over the past two decades, Chongqing has faced significant challenges, including the resettlement of over 1 million people and numerous enterprises due to the construction of the Three Gorges dam. Despite these challenges, Chongqing has made an extraordinary transformation. This transformation has resulted in an important sectoral shift. The municipality's economy, formerly based in agriculture and heavy industry, is now more balanced, with the secondary and tertiary industries contributing to 44 percent and 48 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) respectively. Chongqing's economic transformation goes hand in hand with improvements to social inclusiveness
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: South Africa's approach to identification offers valuable lessons for countries looking to increase the coverage, robustness, and use of their ID systems. Since the end of apartheid, South Africa's national identification system has been transformed from a tool of oppression to one for inclusion and the delivery of social services. The ID system is now closely integrated with civil registration, boasts high coverage among all segments of the population, and has been instrumental for effective service delivery and a cost effective electoral process
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This country brief provides an overview of tobacco legislation, use, and taxation in Bangladesh
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Abstract: Melaka State, situated roughly halfway between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore, has unique importance in the global dialogue around the sustainability of our shared urban future. At Melaka's heart is its historic urban center, a UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS) strategically located along the Strait of Malacca, one of the world's busiest shipping routes and a link between the two largest countries by population, China and India. Melaka has taken significant steps toward realizing a more sustainable urban growth trajectory, including becoming a member of global platform for sustainable cities (GPSC) when the platform was launched in 2016. In 2017, GPSC initiated the sustainability outlook diagnostic with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the Malaysian industry-government group for high technology (MIGHT) to assist Melaka State in achieving the level of urban sustainability to which it aspires. This detailed assessment covers six dimensions of sustainability. Each report provides significant insight into different aspects of Melaka's sustainability trajectory and highlights key areas for improvement
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Understanding forced displacement and developing effective solutions requires closing several critical gaps in the data. With forced displacement rising worldwide, the body of work on displacement is growing rapidly. Data on internally displaced persons (IDPs) are particularly problematic, as the distinction between IDPs and internal migrants are not consistent across countries, and as the presence and number of IDPs is often politicized. While efforts have been made to create standardized frameworks for collecting quantitative data on forced displacement, important data gaps persist. This study helps to close data gaps by using micro-level data to profile IDPs. The report uses micro-data, defined as individual and household-level data that is collected directly through personal interviews. Comprehensive micro-data surveys cover IDP populations in four countries in Sub Saharan Africa: Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan. The micro-data surveys represent IDPs, refugees, and non-displaced populations. The analysis is guided by the durable solutions indicator framework while the policy insights focus on overcoming displacement-induced vulnerability. The analysis examines the demographic structure of IDP and resident populations and draws on reasons triggering displacement
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The main objective of this policy note is to assess key social protection and labor (SPL) policies, program expenditures and institutional arrangements in Cote d'Ivoire. The note aims to identify policy options for improving allocative and technical efficiency for key programs, including how to modernize and coordinate financing arrangements, delivery systems and benefit packages across different populations. The main policy question addressed by the note is to what extent spending levels and institutional arrangements have been effective in terms of reaching and supporting the poorest households. The first part of the policy note focuses on providing an overview of current programs; the second part focuses on policy options moving forward; the final part concludes with a framework for reform. As an initial analysis, the first part of the note takes stock and reviews key aspects of the main SPL programs in terms of: (i) financing, (ii) access and coverage, and (iii) governance and administration in service delivery. The second part of the note evaluates options for strengthening risk management as a well-coordinated, integrated system across different programs, with a focus on (i) fiscal implications, (ii) distributional effects, and (iii) modernizing design features. Finally, the last part discusses a framework for reform, political economy considerations and recommendations for structuring social dialogue on reforms
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: Somalia is on the path to political and security stabilization after more than two decades of civil war and conflict. Opportunities to ensure a development trajectory face many challenges since the country remains a fragile state subject to multiple shocks. Widespread poverty and food insecurity is a recurring developmental issue. Displacement is a key feature of modern Somali history linked to multiple drivers, including recurrent exposure to internal conflict and environmental hazards. Somalia is urbanizing rapidly due to large-scale forced displacement and economic migration that have driven large numbers of Somalis toward the urban areas. Remittances are central to the Somali economy and provide a lifeline to some segments of the population but not the most vulnerable. The World Bank implemented the second wave of the Somali high frequency survey (SHFS) in 2017-2018. This report is based on the most recent and first extensive household survey, wave 2 of the SHFS. The report is organized into six chapters. The first chapter presents an updated profile of monetary and nonmonetary dimensions of poverty for the Somali population, including the nomadic population. The second chapter explores in more detail spatial variation, with a focus on urbanization. The third chapter examines the impact of the 2016-2017 drought on livelihoods to identify the populations at risk and the factors that protected households against its negative effects. The fourth chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the internally displaced populations to identify displacement-related needs and to inform durable solutions. As a reaction to the analysis of poverty and vulnerabilities, the fifth chapter focuses on social protection as a means of promoting equity and building resilience against the effect of shocks on livelihoods. Similarly, the sixth chapter examines remittances and their role for livelihoods and resilience
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Hypertension is a major driver of pre-mature death and disability in Tajikistan, a low-income country in Central Asia. The high burden of disease also results in significant health care expenditure and lost labour productivity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to strengthen service delivery systems through early detection of high blood pressure, prompt diagnosis, sustained treatment maintenance, and the attainment of blood pressure control. The Ministry of Health and Social Protection and the World Bank undertook implementation research to identify effective and context-appropriate solutions for improving hypertension services. The assessment used the cascade framework to describe drop-offs along the continuum of care, collected patient and health care provider perspectives on the causes of discontinuities, used routine data from participating facilities in a Bank-supported operation, and drew on the international literature on chronic care interventions. The report presents feasible and cost-effective recommendations that, if adopted, can strengthen current programs and policies to address the growing burden of hypertension in Tajikistan
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Despite several severe shocks in the past, conflict, unstable governments, earthquakes, and trade disruptions, Nepal has made strong progress in reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity. With the decade-long peace and constitutional process concluded, the Government of Nepal is keen to accelerate economic growth and become a middle-income country by 2030. Between 1996 and 2011, the proportion of households living in extreme poverty fell from 46 to 15 percent. Nepal's macroeconomic fundamentals have remained sound. This report takes place as Nepal transitions to a federal structure. This poses a unique and unprecedented opportunity to establish clarity of functions, expenditures, and revenue assignments, as well as changing jurisdictions across various levels of governments and agencies, including as they interface with the private sector. The new government is in place and emphasizing the need for stronger cooperation between the public and private sectors. Against this background, this report assesses the energy (electricity generation, transmission, and distribution), transport (roads, airports, and urban transport), and urban (water supply, sanitation, and solid waste management) infrastructure sectors. The report recommends interventions that combine short-term and longer-term structural and policy changes with tailored project implementation approaches. Completing projects will help stress test the framework and system and identify potential bottlenecks that can be corrected. Such a learning-by-doing approach will further help prioritize the implementation of the initiatives proposed in this report and target capacity development initiatives in the areas of greatest need
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: Core to an effective financial consumer protection framework is an accessible and efficient recourse mechanism that allows consumers both to know and to assert their rights to have their complaints addressed and resolved in a transparent and just way within a reasonable timeframe. Complaints handling mechanisms are especially important for low-income and vulnerable financial consumers, to whom timely and effective recourse processes can have a decisive influence over their trust in their financial service provider (FSP) and in the financial sector in general. Increased trust contributes to consumers' uptake and sustained usage of financial services and, consequently, their economic livelihoods. Financial consumer complaints handling mechanisms comprise two stages: complaints that are handled by FSPs, generally referred to as internal dispute resolution (IDR); and complaints that, if not satisfactorily resolved, are handled by an alternative, out-of-court process, generally referred to as external dispute resolution (EDR). There are several international sources of principles applicable to complaints handling and resolution processes and procedures to be established by FSPs. Drawing from the World Bank's Good Practices for Financial Consumer Protection, the work of international bodies, such as the Group of Twenty (G20)/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Task Force on Financial Consumer Protection, as well as selected country experiences this Technical Note highlights considerations that aim to provide a methodological guidance for regulators and FSPs when developing and implementing IDR frameworks to ensure they are consistent with international good practices. This Technical Note synthesizes concepts, principles, and practices for IDR mechanisms for financial consumers and shares examples of legal and regulatory requirements for FSPs to resolve complaints and to ensure that complaints- related data is collected, analyzed, and shared as appropriate to support improvements in FSP performance, industry market conduct, and market conduct regulation
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Abstract: Morocco has steered significant resources towards large investments in economic sectors identified as strategic to growth, and for increased productivity and value addition. Despite Morocco's strikingly high investment rate, one of the highest in the world at an average of thirty-four percent of gross domestic product (GDP) annually since the mid-2000s, the returns in economic growth, job creation and productivity, have been disappointing. The Moroccan economy has performed particularly poorly in terms of job creation. A more vibrant private sector is needed to create more jobs. This CPSD identifies policy recommendations and investment opportunities that would foster job creation by the formal private sector and improve labor supply in skills that would anchor Morocco as an emerging economy, to continue its path of growth, and to move into higher value-added and innovative sectors
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: Strengthening Auditing and Reporting in the Countries of the Eastern Partnership (STAREP) is a regional program of the Centre for Financial Reporting Reform (CFRR). The program aims to create a transparent policy environment and effective institutional framework for corporate reporting within the countries that make up the European Union's Eastern Partnership: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. STAREP's focus is on the improvement of corporate financial reporting frameworks and their effective implementation. As many countries move towards the adoption of international and regional standards in accounting and auditing, there is a need to ensure high quality, relevant education both for those entering the profession and for ongoing professional development throughout their career. The World Bank's Accounting and Auditing Education Community of Practice (EduCoP) has enabled shared and peer learning, supporting national efforts to develop accounting and auditing education capacity
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Abstract: This report focuses on recommendations for the improvement of civil procedure rules and selected trial processes with the aim to increase procedural efficiency and reduce bottlenecks in commercial case processing in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The following aspects of case processing are analyzed: (i) service of process; (ii) hearings and adjournments; (iii) expert witnesses; (iv) bankruptcy trustees; (v) court fees; (vi) internal court rules; and (vii) use of Case Management System (CMS). The accompanying recommendations are developed in response to the existing legal framework that governs these selected aspects of commercial case processing and rely on existing good examples from Bosnia and Herzegovina courts, the regulatory framework of countries that share the same legal heritage as Bosnia and Herzegovina with a particular focus on European Union and Council of Europe member states, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law, as well as recommendations and opinions of international institutions on judicial efficiency
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Bangladesh economic expansion continued in FY19, supported by rising exports and record remittances. Inflation remained within the 5.5 percent target, supported by bumper rice harvests. Broad money growth increased marginally. Private sector credit growth was weak and bank liquidity remains constrained. Non-performing loans continued to rise in the banking sector. The current account deficit declined with higher export and lower import growth. Bangladesh Bank interventions moderated the depreciation of the taka against the US dollar, but the real effective exchange rate appreciated. The fiscal deficit has reached 4.6 percent of GDP as expenditure increased and revenue collection remained below target. Recent tax policy adjustments are likely to constrain revenue growth in the near term, while additional subsidies will increase recurrent expenditure. Sustaining growth will require momentum on the reform agenda to address challenges in the business climate, public investment management, revenue mobilization, and the resolution of fragile banks. Economic transformation will require development of new skills in the workforce. Tertiary educational institutions can support this agenda if quality, relevance, and access challenges are addressed
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: An updated joint assessment of Rwanda's debt sustainability suggests continued low risk of external debt distress. External debt burden indicators remain below risk thresholds, except for a short and temporary breach of debt service indicators in 2023, when the Eurobond issued in 2013 matures. The main risk to debt sustainability--and macroeconomic stability--remains external shocks. Balancing Rwanda's still-strong public investment needs with maintaining low risks of debt distress, the government is focused on carefully choosing the highest return projects, financed under the most favorable terms. These principles are laid out in Rwanda's Medium-Term Debt Strategy, as are options for help mitigating potential risks. More broadly, the government is focused on creating a larger and more diversified export base while encouraging more private investment, to help secure high and resilient growth over the long term. Forthcoming results of fiscal risk analysis will help identify if there could be additional contingent liabilities that should be included in the next DSA
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Philippine economic growth slowed to its lowest level in eight years, driven by a rapid deceleration in investment growth in the first half of 2019. GDP growth slowed from 6.3 percent year-on-year (yoy) in the first half of 2018 to 5.5 percent in thesame period in 2019, below government's growth target of 6-7 percent for 2019. The slowdown was primarily driven by a contraction in nominal public investment due to the delayed passage of the 2019 national government budget and the spending ban on new projects before the May election. Public infrastructure spending shrunk by 15.7 percent yoy in nominal terms, from 5.4 percent of GDP in the first half of 2018 to 4.3 percent of GDP in the same period in 2019. In addition, private investment activities also slowed due to uncertainties around the government's ongoing tax reform program and the external environment. In this context, private consumption, which regained momentum thanks to declining inflation and improving labor market conditions, was the main driver of growth
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: The Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) indicates that Honduras stands at low risk of debt distress both for public external debt and overall debt, which represents an upgrade from the 2018 DSA, where risk of debt distress was assessed as moderate. The DSA was undertaken under the revised debt-sustainability framework for low income countries (LIC DSF), whereby Honduras's debt carrying capacity was upgraded from medium to strong. Changes in the debt-sustainability framework have contributed to the risk of debt distress improvement. A proven record of compliance with the Fiscal Responsibility Law (FRL) and solid macroeconomic conditions also contributed to rate Honduras' risk of debt distress as low. Going forward, adherence to the FRL and institutional reforms to boost inclusive growth and increase the economy's potential are critical to maintain debt sustainability
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Senegal has expanded its debt perimeter to include para-public entities and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and remains at low risk of debt distress despite short-term breaches of two external debt indicators under the most extreme scenarios. The low risk of debt distress is predicated on: (i) ongoing debt liability management, guarantees to address currency risk, access to liquid financial assets and a sound track record of market access; and (ii) adherence to the planned fiscal consolidation path, an acceleration of reforms, and a prudent borrowing strategy. Looking ahead, it will be important to contain fiscal pressures from Treasury operations and address fiscal risks from the broader public sector, including the energy sector
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Cabo Verde's risk of external and overall debt distress is rated "high" as in the previous debt sustainability analysis (DSA). The present value (PV) of public and publicly-guaranteed (PPG) external debt-to-GDP ratio breaches its threshold in 2019-2022 under the baseline and protractedly under stress test scenarios. The PV of total public debt-to-GDP ratio is projected to recede below its threshold from 2026 under the baseline and breaches its prescribed limit under stress test scenarios. The debt sustainability assessment is predicated on sustained fiscal consolidation and successful restructuring of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Prudent borrowing policies and a strengthened debt management strategy are critical to containing debt accumulation. In view of Cabo Verde's vulnerability to exogenous shocks, growth-enhancing structural reforms remain critical to bringing public debt to sustainable levels
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