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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    MIGA Annual Report 2023 (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2129
    Keywords: Access To Power ; Climate Change Mitigation ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Development Challenges ; Environment ; Environment and Health ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Low-Income Countries ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Polital Risk Mitigation ; Private Investment ; Record World Bank Lending ; Sustainable Development ; Urban Environment ; Urban Health
    Abstract: Celebrating thirty-five years since its founding, in FY23 MIGA issued a record 6.4 billion in new guarantees across forty projects. Through these projects, the Agency remained focused on encouraging private investors to help host governments manage and mitigate political risks. In FY23, as it did during the COVID-19 pandemic, MIGA demonstrated its agility to respond to crisis, employing multiple products during the year to assist the embattled people of Ukraine following Russia's invasion. An institution of the World Bank Group, MIGA is committed to strong development impact and supporting projects that are economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable. MIGA helps investors mitigate the risks of restrictions on currency conversion and transfer, breach of contract by governments, expropriation, and war and civil disturbance. It also offers trade finance guarantees, as well as credit enhancement on obligations of sovereigns, sub-sovereigns, state-owned enterprises, and regional development banks
    DOI: 10.1596/40485
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Impacts and Sources of Air Pollution in Tbilisi, Georgia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Baquie, Sandra Impacts and Sources of Air Pollution in Tbilisi, Georgia
    Keywords: Air Quality and Clean Air ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Carbon Pricing ; Climate Change Mitigation ; Environment ; Health Impacts of CO2 Pollution ; Transportation Pollution ; Urban Air Pollution ; Urban Development ; Urban Environment ; Urban Real Estate Prices
    Abstract: Air pollution profoundly impacts welfare, causing more deaths globally than malnutrition, AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined. In the Georgian capital, Tbilisi, air pollution levels exceed international standards and surpass levels in other cities in the region. The average monthly PM2.5 concentration in Tbilisi is 20 Mu g/m3, four times higher than the World Health Organization's annual recommended limit. This paper uses multiple data sources -- administrative data, satellite imagery, private real estate transactions, and traffic data -- to estimate the impact of air pollution on the health and productivity of people in Tbilisi. It estimates that a 1 percent increase in PM2.5 levels corresponds to a 0.24 percent increase in respiratory hospitalization rates. A 1 percent increase in PM2.5 is also associated with a 0.2 percent decrease in rental prices. All the estimates are lower bounds of the total impact of air pollution as they only account for short-term consequences. The study shows that traffic and industrial activity are significant drivers of air pollution in Tbilisi. The paper also estimates the positive co-benefits of potential carbon pricing policies from air pollution reduction. Adopting a carbon tax of USD 25 per ton would reduce hospitalizations by 0.44 percent per district by 2036, while increasing rental prices by 0.38 percent
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10643
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Activating Alignment : Applying the G-20 Principles for Sustainable Finance Alignment with a Focus on Climate Change Mitigation (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2185
    Keywords: Alignement Tools ; Climate Change Mitigation ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; G-20 ; Sustainable Finance
    Abstract: The first action in the G-20 Sustainable Finance Roadmap proposes six high-level principles for the development and global coordination of approaches to align investments with sustainability goals. "Alignment approaches" are national and international frameworks for the financial sector that aim to monitor global sustainable finance flows and ensure that they are contributing to the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and other international sustainable finance objectives. These approaches increasingly leverage "alignment tools," which include but are not limited to (a) taxonomies (or classifications) of private sector activities that can be labeled as achieving environmental and social objectives; (b) certifications and labels that confirm that products or services have met environmental, social, and governance (ESG) standards; (c) disclosure frameworks that guide private sector entities to manage and report on their ESG performance; and (d) transition frameworks that help the private sector design a credible shift to low-carbon technologies and practices. The tools can then be applied in different ways-ranging from national-level regulations to voluntary private sector-led initiatives, to corporate-level practices. The tools can be applied by investors and finance providers for different purposes at different levels: at the "asset level" (as in determining whether a project or activity is compatible with a relevant sustainable finance taxonomy or due diligence framework); the "entity level" (as inwhether a corporate or financial institution has a robust low-carbon transition plan and adheres to the International Labour Organization (ILO) Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work); or "portfolio level" (as in whether an index is aligned with a credible temperature objective or supports poverty reduction). The G-20 Voluntary Principles for Developing Alignment Approaches provide a common foundation for ensuring these alignment approaches are robust and consistent
    DOI: 10.1596/40402
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Climate Change, Urban Expansion, and Food Production (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dizon, Felipe Climate Change, Urban Expansion, and Food Production
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Agriculture Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation ; Crops and Climate ; Food and Climate Change ; Food Insecurity ; Food Security ; Land Use and Agriculture ; Livestock Farming ; Urban Expansion
    Abstract: Where and how cities grow will influence food production and the risks to food production. This paper estimates the overlap of future urban expansion in 2040 and 2100 with current crop and livestock production under different climate scenarios. First, it finds that urban areas will expand most into areas with fruits, vegetables, and chickens, and urban areas will expand most under a scenario with significant challenges to climate change mitigation. Second, the share of food producing areas that will overlap with urban expansion will be largest in Africa, particularly under a scenario of significant challenges to climate change adaptation. Third, across all scenarios, urban expansion is likely to take place in areas with higher crop or livestock production, but even more so when there are significant challenges to both mitigation and adaptation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10411
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Banking Sector Risk in the Aftermath of Climate Change and Environmental-Related Natural Disasters (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nie, Owen Banking Sector Risk in the Aftermath of Climate Change and Environmental-Related Natural Disasters
    Keywords: Banking ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Nonperforming Loans ; Physical Risks
    Abstract: Climate change and environmental risks are increasingly recognized as a concern for financial authorities, yet empirical evidence of the damage for bank balance sheets is relatively scant. This paper provides preliminary estimates of the aggregate impact of physical risks from climate and environmental-related natural disasters on bank balance sheets across 184 countries over nearly 40 years. Using the local projection method, the analysis finds that severe disaster episodes lead to an increase in the level of systemwide non-performing loans, which is persistent over time. The paper complements the cross-country results with a country-specific example, which finds that typhoon damages lead to a significant increase in non-performing loans in the Philippines between 2011 and 2018. The results suggest a role for financial policy and supervision to monitor, assess, and mitigate climate and environmental related physical risks to the banking sector
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10326
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    A Macroeconomic Perspective of Structural Deforestation in Brazil's Legal Amazon (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ferreira Filho, Joaquim Bento De Souza A Macroeconomic Perspective of Structural Deforestation in Brazil's Legal Amazon
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change Mitigation ; CO2 Emissions ; Deforestation ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Policy ; Environmental Sustainability ; Forestry ; Forestry Management ; Green Growth ; Land Use Patters ; Macroeconomics and Growth ; Rural Development ; Structural Policy AD Reform
    Abstract: Despite policy efforts in recent decades, deforestation remains a pervasive phenomenon in Brazil. Yet deforestation is not only affected by forest governance. It is also driven by global demand for commodities and the relative competitiveness of agriculture, which in turn depends on macroeconomic factors impacting product and factor prices. These macroeconomic mechanisms remain largely unexplored. This paper explores the role of economic productivity in shaping deforestation. It uses an economic model with an empirically founded land use extension to study the macro-structural drivers of land use patterns in Brazil's Legal Amazon. It demonstrates that productivity gains in the Legal Amazon's agriculture sector increase deforestation, while such gains in non-land intensive sectors (such as manufacturing) reduce deforestation by attenuating the relative competitiveness of agriculture. Higher productivity in other parts of Brazil also reduces incentives for forest conversion in the Legal Amazon. The paper points to the economic forces that forest protection efforts need to counter, while calling for complementary structural reforms to overcome "Brazilian disease" in the longer-term: addressing the legacy of import substitution industrialization and moving up the value chain will shift economic drivers beyond commodities, thus also reconciling development with standing forests
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10162
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    A Model of Amazon Deforestation, Trade and Labor Market Dynamics (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Porcher, Charly A Model of Amazon Deforestation, Trade and Labor Market Dynamics
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Amazon Deforestation ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environmental Sustainabilty ; Green Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Growth ; Manufacturing and Environmental Sustainability ; Rural Development ; Skills Training ; Spacial Equalibrium Model of Deforestation ; Structural Policy and Reform ; Sustainable Land Management
    Abstract: This paper develops a dynamic spatial equlibrium model of Amazon deforestation, accounting for trade and labor markets dynamics. It uses this model to study the impact of local sectoral shocks and policies on deforestation. Conditional on the assumptions on key parameters, the analysis suggests the following: 1) an increase in external commodity demand increases deforestation; 2) agricultural productivity gains within the Amazon region likely increase deforestation (but reduce deforestation in the rest of the world) 3) manufacturing productivity in urban centers in the Amazon region decreases deforestation, especially if manufacturing firms have short rural value chains and if complemented by investments in education and training and measures to attract skills; 4) reducing transport costs increases deforestation unless it sufficiently supports higher export competitiveness of urban production; and 5) industrial policy focused on raising urban productivity, especially in sectors with short rural value chains, can reduce deforestation. The paper then discusses how policies aimed at increasing local sectoral productivity in the Amazon region could complement other measures specifically aimed at protecting the forest. Among such measures are incentivizing governments to designate undesignated public forests, enforcing forest protection laws (command and control), incentivizing afforestation, and creating alternative livelihoods for farmers in rural and urban areas
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10163
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Understanding Drivers of Decoupling of Global Transport CO2 Emissions from Economic Growth : Evidence from 145 Countries (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Foster, Vivien Understanding Drivers of Decoupling of Global Transport CO2 Emissions from Economic Growth: Evidence from 145 Countries
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide Emissions ; Climate Change Mitigation ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Economic Growth ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Environment ; Greenhouse Gas Emissions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Transportation Sector
    Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which countries have succeeded in decoupling transport emissions from economic growth, and how changes in emissions intensity, economic growth, and population growth have contributed to changes in transportation-related emissions. The paper employs a modified version of the Tapio decoupling model, and demonstrates that over the 1990-2018 study period only 12 of 145 countries achieved "absolute decoupling," defined as reducing emissions while growing gross domestic product. The majority of the top emitters remain in a "relative decoupling" state, with emissions growing more slowly than gross domestic product. Many of the middle- and low-income countries have not achieved decoupling; their emissions are growing as fast as or faster than gross domestic product. To understand the driving factors of transport-related carbon emissions, the paper conducts index-decomposition and an econometric analysis. The results reveal that while transportation emission intensity has declined in most countries, economic growth and population growth have offset these declines. If these patterns continue, achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement with improvements in efficiency alone seems unrealistic. The paper also shows evidence that higher energy prices are associated with strong emissions reduction
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9809
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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