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  • Lanzi, Elisa  (14)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (14)
  • Wiesbaden : Springer VS
  • Environment  (14)
  • Finance and Investment
  • 1
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.212
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This report quantifies the environmental, health and economic consequences of policy action on air pollution in Arctic Council countries, with a focus on sectoral differences. The report takes a modelling approach and compares a baseline scenario that reflects current legislation, with a policy scenario in which the best available techniques to reduce emissions are deployed in all emitting sectors. The report highlights that benefits from air quality improvements can be obtained when considering emission reductions throughout the economy, and not just in the sectors that are targeted more often, such as industry and transport. The results presented in the report also highlight the need for country-specific policy strategies that take into account the current levels of policy stringency, the sectoral contributions to air pollution, and the need for sectoral investment in new technologies, which also vary by country.
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  • 2
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.214
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents a detailed economic modelling analysis of public finance in the transition towards carbon neutrality. It outlines results from a Net-Zero Emission Ambition scenario, which reflects the ambition to achieve net-zero carbon dioxide emissions globally by mid-century, using a broad and region-specific policy package that combines various policy instruments: carbon pricing, removal of fossil fuel support, regulations in the power sector, and other policies that stimulate investments by firms and households to reduce and decarbonise energy use. The analysis relies on the OECD global computable general equilibrium ENV-Linkages model. Results show that transitioning towards carbon neutrality is feasible when considering economic and fiscal consequences. The scenario achieves carbon neutrality while maintaining continued economic growth, despite a limited negative impact on global GDP and on public revenues. The fiscal effects reflect a trade-off between instruments that increase public revenues (carbon pricing) or reduce public expenditures (fossil fuel subsidies removal), on the one hand, and more costly instruments (subsidies) and indirect effects (tax base erosion and changes in fiscal and economic structure) on the other hand.
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  • 3
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.297
    Schlagwort(e): Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: This paper quantifies changes in employment and the demand for skills in the European Union following the implementation of Fit for 55 policies. Between 2019 and 2030, the economy is projected to grow by 1.3% in the Fit for 55 scenario (3% in a Baseline scenario without the Fit for 55 policies). Employment growth is projected to be lower in the Fit for 55 than the Baseline scenario. Employment in the Fit for 55 scenario is projected to decrease by 3% for blue collar and farm workers (2% in the Baseline) and increase by 4 5% for other occupations (5-6% in the Baseline). The most demanded skills following the implementation of Fit for 55 will be those related to inter personal communication and the use of digital technologies, whereas the demand for skills related to the use of traditional tools and technologies is projected to decline. Anticipating changes in employment and the demand for skills as well as the socio-demographic profile of those most affected can facilitate the design of upskilling and reskilling efforts and promote the reallocation of workers across sectors and occupations.
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  • 4
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.197
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; China, People’s Republic ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of
    Kurzfassung: Air pollution is a global challenge to people’s health and has severe economic consequences. The region of Northeast Asia is no exception. Across most regions in Japan, and in the entire territories of Korea and China, annual average concentrations of fine particulate matter are above the guideline levels indicated by the World Health Organisation, indicating a risk to health. Policy action to tackle air pollution across the three countries, could prevent air pollution related illnesses and deaths, without affecting economic growth. This report presents projections for the impact of air pollution polices until 2050, with differing levels of regional coordination. Projections for current policies are compared with unilateral policy action, whereby each of the three countries introduce more stringent policies to tackle air pollution; alongside regionally coordinated policy action by all three countries; and policy action on a global level. The report presents the health, agricultural and economic impacts, and identifies considerable benefits from further coordination on air pollution policies, such as with regional and global policy action.
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  • 5
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (81 p.)
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.169
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Global materials use is expected to grow in the coming decades in the absence of new policies, bearing substantial negative impacts for the environment. This report analyses the mechanisms through which resource efficiency and circular economy policies can achieve a decoupling between economic growth and material use. Using the OECD’s ENV-Linkages model, the report examines the economic and environmental impacts of a global material fiscal reform, which implements taxes on primary metal and mineral resources, and uses the revenue of these taxes to finance subsidies to recycled goods and to secondary metal production.
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  • 6
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.176
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Effets à long terme de la pandémie de COVID-19 et des mesures de relance sur les pressions environnementales : Etude quantitative
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyses the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated government responses on the environment. It uses large-scale modelling to investigate the impact of sectoral and regional shocks to the economy until 2040. These detailed economic impacts are linked to a range of environmental pressures, including greenhouse gas emissions, emissions of air pollutants, the use of raw materials and land use change. The short-term reductions in environmental pressures are significant: in 2020, energy-related greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions dropped by around 7%. Environmental pressures related to agriculture observed a smaller drop in 2020. The reduction in the use of non-metallic minerals, including construction materials, reached double digits. From 2021, emissions are projected to increase again, gradually getting closer to the pre-COVID baseline projection levels as growth rates recover fully. But there is a long-term – potentially permanent – downward impact on the levels of environmental pressures of 1‑3%.
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  • 7
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe The long-term implications of the COVID-19 pandemic and recovery measures on environmental pressures: A quantitative exploration
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: La présente synthèse contient une analyse des effets à long terme de la pandémie de COVID 19 et des mesures publiques de relance économique adoptées pour y faire face sur l’environnement. À l’aide de modélisations à grande échelle, il étudie les impacts des chocs sectoriels et régionaux sur l’économie jusqu’en 2040. Elle fait le lien entre des chocs sectoriels et régionaux sur l’économie jusqu’en 2040 et une série de pressions sur l’environnement, dont les émissions de gaz à effet de serre ou de polluants atmosphériques, l’utilisation de matières premières et les changements d’affectation des terres.. La réduction à court terme des pressions environnementales est notable : en 2020, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de polluants atmosphériques liées à l’énergie ont baissé de 7 % environ. Les pressions en rapport avec l’agriculture ont enregistré un recul plus modeste cette même année. Le recul de l’utilisation de minerais non métalliques, dont les matériaux de construction, a atteint un pourcentage à deux chiffres. D’après les projections, les émissions remonteront à partir de 2021 et se rapprocheront progressivement des niveaux de référence antérieures au COVID, les taux de croissance rattrapant tout leur retard. Cependant, à long terme, un effet à la baisse - potentiellement permanent - sur le niveau des pressions environnementales est chiffré entre 1 et 3 %.
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  • 8
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD environment working papers no. 137
    Schlagwort(e): Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Einkommensverteilung ; Klimapolitik ; Energiepolitik ; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht ; Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper explores the consequences on the labour markets of structural changes induced by decarbonisation policies. These policies are likely going to have consequences on labour-income distribution given i) existing rigidities in the labour markets, and ii) their different impacts on sectors and on job categories. These policies are analysed in a general equilibrium modelling framework, which includes interlinkages between different sectors and regions as well as five different categories of workers.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 9
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD trade and environment working papers 2017, 01
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This report provides an analysis of how climate change damages may affect international trade in the coming decades and how international trade can help limit the costs of climate change. It analyses the impacts of climate change on trade considering both direct effects on infrastructure and transport routes and the indirect economic impacts resulting from changes in endowments and production. A qualitative analysis with a literature review is used to present the direct effects of climate change. The indirect impacts of climate change damages on trade are analysed with the OECD’s ENV-Linkages model, a dynamic computable general equilibrium model with global coverage and sector-specific international trade flows. By building on the analysis in the OECD (2015) report "The Economic Consequences of Climate Change", the modelling analysis presents a plausible scenario of future socioeconomic developments and climate damages, to shed light on the mechanisms at work in explaining how climate change will affect trade.
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  • 10
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD environment working papers no. 108
    Schlagwort(e): Luftverschmutzung ; Gesundheitskosten ; Umweltkosten ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents a review of existing approaches to estimate the costs of inaction, as well as the benefits of policy action, for air pollution. It focuses primarily on health impacts from air pollution. The paper presents the “impact pathway approach”, which includes various steps in the analysis of the costs of air pollution. These include quantifying emissions, calculating the concentrations of the pollutants, applying epidemiologic studies to calculate the physical health effects and applying valuation methods to calculate the economic costs of the health impacts. The report also reviews applications of the impact pathway approach to applied economic studies that aim at calculating the macroeconomic costs of air pollution. It proposes possible approaches for including the feedbacks from the health impacts of air pollution in an applied economic framework. While ideally this requires serious modifications of the modelling frameworks and an improvement of the available empirical results, some impacts, such as changes in health expenditures and labour productivity, can easily been incorporated, following the literature on the economic costs of the health impacts of climate change.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 11
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Private Sector Engagement in Adaptation to Climate Change: Approaches to Managing Climate Risks
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: La planification, le financement et la mise en oeuvre des mesures d’adaptation au changement climatique suscitent de par le monde un intérêt croissant. Jusqu’à présent, c’est surtout le rôle du secteur public qui a focalisé l’attention, le secteur privé étant principalement envisagé en tant que source de financement et d’investissements. En revanche, il a été assez peu question de la réaction du secteur privé aux risques et aux débouchés du changement climatique. La présente analyse vise donc à mieux comprendre le rôle du secteur privé. Dans ce document, on analysera les progrès accomplis par le secteur privé sur le front de l’adaptation au changement climatique, à partir d’éléments issus de seize études de cas relevant de différentes branches d’activité. Ce travail sera complété par une analyse générale des mesures d’adaptation à l’échelle de l’ensemble du secteur privé, à partir des réponses au questionnaire du Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) de 2009. Les études de cas contiennent des éléments sur le niveau de sensibilisation des entreprises aux risques et aux points de vulnérabilité potentiels au changement climatique, sur les progrès qu’elles ont pu accomplir dans l’évaluation des incidences spécifiques à leur activité du changement climatique et des réponses possibles, et sur les mesures et les stratégies d’adaptation qu’elles ont mises en oeuvre pour maîtriser ces risques. On examinera également dans quelle mesure les entreprises tirent parti des nouveaux débouchés amenés par le changement climatique. Ce travail met en lumière les facteurs qui peuvent motiver les entreprises à prendre des mesures d’adaptation et définit les éléments communs susceptibles d’influer sur la capacité des entreprises à agir pour l’adaptation, sur leurs motivations à agir et leur perception de la nécessité de l’adaptation. On cherchera à comprendre comment ces facteurs peuvent favoriser ou freiner l’adaptation, et on évaluera les rôles que peuvent jouer les pouvoirs publics pour éliminer les obstacles à l’action, pour encourager l’engagement du secteur privé et l’inciter à investir pour l’adaptation.
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  • 12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.39
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: There is growing international interest in the planning, financing and implementation of adaptation to climate change. However, the discussion to date has primarily focused on the public sector’s role, with the private sector viewed primarily as a source of funding or financing. Relatively little attention has been paid to how the private sector is responding to the risks and opportunities from climate change. In this context, this analysis aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of private sector’s role. This paper examines the private sector’s progress in adapting to climate change by considering information from sixteen case studies, drawn from a range of industries across the private sector. This is complemented by a high-level analysis of broader private sector adaptation based on responses to the 2009 Carbon Disclosure Project questionnaire. The case studies provide insight into companies’ awareness of potential climate risks and vulnerabilities, their progress in assessing specific impacts on their businesses and possible ways to respond to them, and their implementation of adaptation measures and strategies to manage these risks. The analysis also examines how companies are taking advantage of new business opportunities arising from climate change. The paper explores companies’ motivations for implementing adaptation measures, and establishes common factors which can affect companies’ capacities to adapt, their incentives for action, and their perspectives on the need to adapt. The analysis considers how these factors can both encourage and impede adaptation, and assesses potential public sector roles for eliminating barriers to action, encouraging engagement and incentivising private sector investment in adaptation.
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  • 13
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.38
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Development
    Kurzfassung: In the context of scaled up funding for climate change adaptation, it is more important than ever to ensure the effectiveness, equity and efficiency of adaptation interventions. Robust monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is an essential part of this, both to ensure that the prospective benefits of interventions are being realised and to help improve the design of future interventions. This paper is the first empirical assessment of M&E frameworks used by development co-operation agencies for projects and programmes with adaptation-specific or adaptation-related components. It has analysed 106 project documents across six bilateral development agencies. Based on this, it identifies the characteristics of M&E for adaptation and shares lessons learned on the choice and use of indicators for adaptation. This analysis has found that Result Based Management, the Logical Framework Approach and the accompanying logframe are the most common M&E approaches used for adaptation. In applying these approaches, the long-term perspective of most adaptation initiatives means that it is particularly important to clearly differentiate between outcomes, outputs and activities. In addition, M&E frameworks for adaptation should combine qualitative, quantitative and binary indicators. The baselines for these indicators should include the effects of future climate change, particularly for projects with long-term implications, such as investments in infrastructure. Significant challenges remain in relation to dealing with shifting baselines, attribution and time lags between interventions and outcomes.
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  • 14
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 84 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.23
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Financing for adaptation is a core element in the ongoing international negotiations on climate change. This has motivated a number of recent global estimates of adaptation costs. While important from an agenda setting perspective, many of these estimates nevertheless have a number of limitations. They are typically static (i.e. estimated for one specific year), do not differentiate between investments in various types of adaptation or quantify the resulting benefits, and are delinked from policies and investments in greenhouse gas mitigation.
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