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  • [Washington, D.C] : World Bank  (160)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3323
    Parallel Title: Taye Mengistae Investment climate and international integration
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; International economic integration ; Investments, Foreign ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; International economic integration ; Investments, Foreign
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3327
    Parallel Title: Lopez Acevedo, Gladys A duration analysis of CONALEP (Mexico's national technical professional school)
    Keywords: Technical education ; Technical education
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3331
    Parallel Title: Bandyopadhyay, Sushenjit Fuelwood consumption and participation in community forestry in India
    Keywords: Community forestry ; Fuelwood ; Community forestry ; Fuelwood
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3379
    Parallel Title: Calomiris, Charles W A taxonomy of financial crisis resolution mechanisms
    Keywords: Finance, Public Case studies ; Financial crises Case studies ; Privatization Case studies ; Finance, Public Case studies ; Financial crises Case studies ; Privatization Case studies
    Abstract: "The goals of financial restructuring are to reestablish the creditor-debtor relationships on which the economy depends for an efficient allocation of capital, and to accomplish that objective at minimal cost. Costs include direct costs to taxpayers of financial assistance and the indirect costs to the economy that result from misallocations of capital and incentive problems resulting from the restructuring. Calomiris, Klingebiel, and Laeven review cases in which countries used alternative mechanisms to restructure their financial and corporate sectors. Countries typically apply a combination of tools, including decentralized, market-based mechanisms, and government-managed programs. Market-based strategies seek to strengthen the capital base of financial institutions and borrowers to enable them to renegotiate debt and resume new credit supply. Government-led restructuring strategies often include the establishment of an entity to which nonperforming loans are transferred or the government's sale of financial institutions, sometimes to foreign entrants. Market-based mechanisms can, in principle, resolve coordination problems that countries face in the wake of massive debtor and creditor insolvency, with acceptably low direct and indirect costs, particularly when those mechanisms are effective in achieving the desirable objective of selectivity. However, these mechanisms depend for their success on an efficient judicial system, a credible supervisory framework and authority with sufficient enforcement capacity, and a lack of corruption in implementation. Government-managed programs may not seem to depend as much on efficient legal and supervisory institutions for their success, but in fact these approaches, in particular the transfer of assets to government-owned asset management companies, also depend on effective legal, regulatory, and political institutions for their success. Further, a lack of attention to incentive problems when designing specific rules governing financial assistance can aggravate moral hazard problems, unnecessarily raising the costs of resolution. These results suggest that policymakers in emerging market economies with weak institutions should not expect to achieve the same level of success in financial restructuring as other countries, and that they should design resolution mechanisms accordingly. Despite the theoretical attraction of some complex market-based mechanisms, simpler mechanisms that afford quick resolution of outstanding debts that improve financial system competitiveness, and that offer little discretion to governments, are most effective. This paper--a product of the Financial Sector and Operations Policy Department--is part of a larger effort in the department to study the containment and resolution of financial crises"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3383
    Parallel Title: Hamilton, Kirk Air pollution during growth
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Economic development ; Air Pollution ; Economic development
    Abstract: "New research on urban air pollution casts doubt on the conventional view of the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. This view holds that pollution automatically increases until societies reach middle-income status because poor countries have neither the institutional capacity nor the political commitment necessary to regulate polluters. Some policymakers and researchers have cited this model (called the "environmental Kuznets curve," or EKC) when arguing that developing countries should "grow first, clean up later." However, new evidence suggests that the EKC model is misleading because it mistakenly assumes that strong environmental governance is not possible for poor countries. As the authors show in this paper, the empirical relationship between pollution and income becomes much weaker when measures of governance are added to the analysis. Their results also suggest that previous research has underestimated the effect of geographic vulnerability (climate and terrain factors) on air quality. The authors find that weak governance and geographic vulnerability alone can account for the crisis levels of air pollution in many developing country cities. When these factors are combined with income and population effects, the authors have a sufficient explanation for the fact that some cities already have air quality comparable to levels in OECD urban areas. To summarize, their results suggest that the maxim "grow first, clean up later" is too simplistic. Appropriate urban growth strategies can steer development toward cities with lower geographic vulnerability, and governance reform can reduce air pollution significantly, long before countries reach middle-income status. This paper--a joint product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group, the Environment Department, and the Global Environment Facility--is part of a larger effort in the Bank to understand governance and pollution"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3387
    Parallel Title: Powell, Andrew Basel II and developing countries
    Keywords: Basel II ; Basel II ; Bank capital Standards ; Bank capital Standards
    Abstract: "Despite recently announced delays, Basel II--the new standard for bank capital--is due to be completed this year for implementation in the 13 Basel Committee member countries by the end of 2006. Should the other 170 plus member countries of the World Bank also adopt Basel II? Basel II was not written with developing countries in mind, but that does not necessarily mean that there is nothing in it for developing countries or that it can be ignored. Basels I and II represent a wide "Sea of Standards." Powell suggests five alternative island-standards and five navigational tools to help countries choose their preferred island within the sea. He suggests that for some developing countries, the standardized approach will yield little in terms of linking regulatory capital to risk, but that countries may need many years of work to adopt the more advanced internal rating-based approach. The author then proposes a centralized rating-based approach as a transition measure. He also makes proposals regarding a set of largely unresolved cross-border issues. This paper--a product of the Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department--is part of a larger effort in the department to inform policymakers on banking regulation and supervision"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3392
    Parallel Title: Goodwin, Barry K Risk modeling concepts relating to the design and rating of agricultural insurance contracts
    Keywords: Agricultural insurance ; Risk (Insurance) ; Agricultural insurance ; Risk (Insurance)
    Abstract: "Goodwin and Mahul identify the key issues and concerns that arise in the design and rating of crop yield insurance plans, with a particular emphasis on production risk modeling. The authors show how the availability of data shapes the insurance scheme and the ratemaking procedures. Relying on the U.S. experience and recent developments in statistics and econometrics, they review risk modeling concepts and provide technical guidelines in the development of crop insurance plans. Finally, they show how these risk modeling techniques can be extended to price risk in order to develop crop revenue insurance schemes. This paper--a product of the Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department--is part of a larger effort in the department to develop effective risk management and financial products for agriculture"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3396
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Agricultural trade reform and poverty reduction in developing countries
    Keywords: Economic assistance, Domestic ; Produce trade ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; Produce trade
    Abstract: "Anderson offers an economic assessment of the opportunities and challenges provided by the World Trade Organization's Doha Development Agenda, particularly through agricultural trade liberalization, for low-income countries seeking to trade their way out of poverty. After discussing links between poverty, economic growth, and trade, he reports modelling results showing that farm product markets remain the most costly of all goods market distortions in world trade. The author focuses on what such reform might mean for developing countries both with and without their involvement in the multilateral trade negotiations. What becomes clear is that if those countries want to maximize their benefits from the Doha round, they need also to free up their own domestic product and factor markets so their farmers are better able to take advantage of new market opportunities abroad. The author also addresses other concerns of low-income countries about farm trade reform: whether there would be losses associated with tariff preference erosion, whether food-importing countries would suffer from higher food prices in international markets, whether China's WTO accession will provide an example of trade reform aggravating poverty by way of cuts in prices received by Chinese farmers, and the impact on food security and poverty alleviation. This paper a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the poverty implication of trade policy reforms"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3440
    Parallel Title: Levy Yeyati, Eduardo Market discipline under systemic risk
    Keywords: Bank failures ; Capital market ; Risk management ; Bank failures ; Capital market ; Risk management
    Abstract: "Levy-Yeyati, Martinez Peria, and Schmukler show that systemic risk exerts a significant impact on the behavior of depositors, sometimes overshadowing their responses to standard bank fundamentals. Systemic risk can affect market discipline both regardless of and through bank fundamentals. First, worsening systemic conditions can directly threaten the value of deposits by way of dual agency problems. Second, to the extent that banks are exposed to systemic risk, systemic shocks lead to a future deterioration of fundamentals not captured by their current values. Using data from the recent banking crises in Argentina and Uruguay, the authors show that market discipline is indeed quite robust once systemic risk is factored in. As systemic risk increases, the informational content of past fundamentals declines. These episodes also show how few systemic shocks can trigger a run irrespective of ex-ante fundamentals. Overall, the evidence suggests that in emerging economies, the notion of market discipline needs to account for systemic risk. This paper--a product of the Finance Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to study market discipline"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/29/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3317
    Parallel Title: Demirguç-Kunt, Asli Business environment and the incorporation decision
    Keywords: Business enterprises ; Incorporation ; Business enterprises ; Incorporation
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3321
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Education and its poverty-reducing effects
    Keywords: Education ; Poverty ; Education ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3325
    Parallel Title: Wane, Waly The quality of foreign aid
    Keywords: Economic assistance Evaluation ; Economic assistance Evaluation
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3313
    Parallel Title: Available in another form On the unequal inequality of poor communities
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Poverty ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3316
    Parallel Title: Hoff, Karla Ruth Homeownership, community interactions, and segregation
    Keywords: Homeowners ; Homeowners
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3357
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Poverty in the Brazilian Amazon
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty ; Pará (Brazil : State) Economic conditions ; Pará (Brazil : State) Economic conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/9/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3361
    Parallel Title: Busse, Matthias Trade, environmental regulations, and the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Environmental law ; International trade ; Environmental law ; International trade
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/9/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3365
    Parallel Title: Foster, Vivien Private provision of rural infrastructure services
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Subsidies ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Subsidies ; Developing countries Rural conditions ; Developing countries Rural conditions
    Abstract: "Market-oriented reforms of infrastructure in developing countries tend to focus primarily on commercially viable services in urban areas. Nevertheless, an increasing number of countries are beginning to experiment with extending the market paradigm to infrastructure services in rural areas that are often less attractive in commercial terms. In these cases, subsidies are used to close the gap between market requirements and development needs, and are increasingly determined and allocated on a competitive basis. The authors discuss the conditions under which competition among firms for such subsidies successfully used in the telecommunications sector in a number of middle-income countries could also be applied to electricity, water and sanitation, and transportation services in lower-income countries. This paper is a product of the Finance, Private Sector, and Infrastructure Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3369
    Parallel Title: Hentschel, Jesko Using rapid city surveys to inform municipal social policy
    Keywords: Household surveys ; Household surveys ; Cali (Colombia) Social policy ; Cali (Colombia) Social policy
    Abstract: "Many developing countries assign local governments increasing responsibilities in fighting poverty. This requires local social policy to go beyond the execution of centrally designed and funded education and health programs. Hence, local governments and their partners have both an opportunity and a need to analyze key local bottlenecks for poverty reduction and social development. Drawing on an example from Cali, Colombia, Hentschel describes a tool for such policy formulation at the local level a rapid city household survey. Although the survey uses pre-coded and closed- ended questions, it is contextual in the sense that it is tailor-made to social and economic conditions in Cali. The survey places particular emphasis on collecting key quantitative information, such as household welfare and service access, as well as qualitative information, such as service evaluations and population priorities. Combining the quantitative and qualitative data allows, for example, the mapping of population budget priorities or service satisfaction levels by welfare group. Rapid city household surveys could provide an important tool for the development of local social policies. This paper "a joint product of the Human Development Sector Unit, and the Finance, Private Sector, and Infrastructure Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region" is part of a larger effort in the region to support local and municipal governments in the formulation of social policies"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3364
    Parallel Title: Caprio, Gerard Can the unsophisticated market provide discipline?
    Keywords: Banks and banking ; Privatization ; Banks and banking ; Privatization
    Abstract: "Caprio and Honohan question the widespread belief that market discipline on banks cannot be effective in less developed financial environments. There is no systematic tendency for low-income countries to lack the prerequisites for market discipline. Offsetting factors to the weaker market and formal information infrastructures are (1) the less complex character of banking business in low-income countries; (2) the growing internationalization of these markets through the presence of foreign banks, and through international trading of the debt and equity of locally-controlled nongovernment banks; and (3) the smaller size of the business and financial community. However, continuing dominance by public sector banks in some countries limits the likely development of market monitoring, which is clearly a cause for concern, given the disappointing record of governments around the world as monitors of their self-owned banks. Countries should build on this potential for market discipline by limiting the role of explicit deposit guarantees, reducing state ownership of banks where it is prevalent, and not putting all their eggs in the supervisory basket. Greater disclosure, for example, of how risk taking is rewarded and how rating agencies earn their fees would support the development of better market monitoring. Enhancing market discipline (pillar three) is much more likely to be of use in most developing countries than addressing the refinements of the risk-weighting system of Basel II's first pillar. This paper - a joint product of the Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department and the Finance Team, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to provide research on what works to strengthen countries' financial systems"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3368
    Parallel Title: Lokshin, Michael Gainers and losers from trade reform in Morocco
    Keywords: Free trade ; Free trade
    Abstract: "Ravallion and Lokshin use Morocco's national survey of living standards to measure the short-term welfare impacts of prior estimates of the price changes attributed to various trade policy reforms for cereals - the country's main foodstaple. They find small impacts on mean consumption and inequality in the aggregate. There are both gainers and losers and (contrary to past claims) the rural poor are worse off on average after trade policy reforms. The authors decompose the aggregate impact on inequality into a vertical component (between people at different pre-reform welfare levels) and a horizontal component (between people at the same pre-reform welfare level). There is a large horizontal component which dominates the vertical impact of full de-protection. The diverse impacts reflect a degree of observable heterogeneity in consumption behavior and income sources, with implications for social protection policies. This paper -a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the distributional impact of economywide policy reforms"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3372
    Parallel Title: Glaessner, Thomas C Two case studies on electronic distribution of government securities
    Keywords: Government securities Data processing ; Government securities Data processing ; Treasury Direct (Computer system) ; Treasury bills Purchasing ; Data processing ; Government securities Data processing ; Government securities Data processing ; Treasury Direct (Computer system) ; Treasury bills Purchasing ; Data processing
    Abstract: "The case study on the U.S. TreasuryDirect examines the evolution of the electronic distribution systems for marketable and nonmarketable government securities, the main objectives, and the basic legal infrastructure and the preconditions enabling the system. The U.S. experience highlights that the enabling environment and infrastructure (for example, in terms of information databases such as Pay.Gov) make a large difference in terms of both the security and convenience that customers can expect in the use of the system. The system also achieved important cost savings for the Bureau of the Public Debt. The case study on the Small Investors Program of the Philippines looks at a program that the Philippine government has been experimenting with to sell its securities directly to retail investors over the Internet. The recently revised version of the program called the Expanded Small Investors Program aims to increase access to government securities and distribute them more widely, develop better savings products, and enhance competition in the primary markets for these securities. Glaessner and Kantur analyze whether the programs main goals can be achieved while mitigating the risks. Their analysis suggests that there are good reasons to believe that the new program will succeed. Still, regular and responsive assessments and adjustments will be required as the program moves forward. This paper a product of the Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department is part of a larger effort in the department to provide public goods coming out of the debt management and debt market development program and capital markets practice"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/12/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3376
    Parallel Title: Domaç, Ilker What triggers inflation in emerging market economies?
    Keywords: Inflation (Finance) ; Inflation (Finance)
    Abstract: "Emerging market economies (EMEs) have experienced a noticeable decline in inflation since the mid-1990s. Whether this stable price environment in EMEs is likely to endure and what kind of policies need to be followed to ensure price stability, however, still continue to be questions of considerable policy relevance. Domaç, and Yucel investigate the factors associated with the start of 24 inflation episodes in 15 EMEs between 1980 and 2001. They use pooled probit analysis to estimate the contribution of the key factors to inflation starts. Their empirical results suggest that increases in the output gap, agricultural shocks, and expansionary fiscal policy raise the probability of inflation starts in EMEs. Their findings also indicate that a more democratic environment and an increase in capital flows relative to GDP reduce the probability of inflation starts. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to enhance knowledge on the inflationary process and its policy implications"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/9/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3405
    Parallel Title: Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio A survey of securities laws and enforcement
    Keywords: Capital market Law and legislation ; Disclosure of information Law and legislation ; Insider trading in securities Law and legislation ; Securities ; Capital market Law and legislation ; Disclosure of information Law and legislation ; Insider trading in securities Law and legislation ; Securities
    Abstract: "Lopez-de-Silanes examines the theoretical and empirical literature pertaining to securities laws and their enforcement by regulators and courts to establish what is known and what is yet unclear. Recent empirical research in the field has established that law matters. Mandatory disclosure requirements, insider trading laws, safeguards against self-dealing transactions, adequate regulatory powers, and simple laws that are easily enforced aid in the development of capital markets. The debate is now focused on identifying which components of securities laws matter most and on what the optimal regulatory framework for each country should be. Although public enforcement of securities laws is important, the author finds that the largest impact comes from aspects of the law that facilitate private enforcement. This means that the development of capital markets depends crucially on creating laws that facilitate enforcement and improving court procedures that allow for a more efficient dispute resolution. This paper a product of the Global Corporate Governance Forum, Corporate Governance Department is part of a larger effort in the department to improve the understanding of corporate governance reform in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/22/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3410
    Parallel Title: Musalem, Alberto R Pension funds and national saving
    Keywords: Pension trusts ; Saving and investment ; Pension trusts ; Saving and investment
    Abstract: "Murphy and Musalem conduct an empirical study of the effect of the accumulation of pension fund financial assets on national saving using a panel of 43 industrial and developing countries. The authors find evidence suggesting that the accumulation of pension fund financial assets might increase national saving when these funds are the result of a mandatory pension program. By contrast, national saving might be unaffected when pension funds are the result of a public program implemented to foster voluntary pension saving. This paper is a product of the Human Development Group, Middle East and North Africa Region. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project "Contractual Savings Institutions and National Saving."--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3413
    Parallel Title: Alm, James Stamp duties in Indian states
    Keywords: Stamp duties ; Stamp duties
    Abstract: "Alm, Annez, and Modi review the options for reform of stamp duties on immovable property transfers collected by Indian state governments. After briefly reviewing some of the many administrative difficulties experienced with the tax, they turn to an examination of its economic impacts. A review of stamp duties internationally indicates that Indian rates are exceptionally high, at rates often above 10 percent. Most countries' rates are less than 5 percent, including a number of low and middle-income developing countries. With these high rates, the authors find that while the tax has become the third largest revenue source for many Indian states, it imposes high compliance costs on taxpayers, has been subject to a good deal of evasion and fraud, and the distortionary impacts appear to be large, reducing the responsiveness of real estate markets in Indian cities by discouraging transactions essential to the efficient growth of cities. The authors then study the revenue implications of lowering stamp duty rates, which need to be understood if reform is to be viable. Evidence indicates that the current high duty rates, coupled with weak tax administration, lead to widespread evasion of the tax through underdeclaration. This underdeclaration of property values directly affects collection of other taxes, among them, property taxes and capital gains tax. Moreover, it indirectly affects the collection of all taxes through the impact of underdeclaration on the circulation of black money. Simulations indicate that revenues lost due to a lowering of stamp duty rates closer to international levels are quite likely to be recovered in higher collections of other taxes. However, these taxes would at least in part be collected by other levels of government. So reform could be made a more viable option through appropriately designed intergovernmental transfers. This paper a joint product of the Energy and Infrastructure Sector Unit, South Asia Region, and the Urban Unit, Transport and Urban Development Department is part of a larger effort in the Bank to to assess the impacts of alternative tax systems in urban finance"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3417
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita Is environmentally-friendly agriculture less profitable for farmers? evidence on integrated pest management in bangladesh
    Keywords: Agriculture Environmental aspects ; Pests Control ; Agriculture Environmental aspects ; Pests Control
    Abstract: "Concerns about the sustainability of conventional agriculture have prompted widespread introduction of integrated pest management (IPM), an ecologically-based approach to control of harmful insects and weeds. IPM is intended to reduce ecological and health damage from chemical pesticides by using natural parasites and predators to control pest populations. Since chemical pesticides are expensive for poor farmers, IPM offers the prospect of lower production costs and higher profitability. However, adoption of IPM may reduce profitability if it also lowers overall productivity, or induces more intensive use of other production factors. On the other hand, IPM may actually promote more productive farming by encouraging more skillful use of available resources. Data scarcity has hindered a full accounting of IPM's impact on profitability, health, and local ecosystems. Using new survey data, Dasgupta, Meisner and Wheeler attempt such an accounting for rice farmers in Bangladesh. They compare outcomes for farming with IPM and conventional techniques, using input-use accounting, conventional production functions, and frontier production estimation. All of their results suggest that the productivity of IPM rice farming is not significantly different from the productivity of conventional farming. Since IPM reduces pesticide costs with no countervailing loss in production, it appears to be more profitable than conventional rice farming. The interview results also suggest substantial health and ecological benefits. However, externality problems make it difficult for farmers to adopt IPM individually. Without collective adoption, neighbors' continued reliance on chemicals to kill pests will also kill helpful parasites and predators, as well as exposing IPM farmers and local ecosystems to chemical spillovers from adjoining fields. Successful IPM adoption may therefore depend on institutional support for collective action. This paper--a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the economics of pesticide contamination in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/1/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3422
    Parallel Title: Foster, Vivien Toward a social policy for Argentina's infrastructure sectors
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Abstract: "Argentina was a pioneer of infrastructure reform in the early 1990s. The social dimension of infrastructure services was typically overlooked in the reform process. However, social sensitivities often resurfaced in the years that followed, leading to a series of ad hoc social policy measures that cumulatively amount to US
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/1/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3425
    Parallel Title: Blom, Andreas Can student loans improve accessibility to higher education and student performance?
    Keywords: Education, Higher ; Student loans ; Education, Higher ; Student loans
    Abstract: "Financial aid to students in tertiary education can contribute to human capital accumulation through two channels--increased enrollment and improved student performance. Canton and Blom analyze the quantitative importance of both channels in the context of a student loan program (SOFES) implemented at private universities in Mexico. With regard to the first channel, enrollment, results from the Mexican household survey indicate that financial support has a strong positive effect on university enrollment. Given completion of upper secondary education, the probability of entering higher education rises 24 percent. The authors use two data sources to investigate the second channel, student performance. They analyze administrative data provided by SOFES using a regression-discontinuity design, and survey data enable them to perform a similar analysis using a different control group. Empirical results suggest that SOFES recipients show better academic performance than students without a credit from SOFES. However, the results cannot be interpreted as a purely causal impact of the student loan program, since the impacts also could reflect (self-) selection of students. This paper--a product of the Human Development Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to measure and evaluate the impact of the unit's programs"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/5/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3434
    Parallel Title: Wang, Yanling North-South technology diffusion, regional integration, and the dynamics of the "natural trading partners" hypothesis
    Keywords: Free trade ; Industrial productivity ; International economic relations ; Free trade ; Industrial productivity ; International economic relations
    Abstract: "Based on static analysis, a number of studies argue that forming a regional trade agreement is more likely to raise welfare if member countries are "natural trading partners," while other studies claim that the opposite is true. Schiff and Wang look at the argument from a dynamic viewpoint by examining the impact of North-South trade on technology diffusion and total factor productivity (TFP) in the South. Specifically, it examines the impact on TFP in the Republic of Korea, Mexico, and Poland of trade with Japan, Canada plus the United States (North America) and the European Union. Using industry-level data, they find that (1) technology diffusion and productivity gains tend to be regional: Korea benefits mainly from trade with Japan, Mexico with the United States, and Poland with the European Union; and (2) though these results suggest that the dynamic version of the "natural trading partners" hypothesis holds for all three countries, careful analysis shows that it holds for Korea and Mexico but not necessarily for Poland. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to examine the dynamic effects of North-South regional trade blocs"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3439
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip Elections, special interests, and the fiscal costs of financial crisis
    Keywords: Elections ; Financial crises ; Fiscal policy ; Elections ; Financial crises ; Fiscal policy
    Abstract: "Keefer proposes a new approach to explain why the costs of crisis are greater in some countries than in others. He begins with the premise that many crises result from the willingness of politicians to cater to special interests at the expense of broad social interests. A parsimonious model predicts that the less costly it is for average citizens to expel politicians, the more veto players there are; the less important are exogenous shocks, and the more difficult it is for politicians and special interests to forge credible agreements, the lower the costs of crisis are. Though these predictions differ from those in the literature, empirical evidence presented shows that they explain the fiscal costs of financial crisis, even after controlling for the financial sector policies believed to contribute most to the efficient prevention and resolution of financial crisis. This paper--a product of the Growth and Investment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the political economy of good policy"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/22/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3442
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Emerging infrastructure policy issues in developing countries
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Poor ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Poor
    Abstract: "Estache reviews the recent economic research on emerging issues for infrastructure policies affecting poor people in developing countries. His main purpose is to identify some of the challenges the international community, and donors in particular, are likely to have to address over the next few years. He addresses six main issues: (1) the necessity of infrastructure in achieving the Millennium Development Goals; (2) the various dimensions of financing challenges for infrastructure; (3) the debate on the relative importance of urban and rural infrastructure needs; (4) the debate on the effectiveness of infrastructure decentralization; (5) what works and what does not when trying to target the needs of the poor, with an emphasis on affordability and regulation challenges; and (6) the importance of governance and corruption in the sector. The author concludes by showing how the challenges identified define a relatively well integrated agenda for both researchers and the international infrastructure community. This paper,a product of the Office of the Vice President, Infrastructure Network,is part of a larger effort in the network to stimulate more analytical assessments of emerging issues in the sector"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/17/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3443
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Improving credit information, bank regulation, and supervision
    Keywords: Banks and banking Case studies State supervision ; Central banks Case studies ; Credit Case studies ; Banks and banking Case studies State supervision ; Central banks Case studies ; Credit Case studies
    Abstract: "Powell, Mylenko, Miller, and Majnoni analyze how data in public credit registries can be used both to strengthen bank supervision and to improve the quality of credit analysis by financial institutions. Empirical tests using public credit registry (PCR) data were performed in collaboration with the central banks in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. The results of the empirical tests confirm the value of the data for credit risk evaluation and provide insights regarding its use in supervision, including in calculations of credit risk for capital and provisioning requirements, or as a check on a bank's internal ratings for the Basel II's internal rating-based approach. The authors also define a set of critical design parameters and use the results to comment on appropriate public registry design. Finally, they discuss the relationship between the different objectives of a PCR and how they influence the registry's design. This paper--a product of the Finance Cluster, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to analyze the effects of bank capital regulation"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/17/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3447
    Parallel Title: Gupta, Monica Das India's public health system
    Keywords: Public health ; Public health
    Abstract: "India has relatively poor health outcomes, despite having a well-developed administrative system, good technical skills in many fields, and an extensive network of public health institutions for research, training, and diagnostics. This suggests that the health system may be misdirecting its efforts, or may be poorly designed. To explore this, Das Gupta and Rani use instruments developed to assess the performance of public health systems in the United States and Latin America based on the framework of the Essential Public Health Functions, identified as the basic functions that an effective public health system must fulfill. The authors focus on the federal level in India, using data obtained from senior health officials in the central government. The data indicate that the reported strengths of the system lie in having the capacity to carry out most of the public health functions. Its reported weaknesses lie in three broad areas. First, it has overlooked some fundamental public health functions such as public health regulations and their enforcement. Second, deep management flaws hinder effective use of resources--including inadequate focus on evaluation, on assessing quality of services, on dissemination and use of information, and on openness to learning and innovation. Resources could also be much better used with small changes, such as the use of incentives and challenge funds, and greater flexibility to reassign resources as priorities and needs change. Third, the central government functions too much in isolation and needs to work more closely with other key actors, especially with subnational governments, as well as with the private sector and with communities. The authors conclude that with some reassessment of priorities and better management practices, health outcomes could be substantially improved. This paper--a product of the Public Services Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand how to improve public service delivery"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3445
    Parallel Title: Clarke, George Has private participation in water and sewerage improved coverage?
    Keywords: Sewerage Case studies ; Water-supply Case studies ; Sewerage Case studies ; Water-supply Case studies
    Abstract: "Introducing private sector participation (PSP) into the water and sewerage sectors in developing countries is difficult and controversial. Empirical studies on its effects are scant and generally inconclusive. Case studies tend to find improvements in the sector following privatization, but they suffer from selection bias and it is difficult to generalize their results. To explore empirically the effects of PSP on coverage, Clarke, Kosec, and Wallsten assemble a new dataset of connections to water and sewerage services at the city and province level based on household surveys in Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. The household surveys, conducted over a number of years, allow them to compile data before and after the introduction of PSP, as well as from similar (control) regions that never privatized at all. Their analysis reveals that, in general, connection rates to piped water and sewerage improved following the introduction of PSP, consistent with the case study literature. The authors also find, however, that connection rates similarly improved in the control regions, suggesting that PSP may not have been responsible for those improvements. On the other hand, connection rates for the poorest households also tended to increase in the regions with PSP and in the control regions, suggesting that--in terms of connections at least--PSP did not harm the poor. This paper--a product of the Growth and Investment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to study the impact of infrastructure reform on poor households"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3449
    Parallel Title: Saggi, Kamal Does it matter where you come from?
    Keywords: Capitalists and financiers ; Investments, Foreign ; Capitalists and financiers ; Investments, Foreign
    Abstract: "Javorcik, Saggi, and Spatareanu use a firm-level panel data set from Romania to examine whether the nationality of foreign investors affects the degree of vertical spillovers from foreign direct investment. Investors' country of origin may matter for spillovers to domestic producers in upstream sectors (supplying intermediate inputs) in two ways. First, the share of intermediate inputs sourced by multinationals from a host country is likely to increase with the distance between the host and the source economy. Second, the sourcing pattern is likely to be affected by preferential trade agreements that cover some but not other source economies. In this case, the Association Agreement signed between Romania and the European Union (EU) implies that inputs sourced from the EU are subject to a lower tariff than inputs sourced from America or Asia. Moreover, while for European investors intermediate inputs sourced from home country suppliers comply with the rules of origin and thus can be exported to the EU on preferential terms, this would not be the case for home country suppliers of American or Asian multinationals. Therefore, one would expect that American and Asian investors source more from Romania than EU investors and thus present greater potential for vertical spillovers. The empirical analysis produces evidence in support of the authors' hypothesis. They find a positive association between the presence of American and Asian companies in downstream sectors and the productivity of Romanian firms in the supplying industries. Further, the productivity of Romanian firms in the supplying sectors is negatively correlated with operations of European investors in downstream sectors. The differences between the effects associated with investors of different origin are statistically significant. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to study the effects of foreign direct investment on developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3453
    Parallel Title: Di Gropello, Emanuela Education decentralization and accountability relationships in Latin America
    Keywords: Education ; Schools Decentralization ; Education ; Schools Decentralization
    Abstract: "Di Gropello analyzes decentralization reforms in the education sector in Latin America (their status, impact, and ongoing challenges) by making use of the accountability framework developed by the World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People. She starts by identifying three main groups of models according to the subnational actors involved, the pattern adopted in the distribution of functions across subnational actors, and the accountability system central to the model. She then reviews the impact of these models according to the available empirical evidence, and explores determinants of this impact, extracting lessons useful to the design of future reforms. The author concludes that the single most important factor in ensuring the success or failure of a reform is the way the accountability relationships are set to work within each of the models and provides some lessons on how to get these relationships to work effectively. She also provides three main general lessons for selecting 'successful' models: (1) avoid complicated models; (2) increase school autonomy and the scope for 'client power, 'maintaining a clear role for the other accountability relationships; and (3) place more emphasis on the 'management 'accountability relationship and the sustainability of the models. This paper--a product of the Human Development Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to assess the effectiveness of service delivery"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3457
    Parallel Title: Agapitova, Natalia Creating a 21st century national innovation system for a 21st century Latvian economy
    Keywords: Competition ; Globalization ; Knowledge management ; Competition ; Globalization ; Knowledge management
    Abstract: "The Latvian economy made great strides in recovering from the economic shock of the early transition and the adverse aftereffects of the 1998 Russian financial crisis. Nevertheless, Latvia faces serious challenges to its future growth and prosperity despite these impressive achievements and the outward appearance of macroeconomic stability and economic progress. A wide variety of recent studies suggest that the Latvian economy is not particularly competitive and, even more worrisome, they indicate that Latvia is not well positioned to gain ground in the race for global competitiveness, prosperity, and rising standards of living. Most of Latvia's growth to date has come from one-off gains generated by structural reforms, privatization, and reallocating resources, not inexhaustible reservoirs of growth. Latvian enterprises will be able to sustain economic growth and create high wage jobs only by becoming internationally competitive, innovating, accumulating new knowledge and technology, and finding a high value added niche in the European and global division of labor. This paper is designed to help Latvian leaders develop a clear diagnosis of the innovation and competitiveness challenges facing Latvia as it prepares to enter the EU and, more important, design and implement policies and programs to ensure that Latvia reaps the maximum possible benefits from EU structural funds. Section II analyzes the current structure of Latvia's production, imports, and exports. Section III uses data from a number of competitiveness reports to benchmark Latvia's current progress against a number of comparator countries and to pinpoint Latvia's strengths and weaknesses as an innovative economy. Section IV offers a detailed list of potential policies and programs that could improve the competitiveness of Latvian enterprises and the efficiency of the Latvian National Innovation System. The recommendations include specific policies and programs to improve (1) the production of knowledge in Latvia, (2) the commercialization of technology produced by Latvian scientists, small companies, and research institutes, and (3) local firms' capacity to absorb, adapt, and adopt existing knowledge produced outside Latvia for use inside Latvia. This paper--a product of the Private and Financial Sectors Development Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to promote the knowledge economy"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3461
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Looking beyond averages in the trade and poverty debate
    Keywords: Globalization ; Households ; Households ; Globalization ; Households ; Households ; China Commercial policy ; Morocco Commercial policy ; China Commercial policy ; Morocco Commercial policy
    Abstract: "There has been much debate about how much poor people in developing countries gain from trade openness, as one aspect of 'globalization.' Ravallion views the issue through both 'macro' and 'micro' empirical lenses. The macro lens uses cross-country comparisons and aggregate time series data. The micro lens uses household-level data combined with structural modeling of the impacts of specific trade reforms. The author presents case studies for China and Morocco. Both the macro and micro approaches cast doubt on some wide generalizations from both sides of the globalization debate. Additionally the micro lens indicates considerable heterogeneity in the welfare impacts of trade openness, with both gainers and losers among the poor. The author identifies a number of covariates of the individual gains. The results point to the importance of combining trade reforms with well-designed social protection policies. This paper--a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the distributional impacts of economywide policies"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3465
    Parallel Title: Koo, Jun Economic geography
    Keywords: Economic geography ; Industrial location ; Industrial productivity ; Economic geography ; Industrial location ; Industrial productivity ; India Economic conditions 1991- ; India Economic conditions 1991-
    Abstract: "Economic geography has become a mantra for many economists, geographers, and regional scientists. Previous studies have tested the importance of economic geography for production activities and found a significant association between them. Most of these studies, however, have not taken into account that economic geography influences location decisions at the firm level. Koo and Lall show a potential bias that can arise when firm location choices are not considered in estimating the contribution of economic geography to industry performance. Their analysis using microdata of Indian manufacturing firms shows there is an upward bias in the contribution of economic geography to productivity when firm location choices are not considered in the analysis. This paper--a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to examine industry location decisions. The study was partly funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project "Urbanization and the Quality of Life."--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/3/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3306
    Parallel Title: Siegel, Paul Export commodity production and broad-based rural development
    Keywords: Cocoa trade ; Coffee industry ; Exports ; Rural development ; Cocoa trade ; Coffee industry ; Exports ; Rural development
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3310
    Parallel Title: Chong, Alberto Bundling services and household welfare in developing countries
    Keywords: Households ; Public welfare ; Households ; Public welfare
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3318
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Location and welfare in cities
    Keywords: Poor ; Squatter settlements ; Poor ; Squatter settlements
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3322
    Parallel Title: Serven, Luis Tango with the gringo
    Keywords: Foreign exchange administration ; Foreign exchange administration
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3326
    Parallel Title: Subbarao, K Toward an understanding of household vulnerability in rural Kenya
    Keywords: Households ; Rural poor ; Households ; Rural poor ; Kenya Rural conditions ; Kenya Rural conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3330
    Parallel Title: Canals-Cerda, Jose The dynamics of school and work in rural Bangladesh
    Keywords: Education ; Rural children Employment ; Education ; Rural children Employment
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3350
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Cross-sectional analyses of climate change impacts
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climatic changes ; Agriculture ; Climatic changes
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/2/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3354
    Parallel Title: Porto, Guido G Informal export barriers and poverty
    Keywords: Export controls ; Poverty ; Export controls ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/2/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3370
    Parallel Title: Lea, Michael J Mortgage securities in emerging markets
    Keywords: Housing Finance ; Mortgage-backed securities ; Housing Finance ; Mortgage-backed securities
    Abstract: "Despite its recognized economic and social importance, housing finance often remains underdeveloped in emerging economies. Residential lending remains small, poorly accessible, and depository-based. Lenders remain vulnerable to significant credit, liquidity, and interest rate risks. As a result, housing finance is relatively expensive and often rationed. The importance of developing robust systems of housing finance is paramount as emerging economy governments struggle to cope with population growth, rapid urbanization, and rising expectations from a growing middle class. The capital markets in many economies can provide an attractive and potentially large source of long-term funding for housing, and solutions to better allocate part of the risks. The advent of institutional investors is creating large and rapidly growing pools of funds that may facilitate the development of mortgage-related securities. Despite such a strong appeal, there are significant barriers to the development of mortgage securities in emerging markets. Their success is dependent on many factors, starting with a strong legal and regulatory framework and liberalized financial sector, and including a developed primary mortgage market. The experience in developing mortgage securities in emerging markets has been mixed. Chiquier, Hassler, and Lea review the experience of introducing mortgage securities in emerging markets and explore the policy issues related to this theme. This paper - a product of the Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to provide housing finance information"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3390
    Parallel Title: Herzberg, Benjamin Investment climate reform--going the last mile
    Keywords: Privatization ; Privatization
    Abstract: "Herzberg examines the Bulldozer Initiative in Bosnia and Herzegovina, an innovative reform methodology that successfully overcame the lack of political will and capacity at the government level through a bottom-up approach. Using an innovative grassroots and public awareness methodology, the initiative mobilized the local business community to bulldoze barriers by identifying concrete legislative changes and advocating for their adoption and implementation. By delivering fast results--50 reforms in 150 days--the initiative won the confidence of entrepreneurs and empowered them to institutionalize permanent grassroots reform committees. The force of this lobby group created political will by putting public pressure on the politicians to do their part to enact the reforms. Most important, it carried investment climate reform the last mile by delivering concrete, quantifiable results in all sectors of the economy. Over time, the initiative is establishing a dynamic of reform and public-private partnership that will facilitate the tackling of more complicated structural reforms. Complementing the systemic approach and framework reform efforts of governments and international agencies, competitiveness partnerships mobilize the local business community to catalog concrete problems across the full spectrum of investment climate concerns, pinpoint solutions, campaign for their adoption, and follow up on reform implementation. The author attempts to determine the applicability of competitiveness partnerships to different settings by modeling the interactions between several key success factors, thus providing a pertinent tool for development professionals, government officials, and private sector advocates who wish to establish a renewed implementation dynamic through this kind of results-oriented reform process. This paper--a product of the Investment Climate Unit--is part of a larger effort in the unit to communicate best practices in investment climate reform"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3398
    Parallel Title: Zaman, Hassan The scaling-up of microfinance in Bangladesh
    Keywords: Microfinance ; Microfinance
    Abstract: "The microfinance industry in Bangladesh currently provides access to credit to around 13 million poor households. Zaman describes the factors that led to the scaling-up of micro-credit in Bangladesh, the impact this has had on the poor, future challenges in Bangladesh, and possible lessons for other countries. The consensus in the literature is that micro-credit plays a significant role in reducing household vulnerability to a number of risks and that it contributes to improving social indicators. The author argues that strategic donor investments in a handful of well-managed institutions that offer a simple, easily replicable financial product could lead to large gains in access to finance for the poor. However, this approach could sacrifice other objectives of financial sector development, such as product and institutional diversity, which could be promoted after the initial expansion has taken place. Governments can also have a crucial role in promoting access to microfinance by ensuring macroeconomic stability, enforcing a simple regulatory structure, and developing communications networks that reduce transaction costs. Another lesson is that while visionary leadership cannot simply be franchised, the internal management systems that led to the scaling-up can be replicated in other settings. This paper--a product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Unit, South Asia Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to understand how successful anti-poverty interventions can be scaled-up"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3438
    Parallel Title: Morrison, Andrew R Addressing gender-based violence in the Latin American and Caribbean region
    Keywords: Women Violence against ; Women Violence against ; Prevention ; Women Violence against ; Women Violence against ; Prevention ; Women Violence against ; Women Violence against ; Prevention ; Women Violence against ; Women Violence against ; Prevention
    Abstract: "Morrison, Ellsberg, and Bott present an overview of gender-based violence (GBV) in Latin America, with special emphasis on good practice interventions to prevent GBV or offer services to its survivors or perpetrators. Intimate partner violence and sexual coercion are the most common forms of GBV, and these are the types of GBV that they analyze. GBV has serious consequences for women's health and well-being, ranging from fatal outcomes, such as homicide, suicide, and AIDS-related deaths, to nonfatal outcomes, such as physical injuries, chronic pain syndrome, gastrointestinal disorders, complications during pregnancy, miscarriage, and low birth-weight of children. GBV also poses significant costs for the economies of developing countries, including lower worker productivity and incomes, and lower rates of accumulation of human and social capital. The authors examine good practice approaches in justice, health, education, and multisectoral approaches. In each sector, they identify good practices for: (1) law and policies; (2) institutional reforms; (3) community-level interventions; and (4) individual behavior change strategies. The authors offer conclusions and recommendations for future work on gender-based violence: It is essential to focus on the prevention of GBV, not just on services for its survivors. Prevention is best achieved by empowering women and reducing gender disparities, and by changing norms and attitudes which foster violence. Interventions should employ a multisectoral approach and work at different levels--individual, community, institutional, and laws and policies. GBV may be common in the Latin America and the Caribbean region, but there are promising approaches available to begin working toward its elimination. This paper--a product of the Poverty Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to address issues of violence and its impact on development"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/22/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3446
    Parallel Title: Walque, Damien de The long-term legacy of the Khmer Rouge period in Cambodia
    Keywords: Education ; Fertility, Human ; Mortality ; Education ; Fertility, Human ; Mortality ; Cambodia Politics and government 1975-1979 ; Cambodia Politics and government 1975-1979
    Abstract: "De Walque studies the long-term impact of genocide during the period of the Khmer Rouge (1975-79) in Cambodia and contributes to the literature on the economic analysis of conflict. Using mortality data for siblings from the Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey in 2000, he shows that excess mortality was extremely high and heavily concentrated during 1974-80. Adult males had been the most likely to die, indicating that violent death played a major role. Individuals with an urban or educated background were more likely to die. Infant mortality was also at very high levels during the period, and disability rates from landmines or other weapons were high for males who, given their birth cohort, were exposed to this risk. The very high and selective mortality had a major impact on the population structure of Cambodia. Fertility and marriage rates were very low under the Khmer Rouge but rebounded immediately after the regime's collapse. Because of the shortage of eligible males, the age and education differences between partners tended to decline. The period had a lasting impact on the educational attainment of the population. The education system collapsed during the period, so individuals--especially males--who were of schooling age during this interval had a lower educational attainment than the preceding and subsequent birth cohorts. This paper--a product of the Public Services Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the consequences of conflict"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3299
    Parallel Title: Dollar, David The increasing selectivity of foreign aid, 1984-2002
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Economic assistance
    Note: "May 6, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 7, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3335
    Parallel Title: Bastos, Fabiano Productivity and the investment climate
    Keywords: Industrial productivity ; Investments ; Industrial productivity ; Investments
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3339
    Parallel Title: Noumba Um, Paul A policy note on telecommunications reform in Algeria
    Keywords: Telecommunication ; Telecommunication
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/21/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3399
    Parallel Title: Baker, Judy Analyzing urban poverty
    Keywords: Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty ; Urban economics ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty ; Urban economics
    Abstract: "In recent years an extensive body of literature has emerged on the definition, measurement, and analysis of poverty. Much of this literature focuses on analyzing poverty at the national level, or spatial disaggregation by general categories of urban or rural areas, with adjustments made for regional price differentials. Yet for an individual city attempting to tackle the problems of urban poverty, this level of aggregation is not sufficient for answering specific questions such as where the poor are located in the city, whether there are differences between poor areas, if access to services varies by subgroup, whether specific programs are reaching the poorest, and how to design effective poverty reduction programs and policies. Answering these questions is critical, particularly for large, sprawling cities with highly diverse populations and growing problems of urban poverty. Understanding urban poverty presents a set of issues distinct from general poverty analysis and thus may require additional tools and techniques. Baker and Schuler summarize the main issues in conducting urban poverty analysis, with a focus on presenting a sample of case studies from urban areas that were implemented by a number of different agencies using a range of analytical approaches for studying urban poverty. Specific conclusions regarding design and analysis, data, timing, cost, and implementation issues are discussed. This paper-a product of the Urban Unit, Transport and Urban Development Department-is part of a larger effort in the department to promote strategies for reducing urban poverty"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3403
    Parallel Title: Zafar, Ali What happens when a country does not adjust to terms of trade shocks?
    Keywords: Petroleum industry and trade ; Terms of trade ; Petroleum industry and trade ; Terms of trade ; Gabon Economic policy ; Gabon Economic policy
    Abstract: "Gabon is currently one of the richest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, having a GDP per capita of close to
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/13/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3411
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Implications of genetically modified food technology policies for sub-saharan africa
    Keywords: Food Biotechnology ; Genetically modified foods ; Food Biotechnology ; Genetically modified foods ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Commercial policy ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Commercial policy
    Abstract: "The first generation of genetically modified (GM) crop varieties sought to increase farmer profitability through cost reductions or higher yields. The next generation of GM food research is focusing also on breeding for attributes of interest to consumers, beginning with golden rice, which has been genetically engineered to contain a higher level of vitamin A and thereby boost the health of unskilled laborers in developing countries. Anderson and Jackson analyze empirically the potential economic effects of adopting both types of innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). They do so using the global economywide computable general equilibrium model known as GTAP. The results suggest that the welfare gains are potentially very large, especially from nutritionally enhanced GM wheat and rice, and that contrary to the claims of numerous interests those estimated benefits are diminished only slightly by the presence of the European Union's current barriers to imports of GM foods. In particular, if SSA countries impose bans on GM crop imports in an attempt to maintain access to EU markets for non-GM products, the loss to domestic consumers due to that protectionism boost to SSA farmers is far more than the small economic gain for these farmers from greater market access to the EU. This paper a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to better understand the contributions of both new technologies and discriminatory trade policies to economic welfare of different groups in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3415
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym The challenge of reducing subsidies and trade barriers
    RVK:
    Keywords: Free trade ; International trade ; Subsidies ; Free trade ; International trade ; Subsidies
    Abstract: "This is one of 10 studies for the Copenhagen Consensus Project that sought to evaluate the most feasible opportunities to improve welfare globally and alleviate poverty in developing countries. Anderson argues that phasing out distortionary government subsidies and barriers to international trade will yield an extraordinarily high benefit-cost ratio. A survey is provided of recent estimates using global economywide simulation models of the benefits of doing that by way of the current Doha round of multilateral trade negotiations. Even if adjustment costs are several times as large as suggested by available estimates, the benefit-cost ratio from seizing this opportunity exceeds 20. That is much higher than the rewards from regional or bilateral trade agreements or from providing preferential access for least-developed countries' exports to high-income countries. Such reform would simultaneously contribute to alleviating several of the other key challenges reflected in the United Nation's Millennium Development Goals. This paper a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to better understand the likely consequences of further trade liberalization for global economic welfare and its distributional effects, particularly for the poor in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3416
    Parallel Title: Bayraktar, Nihal Foreign bank entry, performance of domestic banks, and sequence of financial liberalization
    Keywords: Banks and banking ; Banks and banking, Foreign ; Finance ; Banks and banking ; Banks and banking, Foreign ; Finance
    Abstract: "The openness or internationalization of financial services is a complex issue because it is closely related to structural reforms in the domestic financial sector with some perceived implications for macroeconomic stability. Bayraktar and Wang investigate the impact of foreign bank entry on the performance of domestic banks and how this relationship is affected by the sequence of financial liberalization. Their data set is constructed from the BankScope database, including 30 industrial and developing countries, and covering the period from 1995 to 2002. The authors apply panel data regressions by pooling all countries together, and by grouping countries according to the sequence of their financial liberalization. One observation based on descriptive analysis is that the degree of openness to foreign bank entry varies a great deal, which is not correlated with average income levels or with GDP growth. Second, the sequence of financial liberalization matters for the performance of the domestic banking sector: After controlling for macroeconomic variables and grouping countries by their sequence of liberalization, foreign bank entry has significantly improved domestic bank competitiveness in countries that liberalized their stock market first. In these countries, both profit and cost indicators are negatively related to the share of foreign banks. Countries that liberalized their capital account first seem to have benefited less from foreign bank entry compared with the other two sets of countries. This paper a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Division, World Bank Institute is part of a larger effort in the institute to develop materials for capacity building on trade in financial services"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3420
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Have consumers benefited from the reforms in the electricity distribution sector in Latin America?
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Abstract: "Estache and Rossi bring new empirical evidence on the impact of the choice of ownership and regulatory regime on firms' productivity and prices paid by consumers. They collect the evidence from a sample of electricity distribution companies in Latin America. The authors rely on estimations of labor and operation and maintenance (O&M) input requirement functions using alternative econometric approaches. Their main conclusions are: Private firms perform better (approximately 30 percent) than public firms. The regulatory regimes matter, so that price-cap regulated firms do better than rate-of-return regulated firms, and firms regulated under hybrid regimes have intermediate performance. Private firms operating under rate of return are at most as efficient as public firms. There is no clear pattern of differences in electricity prices according to the regulatory regime. Final prices fell in general but the drop did not match the productivity gains, implying that the operators and the state share some of the gains in the form of rents and higher tax revenue, respectively. This paper--a product of the Office of the Vice President, Infrastructure Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to promote analytical work on emerging policy issues in infrastructure service delivery"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/1/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3424
    Parallel Title: Zervos, Sara The transactions costs of primary market issuance
    Keywords: Corporate debt ; Corporate debt ; Corporate debt ; Corporate debt ; Corporate debt ; Corporate debt
    Abstract: "Zervos documents the precise costs of debt and equity issuance, both domestically and internationally, for firms in Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Costs include investment banking and legal fees, regulatory and exchange listing costs, rating agency fees, and expenditures for marketing and publishing. Her findings suggest that Brazilian firms face similar costs in issuing debt locally or abroad, whereas domestic equity issuance is nearly twice as expensive as debt. While the Chilean domestic corporate debt market is well developed by emerging market standards (size of the market and maturity of issues), Chilean firms can issue debt more cheaply internationally than at home. In addition, while equity financing is cheaper in Chile from a transaction cost perspective, over the past decade most firms have used bonds rather than shares to raise capital. This financing trend is true in all three countries. Finally, Mexican firms can issue debt at the lowest costs of the three, but face the highest equity issuing costs. In addition to documenting these features, the author sheds light on how the investor base in these countries plays a strong role in influencing the ability of firms to access domestic capital markets. This paper 'a product of the Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department' is part of a larger effort in the department to understand and promote private sector financing in emerging markets"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/5/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3428
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Who suffers from indoor air pollution?
    Keywords: Indoor air pollution ; Indoor air pollution
    Abstract: "In this paper the authors investigate individuals' exposure to indoor air pollution. Using new survey data from Bangladesh, they analyze exposure at two levels--differences within households attributable to family roles, and differences across households attributable to income and education. Within households, they relate individuals' exposure to pollution in different locations during their daily round of activity. The authors find high levels of exposure for children and adolescents of both sexes, with particularly serious exposure for children under 5. Among prime-age adults, they find that men have half the exposure of women (whose exposure is similar to that of children and adolescents). They also find that elderly men have significantly lower exposure than elderly women. Across households, they draw on results from their previous paper (Dasgupta and others, 2004), which relate pollution variation across households to choices of cooking fuel, cooking locations, construction materials, and ventilation practices. They find that these choices are significantly affected by family income and adult education levels (particularly for women). Overall, the authors find that the poorest, least-educated households have twice the pollution levels of relatively high-income households with highly-educated adults. For children in a typical household, pollution exposure can be halved by adopting two simple measures--increasing their outdoor time from 3 to 5 or 6 hours a day, and concentrating outdoor time during peak cooking periods. The authors recognize that weather and other factors may intervene occasionally, and that child supervision outdoors may be difficult for some households. However, the potential benefits are so great that neighbors might well agree to pool outdoor supervision once they became aware of the implications for their children's health. This paper--a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to study environmental health issues in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3436
    Parallel Title: Thorn, Kristian Approaches to results-based funding in tertiary education
    Keywords: Education, Higher Economic aspects ; Education, Higher Economic aspects
    Abstract: "Unrealized potential exists for increasing accountability and transparency in Chilean tertiary education by allocating resources based on achieved results rather than historical precedence and political negotiation. Against this background, Thorn, Holm-Nielsen, and Jeppesen profile approaches to results-based funding of tertiary education to identify efficacious finance reform options for Chile. International experience shows that financing by results is not a ready-made concept, but a broad label that offers a menu of design options. To decipher results-based funding, the authors cover all phases in designing and implementing a results-based funding system and highlight strengths and weaknesses of concepts, such as taximeter funding, performance contracts, and formula-based allocations. This paper--a product of the Human Development Department, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to increase accountability for results"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/21/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3456
    Parallel Title: Serven, Luis Macroeconomic stability in developing countries
    Keywords: Economic stabilization ; Economic stabilization ; Developing countries Economic policy ; Developing countries Economic policy
    Abstract: "In the 1990s macroeconomic policies improved in a majority of developing countries, but the growth dividend from such improvement fell short of expectations, and a policy agenda focused on stability turned out to be associated with a multiplicity of financial crises. Montiel and Serven take a retrospective look at the content and implementation of the macroeconomic reform agenda of the 1990s. They review the progress achieved with fiscal, monetary, and exchange rate policies across the developing world, and the effectiveness of the changing policy framework in promoting stability and growth. The main lesson is that slow growth and frequent crises resulted, more often than not, from shortcomings in the reform agenda of the 1990s. These shortcomings essentially concern the depth and breadth of the macroeconomic reform agenda, its attention to macroeconomic vulnerabilities, and the complementary reforms outside the macroeconomic sphere. This paper--a joint product of the Office of the Chief Economist, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, and the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network--is part of a larger effort in the Bank to draw policy lessons from the development experience of the 1990s"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3312
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena Trade policy analysis in the presence of duty drawbacks
    Keywords: Commercial policy ; Drawbacks ; Commercial policy ; Drawbacks
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3301
    Parallel Title: Das, Jishnu Which doctor?
    Keywords: Physicians Evaluation ; Physicians Evaluation
    Note: "May 6, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 7, 2003 , Also available in print.
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3304
    Parallel Title: Chen, Derek Hung Chiat The rmsm-x+p
    Keywords: Poverty Econometric models ; Poverty Econometric models
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3308
    Parallel Title: Dumoulin, Hubert Grignon The regulatory and supervisory framework for fixed income markets in Europe
    Keywords: Fixed-income securities ; Fixed-income securities
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3337
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Do households gain from community-based natural resource management?
    Keywords: Natural resources, Communal ; Natural resources, Communal
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/9/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3346
    Parallel Title: Mody, Jyothsna Achieving accountability through decentralization
    Keywords: Decentralization in government ; Decentralization in government
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/21/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3349
    Parallel Title: Henson, Spencer Kenyan exports of Nile perch
    Keywords: Exports ; Nile perch ; Exports ; Nile perch
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/2/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3353
    Parallel Title: Shah, Anwar Implementing decentralized local governance
    Keywords: Decentralization in government ; Decentralization in government
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/2/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3377
    Parallel Title: Klingebiel, Daniela Resolving systemic financial crises
    Keywords: Banks and banking Case studies ; Financial crises Case studies ; Banks and banking Case studies ; Financial crises Case studies
    Abstract: "Claessens, Klingebiel, and Laeven analyze the role of institutions in resolving systemic banking crises for a broad sample of countries. Banking crises are fiscally costly, especially when policies like substantial liquidity support, explicit government guarantees on financial institutions' liabilities, and forbearance from prudential regulations are used. Higher fiscal outlays do not, however, accelerate the recovery from a crisis. Better institutions--less corruption, improved law and order, legal system, and bureaucracy--do. The authors find these results to be relatively robust to estimation techniques, including controlling for the effects of a poor institutional environment on the likelihood of financial crisis and the size of fiscal costs. Their results suggest that countries should use strict policies to resolve a crisis and use the crisis as an opportunity to implement medium-term structural reforms, which will also help avoid future systemic crises. This paper--a product of the Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department--is part of a larger effort in the department to study financial crisis resolution"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/9/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3382
    Parallel Title: Docquier, Frédéric Skilled migration
    Keywords: Labor mobility ; Skilled labor ; Labor mobility ; Skilled labor
    Abstract: "Docquier and Rapoport focus on the consequences of skilled migration for developing countries. They first present new evidence on the magnitude of migration of skilled workers at the international level and then discuss its direct and indirect effects on human capital formation in developing countries in a unified stylized model. Finally they turn to policy implications, with emphasis on migration and education policy in a context of globalized labor markets. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to measure and understand the implication of the brain drain as part of the International Migration and Development Program"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3385
    Parallel Title: Freund, Caroline L Loss aversion and trade policy
    Keywords: Commercial policy ; Commercial policy
    Abstract: "Freund and Ozden provide new survey evidence showing that loss aversion and reference dependence are important in shaping people's perception of trade policy. Under the assumption that agents' welfare functions exhibit these behavioral elements, they analyze a model with a welfare-maximizing government and with the lobbying framework of Grossman and Helpman (1994). The policy implications of the augmented models differ in three important ways: There is a region of compensating protection, where a decline in the world price leads to an offsetting increase in protection, such that a constant domestic price is maintained; Protection following a single negative price shock will be persistent; Irrespective of the extent of lobbying, there will be a deviation from free trade that tends to favor loss-making industries. The augmented models are more consistent with the observed structure of protection and, in particular explain why many trade policy instruments are explicitly designed to maintain prices at a given level. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze trade policy formulation"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3432
    Parallel Title: Demombynes, Gabriel Growth, inequality, and simulated poverty paths for Tanzania, 1992-2002
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Although Tanzania experienced relatively rapid growth in per capita GDP in the 1995-2001 period, household budget survey (HBS) data show only a modest and statistically insignificant decline in poverty between 1992 and 2001. To assess the likely trajectory of poverty rates over the course of the period, changes in poverty are simulated using unit-record HBS data and national accounts growth rates under varying assumptions for growth rates and inequality changes. To this end the projection approach of Datt and Walker (2002) is used along with an extension that is better suited to taking into account distributional changes observed between the two household surveys. The simulations suggest that following increases in poverty during the economic slowdown of the early 1990s, recent growth in Tanzania has brought a decline in poverty, particularly in urban areas. Unless recent growth is sustained, the country will not meet its 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG). Poverty reduction is on track in urban areas, but reaching the MDG target for bringing down poverty in rural areas, where most Tanzanians live, requires sustaining high growth in rural output per capita. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management 2 Team, Africa Technical Families--is part of a larger effort in the Tanzania country team to investigate the relation between economic growth and poverty reduction"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3302
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Convergence, dynamics, and geography of economic growth
    Keywords: Cities and towns ; Cities and towns ; Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) Economic conditions ; Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) Economic conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3314
    Parallel Title: Bagwell, Kyle The case for tradable remedies in wto dispute settlement
    Keywords: World Bank ; World Bank ; World Bank ; World Bank
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3342
    Parallel Title: Udell, Gregory F Financing small and medium-size enterprises with factoring
    Keywords: Factoring (Finance) ; Small business Finance ; Factoring (Finance) ; Small business Finance
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/21/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3375
    Parallel Title: Bourguignon, François Estimating individual vulnerability to poverty with pseudo-panel data
    Keywords: Poverty ; Wages ; Poverty ; Wages
    Abstract: "Bourguignon, Goh, and Kim present an original method to study individual earning dynamics using repeated cross-sectional data. Because panel data of individuals are seldom available in developing countries, it is difficult to study individual earning dynamics and related issues such as the propensity of earners to fall into poverty or vulnerability to poverty because of changes in earnings. The authors show that under the assumption that individual earning dynamics obey some basic properties and follow a simple stochastic process, the main parameters of this process can be recovered from repeated cross-sectional data. The knowledge of these parameters then permits simulation of the earning dynamics of an individual, and estimate other measures of interest, such as an individual's vulnerability to poverty. The results show that model parameters recovered from pseudo panels approximate reasonably well those estimated directly from a true panel. Moreover, implications of the model, in this case pseudo-panel measures of vulnerability to poverty, reflect closely those based on actual panel data. This paper--a product of the Office of the Vice President and Chief Economist, Development Economics--is part of a larger effort in the vice presidency to improve measurement of vulnerability to poverty"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/9/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3378
    Parallel Title: Lopez, Humberto Pro-growth, pro-poor
    Keywords: Economic development ; Poor Government policy ; Economic development ; Poor Government policy
    Abstract: "Is a pro-growth strategy always the best pro-poor strategy? To address this issue, Lopez provides an empirical evaluation of the impact of a series of pro-growth policies on inequality and headcount poverty. He relies on a large macroeconomic data set and estimate dynamic panel models that allows him to differentiate between the short- and long-run impacts of the policies under consideration on growth, inequality, and poverty. The author's findings indicate that regardless of their impact on inequality, pro-growth policies lead to lower poverty levels in the long run. However, he also finds evidence indicating that some of these policies may lead to higher inequality and, under plausible assumptions for the distribution of income, to higher poverty levels in the short run. These findings would justify the adoption of a pro-growth policy package as the center of any poverty reduction strategy, together with pro-poor measures that complement such a package by offsetting potential short-run increases in poverty. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction Group, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to understand how to increase the impact of growth on poverty reduction"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3381
    Parallel Title: Docquier, Frédéric Measuring the international mobility of skilled workers (1990-2000)
    Keywords: Labor mobility ; Skilled labor ; Labor mobility ; Skilled labor
    Abstract: "Until recently, there has been no systematic empirical assessment of the economic impact of the brain drain. Despite many case studies and anecdotal evidence, the main reason for this seems to be the lack of harmonized international data on migration by country of origin and education level. An exception is the paper by Carrington and Detragiache (1998), which provided skilled migration rates for 61 developing countries in 1990. This study relies on a set of tentative assumptions. For example, they transpose the skill structure of U.S. immigrants on the OECD total immigration stock. In this paper, Docquier and Marfouk provide new estimates of skilled workers' emigration rates for about 190 countries in 2000 and 170 countries in 1990, in both developing and industrial countries. Using various statistical sources, they revisit Carrington and Detragiache's measures by incorporating information on immigrants' educational attainment and country of origin from almost all OECD countries. The set of receiving countries is restricted to OECD nations. The authors' database covers 92.7 percent of the OECD immigration stock. In absolute terms, the authors show that the largest numbers of highly educated migrants are from Europe, Southern and Eastern Asia, and, to a lesser extent, from Central America. Nevertheless, as a proportion of the potential educated labor force, the highest brain drain rates are observed in the Caribbean, Central America, and Western and Eastern Africa. Repeating the exercise for 1990 and 2000 allows the authors to evaluate the changes in brain drain intensity. Western Africa, Eastern Africa, and Central America experienced a remarkable increase in the brain drain during the past decade. The database delivers information that is rich enough to assess the changes in the international distribution of migration rates, to test for the (push and pull) determinants per skill group, to evaluate the growth effects of migration on source and destination countries, and to estimate the relationships between migration, trade, foreign research and development, and remittances. This paper a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to measure the extent of the brain drain as part of the International Migration and Development Program"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3386
    Parallel Title: Buddelmeyer, Hielke An evaluation of the performance of regression discontinuity design on progresa
    Keywords: Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty
    Abstract: "While providing the most reliable method of evaluating social programs, randomized experiments in industrial and developing countries alike are accompanied by political risks and ethical issues that jeopardize the chances of adopting them. Buddelmeyer and Skoufias use a unique data set from rural Mexico collected for the purpose of evaluating the impact of the PROGRESA poverty alleviation program to examine the performance of a quasi-experimental estimator, the regression discontinuity design (RDD). Using as a benchmark the impact estimates based on the experimental nature of the sample, the authors examine how estimates differ when the RDD is used as the estimator for evaluating program impact on two key indicators--child school attendance and child work. Overall the performance of the RDD was remarkably good. The RDD estimates of program impact agreed with the experimental estimates in 10 out of the 12 possible cases. The two cases in which the RDD failed to reveal any significant program impact on school attendance of boys and girls were in the first year of the program (round 3). RDD estimates comparable to the experimental estimates were obtained when the authors used as a comparison group children from noneligible households in the control localities. This paper--a product of the Poverty and Gender Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to develop and apply rigorous methods in the evaluation of poverty alleviation programs"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3409
    Parallel Title: Berglof, Erik Enforcement and corporate governance
    Keywords: Corporate governance ; Corporate governance ; Corporate governance ; Corporate governance
    Abstract: "Enforcement more than regulations, laws-on-the-books, or voluntary codes is key to effective corporate governance, at least in transition and developing countries. Corporate governance and enforcement mechanisms are intimately linked as they affect firms' ability to commit to their stakeholders, in particular to external investors. Berglof and Claessens provide a framework for understanding these links and how they are shaped by countries' institutional contexts. When the general enforcement environment is weak and specific enforcement mechanisms function poorly, as in many developing and transition countries, few of the traditional corporate governance mechanisms are effective. The principal consequence in these countries is a large blockholder, but there are important potential costs to this mechanism. A range of private and public enforcement 'tools' can help reduce these costs and reinforce other supplementary corporate governance mechanisms. The limited empirical evidence suggests that private tools are more effective than public forms of enforcement in the typical environment of most developing and transition countries. However, public enforcement is necessary regardless, and private enforcement mechanisms often require public laws to function. Furthermore, in some countries at least, bottom-up, private-led tools preceded and even shaped public laws. Political economy constraints resulting from the intermingling of business and politics, however, often prevent improvements in the general enforcement environment, and adoption and implementation of public laws in these countries. This paper a product of the Global Corporate Governance Forum, Corporate Governance Department is part of a larger effort in the department to help improve the understanding of corporate governance reform in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3451
    Parallel Title: Kaminski, Bartomiej Romania's integration into European markets
    Keywords: European Union countries Foreign economic relations ; Romania Foreign economic relations ; European Union countries Foreign economic relations ; Romania Foreign economic relations
    Abstract: "In defiance of its unimpressive track in structural reforms and relatively low foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, Romanian exports have experienced surprisingly strong performance in both EU and non-EU markets since 2000 after a four-year period of flat growth. While the first phase of growth in 1992-95 can be easily explained by redirection of trade toward the EU once the state monopoly over foreign trade was abolished and other policy areas liberalized, the current second phase of export expansion raises questions concerning its drivers and sustainability. Having examined overall foreign trade performance, evolving patterns of specialization, Romania's competitiveness in EU sunrise markets, changes in factor intensities of trade with the EU, and 'intra-product' trade, Kaminski and Ng conclude that Romania's export offer has become diversified, reflecting an impressive progress in industrial restructuring. Restructuring has been facilitated by FDI inflows, even though they appear to have been too small to generate such a big effect. Romanian firms have become increasingly part of international production networks and traditional global value chains. Sustainability of this performance depends on maintaining macroeconomic stabilty and keeping wage increases in line with productivity growth, as well as increasing Romania's ability to attract larger FDI inflows through improvements in business climate and trade facilitation. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze regional integration and trade policy"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3460
    Parallel Title: Sakellariou, Chris N Schooling and labor market impacts of a natural policy experiment
    Keywords: Education ; Labor market ; Education ; Labor market
    Abstract: "Patrinos and Sakellariou use a nationally representative household survey to estimate returns to schooling in Venezuela from instrumental variables based on a supply-side intervention in the education market. These estimates apply to a subgroup of liquidity-constrained individuals, in the spirit of the Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE) literature. Returns to schooling estimates which apply to a subgroup of individuals affected by the policy intervention may be more interesting from a policy perspective than the return to the 'average' individual. The authors use an instrument based on the 1980 education reform (the Organic Law of Education) which provided for nine years of compulsory basic education. They also obtain alternative estimates using father's education as an instrument, in an attempt to derive high and low estimates of returns to schooling in Venezuela. The estimates are consistent with recent findings suggesting that the effect of education, at least for certain subgroups affected by a policy intervention, is as large or larger than what is suggested by OLS estimates. This paper--a product of the Education Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to estimate the labor market outcomes of education"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3468
    Parallel Title: Briceño-Garmendia, Cecilia Infrastructure services in developing countries
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Public investments ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Public investments
    Abstract: "Briceno, Estache, and Shafik review the evidence on the state of infrastructure in the developing world, emphasizing the investment needs and the emerging policy issues. While their assessment is seriously constrained by data gaps, they provide useful insights on the main challenges ahead, emphasizing that, in addition to the widely discussed access problems, the poorest also face major affordability and service quality issues which were not well addressed by the reforms of the 1990s. The authors make a case for a stronger commitment of the international community to generate the information needed to assess and monitor infrastructure needs and policies. This paper--a product of the Office of the Vice President, Infrastructure Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to upgrade economic and policy work in infrastructure"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/3/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3303
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Can the distributional impacts of macroeconomic shocks be predicted?
    Keywords: Financial crises Econometric models ; Income distribution Econometric models ; Financial crises Econometric models ; Income distribution Econometric models ; Brazil Economic conditions 1985- ; Econometric models ; Brazil Economic conditions 1985- ; Econometric models
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3307
    Parallel Title: Monga, Célestin Latvia's macroeconomic options in the medium term
    Keywords: European Union ; European Union ; Latvia Economic policy 1991- ; Latvia Economic policy 1991-
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3343
    Parallel Title: Agénor, Pierre-Richard Linking representative household models with household surveys for poverty analysis
    Keywords: Poverty Econometric models ; Poverty Econometric models
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/21/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3348
    Parallel Title: Henson, Spencer Standards and agro-food exports from developing countries
    Keywords: Food Safety regulations ; Food industry and trade Safety measures ; Food Safety regulations ; Food industry and trade Safety measures
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/2/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3351
    Parallel Title: Hoff, Karla Ruth Belief systems and durable inequalities
    Keywords: Caste ; Discrimination ; Caste ; Discrimination
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/2/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3355
    Parallel Title: Micco, Alejandro Infrastructure, competition regimes, and air transport costs
    Keywords: Aeronautics, Commercial Costs ; Aeronautics, Commercial Costs
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/9/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3359
    Parallel Title: Wang, Zhi A flexible modeling framework to estimate interregional trade patterns and input-output accounts
    Keywords: Input-output tables ; Regional economic disparities Mathematical models ; Input-output tables ; Regional economic disparities Mathematical models
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/9/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3363
    Parallel Title: Fuchs, Michael Structural issues in the Kenyan financial system
    Keywords: Finance ; Finance
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/9/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3367
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Estimating willingness-to-pay with random valuation models
    Keywords: Environmental protection ; Environmental protection ; Sevan Lake (Armenia) ; Sevan Lake (Armenia)
    Abstract: "This paper presents a case study of willingness-to-pay (WTP) estimation using random valuation models. A contingent valuation survey was conducted in Yerevan, Armenia to estimate people's WTP for the protection of Lake Sevan. Three elicitation formats - open-ended, closed-ended, and the stochastic payment card (SPC) approach - were used with split random samples. WTP models with heterogeneous errors were constructed and estimated with the survey data. The SPC approach produces a higher estimation of the mean WTP than both the open-ended and closed-ended approaches, while results from the open-ended and closed-ended elicitation formats are similar. Furthermore, contrary to research findings obtained in the United States, this study finds higher WTP estimations with mail surveys than with personal interviews. This paper - a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the economics of sustainable development in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3371
    Parallel Title: Soto, Raimundo On the measurement of market-oriented reforms
    Keywords: Free trade ; Privatization ; Free trade ; Privatization
    Abstract: "Loayza and Soto present policy and outcome-based ways of measuring the progress of market-oriented reforms in both traditional areas of first-generation reform and the areas of institutional reform that have been emphasized lately. These policy areas are the domestic financial system, international financial markets, international trade, the labor market, the tax system, public infrastructure and public firms, the legal and regulatory framework, and governance. For each of them, the authors first discuss the general principles underlying market-oriented reform. Second, they present various indicators of the policy stance in the area in question. And third, they present various outcome indicators of the policy stance. This paper is a product of Investment Climate Team, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the process of economic reform"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3374
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Is debt replacing equity in regulated privatized infrastructure in developing countries?
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) Case studies ; Privatization Case studies ; Infrastructure (Economics) Developing countries ; Case studies ; Privatization Developing countries ; Case studies
    Abstract: "Da Silva, Estache, and Jarvela describe the evolution of the financing structure of regulated privatized utilities and transport companies. To do so, they rely on a sample of 121 utilities distributed over 16 countries, and 23 transport infrastructure operators and 23 transport services operators distributed over 23 countries. The authors show that leverage rates vary significantly across sectors, with the highest rates observed in transport and the lowest in water. Moreover, they also show that the 1997 Asia crisis led operators to adjust their financial structure differently in different regions. Overall, the evidence they present shows that debt is replacing equity in financing the investment needs of utilities and transport services in developing countries. These results raise some questions as to whether the regulator's mandate should be expanded to monitor the financial structure of companies and as to whether the international community should make a stronger commitment to more transparent regulatory accounting systems. This paper--a product of the Office of the Vice President, Infrastructure Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to generate quantitative information on infrastructure"--World Bank web site
    Abstract: "Da Silva, Estache, and Jarvela describe the evolution of the financing structure of regulated privatized utilities and transport companies. To do so, they rely on a sample of 121 utilities distributed over 16 countries, and 23 transport infrastructure operators and 23 transport services operators distributed over 23 countries. The authors show that leverage rates vary significantly across sectors, with the highest rates observed in transport and the lowest in water. Moreover, they also show that the 1997 Asia crisis led operators to adjust their financial structure differently in different regions. Overall, the evidence they present shows that debt is replacing equity in financing the investment needs of utilities and transport services in developing countries. These results raise some questions as to whether the regulator's mandate should be expanded to monitor the financial structure of companies and as to whether the international community should make a stronger commitment to more transparent regulatory accounting systems. This paper--a product of the Office of the Vice President, Infrastructure Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to generate quantitative information on infrastructure"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/9/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3448
    Parallel Title: Islam, Roumeen What are the right institutions in a globalizing world? and-- can we keep them if we've found them?
    Keywords: Globalization ; International economic integration ; International trade ; Globalization ; International economic integration ; International trade
    Abstract: "Greater trade integration has often been viewed as requiring greater standardization in institutions, without which the benefits of trade do not materialize. There are many current debates concerning the degree and area of standardization needed and these debates are likely to continue for the foreseeable future. This paper, drawing on both the fiscal federalism and the trade literature, argues that increasing trade integration is consistent with a wide array of institutional choices. The final outcome, in terms of which institutions have prevailed, has depended substantially on political pressures for standardization and not necessarily on a clear assessment of economic gains. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Division, World Bank Institute--is part of a larger effort in the institute to understand the concept of 'good' governance and to disseminate its work in this area"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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