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  • 2015-2019  (525)
  • 2018  (525)
  • World Bank Group  (422)
  • Waxmann Verlag  (65)
  • Pausch, Katja
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Münster, Westf. : Waxmann ; Nachgewiesen 2014 -
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2014 -
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 14.8.14
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Münster, Westf. : Waxmann ; Nachgewiesen 2014 -
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2014 -
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 14.8.14
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Münster, Westf. : Waxmann ; Nachgewiesen 2014 -
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2014 -
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 14.8.14
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Münster, Westf. : Waxmann ; Nachgewiesen 2013 -
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2013 -
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 12.3.14
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9783830987482
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource, 324 Seiten
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als König-Werner, Eva Kolonialismus und die Erfahrungen des jungen Java-Chinesen Tan Tjwan Hie
    DDC: 305.89510598209042
    Keywords: Geschichte 1920-1945 ; Chinesen ; Lebenswelt ; Kulturelle Identität ; Diskriminierung ; Ausgrenzung ; Bildungswesen ; Kolonialismus ; Kolonialismus ; Peranakan ; Kollektives Gedächtnis ; Chinesen ; Apartheid ; Kolonialgesellschaft ; Ethnische Gruppe ; Niederländisch-Indien ; Java ; (Produktform)Electronic book text ; Kolonialisierung ; VOC ; Vereinigte Ostindische Compagnie ; Pass- und Ghettosystem ; kulturelle Identität ; Apartheid ; Milieu ; Java ; Niederländisch-Ostindien ; Yogyakarta ; Peranakan ; Javanisch ; Malaiisch ; Indonesisch ; China ; Japan ; 10. Jh. ; (BISAC Subject Heading)POL000000: POLITICAL SCIENCE / General ; (VLB-WN)9753: Sozialwissenschaften, Recht, Wirtschaft / Ethnologie / Volkskunde ; 10. Jh. v. u. Z. ; 17 Jh. n. u. Z. ; 20. Jh. n. u. Z. ; Ong Hok Ham ; Biographie und Lebenslauf ; Niederländisch-Indien ; Chinesen ; Lebenswelt ; Kulturelle Identität ; Diskriminierung ; Ausgrenzung ; Bildungswesen ; Kolonialismus ; Geschichte 1920-1945
    Note: Lizenzpflichtig
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9783830989042
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource, 200 Seiten
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Raumbilder - Raumklänge
    DDC: 791.4362
    Keywords: Film ; Audiovisuelle Medien ; Raumdarstellung ; Sozialraum ; Audiovisuelle Medien ; (Produktform)Electronic book text ; Fotografie und volkskundlicher Film ; (BISAC Subject Heading)POL000000: POLITICAL SCIENCE / General ; (VLB-WN)9753: Sozialwissenschaften, Recht, Wirtschaft / Ethnologie / Volkskunde ; Film ; Heimat ; Alltagskultur ; Visuelle Anthropologie ; Auditive Ethnographie ; (ciando_category)Volkskunde, Europäische Ethnologie ; Konferenzschrift 2016 ; Film ; Audiovisuelle Medien ; Raumdarstellung
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9783830989158
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource, 212 Seiten
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jahrestagung des Arbeitskreises für Ländliche Hausforschung in Nordwestdeutschland und der Interessengemeinschaft Bauernhaus e.V. 〈28., 2016, Bielefeld〉 Musealisierte Häuser
    DDC: 728.609435075
    Keywords: Freilichtmuseum ; Bauernhaus ; Musealisierung ; Hausforschung ; Haus ; Freilichtmuseum ; Bausubstanz ; Bauernhaus ; Jahrestag ; Niedersachsen ; Schleswig-Holstein ; Westfalen ; (Produktform)Electronic book text ; Freilichtmuseum ; Denkmalpflege ; Museum ; Jan Bohls ; Bremerhavener Freilichtmuseum ; Heimatmuseum ; Dat ole Huus ; Freilichtmuseum auf der Insel in Stade ; BauernhausMuseum Bielefeld ; Translozierung ; Museumsdorf Cloppenburg ; Josef Schepers ; LWL ; (BISAC Subject Heading)POL000000: POLITICAL SCIENCE / General ; (VLB-WN)9753: Sozialwissenschaften, Recht, Wirtschaft / Ethnologie / Volkskunde ; LWL-Freilichtmuseums Detmold ; Abbau ; Kreismuseum Syke ; Dezentrale Stadtmuseum Warendorf ; Hausforschung ; Bauernhaus ; Bauen und Wohnen ; (ciando_category)Volkskunde, Europäische Ethnologie ; Konferenzschrift 2016 ; Niedersachsen ; Schleswig-Holstein ; Westfalen ; Freilichtmuseum ; Bauernhaus ; Musealisierung
    Note: Lizenzpflichtig
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Münster : Waxmann Verlag GmbH
    ISBN: 9783830987345
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource, 276 Seiten
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Wor(l)ds of trauma
    DDC: 616.8521
    Keywords: Geschichte ; Psychisches Trauma ; Englisch ; Literatur ; Psychisches Trauma ; Psychisches Trauma ; Traumatische Neurose ; Posttraumatisches Stresssyndrom ; Komplexe posttraumatische Belastungsstörung ; Kanada ; Deutschland ; Kanada ; (Produktform)Electronic book text ; Trauma ; War ; Diplomacy ; Depression ; Candian Mennonites ; George Payerle ; Beasts of no Nation ; Hundert Tage ; Disgrace ; Historical Trauma ; Second World War ; Museum ; Ethics ; Holocaust ; American Fiction ; Immigrant ; Indigenes ; Canadian Ind ; (BISAC Subject Heading)POL000000: POLITICAL SCIENCE / General ; (VLB-WN)9753: Sozialwissenschaften, Recht, Wirtschaft / Ethnologie / Volkskunde ; Canadian Indian Residential School ; Migration und Interkulturelle Kommunikation ; Kanada ; Deutschland ; Psychisches Trauma ; Geschichte ; Kanada ; Englisch ; Literatur ; Psychisches Trauma
    Note: Lizenzpflichtig
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9783830986720
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource, 188 Seiten
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hahmann, Helen Wir singen nicht, wir sind die Jodler
    DDC: 306.4842209431827
    Keywords: Geschichte 1930-2015 ; Jodeln ; Brauchtum ; Jodler ; Jodeln ; Brauchtum ; Volkslied ; Musiksoziologie ; Volksmusik ; Harz ; Harz ; Harz ; Landkreis Harz ; (Produktform)Electronic book text ; Jodeln ; Musik ; Harz ; Klang ; Brauchtum ; Stimme ; Regionalkultur ; Jodler ; Clausthal-Zellerfeld ; Jodlerwettstreit ; Volksmusik und populäre Musikkulturen ; (BISAC Subject Heading)POL000000: POLITICAL SCIENCE / General ; (VLB-WN)9753: Sozialwissenschaften, Recht, Wirtschaft / Ethnologie / Volkskunde ; (Produktform (spezifisch))With flaps ; Harz ; Jodeln ; Brauchtum ; Geschichte 1930-2015
    Note: Lizenzpflichtig
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9783830988878
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource, 261 Seiten
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Neumann, Siegfried, 1934- Erzählwelten
    DDC: 398.2
    Keywords: Neumann, Siegfried ; Ranke, Kurt ; Erzählforschung ; Volkskunde ; Erzählen ; Privatgebrauch ; Erzählforschung ; Volkskunde ; Volksliteratur ; Deutschland ; (Produktform)Electronic book text ; Erzählforschung ; Mythos Vineta ; Friedrich II. von Preußen ; Friedrich der Große ; historische Sagen ; Norddeutschland ; Sagen ; Märchen ; Schwänke ; Philipp Otto Runge ; Ernst Moritz Arndt ; Volksdichtung ; Fritz Reuter ; Volkssprache ; mündliches ; (BISAC Subject Heading)POL000000: POLITICAL SCIENCE / General ; (VLB-WN)9753: Sozialwissenschaften, Recht, Wirtschaft / Ethnologie / Volkskunde ; mündliches Erzählen ; Volkserzählung ; Anekdote ; Germanistik ; Deutschland ; Erzählforschung ; Volkskunde
    Note: Lizenzpflichtig
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9783830986720
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (187 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Internationale Hochschulschriften Bd. 647
    Series Statement: Internationale Hochschulschriften
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hahmann, Helen Wir singen nicht, wir sind die Jodler
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg 2015
    DDC: 306.4842209431827
    Keywords: Geschichte 1930-2015 ; Jodeln ; Brauch ; Harz ; Harz ; Jodeln ; Musik ; Klang ; Brauchtum ; Stimme ; Regionalkultur ; Jodler ; Clausthal-Zellerfeld ; Jodlerwettstreit ; Volksmusik und populäre Musikkulturen ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Harz ; Jodeln ; Brauch ; Geschichte 1930-2015
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The development of Brazil's modern social safety net is quite recent, and social assistance programs claim a relatively small share of resources of the broader social sector. A key feature of the Brazilian social protection system is the duality between formal sector workers, who gained social insurance and labor benefits as early as the 1930s, and the large number of mostly poor informal workers and their families who were historically excluded. The objective of social assistance programs in Brazil is to provide support to people living in poverty and other vulnerable groups. These programs primarily include social pensions for the poor elderly and disabled, conditional cash transfers for poor families, unconditional cash transfers, housing assistance for low-income households, school feeding, food programs, social services, and a variety of other small benefits and services. They are usually targeted to the poor or low-income groups via means-testing, or provide eligibility to specific vulnerable groups. Within the broader system of social protection, social assistance programs complement social insurance pensions, which are contributory by design but have been significantly subsidized from general taxation, and labor market programs, which are largely contributory and include a mix of active and passive benefits and services. The current note focuses on Social Assistance Programs while a second background chapter focuses on Labor market programs. This document is a Background Chapter for the report A fair adjustment : efficiency and equity of public spending in Brazil : Volume 1 - Overview (report No.121480)
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: Gender equality is a core development objective, and it is also a smart development policy. Gender equality is also a key pathway to ensure lasting poverty reduction and shared prosperity. Identifying the main gender gaps a country faces across different domains, contributes to better inform policy design. To that effect, this report seeks to identify where progress has been achieved regarding increasing opportunities for women and men in Turkey and where further policy action is required. It focuses on three areas that are critical for gender-equal access to opportunities, namely endowments such as health and education; economic opportunities, such as access to labor, land and financial markets; and agency, including norms, representation, and freedom from violence (World Bank 2016). The report takes advantage of different sources of publicly available data for the country, including the World Bank's World Development Indicators (WDI), the Global Financial Inclusion (FINDEX) Database, the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS), the World Health Organization (WHO) Statistics, as well as data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and others. National surveys by the Turkish Statistical Institute include the Income and Living Conditions Survey (SILC) 2015, the Turkish Labor Force Survey (LFS) 2016 and the Household Budget Survey (HBS). In addition, the Ministry of Family and Social Policies (MoFSP) and Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies conducted the National Research on Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey. The Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) collected by the Ministry of Development (MoD) and Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies, and the Research on Family Structure in Turkey (TAYA) by MoFSP were also used. The report aims to provide a panorama of the prevailing gender gaps and areas for work to close those gaps in the country, covering a wide range of outcomes. As such, it seeks to serve as a guiding document for policy action and dialogue, further research, and public discussion
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 1464811628 , 9781464811623
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxxiv, 299 pages) , color illustrations, color maps , 27 cm
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 327.2
    Keywords: International cooperation ; Security, International ; Political violence ; Security, International ; Sustainable development
    Abstract: Introduction. Prevention of violent conflict works and is cost-effective ; Why, then, is there so little belief in the prevention of violent conflict? ; What is the prevention of violent conflict? ; Can prevention of violent conflict be done differently? ; The importance of agency to prevention -- A surge and expansion of violent conflict. Violent conflict in the twenty-first century ; Understanding trends in violent conflict ; The unacceptable costs of violent conflict ; How violent conflicts end -- The need for prevention in an interdependent world. An international system in search of a new equilibrium ; Risk and opportunity in an increasingly connected world -- Pathways for peace. A framework for peaceful pathways ; Path dependency of violence ; The centrality of actors ; Understanding risk and opportunity ; Prevention and sustaining peace : building peaceful pathways ; Scenarios for pathways to peace or violence -- Why people fight : inequality, exclusion, and a sense of injustice. Inequality and violent conflict ; The multiple and intersecting dimensions of exclusion ; Exclusion, identity, grievances, and mobilization to violence -- What people fight over : arenas of contestation. Risk and opportunity in the arenas of contestation ; The arena of power and governance ; The arena of land and natural resources ; The arena of service delivery ; The arena of security and justice -- Country approaches to preventing violent conflict. Navigating transition moments ; Changing actors' incentives ; Addressing institutional weaknesses ; Investing in structural factors -- The international architecture for prevention. Systemic prevention ; Regional action ; International tools for prevention ; International development assistance ; Areas of convergence between diplomatic, security, and development instruments -- Pursuing pathways for peace : recommendations for building inclusive approaches for prevention. Principles for prevention ; An agenda for action : prevention in practice ; Organizing for prevention ; A call for action -- Appendix A: Thematic papers and case studies.
    Abstract: "The case for prevention of violent conflict has never been stronger. After declining steadily for decades, violent conflict has increased dramatically since 2010. Battle-related deaths, refugee numbers, and terrorist incidents have all reached historic highs, resulting in ever increasing peacekeeping budgets. This escalation in violent conflict has renewed the commitment to addressing the risk of violence early on, and in a coordinated way. More countries are affected by violent conflict today than at any time in the past 30 years. This includes middle-income countries, where over 70 percent of conflicts take place today. In 2016, 80 percent of battle-related deaths were due to 7 to 8 conflicts. However, lower intensity violence taking place in several countries also took a huge toll on societies and economies. By 2030, more than half of the world's poor will be in countries affected by high levels of violence. [This book] reaffirms that prevention is universal, takes time to accomplish, and is part and parcel of economic and social development. Prevention fosters inclusive societies where people have opportunity and can live without the fear of long-term violence. This report is a first step in working jointly to address the immense challenge of preventing violent conflict. It also explores concrete ways that countries and the international community can combine tools and approaches to reduce violent conflict. This in turn will contribute to reduce the immense suffering and devastating long-term impacts that violent conflict inflicts on societies."--
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Western Balkan countries face significant labor market challenges. Fostering job creation (more generally), increasing skills, and expanding access to formal jobs, especially for socially vulnerable groups, is of critical importance for the Western Balkans. The objectives of public employment services (PES) are to assist adults in looking for jobs and improving their employability, thereby facilitating theirtransition to work. As part of the World Bank's analytical and technical support to help build the capacity of Public Employment Services in the region, a set of functional vertical reviews of the PES have been prepared for five countries. This note summarizes key results from the functional reviews of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Indonesia needs more jobs. While 2.1 million jobs have been created on average over the past three years, the 20 percent youth unemployment rate, four times higher than the adult unemployment rate, combined with the growth of the country's labor force, emphasizes the importance of greater job creation (Sakernas, 2017). Indonesia's productive age population is now growing. Current changes in the demographic structure will provide Indonesia with a window of opportunity to achieve a demographic bonus during 2020-2030. However, to enjoy optimum benefits, the country's human resources must able to meet the requirements of the labor market. Therefore, mastery of the skills needed by the labor market, particularly regarding technological and entrepreneurial skills, is critical. (LD FEUI, 2017). It is important to continuously improve both the quantity and quality of jobs created. Employment in Indonesia has been dominated by low productivity sectors, of which 30 percent is employed in the agricultural sector (Sakernas, 2017). Output per agricultural worker is equivalent to only 1/3 of the processing industry sector and 1/2 of the service sector's output. New job creation has generally taken place in such low productivity sectors, with 65 percent of all new job creation between 2011-2016 taking place in the agricultural, trade and low-end service sectors. The current composition of the labor market has moreover given rise to a division between formal and informal sectors, between skilled and unskilled workers, and between contracted and non-contracted workers. 58 percent of all workers, including employees as well as freelancers, are not covered by employment contracts, meaning that they are more vulnerable to shocks and receive less protection
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The objective of labor pr ...
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  • 18
    ISBN: 1464811636 , 9781464811630
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xviii, 241 pages) , color illustrations , 28 cm
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: A World Bank Group flagship report
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economic development ; Finance
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: Remittances are an important source of income for households in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), as well as a crucial source of foreign exchange for countries in the region. Despite the relatively large inflows of remittances to SADC, the cost of sending money to and within the region is significantly higher than other regions in the world. To address the high cost of remittances globally, the World Bank has been involved in a number of initiatives aimed at improving the efficiency and safety of the market for remittances. At the regional level, the SADC Committee of Central Bank Governors (CCBG) has led several initiatives aimed at enhancing the regional payment system infrastructure, also with a focus on reducing the cost of remittances within the region
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to update the Government of Pakistan, think-tanks and researchers, the public and the World Bank's senior management on the state of the Pakistan economy and its outlook, together with the structural reforms it requires and the development challenges it faces. The report begins with a chapter on economic developments, with sections on growth, fiscal policy, public debt, the external sector, monetary developments and inflation, and the financial sector. The second chapter provides a medium-term macroeconomic outlook and describes risks faced and upcoming challenges, including structural reform needs. The third chapter concludes by stressing the importance of creating a skilled labor force that is more productive and better able to adopt and adapt to new technologies-the core of Pakistan's growth path
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Bangladesh's export growth has been remarkable. Bangladesh aims to generate USD 54.1 billion in export earnings by FY2020, a significant increase over the USD 35 billion earned in FY2015-16. The leading sector, textiles and apparels, usually referred to as ready-made garments (RMG), has created 4 million jobs overall and accounts for 82 percent of Bangladesh's exports. RMG exports have shown signs of deceleration in the recent past but the momentum has picked up in FY2018. At the same time, several other less dominant but promising sectors are showing a positive export growth trend and could possibly drive export diversification and job creation in the future.However, the composition of the export basket has not changed much over the past two decades.Bangladesh's HHI (Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index), that measures the level of sectoral concentration in exports is about five times that of other export-driven economies such as Thailand, China and Vietnam. During the last two decades, Vietnam expanded its export basket from agriculture to include machinery, footwear and electronics through national-level strategies and policy reforms to support specific sectors. However, Bangladesh continues to be primarily an RMG exporter
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Knowledge Economy Study
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of the role of emerging technologies in digital transformation and the global best practices in policy responses to the disruptions they cause across a broad spectrum of economic activity. It analyzes the successes and challenges of digital transformationin Russia and attempts to develop key recommendations to help policy makers accelerate the pace of digital transformation across the main sectors of the Russian economy. In its current version, the report starts with discussing the results of the Russia DECA and offers an analysis of international best practice in formulating policy approaches to stimulate digital adoption while easing the disruption caused by the rapid emergence of new technologies. The objective is to help policy makers think through ways to harness the opportunities created by emerging technologies to enable Russia to accelerate the pace of digital transformation. The report then discusses the emergence of digital platforms as key enablers of digital transformation and proceeds to explore sectoral dynamics in the key digital transformation areas outlined in the Russia Digital Economy Program, including digital government, digital business, as well as digital innovation and skills building. Sector-oriented chapters follow a similar structure by analyzing international best practice in the transformation of a sector, offering an assessment of the current state of transformation of that sector in Russia and concluding with proposing a set of recommendations that may help accelerate the digital transformation of the sector in light of international best practice and the local experience. Due to the rapid pace of technological change and space limitations, this report does not pretend to offer in-depth analysis of Russian digital transformation at the sectoral level but is rather an attempt to analyze global best practice to inform Russian policy making and an invitation to the policy-maker and expert community to continue the digital co-creation experience started two years ago in the hope that it is an effective way to share the just-in-time global expertise of the World Bank whenever and wherever it is needed most in order to help accelerate Russia's digital transformation process
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Abstract: This survey was conducted to better understand the lives of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people in seven countries in Southeastern Europe: five in the Western Balkans - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, FYR Macedonia, and Montenegro; as well as two European Union (EU) member states, Croatia and Slovenia. The research adopted and adapted a 2012 survey of LGBT people carried out by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) in 27 EU countries plus Croatia (which joined the EU in 2013) (the "FRA survey"). The FRA survey set a benchmark for understanding the lives of LGBT people. In addition to the FRA survey, this current survey also gathered specific information on the lives of intersex people
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Strong growth, driven by consumption and public investment, has continued. Macroeconomic stability is strained. Inflation has picked up, driven by food price increases initially and by non-food inflation more recently. Notwithstanding rebound in garment exports and remittances, the current account deficit has widened significantly because of a surge in imports. A large increase in the disbursement of medium and long-term loans helped contain pressure on foreign exchange reserves and moderate the depreciation of the exchange rate. Monetary growth has been subdued because of decline in public sector borrowing from banks and reduced net international reserves, creating room for increased private sector credit growth. However, weak deposit growth and the persistence of high levels of non-performing loans have led to rise in lending rates. The fiscal deficit has increased despite underspending on public investment as revenue growth fell well short of the budget target. Excessive reliance on expensive saving instruments to finance the budget deficit has continued.Over the near-term, growth is expected to remain resilient, underpinned by strong domestic demand. Inflation is likely to accelerate with rising aggregate demand resulting in part from election related increase in private spending, an expansionary fiscal policy and depreciating exchange rate. The current account deficit and the fiscal deficits are projected to widen, but the risks of both external and public debt distress are low. Downside risks include fiscal slippages aggravated by drying up of assistance for supporting the Rohingyas, delays in banking reforms, loss of monetary policy predictability due to diminished central bank independence and weakening reform momentum in the run-up to the elections. Moving forward, creating more and better jobs by boosting private investments, diversifying exports and building human capital remain the top most policy priorities. In addition to handling macroeconomic imbalances through increased flexibility in the exchange rate and interest rates, this would require ensuring a predictable and efficient system of business regulation, faster progress on the implementation of the mega infrastructure projects, improving financial sector governance, and ensuring an adequate and reliable supply of electricity
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This report presents results of the modelling exercise in terms of excise tax increases for the period 2018-2021, including average excise tax and revenue mobilization options; it also compares the tobacco excise tax already included in the country's current tax code with that necessary to achieve proposed EU minimum rates by 2021 (Minimum EU excise tax rates scenario)
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Nepal Development Update is produced twice a year with the following two main aims: to report on key economic developments over the preceding months, placing them in a longer-term and global perspective; and to examine (in the Special Focus section) topics of particular policy significance. The Update is intended for a wide audience including policy makers, business leaders, the community of analysts and professionals engaged in economic debates, and the general public
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Philippines' economic growth outlook remains positive, yet downside risks have increased. An expected slowdown in global trade in the medium term is likely to further dampen Philippine exports. Nevertheless, baseline economic growth is projected at 6.5 percent in 2018, 6.7 percent in 2019, and 6.6 percent in 2020. The baseline investment growth outlook is positive and planned senatorial and local elections in May 2019 are expected to lead to higher public spending and higher private consumption. However, persistent high domestic inflation could have a dampening effect on consumption and investment growth. Also, a faster normalization of monetary policy in the United States and an increase in global uncertainty, including trade tensions, could not only worsen external financing conditions for emerging market economies like the Philippines but also elicit additional domestic interest rate hikes that could raise domestic borrowing costs for businesses and households
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Iraq's overall security situation has notably improved after the defeat of ISIS, but significant challenges lie ahead. Iraq has witnessed major political and security transitions in 2017 when Prime Minister Al-Abadi announced in December the victory over ISIS after a war that lasted three years. The defeat of ISIS in Iraq left the government with the daunting tasks of rebuilding the country's infrastructure, reconstruction of liberated areas, establishing security and stability,and providing services for the return of the displaced persons. On May 12, 2018 Iraq voted in parliamentary elections that delivered a win for a political bloc led by Moqtada al-Sadr, while PM Al-Abadi's bloc, once seen as front runner, came in third. The ballots have been recounted after allegations of fraud and completed on August 8th without major change. On September 15th, Iraq's parliament elected lawmaker Mohammed al-Halbousi as speaker, marking a major step towards establishing a new government. On October 2nd, Iraq's parliament elected as president Barham Salih,who immediately named Adel Abdul Mahdi Prime Minister-designate, ending months of deadlock afterthe national election in May
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Transport Papers
    Abstract: The purpose of this report is to explore opportunities to better integrate land use and public transit planning in Belgrade. Specifically, the aim is to develop an approach toward Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) for Belgrade building off the city's recently approved Transport Master Plan (2017). The Transport Master Plan, which is to be implemented over the next 16 years (through2033), includes all modes of transport: automobiles, public buses, trams, metro, and commuterrail service (known as BG Voz). The required total investment is estimated to be over 400 millioneuros excluding the metro project. Thus, implementation will require large sums of money for bothcapital and operational expenses, while the city has limited financing resources. Given the fiscalconstraints, it would be prudent for Belgrade city authorities to explore self-financing projectschemes for urban transit and land development, incorporating land value capture (LVC). Thisreport evaluates the Transport Master Plan together with other available data to find ways to realize TOD and LVC in Belgrade, including identifying current gaps in knowledge towards such a goal. There are several large-scale, long-term urban development projects envisaged for Belgrade such as development of the Makis Polje area and Waterfront Railway Yard Conversion Project and theWaterfront. The Transport Master Plan considers these developments as a given. The projected future populations in these sites serve as the base to model future traffic demand, and to evaluate the proposed transport investment projects. The Transport Master Plan recognizes the need for detailed planning and economic verification of these urban development schemes
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: Urbanization in Cambodia offers the potential for inclusive growth and poverty reduction. The proportion of people living in cities is on the rise, and many of the drivers of growth for the country are urban based industries such as manufacturing, tourism, and trade. This creates an important opportunity for the country, as the decisions made today will affect the urbanization process in significant ways for decades to come. This report aims to help inform urbanization policy in Cambodia, understand the economic potential of cities, key constraints to realizing that potential, and develop a strategic approach for improving urban growth and resilience in those cities. The report includes three sections, i) an introduction to patterns of urbanization and the economic potential of cities in Urbanization; ii) analysis of key challenges; and iii) policy and program options for achieving the full potential of urbanization
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: In recent decades, Tunisia has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty and increasing access to water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. More than 4 million people in Tunisia have gained access to improved sanitation between 1990 and 2015, and 4 million have gained access to water. This is a significant accomplishment, considering that Tunisia is currently home to 11 million people, 33 percent of whom live in rural areas. Despite this progress, however, around 250,000 people in Tunisia still rely on unimproved drinking water from mostly unprotected wells and springs; of the 900,000 people who use unimproved sanitation, about half use shared latrines, and the other half use mostly unimproved latrines. There are also substantial imbalances in terms of water-resource distribution between the better endowed North and the semi-arid South. If left unaddressed, deficiencies could become more severe in the coming years. Tunisia is a water-scarce country, and water supply security challenges are predicted to be exacerbated by climate change in the coming years. Opportunities for improvement are analyzed and condensed into five clear recommendations for the way forward for the WASH sector in Tunisia
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: The World Bank prepared three background studies as inputs for the development of the Cambodia Logistics Master Plan led by the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) in 2017-2018. These studies benefit from a close coordination and collaboration with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) that focused its assessment on transport infrastructure and connectivity. The key findings and recommendations are summarized into four parts in respect of the three background studies: (a) an update of trade competitiveness, (b) a review of the legal and regulatory framework of the logistics sector in Cambodia, and (c) a design of the monitoring and evaluation (MandE) framework for the proposed Cambodia Logistics Master Plan
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This report provides a systematic assessment of business angel activities, and the ecosystem surrounding innovation finance, in the Czech Republic. Based on literature reviews, published data sources and local stakeholder interviews, the report distills findings related to the demand for and supply of risk investments, and offers policy recommendations for stimulating business angels. The report characterizes the Angel ecosystem as emerging with potential for growth. It is small both in terms of the number of investors and the amount invested. There appears to be a general lack of syndication of investments and concentration of investments in the capital (Prague) and in the information, communication, and technology (ICT) sector. On the demand side, a credible deal flow does exist, although it falls short of constituting a critical mass needed to support the development of the market. While issues in the local environment may affect the flow of angel investments, these are not insurmountable, based on the country's competitive ranking on relevant global and European indicators. Finally, the report proposes a number of policy recommendations for enhancing business angel awareness and investments, including data collection and mapping of early stage market activities (short-term), creation of Czech National Angel Association (medium-term), and implementation of incentivization measures such as co-investment funds and tax incentives (long-term)
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Partnership for Market Readiness Technical Papers
    Abstract: Stakeholder and public support are critical for an enduring and robust carbon pricing policy. How jurisdictions communicate their carbon pricing policy plays a key role in creating and maintaining that support. Drawing on case studies, research and best practice, the report provides guidance on designing and implementing effective carbon pricing communications strategies
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This joint report by the World Bank and OECD identifies building blocks for more effective co-operation and is the first comprehensive global study of its kind. The content of the report is based on responses from 67 countries to a survey, which examined the organizational structure for investigating and prosecuting tax crime and corruption, as well as models for, and the experience of, inter-agency co-operation in fighting these crimes. The report found that further efforts are warranted to improve interagency cooperation, as only 55 percent of the surveyed countries require corruption investigators to report suspected tax crimes. And when it comes to information-sharing, even fewer countries mandate it - just 44 percent. The report presents a variety of lessons for overcoming barriers to cooperation and modalities through which cooperation can be effectuated
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: This note is part of a series of notes that explore new trends and developments in Fintech and analyze their potential relevance for WBG activities. The note discusses how new technology can make insurance more inclusive and hold the potential to overcome barriers to inclusive insurance when suitably transferred to emerging countries
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Abstract: This paper is the first joint country study conducted by the United Nations and the World Bank aimed at translating into practice the principles of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 2250, through direct and local engagement with young people and their communities in one of the most fragile and conflict-ridden areas on the African continent. Focusing on young people is particularly meaningful as Somalia's population is the youngest of the African continent overall. Against a backdrop of continued conflict, insecurity, and violent extremism facing Somalia, the study offers a positive vision for defining peace as articulated by young women and men. It concludes by offering an operational framework for supporting youth in peacebuilding. The report's recommendations postulate a comprehensive understanding of youth, peace, and conflict going beyond solutions based solely on increased employment
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: The report is the result of detailed research and consultation, which included review of literature, original analysis of fisheries data, and extensive meetings with people from the Federal Government, Provincial Governments, the private sector, and non-government and international organizations. Consultations were roughly evenly divided across capture fisheries, culture fisheries, and cross-cutting issues. The findings are organized in four remaining sections: part two provides an overview of the current state of fisheries in Pakistan. Information on fisheries' contribution to the economy, production trends, and fishing practices for marine, inland, and aquaculture is presented. Part two also provides an overview of the existing fisheries governance arrangements including current policy and legal framework and institutional arrangements. Part three provides an analysis of the potential benefits that could be realized through a revitalization of Pakistan's fishery sector. Part four gives an analysis of the challenges to realizing these benefits. Part five describes specific activities necessary to overcome the challenges identified in part four. It provides recommendations within five themes: (1) creating an enabling environment for growth, (2) managing marine capture fisheries for long-term sustainability, (3) ensuring sustainable inland capture fisheries, (4) supporting the development of an environmentally sensitive aquaculture industry, and (5) optimizing the benefits of a productive fisheries sector for social goals
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Bhutan maintained solid growth and macroeconomic stability during 2016/17. The national poverty headcount rate fell from 12 percent in 2012 to 8 percent in 2017. However, the job challenges remained unaddressed. the youth unemployment rate increased from 10.7 percent in 2015 to 13.2 percent in 2016 indicating that high growth was not able to generate enough jobs for youth
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Romania lags behind other European Union (EU) countries in many health outcomes. The government of Romania plans to build three new regional hospitals in the North-West (NW), North-East (NE), and South-West (SW) regions. These are envisaged to be tertiary referral hospitals providing highly complex care to their region. Five or six further regional hospitals may follow this first batch. Regional hospitals are not just bricks and mortar, but the apex of a complex regional health system. As flagship public hospitals, regional hospitals are planned to be the hub of each regional health system. Work to date, however, has focused on design and construction rather than how regional hospitals will interact and coordinate with other facilities. To highlight factors in the wider health system that are crucial to the role of regional hospitals, the World Bank undertook a comprehensive assessment of regional referral networks in Romania. This report drew on available hospital activity data, stakeholder interviews, and literature review to assess the extent to which these factors are in place using tracer conditions, such as total knee replacements and stroke. In conclusion, without as much attention to coordination of care within regional health networks as construction of regional hospitals, the hospitals will not be able to fulfil their promise as flagship providers of complex care
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The near-tripling of oil prices from their trough in January 2016, to nearly 80 US dollars per barrel in early October 2018, has spurred a recovery in the GCC economies, following three years of persistent weakness. Additional support has come from rising oil production, and a slower pace of fiscal consolidation as government revenues have increased. Saudi Arabia emerged from recession in the first quarter of 2018 and Ku-wait, in the second quarter. The United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman and Bahrain posted positive economic growth rates in the first half of the year. Higher energy prices and rising oil production are also helping the GCC countries to narrow large fiscal and external deficits, which had emerged in the wake of the 2014 oil shock. On aggregate, the region is expected to post growth of 2.0 percent in 2018, following a contraction of 0.3 percent in 2017 (the first such contraction in over a decade). Looking further ahead, growth is expected to reach 2.7 percent in 2020, as high energy prices and the expiration of the OPEC agreement bolster government revenues, support higher government spending and lift domestic sentiment and activity. External and fiscal imbalances are also expected to narrow, with Saudi Arabia and the UAE achieving near fiscal balance by 2020 and, along with Qatar and Kuwait, returning to cur-rent account surpluses during 2018-20. This positive outlook is underpinned by an upward revision of our oil price forecasts from 60 US dollars a barrel for 2019-20 (in the February 2018 issue of the Gulf Economic Monitor) to 72 US dollars a barrel for that time period. Projections also assume that GCC countries will persevere with important structural reforms initiated in recent years
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Abstract: Regulatory policy is essential for economic growth and social welfare. Regulations are the rules set by the state to govern the daily life of citizens and businesses. Regulatory policy, the prerogative to establish these rules, is a key lever of state power. Poland has made progress in improving the quality of its regulatory processes, but important challenges remain. High quality regulations are essential for a sound legal framework based on certitude, legality, and transparency. The strategy for responsible development (SRD) recognizes the importance of regulation to stimulate economic activity in Poland. As the main policy document for economic transformation, the SRD identifies shortcomings in the current development model and makes proposals on how to address them. The strategy offers a good starting point to identify areas in which the World Bank could engage with the Government of Poland to further support the efforts to strengthen a sound regulatory environment for business. This position paper aims at: (i) assessing some of the current efforts made by the Government of Poland in terms of regulatory policy, particularly affecting business; and (ii) identifying areas of potential engagement between the World Bank and the Government of Poland
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The economic outlook for 2018 remains uncertain, partly hinging on the execution of the state budget. Economic activity was sluggish in the first half of 2018, as inferred by lacklustre public spending, weakened trade levels, and slower credit growth. The recently approved 2018 budget proposes a substantial expenditure increase in the last four months of the year, to offset eighteen months of constrained spending. This presents a significant challenge for the public sector and budget execution rates may be lower than usual, due to the limited time to spend funds. Moreover, a proportion of the 2018 budget will be used to settle previous financial commitments for activities already undertaken, expenditure arrears, rather than create new economic activity. Overall, it is unlikely that this expansionary fiscal stance will considerably influence domestic economic activity in the short-term. GDP is forecast to grow by 0.8 percent in 2018, under a fairly positive scenario for budget execution. Political uncertainty affected consumer and business confidence until recently, but private investment may pick up in late 2018. The construction sector is set to recover, partly through the Tibar Bay Port, as well as agriculture if weather conditions are favourable. The broader implications of two consecutive years of disappointing economic performance are yet to be gauged, such as the impact on employment levels and earnings, labour productivity, and household incomes. In the medium-term, economic growth is expected to recover by 2019
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Economic growth remains strong, driven primarily by robust expansion in consumption and exports. Domestic demand has been boosted by higher wage growth and larger public investments, with fiscal expansion serving as stimulus. Public outlays were budgeted to increase to 24.6 percent of GDP in 2018 from 23.1 percent in 2017. At the same time, strong external demand has boosted exports of garment and footwear products, which increased 16.1 percent (y/y) during the first half of 2018 - a two year high-from 8.3 percent at the end of 2017. Tourist arrivals reached 3 million during the first six months of 2018, a 13.6 percent increase (y/y), compared with 11.8 percent in 2017, driven by a surge in tourist arrivals by air from China. Capital inflows, mainly comprising foreign direct investment (FDI) continue to increase, underpinning Cambodiaandapos;s stable external position. Official data showed rising FDI to the manufacturing sector, especially the textile, apparel, and footwear industries, and to agroprocessing. Vibrant construction activity continues to be financed by rising FDI inflows and domestic credit. FDI is estimated to have increased by 14.3 percent (y/y) during the first six months of 2018. About 90 percent of the inflows (excluding those to the financial sector) have originated from China and are directed toward the construction and real estate, agriculture and agroprocessing, and garment sectors. A growing proportion of FDI is now invested in the productive sectors, namely the manufacturing and agriculture sectors, albeit its share remains relatively small at about 20 percent of total inflows
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: In the coming decades, climate change will force cities to grapple with new operating conditions to construct and maintain key urban infrastructure. Strategies for covering the costs of climate-resilient upgrades will vary by locale, reflecting differing market, regulatory, and policy circumstances. This policy brief draws on World Bank experience and datasets and a review of academic and grey literature on financing three core urban infrastructure systems - water, transport, and energy. It seeks to answer the question of what funding and financing instruments may be available to local governments and infrastructure system operators in different cities around the world, and how these link back to the climate challenges they may face. This brief was developed as part of the Financing Climate Futures initiative, a joint effort of OECD, UN Environment, and the World Bank Group
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Abstract: Technology is one of the main drivers of productivity and economic growth. Developing countries have traditionally had difficulties in both developing technology and absorbing foreign technology. However, the recent emergence of tech startups present an opportunity. Tech start-ups are an effective a mechanism to both create local technology and absorb foreign technology. The objective of this report is to provide a better understanding of the status of start-up ecosystem in West Bank and Gaza, and provide policy recommendations for policy makers and other stakeholders who are interested in supporting the growth and sustainability of the ecosystem. The report is based on an in-depth survey of startups and supportive stakeholders of the ecosystem. The findings point out to an early stage start-up that is maturing. Skills, supportive infrastructure, finance pipeline, and community and networks are examined and gaps are identified. Policy recommendations to tackle these gaps are presented based on international practices
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: This Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) identifies the main constraints and opportunities that Papua New Guinea faces in achieving the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity. In line with the World Bank Group's new country engagement model, the findings of the SCD will provide inputs for the preparation of the Country Partnership Framework, which will outline the WBG's engagement with Papua New Guinea to achieve the twin goals. This SCD is divided into three parts: setting the scene: the SCD sets the scene by outlining past trends in economic structure and performance, providing a snapshot on the state of service delivery, highlighting key issues of particular relevance for youth and women, and analyzing poverty incidence and inequality; identifying pathways for poverty reduction: second, the SCD looks at the most potent pathways for eradicating poverty and boosting shared prosperity, drawing attention to untapped opportunities and key constraints that must be overcome; and summarizing reform priorities: finally, the SCD identifies priorities for policy and reform to accelerate progress toward the twin goals. This diagnostic exercise was conducted in consultation with national authorities and other stakeholders in Papua New Guinea and is based on the current available body of knowledge
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This paper is a collaboration between the World Bank's Transport Global Practice, the World Bank's Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) and the International Association of Public Transport (UITP) to assemble evidence, viewpoints, and analysis on eMobility programs. The objective is to contribute towards helping governments design and implement electric mobility programs that are effective at achieving their intended development aims across climate, economic, fiscal, technical, institutional, and policy dimensions. There is a clear global interest in electric mobility and demand for sharing experiences between countries of all income levels
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Mid-2018 was a period of intense market volatility and rising economic stress in Turkey that was precipitated by existing macroeconomic imbalances and elevated political tensions with the United Staes. A confluence of burgeoning domestic economic imbalances and a more challenging external environmentled to a dent in investor confidence in Turkish assets and a sharp slowdown in capital flows to Turkey in 2018 Q2-Q3. Though this did not technically amount to a sudden stop, Turkey was particularly badly affected by a general move away from emerging markets (EMDE) due to its accumulated macro imbalances (high current account deficit, high inflation, overheating economy) and perceived policy weaknesses. Market volatility in Turkey has subsided since the turbulence in August, but the economic situation remains fragile. Turkey's large external exposure leaves it vulnerable to further market jitters and external monetary tightening. The external shock in the summer of 2018 also translated into significant real sector impacts, including a sharp acceleration in inflation from already elevated levels. The gap between consumer and producer price inflation widened significantly since July, reflecting suppliers' inability to pass on priceincreases to consumers due to declining demand. High production costs together with slowing demand have prompted supply side adjustments
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Climate auctions are an innovative climate finance mechanism, with high potential to support nationally determined contribution (NDC) implementation and deepening through efficiently leveraging private investment. The World Bank has developed the climate auction model through the work of the Pilot Auction Facility for Methane and Climate Change Mitigation (PAF). The PAF delivered cost-effective methane and nitrous oxide abatement by offering publicly-funded price guarantees for future climate results to private sector companies that competed to buy the price guarantees via an auction. This report proposes that climate auctions may be an attractive option as part of a transition towards the greater use of market-based instruments to support NDC implementation and achieve more ambitious climate results. The report reviews the broader policy context and develops three implementation modalities through which climate auctions can support NDC implementation. The report also discusses when the model is valuable and appropriate, reviewing the overarching conditions for climate outcome opportunities to be suitable for the use of climate auctions
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: This review of wastewater management in Danube region under EU water policies shows that, despite several challenges, the UWWTD has indeed delivered results for the people and environment in Danube region. The share of wastewater treated according to the UWWTD requirements is showing a major improvement since 2004, demonstrating impact of massive investment efforts undertaken, and resulting in significant emission reduction in the recent past. This has resulted in a noticeable water quality improvement over the last 20 years for both organic pollutants and nutrients. At the same time, the review points out to several challenges. Implementation capacity is often neglected and insufficiently prepared. The necessary tariff increases, a consequence of investment in new infrastructure and related Oandamp;M cost increases, trigger affordability issues for the bottom 40 percent of population. A lack of the necessary sectoral institutional reforms, has resulted in lower than planned absorption of available funds and delays in UWWTD compliance. These challenges also represent opportunities in the implementation of the current Directive within and beyond the Member States, and its potential review. The current implementation of the Directive could be made more efficient using sound economic appraisal to prioritize investments according to their cost-effectiveness while maintaining public health and environmental benefits and achievement of WFD objectives
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Global growth is broadly stable but downside risks from rising trade tensions are increasing.A weakening recovery in trade and manufacturing activities is weighing down global growth. Global goods trade has decelerated more rapidly than expected. U.S. tariff s and the retaliatoryresponses of its trading partners have affected 2.5 percent of global goods imports. Surveys ofcompanies in the U.S., China and Japan suggest that the risks of a trade war have not yet fullymaterialized. While the Eurasian Union (excluding Russia) posted strong growth in 2018, Russia'smain trading partners - the Euro area and China - experienced a growth slowdown. Financial conditions for Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs) are tightening. Divergent monetary policies and growth prospects among the U.S. and other major economies contributed to a significant appreciation of the U.S. dollar in 2018. This, together with intensifying trade tensions, deteriorating growth prospects and renewed attention to external vulnerabilities has contributed to significant depreciations and capital outflows in many EMDEs. EMDE currencies fell - including the Russian ruble - and cumulative portfolio outflows from EMDEs surpassed those seen after the 2013 taper tantrum. Economies with external vulnerabilities, including Argentina, Indonesia, and Turkey, experienced the sharpest currency depreciations. While the spillover from those countries has been limited, the intensification of turmoil could lead investors to reevaluate their exposure to EMDEs and to capital outflows
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: A key challenge in Nepal is the intersection of predictable chronic or seasonal poverty andvulnerability, with rapid-onset and acute shocks. Nepal in the last few decades has epitomized the'perfect storm' in which a number of different factors-disasters, conflict, political uncertainty, and challenges to economic growth-coincide with deleterious effects on people's well-being anddevelopment progress. While social protection (SP) is playing an increasing role in tackling chronic and seasonal poverty and wider vulnerability and exclusion, recent disasters in Nepal, particularly in 2015, highlight how making SP more flexible and adaptive could allow a more effective and efficient development and humanitarian response. The World Bank in Nepal contracted the Centre for International Development and Training at the University of Wolverhampton, United Kingdom, and the Nepal Institute for Social and Environmental Research, to carry out the technical assistance (TA) project 'Review of policies, systems and programs in social protection and shock response for adaptive social protection in Nepal'. The overall objective of the work is to make recommendations on possible policy, programmatic, and institutional measures for more adaptive social protection (ASP). The analysis was delivered using a mixed-methods approach. An analysis of existing data (including the Household Risk and Vulnerability Survey [HRVS] data) was used to understand the scope and coverage of existing programs and their links to disasters and shocks. A desk review of literature explored legislation and policies, program documentation and official implementation guidelines, and evaluations and research. Interviews took place with key informants at the national, district, and local government levels as did focus group discussions (FGDs) and individual interviews, especially with recipients of SP programs, at the ward or village level in the districts of Bardiya, Humla, Saptari, and Sindhupalchok
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Key elements for effective policy and regulatory framework on land that should be developed are:Ensuring proper human and financial resources are dedicated to implementation of the NationalLand Use Policy and functioning of the National Land Use Council, Developing an effective land governance system based on the current legal framework while drafting of new laws tocover: (i) protections for customary user'' tenure rights; (ii) the promotion of diverse agricultural practices such as livestock breeding and aquaculture; (iii) directing land allocation policies to improve land access for marginal farmers and landless households; and (iv) establishing programs such as a model land administration offices with enhanced service delivery. Amendment of current land laws to expand the roles of farmers and community members in land use decision making. The promotion of the revised community forest instruction, which broadly reinterpreted the forest law to remove restrictions on shifting cultivation to protect customary land rights and to protect in community decision making on land use, allocation and possible conversion to commercial use; including promotion of community forests and commercialization for inclusive economic growth at the grassroots level
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Approximately one billion people globally lack government-recognized identification. As a consequence, they face barriers to accessing critical services and exercising their rights. Robust, inclusive, and responsible foundational identification (ID) systems2 can be transformative for a country's development and for the welfare of its poorest and most vulnerable populations by enabling financial inclusion, the empowerment of women and girls, access to basic services, social safety nets, and political participation. Moreover, at a systemic level, leapfrogging traditional paper-based approaches in favor of digital identification systems can generate significant benefits across the public and private sectors by increasing efficiency and accountability (chiefly through the reduction of fraud, leakages, and waste in public programs) as well as driving innovation in service delivery (through the use of mobile or digital payments, for instance). As governments across the globe are implementing new, digital foundational identification systems or modernizing existing ID programs, there is an urgent need to develop accurate estimations of the associated costs. There are a handful of existing analyses that have attempted to estimate the overall cost of foundational ID systems: for instance, Gelb and Diofasi Metz (2018) estimate that it is likely to cost a low income country roughly 0.6 percent of GDP to build a foundational ID system, or about USD 4-11 investment per registrant for enrolment and credential issuance. The same study cites figures for a few countries suggesting recurrent costs of around 0.06-0.1 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). As the authors point out however, few data points exist and these figures may not apply to different types of systems or to all countries
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: The Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) for Malawi provides the analytical foundation for country-level actions and investments to foster progress towards the World Bank Group (WBG) Twin Goals as well as the country's national goals. The main purpose of the SCD is to identify the key challenges and opportunities that Malawi faces as it works towards eliminating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. The systematic and evidence-based analysis from the SCD will serve to inform a new Country Partnership Framework and help the WBG, Government and external partners to prioritize and align their strategies towards achieving the twin goals. Over past decades, Malawi's development progress has been negatively affected by shocks, both climate-related shocks, and domestic political and governance shocks, which have collectively contributed to a slow pace of poverty reduction. Very little progress has been made in reducing poverty in rural areas, where most Malawians live. Weak governance and entrenched political clientelism have been obstacles to policy reform and the development of the country. This SCD takes a holistic approach to identify the drivers of previous poor growth performances, drawing on the history of Malawi, and proposes a set of priority areas to promote durable and inclusive growth. The SCD is divided into six parts. The first part gives an overview of the country context, while the second part traces out the trends in economic growth. The third part analyses poverty and shared prosperity in Malawi and their main drivers. The fourth part provides the main diagnostics, identifying the key constraints and pathways for Malawi to achieve the twin goals. The fifth part outlines the preliminary hypotheses for achieving the twin goals, while part six indicates knowledge gaps and areas for further research
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: Micro and small enterprise (MSME) insolvency is particularly likely to impact not only the business, but also the personal and family life of the owner-operator(s) of such businesses, raising particular concerns that apply much less frequently in the context of corporate insolvency. This report refines and expands on the earlier deliberations of the Insolvency and Creditor or Debtor Regimes Task Force (ICR Task Force) regarding the optimal approaches for treating MSME insolvency. As a matter of terminology, it should be stressed that the term MSME in this report is intended to cover both individual natural persons and juridical business entities, unless specifically stated.This means that the size of an MSME differs from country to country and even industry to industry, making comparisons between jurisdictions and global standard-setting difficult. The scope of this report is designed to be nonprescriptive and dynamic across countries and contexts. Accordingly, this report aims to consider rescue and restructuring for all viable MSMEs, with the objective of preserving individual entrepreneurial initiative, including in the context of liquidation, and of preserving businesses that can continue to operate and add value in an economy. The final section of the report starts the process of examining the ICR Principles in light of the proposals made in this report
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: The purpose of this Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) is to identify the most critical development constraints facing Djibouti and how to make growth more inclusive and sustainable while promoting shared prosperity. The findings and recommendations of the SCD are based on analytical work carried out by a World Bank Group team with expertise in macroeconomics and poverty analytics, human capital development and labor markets, infrastructure and private sector development, governance and climate change. The team also undertook consultations with the Government of Djibouti and representatives from civil society, private sector stakeholders and the donor community. The SCD provides analysis and recommendations for policies that the Government might pursue to reduce barriers to inclusive and sustainable growth and achieve its vision of becoming a modern economy and regional hub for trade and logistics, which can create jobs and raise living standards for Djiboutians
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Abstract: Cities are where economic development really happens and where the risks from natural hazards are growing. Urbanization in Sierra Leone is occurring at USD 410/per capita, at a far lower level than other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa at similar urbanization levels. This study focuses on Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, that dominates the country's urban landscape. A central premise of policy-making in cities is that the flexibility, practicality, and focus of local governments make them ideal players to understand and respond to the needs of their citizens. Indeed, cities mostly aim their problem-solving at local conditions. Freetown's population has increased roughly 10-fold in the last 50 years; similarly-sized European cities took 150 years to achieve this increase. Freetown's current economic and social infrastructure is dilapidated and basic service delivery has fallen short of population growth. Freetown is, and will likely remain, the most affected by the prevalent disasters in Sierra Leone, given its coastal location. Investments in capital and operational expenditures in the city are very low. Freetown is not an engine of service delivery, but neither is it an engine of growth for the country. Freetown lacks sufficient resources for much-needed investments in infrastructures and services necessary for its development. Policy choices made now will determine whether Freetown becomes an engine or an obstacle for economic transformation in Sierra Leone. Freetown is growing rapidly but is not delivering its potential. Purposeful and bold policy is needed from the incoming government. Similarly, in Sierra Leone changing current attitudes depends on building a credible account of how the future will be decidedly different. This has two parts. 1. Symbolic investments in the capital city can signal a future of productive investment and growth. 2. At the same time, supporting narratives allow citizens to understand that these symbols form part of a wider plan for the city and the country.For decades, Freetown has lacked such focused and purpose policies. The result of this prolonged neglect is visible to all: the city has become locked into low-productivity, is unprepared for natural hazards, and is increasingly a bottleneck to investment in the entire country. The new Government is a pivotal moment: a rare opportunity for smart new policies to transform Freetown into a platform for resilient growth. Freetown can become a city that works
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: These Policy Notes seek to distill key findings from a broad range of World Bank Group engagements in Bhutan, including policy dialogue, analytical work, strategic documents, project lending and trust funded activities. They build on discussions with government counterparts, development partners, non-governmental organizations, representatives of the private sector, and other stakeholders. These Policy Notes are selective in their coverage, and include synopses on each topic, highlighting key issues and challenges, and concluding with actionable policy recommendations. They cover a broad range of policy issues but are not intended to be comprehensive or exhaustive. This effort seeks to make these findings readily available to the incoming government of Bhutan and support them in achieving their objective of 'Narrowing the Gap'. The Policy Notes start with an overview section which brings together the key issues and is followed by sector-specific notes which have been compiled under four broad thematic groupings
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Bangladesh has set up an ambitious target of attaining middle-income status by 2021. To achieve this objective, the economy needs to grow at a sustained rate of 7.5-8 percent annually and this would in turn require an increase in private investment to at least 26.6 percent of GDP from 22 percent in 2016-17. Despite the fact that the government has implemented several policy reforms since 2008, investors still face a number of challenges in establishing and operating a business in Bangladesh. This is reflected in the World Bank Group's Doing Business report, which finds that Bangladesh ranks 177th amongst 190 countries, making it one of the lowest-ranked economies in the South Asia region. Businesses seeking to operate in Bangladesh have to cope with multiple approvals from several institutions and agencies. A potential private investor has to navigate more than 150 government services to obtain the necessary approvals to start and operate a business in Bangladesh. The processes are regulated by over 36 agencies such as the Bangladesh Investment Development Authority (BIDA), Office of the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies and Firms (RJSC) and the Department of Environment (DoE), with little inter-agency coordination. Navigating the uncoordinated, non-transparent and cumbersome workings of the agencies imposes a high cost on domestic and foreign investors. In addition, the uncertainty and unpredictability of service delivery hampers business activities and operational planning. These challenges affect Bangladesh's competitiveness and reputation as an investment destination
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Stagnant productivity growth and high disparities in productivity levels across Mexican states have been holding back economic growth. In general, Mexico's federal government has a solid competition policy framework in place. Subnational regulations in transport, agriculture, tourism, retail, and other sectors are holding back the potential of local economies to grow and provide consumers with affordable goods. Anticompetitive regulations for professionals such as notaries also increase the cost of doing business. The World Bank Group (WBG) was requested to address a critical gap and to pilot a reform-oriented engagement on competition policy at the subnational level. WBG engaged to motivate an actionable reform plan that can unlock competition in key markets at the local level. This note discusses the main findings of the WBG's markets and competition policy assessment tool (MCPAT) application to various subnational governments in Mexico and the initial reform experience. It draws on the results of multiple pieces of analysis and implementation support projects since 2012 to assess, identify, prioritize, and modify regulations that restrict competition at the subnational level in key markets. This note is structured as follows: section 1 gives introduction, section 2 discuss the international experience on the role of competition at the local level for development. Section 3 provide a brief presentation of the methodological steps of the MCPAT subnational application. Section 4 discuss incidences of anti-competitive regulation (some of which have been removed) to exemplify their harmful effect. Section 5 provides several examples of how to prioritize and design reforms based on how government interventions at the subnational level interact with particular features of subnational Mexican markets, as well as based on their feasibility and their potential effects
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Vietnam has successfully developed the electricity and gas sectors that have contributed substantially to the economic development of Vietnam. To date, near universal electrification has been achieved, and the industrial, commercial, and residential sectors benefit from increasingly reliable electricity and gas supply. By early 2018, 99.9 percent of the country's communes and 99 percent of its rural households were connected to the grid. Both EVN and PVN, the state-owned electricity and gas utilities, are operationally and technically strong. Vietnam has a hydropower system, claiming 38 percent of installed capacity in 2017, followed by coal (34 percent) and natural gas (18 percent). Future investment requirements in generation are huge, and the country is expected to increase generation capacity from the current 42 GW to 100 GW by 2030. Because mostdomestic hydropower resources have already been developed, and to reduce the planned scale-up of coal-fired power generation, Vietnam has established renewables targets for solar and wind (18 GW by 2030). Starting in 1995, PVN, jointly with international oil and gas companies, developed large-scale gas fields in offshore central and southern Vietnam. In 2017, total offshore gas production was about 10 bcm, mostly destined for gas-to-power. PVN is one of the most significant enterprises operating in the Vietnamese economy, accounting for about 20 percent of national GDP and contributing to 20-30 percent of state budget revenues. To improve the efficiency of the gas and power sector, the government has embarked on introducing competition in those sectors. Electricity liberalization started in 2004 with the unbundling of EVN, the establishment of a regulator, and the introduction of a competitive generation market to ensure long-term sustainability of the power supply. The wholesale electricity market will be fully operational by 2021, allowing large eligible consumers to contract directly with power generators. The government is embarking on a similar liberalization process for gas, is currently preparing a relevant restructuring roadmap for PVN, and introducing a legal and regulatory framework for promoting LNG development, especially for gas-to-power
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Abstract: This report describes the key policies for Mali to succeed leveraging growth with export diversification. For many decades, Mali has been a commodity-dependent country, mainly relying on gold and, to a lesser extent, cotton. However, the experience of other countries, in Africa and other parts of the world, shows that large scale production of minerals and oil resources offers great opportunities, but also presents major shortcomings. These are: tendency to growth beyond potential in cycles of booming prices; high GDP growth volatility that translates into a fragile fiscal stance; a resource curse that favors production of non-tradable goods; and a growth pattern biased toward rent-seeking activities, which prevents expansion of competitive activities creation of abundant and better jobs. Mali is no exception to this. Mali needs to structurally transform itself to accelerate growth and reach its vision, Mali 2025. The Government of Mali does not have a choice: without adequate jobs by 2025, Mali's burgeoning youth population will foment more violence in an already fragile economy and keep investors away. Hence, it has outlined a strategy to achieve this vision centered on the diversification of its economy (and exports) away from natural resource-based commodities
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Croatia joined the European Union (EU) in 2013, and the energy sector has been undergoing liberalization, deregulation, and unbundling of state-owned energy utilities. Croatia haswelcomed a number of new public and private energy companies. The Croatian power exchange was established in 2014 and commenced operation in 2016 as a platform for electricity trade. This report reviews energy intensity (EI) and energy efficiency (EE) status in Croatia
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The global housing deficit in both developed and developing countries is increasing - driven by demographic and other mega-trends including urbanization and income inequality. Global pension fund assets, on the other hand, are both growing and increasingly looking for long-term, productive investments. There are multiple avenues through which pension funds can invest in the housing sector
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Abstract: This study shows how the World Bank Group's Markets and Competition Policy Assessment Tool (MCPAT) can help economies identify reform areas that would make government interventions in freight and logistics services more conducive to competition. The study focuses on three case studies among Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries - Peru, Philippines and Vietnam - to illustrate the importance of identifying specific areas for behind-the-border reforms. The analysis focuses on containerized cargo and multimodal transport links between road and maritime transportation, building on primary data collection through novel questionnaires for stakeholders. This study identifies potential competition issues to monitor and makes specific recommendations by country and topic. Potential competition issues include abuse of dominance through exclusionary or discriminatory practices, predominantly in access to multimodal infrastructure and slot allocation along the chain, as well as potential collusive practices in the wholesale segment (for example, among carriers) and in highly specialized services, such as pilotage and towing in port terminals. Furthermore, given the tendency toward (horizontal and vertical) mergers and acquisitions in freight forwarding, it is essential to continue evaluating changes in market structure and the potential impact of these changes on market contestability
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Lake Toba is a unique natural asset of global significance located in the North Sumatra Province of Indonesia. The long-term economic and environmental value of Lake Toba's water is central to achieving multi-sector objectives as well as sustaining the livelihoods and well-being of communities in the catchment. Addressing the deterioration of Lake Toba's water quality requires consensus and enforcement of the carrying capacity for fish production and catchment management measures, including the control of emissions from livestock manure and wastewater. Enabling adaptive management of the lake is dependent on timely and accurate data on lake dynamics and creating a cooperative, interagency platform for water quality monitoring. This is especially important as Lake Toba is not a homogenous water body but consists of discrete compartments that are not uniformly affected by pollution. The success of any interventions relies on the establishment of functioning and financially viable institutional arrangements that can facilitate cross-sectoral collaboration and bridge national-regional-district divides. Furthermore, the recommendations and the roadmap for improving water quality are relevant and transferable to the management of lakes and reservoirs across Indonesia and throughout the region
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: What effect does democratization have on meritocratic practices in the civil service? Democratization increases performance incentives within the bureaucracy. This leads to more meritocracy for individuals with performance-enhancing characteristics, such as educational attainment, which cross-cut political cleavages. When politicized cleavages align with civil servants' performance-enhancing characteristics, democratization increases discrimination. The author test this argument using administrative data from Indonesia that covers the full universe of career histories of all 4 plus million currently active civil servants. The author exploits the exogenous timing of Indonesia's democratization in 1999, paired with an individual-level panel data design, for identification purposes. The author finds strong evidence that democratization amplified the positive effects of educational attainment on career advancement but simultaneously worsened the career prospects of female and religious minority civil servants. We replicate these patterns for the staggered introduction of direct elections at the district government level. The gender and religious minority penalties are strongest for promotions at the lowest levels of the administrative hierarchy and for employees of departments under the leadership of conservative Muslim parties. Increased female leadership in the bureaucracy does not alleviate these penalties
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This paper describes a framework of supply and demand factors that could affect birth registration coverage rates, particularly in the context of social transfers. Within this framework, a review of the empirical literature (academic and grey) was conducted on incentives that have been demonstrated to increase birth registration coverage. More than two hundred articles were reviewed, and forty-two (twenty-three academic and nineteen grey) were selected for this study based on relevance. The literature encompassed evidence from Asia, Africa, and Latin America on linking birth registration with social transfer programs, such as cash transfers, which have resulted in increased birth registration rates. The methods in the literature on incentives for countries to increase birth registration coverage vary. There is a lack of scholarly research on incentives to address both supply and demand barriers for birth registration and a need for more robust literature on the topic
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Identification systems are a core component of sustainable development policies in countries with diverse economic, demographic, and political contexts. The role of digital identification systems in the private sector is equally large. The efficient, accurate, and secure use of personal identity data is at the heart of most transactions, regardless of the industry in which they take place. The implementation of robust and inclusive identification systems at the national level offers the potential for large financial gains for private sector companies. As a companion piece to the World Bank's identification for development (ID4D) work on fiscal savings for government agencies, this paper provides a first step toward developing a greater understanding of the financial benefits of identification systems for the private sector. By developing a framework for cost savings and revenue generation opportunities and aggregating existing case studies, it provides a preliminary assessment of expected benefits of government-backed identification systems for firms across a variety of industries. This paper is therefore intended to serve as a resource for governments and donors looking to gauge the potential impacts of implementing an identification system and for private sector leaders and industry groups to fruitfully engage on identity-related issues
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: This report packages international know-how around major steps and key questions to be faced by South Asian utilities in the design and deployment of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). The type of data analytics generated by AMI can lead to a transformation of utilities, and a new generation of demand-side and supply-side efficiency measures, policies, and regulations. In addition, greater communication capabilities between the power sector and its consumers can create stronger customer provider relationships, greater understanding of needs and capabilities, and open pathways to innovation. This report covers international best practices for the end-to-end deployment of an AMI system including such areas as main functions, procurement options, cost recovery models, and the organizational or functional changes needed to implement AMI-enabled business processes. For this report, the study team surveyed a variety of international utilities, including several early adopters of AMI, which collectively represent a notable portion of smart meters deployed globally today, and these are documented in Section 4 under case studies
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: European countries increasingly focus on enhancing access to and strengthening explicit linkages between benefits and essential services to create synergies, avoid dependency of low income families on allowances, and promote labor market participation of the inactive and vulnerable population. In order to facilitate access to support people need, Member States are advised to work on better coordination of social benefits and services to reduce poverty and support social and labor integration. This report defines essential services as education, health, and social, child protection and employment services, and social benefits as non-contributory cash allowances. Available evidence suggests that there is substantial scope to improve the effectiveness of essential services and benefits in Bulgaria, and that only partial coverage of vulnerable groups and limited progress in poverty reduction have been achieved. The system has substantial quantity and quality gaps in coverage, especially for the bottom 20 percent of the population. The essential services and benefits provide unbalanced responses to different vulnerabilities, and are particularly unsuccessful in offering the poor population an adequate level of support
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: The subnational Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessment seeks to ascertain the performance of the public financial management (PFM) system of county governments using the PEFA methodology. So far, the Government of Kenya has gained experience in the application of the PEFA methodology by undertaking four national PEFA assessments over the years, the latest of which was carried out in 2017 and the report is due for completion in 2018. However, this is the first subnational assessment to be carried out in Kenya following the adoption of a devolved system of government. It is notable that the national and subnational PEFA assessments are being done almost concurrently, and this is important because both levels of government share the same PFM system, implying that an evidence- based reform agenda can be implemented simultaneously after areas of improvements are identified. The subnational assessments, which covered 6 out of 45 counties, have been jointly financed by the World Bank and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) through the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA)
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Poland is facing an enormous demographic change as the population age at unprecedented pace. Life expectancy is steadily increasing while birth rates for years have remained below simple replacement rate. Access to and quality of long-term care (LTC) services (support for people who are dependent over a long period of time on help with their daily living) will be crucial, especially in the context of the pension reform that implies a significant reduction of replacement rates at retirement and potentially an increased risk of poverty among the older population. The LTC arrangements in Poland, traditionally based on informal family support, will have to be adjusted with increasing role of the public sector, which in turn will have implications for the stability of public finance. The motivation of this work is to provide an extensive review of public and private expenditure on LTC services and other related services provided to old age population (65 ). The focus is on the use and real cost of LTC services and the existing financing arrangements as of 2016 which as a starting point help to picture the scale of challenges up to 2050 using the official demographic projections. This spending review has a regional focus that enables to better grasp the challenges under specific regional circumstances and to conduct the bottom-up analysis with data collected from various sources locally. This study provides a pioneer attempt to estimate costs related to LTC services at the regional (poviat) level looking at two poviats in pomorskie region: wejherowski and czluchowski. The study is organized as follows: chapter I discusses demand for LTC with detailed discussion on demographic prospects for Poland followed by the analysis for czluchowski and wejherowski poviats. Chapter II focus on supply and costs of LTC services; again the overview of LTC services in Poland is followed by the section discussing supply and costs in the two analyzed poviats. Chapter III provides conclusions and discusses the challenges of LTC system in Poland
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: This policy note is part of a set of documents supporting the development of a national adaptive social protection system in Senegal. The World Bank is supporting the Government of Senegal and specifically the delegation generale a la protection sociale et a la solidarite nationale (DGPSN) through a multidonor trust fund to develop a national adaptive social protection system. A national social protection system integrating tools such as social safety nets reactive to shocks is likely to provide more cost-effective and faster responses to shocks. This note provides a starting point for the establishment of an appropriate funding mechanism by estimating the cost of a food insecurity response in Senegal
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Turkish lira (TL) has depreciated to an extent not seen since the 2001 crisis, reaching its lowest level in September 2018 (TL 6.37/US 1.00 dollar), losing 66 percent of its value against the US dollar since January 2018. This Regular Economic Report focuses on the likely impact of the depreciation on the Turkish Cypriot (TC) economy. Although the magnitude of the 2001 depreciation eventually turned out to be double the current depreciation, the reaction of the economy in 2001 offers useful insights into understanding the situation today. The report also discusses the financial situation of Local Communities Bodies (LCBs), whose budgets are highly dependent on transfers from the central administration. With the TL depreciation, fiscal pressures will arise at the central level, as with the local level, where the quality of service delivery is likely to be eroded as a result. To encourage spending reductions, the central administration could toughen its approach and reject budgets based on implausible revenue projections. It could encourage wage bill reductions by enforcing current limits on staffing and overall wage spending. It could also assist LCBs to improve the efficiency of services, such as water supply and solid waste management, by encouraging joint service arrangements among small LCBs. But much of the power to improve the situation lies with the LCBs themselves, as they have a considerable degree of fiscal autonomy despite the limits imposed by central regulations. They can increase basic tax rates up to the rate of inflation and impose higher valuations; and are also free to increase water tariffs (subject only to pro forma review) and the rate of various service charges within a range set by central regulation. Although their ability to reduce the number of civil servants is limited, they have considerable control over the numbers and wages of contracted staff and front-line service providers. The first section of this report discusses recent economic developments in the TCc with a focus on the likely economic impact of the TL depreciation. The second section assesses the state of the LCBs'
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: South Africa has come a long way since the advent of democracy, but its transition remains incomplete. The first three clauses of the Freedom Charter-the historic 1955 document setting out the central objectives of the democratic movement-were (i) the people shall govern; (ii) all national groups shall have equal rights; and (iii) the people shall share in the country's wealth. While the first two objectives have largely been achieved since the first democratic elections of 1994, historical disadvantage remains a determinant of income, wealth, and opportunity, notwithstanding some progress. As such, the economic transition from a system of exclusion under segregation and apartheid remains incomplete. This SCD identifies five key constraints. These are (i) insufficient skills; (ii) the skewed distribution of land and productive assets, and weak property rights; (iii) low competition and low integration in global and regional value chains; (iv) limited or expensive spatial connectivity and under-serviced historically disadvantaged settlements; and (v) climate shocks: the transition to a low-carbon economy and water insecurity
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: In 2007, the government of Indonesia (GoI) introduced PNPM Generasi (National Community Empowerment Program-Healthy and Smart Generation, Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat-Generasi Sehat dan Cerdas) to address key policy priorities and the Millennium Development Goals-reducing poverty, maternal mortality, and child mortality, as well as ensuring universal coverage of basic education. To facilitate a rigorous evaluation of the program, GoI (working with the World Bank and the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab) randomly assigned Generasi locations for the pilot phase (2007-2009). A randomized evaluation of two different versions of the program (with and without performance bonuses) was conducted in three rounds (Wave I at baseline, Wave II eighteen months after implementation, and Wave III thirty months after implementation). In 2016-2017, the impact evaluation (IE) team fielded a follow-up survey in the same subdistricts as the first three waves. A separate report analyzes the quantitative findings of this final survey. During the final survey round, the IE team also collected qualitative data in geographically distinct treatment and control communities to explore two problems:1) first, whether Generasi's three components-facilitation, community participation, and the target and performance bonus system-functioning as intended; second, what is the program's long-term impact on village governance and service delivery, and how it can influence Village Law implementation
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: By 2050, two-thirds of the planet's population will live in urban centers, and nearly 90 percentof the 2.5 billion new urban dwellers will live in Africa and Asia. The world's urban areas wereresponsible for around 70 percent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2013, and that numbercould grow by 50 percent by 2050 if current trends continue. In 2015, world leaders committed to limiting the global temperature increase to well below 2 degrees Centigrade and to pursuing efforts to reach a 1.5 degrees Centigrade limit in the context of the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Paris Agreement invitescities to scale up climate action, and over two-thirds of participating countries' Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) mention urban action. More than 70 percent of the global low emissions and climate-resilient infrastructure will be built in urban areas, at an estimated cost of 4.5 to 5.4 trillion USD per year. As highlighted by the Cities Climate Finance Leadership Alliance (CCFLA), scarce climate finance resources must be used strategically to both increase the amount of funding available and as part of a process of enabling and levering existing and new financing to flow from a broad range of sources, most importantly from the private sector. It is essential for cities to diversify and blend their sources of finance and tap the full spectrum of resources available to raise funds for climate action. However, successful funding for climate action-notably in developing countries-needs to overcome barriers such as the lack of creditworthiness of subnational governments, insufficient access to capital markets and international mechanisms, and lack of financial and technical skills and human resources
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: This Country Partnership ...
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The Financial Sector's Cybersecurity: Regulation and Supervision identifies prevalent concepts and practices and presents them in a way for financial sector authorities to consider and apply to their respective jurisdictions. Starting with the debate of whether cyber-specific regulations are necessary, the Paper goes on to discuss the essential coordination between financial sector authorities and other state agencies in dealing with cyber risk. It then moves on to the topic "taxonomies" as we all need to have a common language when speaking about cybersecurity to avoid any misunderstanding. Next sections discuss the issue of reiterating, or in some cases redefining, the responsibilities of the Board, Senior Management, and the Information Security Officer, specifically in Dealing with cybersecurity. Next, a prominent feature in many supervisory/regulatory practices is the role of incident response and recovery, as well as requirements of tests and simulations. Lastly, the paper covers the managing of outsourcing risk
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This paper documents the best practices and practical lessons learned from Malaysia's largest mandatory public provident fund, the Employees Provident Fund (EPF). The objective of this paper is to increase the knowledge base of efficient pension funds for developing countries, drawing from Malaysia's experiences. Findings include key critical factors that contributed to the successof the EPF, from a small pension fund set up in 1949, to become one of the largest pension fund among developing countries and the 15th largest in the world. This paper summarizes the EPF's key strategies in corporate governance, investment, and operational strategies, as well as policies deployed by the EPF in managing its assets. The lessons from the EPF come from three main factors. Firstly, the EPF has developed a strong governance structure which discourages external politicalmeddling and encourages transparency and accountability. Secondly, the EPF's investments strategy, guided by its Strategic Asset Allocation, including diversifying to foreign markets and new asset classes, has enabled the Fund to produce enhanced returns. Thirdly, the EPF's operational effectiveness which is driven by the professionalism of their employees and their continuous improvement for members' benefit. Nonetheless, several challenges remain in the present and in the future. The first challenge involves demographic changes as Malaysia is ageing more rapidlythan other countries and even now a sizable number of workers do not have the recommended minimum savings level needed for retirement. A revamp of the current model is needed to ensure that members will be financially independent post-retirement. The second challenge is lack of coverage: only half of those in the labour force are contributing to the EPF, which leaves the other half without oldage pension coverage. A reform agenda needs to expand coverage particularly for the self-employed. The final challenges are maintaining public trust and staying relevant, especially in the age of the fourth industrial revolution and the emerging gig economy that has different needs and demands. This case study will hopefully be of benefit to both policy makers andpractitioners, particularly in the developing world. It could help play an important part in designing a successful provident fund to contribute to a comprehensive social safety net for citizens
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Uganda's fiscal policy has remained mainly expenditure driven, with domestic revenue continuing to lag. This has resulted in a widening financing gap. In the 10-year period to 2017, the total valueof public expenditure increased from 15 percent of GDP to more than 20 percent. During this time, the tax-to-GDP ratio grew by an average annual rate of 0.2 percentage points, with the value of collected revenues increasing from 10 to 13.8 percent of GDP over the same period. By 2016, the value of Uganda's collected per capita revenues stood at USD 211 of PPP adjusted to 2011 international dollars. This covered 66 percent of general government expenditures, with the remainder covered by loans and grants. The gap between revenues and expenditures could continue to increase into the future, with the expenditure increasing to meet the need to develop thestock of physical infrastructure and to raise the quality and quantity of social services to meet the needs of Uganda's rapidly expanding population
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Globally, up to 1.4 million people are moving into urban areas per week, and estimates indicate that nearly 1 billion new dwelling units will be built by 2050 to support this growing population. The way we build our cities today directly impacts the safety of future generations. Building code and regulation have proven to be cost-effective tools to promote healthy, safe sand resilient cities. Japan's effective use of building regulations to reduce risk is a compelling success story and provides a number of relevant lessons for low- and middle-income countries. Japan has proven that effective disaster risk reduction is possible, even in the face of highly destructive disasters. Among other measures, its building regulations have played a crucial role
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: A recovery in the oil sector boosted recent economic performance. While the recovery in global oil prices would have a welcoming effect for Kazakhstan in terms of enhancing the economy's buffers and supporting growth, it may also reduce the perceived urgency for transitioning to the new growth model, including the strong need of continuing the macro-fiscal adjustment (by reducing the nonoil deficit over the medium term) and pressing ahead with structural reforms. More generally, a return to any procyclical macro-fiscal policies during the upswing (due to an insufficient fiscal consolidation) risks developing a Dutch-Disease type of episode that could reduce economy's competitiveness and lower opportunities for diversification away from oil and other non-tradable goods and services with dynamics positively correlated to oil price movements. The authorities should not miss the current window of opportunity to adjust the macro-fiscal framework, clean up the banking sector, and deepen structural reforms. To transit to a new growth model and facilitate a sizeable expansion of the tradable nonoil sector's role in the economy, the government must demonstrate significant improvements to the rule of law, the quality of human capital, and the investment climate
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: The Liberian economy is undergoing a process of structural transformation, as the dominanceof agriculture and mining gradually gives way to a rising services sector. Much of the Liberian economy is structured around foreign direct investment (FDI) and the development of private agricultural, mining, and forestry concessions. The Liberian economy showed signs of recovery in 2017-2018, amid significant fiscal and external imbalances. The medium-term outlook remains positive, assuming the new government maintains prudent macroeconomic policies, pursues a judicious borrowing policy, and implements planned structural reforms. The favorable medium-term growth outlook also assumes that sound macroeconomic management and structural reforms will strengthen investor confidence. The Government's medium-term development strategy (July 2018-June 2023), the Pro-poor Agenda for Prosperity and Development (PAPD), is designed around the priorities set forth in President Weah's inaugural speech and State of the Nation address: (i) combatting corruption; (ii) improving efficiency and accountability in the public sector; (iii) promoting honesty and transparency in the private sector; (iv) narrowing infrastructure gaps, especially in the southeast; and (v) creating jobs, especially for young workers. The Country Partnership Framework emphasizes the importance of shifting the focus of the WBG program from being infrastructure intensive under the previous CPS toward a more balanced approach with greater attention to education, agriculture, economic empowerment of women and youth, and maternal and child health. WBG will support smallholder commercialization and private-sector investment in agribusiness by fostering productive business linkages among smallholder farmers, selected agribusiness firms, and business-development services-with a special focus on constraints faced by women and youth
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The high-level Investor Forum will take place on November 29, 2018, in Buenos Aires, hosted by the President of Argentina, this year's chair of the G20, and co-organized with the World Bank Group. The Forum will bring together leaders from the public sector and the global investment communityto explore how their combined power could contribute to sustained global economic growth andincrease the flow of long-term sustainable investments to where they are needed most. It is hopedthat the Forum will build strong momentum to support collaboration to address areas of shared interest, concern, and opportunity. As part of preparing for the Forum, the World Bank Group (WBG) conducted semi-structured interviews with senior executives-mostly chief executive officers and chief investment officers-in 34 global institutional investors, soliciting their views on the current operational and investment environment; strategic priorities going forward; and actionsrequired to scale up investments in sustainable, long-term projects, particularly investments in infrastructure. The major topics covered were (i) current perceptions regarding today's economic and investment environments; (ii) mega-trends shaping existing and future investment strategies; (iii) sustainable investing along a number of dimensions; (iv) infrastructure investing; (v) investing in emerging markets; (vi) the potential role of the WBG and, by extension,other international financial institutions (IFIs); and (vii) their guidance on how to make the Forum a success. Given the geographic diversity, number, and level of seniority of the interviewed executives, we believe that these inputs can be considered a good reflection of views widely held by the global investment community. A key finding from the interviews was the significant degree of consensus among global investors on what were the principal concerns, opportunities, and actions needed
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Indonesia's civil service has expanded by 25 percent in the last 12 years, which presents opportunities for the government of Indonesia (GoI) to work toward the goal of reducing poverty and enhancing social welfare. Yet civil servants must be skilled, knowledgeable, and effective at their jobs to maximize their contribution to society and the economy. This report examines an original data set constructed from GoI data on all the country's active civil servants to examine personal characteristics including age, gender, education level (which proxies for skill), and promotions. It addresses two important questions: 1. Are highly skilled and knowledgeable workers currently being attracted, recruited, and promoted?; 2. Are civil servants from historically underrepresented groups, including women, being given equal opportunities for advancement and promotion? The study recommends government action in three policy areas: 1. Increase promotion opportunities for women and increase their overall representation in senior positions; 2. Distribute skilled civil servants more evenly throughout the country by improving the incentives for highly skilled service providers to rotate into poor and remote regions; 3. Plan for the upcoming wave of retirements within the civil service by recruiting more women from top universities and hiring medical and teaching staff only from licensed and accredited institutions
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The Indonesian health sector is currently experiencing a financing transition that will have a profound impact on the country's efforts to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) and national health goals. The transition is marked, on the one hand, by increasing per capita expenditure on health and, on the other, by declining of out-of-pocket payments (OOP) and a significant reduction of external funding for health as a source of health financing. Assuming steady economic growth, Indonesia is soon projected to greatly reduce or transition from its reliance on external financing for the national AIDS, Tuberculosis (TB), Malaria, and Childhood Immunization (ATMI) programs. While varying somewhat from program to program, the extent of financial transition required will be substantial for all four programs. Complicating the transition process is the fact that all four programs are currently engaged in making significant changes in program strategies and implementation processes in response to both underperformance and Indonesia's commitment to reaching global targets
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: The purpose of this PEFA assessment synthesis report is to provide an objective analysis of the present performance of the PFM system in Georgia's municipalities using PEFA indicators. The synthesis report provides a collective assessment of PFM in three municipalities assessed by the World Bank funded by the European Union, plus twelve municipalities assessed with support from GIZ. These assessments used the 2016 PEFA methodology but only the three assessments by the World Bank followed the PEFA CHECK quality assurance process. The field assessments by the World Bank, which covered financial years 2015-2017, were done in May-June 2018 with PEFA CHECK issued by the PEFA Secretariat on October 23, 2018. With regard to the twelve municipalities assessed by GIZ, ten were assessed in 2017 and two in 2018
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Welcome to the June 2018 edition of the World Bank's Madagascar Economic Update, which reports on recent economic developments and presents our medium-term outlook. A special section of this Economic Update focuses on Financial Inclusion
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is a classic example of the paradox of plenty, since the country is extremely rich in natural resources while its population is extremely poor. It is the largest country in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with a total surface area of about 234 million hectares (equivalent to the size of Western Europe). Poverty in the DRC remains pervasive, and greater than the SSA average. About two-thirds of the population lives below the poverty line. Chapter 2 of the systematic country diagnostic (SCD) shows that between 2005 and 2012 the proportion of people living below the poverty line declined from 69.3 percent to 64 percent, respectively. Demographic trends, reinforced by gender discrimination and lack of social policies, contributed to maintaining poverty at relatively high levels. The poor state of infrastructure is a major constraint on sustainable and inclusive growth in the country. The country's weak institutions failed to build the foundations of a resilient economy and absorb external shocks, hence exposing the society to cycles of violence and impoverishment. The report identifies five major emerging opportunities and priority areas where policy actions can provide quick wins and build cumulative and virtuous cycles to sustain inclusive growth and foster resilience and shared prosperity over the next decade: (1) building the resilience of the macroeconomic framework; (2) building inclusive institutions and strengthening governance; (3) leveraging natural resources, infrastructure, and agriculture; (4) building human capital; and (5) leveraging the private sector by effectively implementing investment climate reforms, and strengthening institutions that support markets
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: The Dominican Republic could sustain a strong economic performance in the medium-term, but there are many pending key challenges to become a high-income and more equitable society by 2030. Although growth rates for the DR are projected to be around 5 percent for 2018-2020, the country faces structural challenges to fostering a more dynamic private sector that can create better jobs and ensure social inclusion. This SCD identifies five key and interrelated challenges which the DR needs to overcome to achieve a more inclusive and sustainable growth
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Russia's spatial disparities stem largely from its economic geography, which is unique and has no parallels even when compared to seemingly similar countries such as Australia and Canada. While Australia and Canada also have large land masses and even lower population densities than Russia, a large share of their populations live near the border or the sea. In contrast, Russia's people are more dispersed inland. Moreover, the populations of Australia and Canada are concentrated in major cities: more than two-thirds of their populations live in the three largest urban centers. On the other hand, Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Nizhny Novgorod are home to only one-eighth of Russia's population. Combined with its population decline, an aging workforce, and having to constantly adapt to a sequence of economic shocks, Russia's unique economic geography has therefore led to a spatial pattern of development counter to what is observed in other large countries. What explains Russia's unique economic geography and its spatial disparities? A cocktail of three factors is useful for answering this question: (i) a persistent Soviet legacy; (ii) a diverse physical geography laced with harsh climactic conditions; and (iii) a dominance of natural resources (mostly oil/gas) in peripheral regions. The Soviet legacy of a planned economy remains a burden for regions. One indicator of this persistent legacy can be seen in the ongoing socio-economic challenges facing Soviet-era industrial monotowns. Today, 319 settlements in Russia are legally identified as monotowns, with 94 classified as monotowns with a high level of socio-economic deprivation. This is despite them remaining a target of many support programs implemented by the federal government. Geography and climactic conditions do not help the situation. Russia accounts for 42 percent of the world's land mass but its population is less than 1.9 percent of the world's population. In addition, its extreme winter weather greatly impairs transportation services (built on continuous permafrost, Yakutsk is the coldest major city in the world, recording temperatures as low as minus 64.4 Degree Celsius). A sequence of shocks that hit the country over the last 25 years and the boom in the oil industry created rapid growth in peripheral, oil-rich regions. But other regions have been stymied by the persistence of structural constraints: an industrial legacy, population decline, and an aging population
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Abstract: This report presents the latest analysis of the Early Childhood Development (ECD) programs and policies that affect young children in the Republic of Azerbaijan and poses overall recommendations to move forward. This report is part of a series of reports prepared by the World Bank using the SABER-ECD framework and includes analysis of early learning, health, nutrition and social and child protection policies and interventions in Azerbaijan, along with regional and international comparisons
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Over the last half century, large-scale changes to coal industries across Europe, and more recently in the United States and China, have resulted in as many as 4 million coal workers losing their jobs. The main drivers of these changes are mine mechanization, government policies and competition from other fuels in downstream energy demand markets. At present, economies in Asia, Eastern Europe, and Africa face these same drivers of change, with large job losses already taking place in China, and with other large coal producing countries in Asia likely to follow. Lessons drawn from the experiences of the Russian Federation (Russia), Ukraine, Poland, and Romania from 1994 to 2012, complemented by data on impacts of coal industry adjustment in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, the United States, and China, show that job losses not only take place as the industry contracts but even if production is increasing. The mitigation of social conflict and economic distress are of grave concern as globally the coal industry enters a new era of downsizing. The objective of this report is to share with governments lessons learned regardingcoal mine closure. Indeed, the full set of coal mine closure issues is diverse with few positive case studies to date to draw on. The complexity of technical issues and vested interests along with the myriad of potential risks which may unfold will require combining time-tested and new approaches, and applying a broad array of skills. In this issues paper, we have sought to identifylessons from the past that can guide policy makers for more successful future mine closures. Nine lessons learned are presented for government consideration, drawn from three sets of literature. First, analysis from coal industry adjustment and downsizing experiences in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, and Romania from 1994 to 2012 where interventions ranged from preparatory diagnosticand technical studies to planning and financing of eventual closure programs. Second, observations and insights on impacts from coal industry adjustment in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, the United States, and China. Third, evidence-based interventions that have helped to mitigate potential negative social and labor impacts from mass job losses in other industries
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: New sources of data, as well as new ways of processing such data, have contributed to an ongoing expansion in the availability of digital financial services (DFS) to served, underserved, and unserved consumers. Such data is being used to design and market customer-centric digital financial services, create credit scores for consumers with limited credit histories, meet and facilitate know-your-customer requirements, and minimize the risk of fraud. Yet a great variety of personal information may be used and processed in this context. This discussion note provides an overview of consumer-related benefits and risks arising from the usage of new types of data, beyond traditional credit-reporting frameworks. The note also identifies areas for further research
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This report explores options to scale up and accelerate the energy transition to cleaner electricity and district heating generation mixes and reconcile the government's concerns over the serious local air pollution and commitments to combat climate change. The report draws three main conclusions from the analyses and consultations carried out during the last six months: Despite impressive progress towards sustainability, Poland's coal-dominated energy sector imposes heavy health costs on its population. A recent World Bank report estimated that the cost of ambient air pollution amounts to about USD 31-40 billion, equivalent to 6.4-8.3 percent of GDP in 2016. Moreover, deterioration of ambient air quality is responsible for a significant health burden with an estimated 44,500 premature deaths per year. The ambitious cleaner strategy to scale up renewable energy sources in the power and district heating generation mix is economically justified, if local and global environmental benefits are accounted for. Poland is moving in the right direction on energy transition with its envisioned targets on renewable energy, but achieving the more ambitious targets under the European Union Emission Trading Scheme requires intensified efforts to scale up and accelerate the penetration of clean energy. Active labor market policies can help mitigate employment impacts, which are expected to be negligible at national level and modest at local level given a dynamic economy and tight labor
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