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  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (309)
  • Criscuolo, Chiara  (45)
  • Yamano, Norihiko  (11)
  • Safari, an O’Reilly Media Company.
  • Science and Technology  (365)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Driving low-carbon innovations for climate neutrality (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.143
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The transition to climate neutrality requires cost reductions in existing clean technologies to enable rapid deployment on a large scale, as well as the development of emerging technologies such as green hydrogen. This policy paper argues that science, technology, innovation, and industrial (STI&I) policies focusing on developing and deploying low-carbon technologies are crucial to achieving carbon neutrality. It notes however that the current level of innovation is insufficient to meet the net-zero challenge due to a policy emphasis on deployment rather than research and development (R&D) support. The paper explores the rationale for more ambitious STI&I policies targeted at R&D for climate neutrality and provides policy recommendations for an effective innovation policy for net-zero, including its interaction with the broader climate policy package.
    DOI: 10.1787/8e6ae16b-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Emerging trends in AI skill demand across 14 OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.2
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Qualifikation ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This report analyses the demand for positions that require skills needed to develop or work with AI systems across 14 OECD countries between 2019 and 2022. It finds that, despite rapid growth in the demand for AI skills, AI-related online vacancies comprised less than 1% of all job postings and were predominantly found in sectors such as ICT and Professional Services. Skills related to Machine Learning were the most sought after. The US-focused part of the study reveals a consistent demand for socio-emotional, foundational, and technical skills across all AI employers. However, leading firms – those who posted the most AI jobs – exhibited a higher demand for AI professionals combining technical expertise with leadership, innovation, and problem-solving skills, underscoring the importance of these competencies in the AI field.
    DOI: 10.1787/7c691b9a-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quantifying industrial strategies across nine OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.150
    Keywords: Industriepolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Industrial policy has resurfaced prominently in academic and policy discussions in the wake of major shocks and long-term trends. However, quantifying industrial strategies across countries remains difficult. The ‘Quantifying Industrial Strategies’ (QuIS) project measures industrial policy expenditures by gathering and harmonising publicly available data, based on a new methodology. This report summarises the composition of industrial strategies in the first nine participating countries in terms of expenditures, priorities, and policy instruments for the period 2019-21. The report finds that industrial policies are sizeable, with 1.5% of GDP in grants and tax expenditures, and with an important heterogeneity across countries in terms of strategic priorities; industrial strategies mainly rely on sectoral instruments, representing on average 29% of grants and tax expenditures; and green instruments are important and rose significantly in six out of nine countries between 2019 and 2021.
    DOI: 10.1787/5f2dcc8e-en
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What technologies are at the core of AI? : An exploration based on patent data (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.6
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report outlines a new methodology and provides a first exploratory analysis of technologies and applications that are at the core of recent advances in AI. Using AI-related keywords and technology classes, the study identifies AI-related patents protected in the United States in 2000-18. Among those, “core” AI patents are selected based on their counts of AI-related forward citations. The analysis finds that, compared to other (AI and non-AI) patents, they are more original and general, and tend to be broader in technological scope. Technologies related to general AI, robotics, computer/image vision and recognition/detection are consistently listed among core AI patents, with autonomous driving and deep learning having recently become more prominent. Finally, core AI patents tend to spur innovation across AI-related domains, although some technologies – likely AI applications, such as autonomous driving or robotics – appear to increasingly contribute to developments in their own field.
    DOI: 10.1787/32406765-en
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gender diversity in senior management and firm productivity : Evidence from nine OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Productivity Working Papers no.34
    Keywords: Economics ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper investigates the link between gender diversity in senior management and firm-level productivity. For this purpose, it constructs a novel cross-country dataset with information on firms’ senior management group and other firm characteristics, covering both publicly listed and unlisted firms in manufacturing and non-financial market services across nine OECD countries. The main result from the analysis is that productivity gains from increasing gender diversity in senior management are highest among firms with low initial diversity. Increasing the female share to the sample average of 20% in firms with initially lower shares would increase aggregate productivity by around 0.6%. This suggests that improving women’s access to senior management positions matters not only for equity but could yield significant productivity gains.
    DOI: 10.1787/58ad664a-en
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An industrial policy framework for OECD countries : Old debates, new perspectives (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.127
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The debate on industrial policy has made a comeback in both academic and policy circles. Yet, no consensus exists on an industrial policy paradigm and the absence of a common reference framework unduly obfuscates the debate – even which interventions are to be considered “industrial policy” is not clear-cut. Against this background, this paper proposes a coherent framework for analysing the formulation of industrial policy, relying on a purposefully broad definition of the latter. Leveraging the proposed framework and a companion paper which synthetises the available empirical evidence, this paper stresses the complementarities between policy instruments, thereby justifying the use of industrial strategies, acknowledges the role of targeted industrial strategies, which can direct technological change and growth, and of demand-side instruments, which can contribute to transformative industrial change, but calls for a stronger emphasis on evaluation and the regular re-assessment of targeted industrial strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/0002217c-en
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Micro-data based insights on trends in business R&D performance and funding : Findings from the OECD microBeRD+ project (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2022/04
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report presents new insights on trends in business R&D performance and funding, drawing on the micro-aggregated R&D and tax relief statistics collected for 21 OECD countries as part of the OECD microBeRD project. Micro-aggregated statistics provide an important input for policy analysis, highlighting important variations in business R&D performance and funding across industries and different types of firms that are hard to uncover based on aggregate R&D and tax relief statistics. They shed light on country and industry specific trends in the concentration of R&D activity, business R&D dynamics, the structure of R&D performance among different types of firms and the way that they fund their R&D activities. Such evidence can be relevant in assessing the contribution of different types of firms (e.g. young firms, foreign-controlled affiliates) and individuals (e.g. female R&D staff, doctorate holders) to research and development in the business sector and designing business R&D support policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/4805d3f5-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Guide to OECD TiVA Indicators, 2021 edition (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2022/02
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The goods and services we buy are composed of inputs from various countries around the world. However, the flows of goods and services within these global production chains are not always reflected in conventional measures of international trade. The Trade in Value-Added (TiVA) indicators address this issue by considering the value added by each country in the production of goods and services that are consumed worldwide. This guide presents the TiVA indicators published by OECD. The latest indicators were generated using the 2021 release of the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables which cover the period 1995 to 2018. The indicators are provided for 66 economies and the rest of the world (including all OECD, European Union, ASEAN and G20 countries) and a selection of region aggregates and, for 45 unique industries and related aggregates (such as total manufactures and total services) based on the ISIC Rev. 4 classification.
    DOI: 10.1787/58aa22b1-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pro-Productivity institutions at work : Country practices and new insights on their set-up and functioning (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Productivity Working Papers no.32
    Keywords: Economics ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: In the face of slowing productivity growth, a number of OECD countries have set up pro-productivity institutions to produce objective evidence and data on productivity trends and growth drivers and help inform pro-productivity policies and interventions. The paper presents a new analytical framework to analyse the key characteristics of these pro-productivity institutions. The framework draws on a comprehensive stocktaking of pro-productivity institutions and applied policy advice work aimed at supporting capabilities and mutual learning across these institutions. The paper finds that pro-productivity institutions rely on a variety of set-ups and approaches to contribute to pro-productivity policies. Despite this variety, the paper does point to some lessons that can help pro-productivity institutions to continuously strengthen their capabilities. In particular, the paper highlights the importance of guaranteeing the analytical independence of pro-productivity institutions and access to micro-level data on firms and workers to inform policies and interventions with objective data and evidence. The paper opens a new line of research on the political economy of productivity policies that can support countries ensure the effective implementation of policies aimed at enhancing incomes and living standards.
    DOI: 10.1787/f5a3a2df-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Are industrial policy instruments effective? : A review of the evidence in OECD countries (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.128
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: While the case for industrial policy is gaining traction across OECD countries, little consensus exists on the effectiveness of such interventions. Building on a new analytical framework for industrial policy developed in a companion paper, this paper reviews the empirical literature on the effectiveness of industrial policy instruments, laying out the knowns and unknowns. Overall, it strongly supports the premise that well-designed economic incentives for firms and good framework conditions shaping the business environment are effective. At the same time, it emphasises the limited and inconclusive nature of the evidence regarding the increasingly frequent targeted and demand-side instruments. Finally, it underlines the complementarities between economic incentives and other interventions such as skill policies or framework conditions, notably competition and trade policies. Framework conditions are indeed key in enabling the most productive firms to grow and an important channel for structural change.
    DOI: 10.1787/57b3dae2-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quantifying industrial strategies (QuIS) : Measuring industrial policy expenditures (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2022/05
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Industrial policy is sparking renewed interest across OECD member countries and partner economies. However, amidst an increasing number of objectives for industrial policy, and despite the availability of information on countries’ strategies and plans, it remains difficult to properly measure and compare resources spent on industrial policies and identify countries’ strategic priorities. The lack of a cross-country comparable source of information on resources dedicated to industrial policy partly results from the absence of a common methodology to account for industrial policy expenditures. This paper provides a new methodology for reporting industrial policy expenditure in a comparable way across countries. It is the first deliverable of the “Quantifying Industrial Strategies” project, which aims at measuring industrial policy expenditures across OECD countries and will gather harmonised data on industrial policy expenditures, their composition, and their mode of delivery.
    DOI: 10.1787/ae351abf-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
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    The firm-level link between productivity dispersion and wage inequality : A symptom of low job mobility? (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2021/02
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Differences in average wages across firms – which account for around one-half of overall wage inequality – are mainly explained by differences in firm wage premia (the part of wages that depends exclusively on characteristics of firms) rather than workforce composition. Using a new cross-country dataset of linked employer-employee data, this paper investigates the role of cross-firm dispersion in productivity in explaining dispersion in firm wage premia, as well as the factors shaping the link between productivity and wages at the firm level. The results suggest that around 15% of cross-firm differences in productivity are passed on to differences in firm wage premia. The degree of pass-through is systematically larger in countries and industries with more limited job mobility, where low-productivity firms can afford to pay lower wage premia relative to high-productivity ones without a substantial fraction of workers quitting their jobs. Stronger product market competition raises pass-through while more centralised bargaining and higher minimum wages constrain firm-level wage setting at any given level of productivity dispersion. From a policy perspective, the results suggest that the key priority should be to promote job mobility, which would reduce wage differences between firms while easing the efficient reallocation of workers across them.
    DOI: 10.1787/882a4055-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New evidence on intangibles, diffusion and productivity (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2021/10
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper presents new evidence on the impact of intangible capital on productivity dispersion within industries. It first shows that rise in productivity dispersion after 2000 is more pronounced in intangible-intensive industries; then analyses the link between intangible capital intensity and productivity dispersion both at the top and at the bottom of the productivity distribution, and in different industries. The findings suggest that industries that have experienced a stronger increase in intangible investment have also seen a steeper rise in productivity dispersion both at the top and at the bottom of the productivity distribution. While the results at the top seem to be associated with the scalability of intangible capital – which is likely to disproportionally benefit high-productivity firms and incumbents – dispersion at the bottom appears to be linked to complementarities between intangible investment and factors like digital intensity, trade openness and venture capital.
    DOI: 10.1787/de0378f3-en
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  • 14
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    The role of telework for productivity during and post-COVID-19 : Results from an OECD survey among managers and workers (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Productivity Working Papers no.31
    Keywords: Economics ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Motivated by the sudden adoption of telework in the wake of the COVID 19 pandemic, the Global Forum on Productivity (GFP) undertook an online survey among managers and workers in 25 countries about their experience and expectations, with a particular focus on productivity and well-being. This paper presents analysis and results from this endeavour. It finds that managers and workers had an overall positive assessment from teleworking both for firm performance and for individual well-being, and wish to increase substantially the share of regular teleworkers from pre-crisis levels. Respondents, on average, find that the ideal amount of telework is around 2-3 days per week, in line with other recent evidence and with the idea that the benefits (e.g., less commuting, fewer distractions) and costs (e.g., impaired communication and knowledge flows) need to be balanced at an intermediate level of telework intensity. To meet the challenges of this “hybrid” working mode, as the survey finds, further changes from management are needed, such as the co-ordination of schedules to encourage a sufficient degree of in-person interaction, and further investment in ICT tools and skills as well as more soft skills to master online communication.
    DOI: 10.1787/7fe47de2-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
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    The human side of productivity : Uncovering the role of skills and diversity for firm productivity (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Productivity Working Papers no.29
    Keywords: Economics ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Relying on linked employer-employee datasets from 10 countries, this paper documents that the skills and the diversity of the workforce and of managers – the human side of businesses – account on average for about one third of the labour productivity gap between firms at the productivity “frontier” (the top 10% within each detailed industry) and medium performers at the 40-60 percentile of the productivity distribution. The composition of skills, especially the share of high skills, varies the most along the productivity distribution, but low and medium skilled employees make up a substantial share of the workforce even at the frontier. High skills show positive but decreasing productivity returns. Moreover, the skill mix of top firms varies markedly across countries, pointing to the role of different strategies pursued by firms in different policy environments. We also find that managerial skills play a particularly important role, also through complementarities with worker skills. Gender and cultural diversity among managers – and to a lesser extent, among workers – is positively related to firm productivity as well. We discuss public policies that can facilitate the catch-up of firms below the frontier through skills and diversity. These cover a wide range of areas, exerting their influence through three main channels: the supply, upgrading and the matching across firms (the SUM) of skills and other human factors.
    DOI: 10.1787/5f391ba9-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
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    Intangibles and industry concentration : Supersize me (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2021/12
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper presents new evidence on the growing scale of big businesses in the United States, Japan, and Europe. It finds broad evidence of rising industry concentration across the majority of countries and sectors over the period 2002 to 2014. Rising concentration is strongly associated with intensive investment in intangibles, particularly innovative assets, software, and data. This relationship appears to be stronger in more globalised and digital-intensive industries. The results are consistent with intangibles disproportionately benefiting large firms and enabling them to scale up and increase market shares. We find nuanced implications of these new business models for competition – rising markups and reduced churning amongst the top firms, but falling industry prices.
    DOI: 10.1787/ce813aa5-en
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  • 17
    Online Resource
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    Coverage and representativeness of Orbis data (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2020, 06
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper describes the coverage and representativeness of Orbis, a commercial database of firm-level records across many countries. Such databases can provide key insights into global economic trends and shed light on how policies affect firms within and across countries. As a benchmark, the paper uses industry-level data from the OECD STAN dataset as well as micro-aggregated data from the OECD MultiProd and DynEmp projects, which draw on official microdata representative of the entire firm population. Results indicate that Orbis is more suitable for studies that: i) take a global perspective rather than make comparisons across countries; ii) analyse top performers and multinationals rather than underperforming firms; and iii) focus on mean performance or changes within firms rather than the entire firm distribution or entry and exit.
    DOI: 10.1787/c7bdaa03-en
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  • 18
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    Laggard firms, technology diffusion and its structural and policy determinants (2020)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 91 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and innovation policy papers no. 86 (March 2020)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.86
    Keywords: Productivity ; Laggards ; Catch-up ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides new evidence on the main characteristics of laggard firms - firms in the bottom 40% of the productivity distribution - and their potential for productivity growth. It finds that laggards are on average younger and smaller than more productive firms, and matter for aggregate resource reallocation. Moreover, younger laggards converge faster toward the productivity frontier, suggesting that the composition of the laggard group matters for future productivity. Yet this report finds that laggards converge at a slower rate in highly digital- and skill-intensive industries, suggesting that there are barriers to technology and knowledge diffusion. This could help explain the much-debated productivity slowdown and the increased productivity dispersion. This report also finds that policies aimed at improving workers’ skills, alleviating financial constraints to investments and increasing firms' absorptive capacity through direct R&D support can accelerate the diffusion of knowledge and technology, and help laggard firms to catch up.
    DOI: 10.1787/281bd7a9-en
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  • 19
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    Measuring employment in global value chains (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2020, 01
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Wirtschaftsintegration ; Beschäftigungseffekt ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Globalisierung ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Growing economic integration worldwide and the spread of global value chains (GVCs) increases the sensitivity of employment in one country or region to changes in demand in other countries or regions. However, traditional statistics do not reveal the full nature of global interdependencies - notably how consumption in one country may drive production and therefore, sustain employment in other economies or, how employment in an upstream domestic industry may be affected by exporting activities of other domestic industries. This document describes the sources and methods used to produce the indicators in the Trade in employment (TiM) database. These indicators were developed, as a complement to Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators, to provide broad insights into the impact of GVCs on labour markets. The indicators are derived by combining the latest set of OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables, covering the years 2005 to 2015, with appropriate employment by industry statistics.
    DOI: 10.1787/00f7d7db-en
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  • 20
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    CO2 emissions embodied in international trade and domestic final demand : Methodology and results using the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output Database (2020)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2020/11
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper describes the sources and methods used to estimate carbon emissions embodied in final demand and international gross trade for 65 economies over the period 2005-2015. Earlier OECD analyses of carbon footprints, accounting for global production networks, helped raise awareness of divergences between territorial and resident principles, and between production-based and consumption-based carbon emissions. Understanding the differences in these measures is important for governments to better understand and address greenhouse gas mitigation options. Thus, a new refined methodology was applied to allocate territorial emissions to production-based emissions (industries and households) using OECD Inter-Country Input-Output tables and International Energy Agency (IEA) CO2 emissions from fuel combustion statistics. In particular, this methodology introduces: 1) explicit distinctions between territorial and resident principles, economic output and final demand-based emissions and emissions embodied in gross imports and exports; 2) estimates by major fuel combustion sources; and 3) fuel purchases by non-resident industries and households.
    DOI: 10.1787/8f2963b8-en
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  • 21
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    Declining business dynamism : structural and policy determinants (2020)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 76 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and innovation policy papers no. 94 (November 2020)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.94
    Keywords: Business dynamism ; Firm demography ; Job reallocation ; Employment dynamics ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses trends in business dynamism across 18 countries and 22 industries over the last two decades, using highly representative comparable data. It finds that declines in business dynamism, pervasive in many countries, are driven by dynamics occurring at a disaggregated sectoral level, rather than reallocation across sectors. Average trends within sectors point to steady declines in each country over the last two decades, even after accounting for the role of the business cycle, with market structure and firm heterogeneity emerging as prominent determinants. Investments in intangibles and digital technologies, globalisation, and changes in demographics also contribute to these trends. Policy can, however, help boost business dynamism by reducing barriers to entry and to knowledge diffusion, favouring experimentation and creative destruction, and increasing absorptive capacity and firms’ potential to benefit from technological change.
    DOI: 10.1787/77b92072-en
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  • 22
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    Can firm micro data match macro trends? : comparing MultiProd and STAN (2019)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2019, 02
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Better understanding about the drivers of aggregate productivity and wage inequality requires data that offer a representative picture of the underlying firm-level heterogeneity but are, at the same time, able to reproduce patterns observed in aggregate data. The OECD MultiProd project aims to generate such data by collaborating with a network of national experts who apply a harmonised statistical code to representative business microdata across a large number of countries. This paper compares the project’s output to the OECD STAN database to test to what extent MultiProd data can be taken as reflecting the aggregate economies in question, and if they are able to reproduce patterns observed in aggregate data across years, industries and countries. The results suggest that (1) MultiProd captures a major part of gross output, value added and employment in most of the countries covered; and (2) MultiProd reproduces aggregate patterns relatively well, with median correlations over time, across industries and across countries between 0.75.
    DOI: 10.1787/2b0ac915-en
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  • 23
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    Business dynamics and digitalisation (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and innovation policy papers no. 62 (March 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.62
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This work analyses the role of the digital transformation for business dynamics across countries. The analysis combines unique harmonised data on business dynamics for 15 countries with a multi-dimensional measure of digital intensity that takes into account different facets of the digital transformation. Two key stylised facts emerge. First, digital intensive sectors – especially digital intensive services – are on average more dynamic than other sectors of the economy. Second, business dynamism has been declining in digital intensive sectors, and more so than in other sectors, especially after 2001. Despite an important role is played by technology, significant differences across countries still remain and are related to a number of institutional and policy factors.
    DOI: 10.1787/6e0b011a-en
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  • 24
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    Industry concentration in Europe and North America (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 18 (January 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents new evidence on industry concentration trends in Europe and in North America. It uses two novel data sources: representative firm-level concentration measures from the OECD MultiProd project, and business-group-level concentration measures using matched Orbis-Worldscope-Zephyr data. Based on the MultiProd data, it finds that between 2001 and 2012 the average industry across 10 European economies saw a 2-3-percentage-point increase in the share of the 10% largest companies in industry sales. Using the Orbis-Worldscope-Zephyr data, it documents a clear increase in industry concentration in Europe as well as in North America between 2000 and 2014 of the order of 4-8 percentage points for the average industry. Over the period, about 3 out of 4 (2-digit) industries in each region saw their concentration increase. The increase is observed for both manufacturing and non-financial services and is not driven by digital-intensive sectors.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/2ff98246-en
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  • 25
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    Exploring changes in world production and trade : insights from the 2018 update of OECD's ICIO/TIVA database (2019)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 95 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2019, 04
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Drawing on the 2018 update of OECD’s Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) database, this paper explores the evolution of trade in value added (TiVA) between 2005 and 2015. Changes in international production systems are examined with particular attention given to four key sectors heavily integrated into global value chains (GVCs): Textiles and Apparel; Chemicals; ICT and Electronics; and, Motor Vehicles. Some insights into the roles played by services sectors and non-residents’ expenditure and, the employment and environmental impacts of GVCs, are also provided. Considerable heterogeneity across countries and regions is revealed, particularly for East and Southeast Asian where China plays a key role. Services are increasingly important for manufactured exporting activities as well as for countries wishing to “upgrade” their activities to higher value added stages of production. Taking a consumption perspective suggests that national efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could be affected by international outsourcing of production.
    DOI: 10.1787/6f9a10dc-en
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  • 26
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    Bits and bolts : the digital transformation and manufacturing (2019)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2019, 01
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Industrie ; Digitalisierung ; Industrie 4.0 ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The digital transformation forces a re-think of government policy as manufacturing business models increasingly transition from “bolts” to “bits”. The road to Industry 4.0 implies important and pervasive changes in business dynamics, firm growth and the nature of competition. This report presents a framework for measuring the digital transformation of manufacturing industries, and maps the impact of digital technologies across these several dimensions: firm productivity growth, business dynamism, industry concentration, firm mark-ups and mergers and acquisition activity. It suggests policies that governments can use to facilitate digital adoption and reap the benefits of the digital revolution in manufacturing.
    DOI: 10.1787/c917d518-en
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  • 27
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    Mark-ups in the digital era (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 10
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Mark-up Pricing ; Marktmacht ; Digitalisierung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the evolution of firm mark-ups across 26 countries for the period 2001-14. It also discusses and investigates empirically how this can be related to the degree of digital transformation in sectors. Four main facts emerge: i) mark-ups are increasing over the period, on average across country; ii) this result is driven by firms at the top of the mark-up distribution, while the bottom half of the distribution exhibits a flat trend over time; (iii) mark-ups are higher in digital-intensive sectors than in less-digitally intensive sectors; (iv) mark-up differentials between digitally-intensive and less-digitally-intensive sectors have increased significantly over time.
    DOI: 10.1787/4efe2d25-en
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  • 28
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    The productivity-wage premium : does size still matter in a service economy? (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 13
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 1994 - 2012 ; Dienstleistungsgesellschaft ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Lohn ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The literature has established two robust stylised facts: (i) the existence of a firm size-wage premium; and (ii) a positive relationship between firm size and productivity. However, the existing evidence is mainly based on manufacturing data only. With manufacturing nowadays accounting for a small share of the economy, whether productivity, size, and wages are closely linked, and how tight this link is across sectors, is still an open question. Using a unique micro-aggregated dataset covering the whole economy in 17 countries over 1994-2012, this paper compares these relationships across sectors. While the size-wage and size-productivity premia are significantly weaker in market services compared to manufacturing, the link between wages and productivity is stronger. The combination of these results suggests that, in a service economy the “size-wage premium” becomes more a “productivity-wage premium”. These results have first-order policy implications for both workers and firms.
    DOI: 10.1787/04e36c29-en
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  • 29
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    A taxonomy of digital intensive sectors (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 14
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Vereinte Nationen ; 2001 - 2015 ; Industrie ; Klassifikation ; Digitalisierung ; Industrie 4.0 ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study proposes a taxonomy of sectors according to the extent to which they have gone digital. The taxonomy accounts for some of the key facets of the digital transformation, and recognises that sectors differ in their development and adoption of the most advanced “digital” technologies, in the human capital needed to embed them in production and in the extent to which digital tools are used to deal with clients and suppliers. The indicators used to classify 36 ISIC revision 4 sectors over the period 2001-15 are: share of ICT tangible and intangible (i.e. software) investment; share of purchases of intermediate ICT goods and services; stock of robots per hundreds of employees; share of ICT specialists in total employment; and the share of turnover from online sales. The study further proposes an overall summary indicator of the digital transformation in sectors which encompasses all the considered dimensions.
    DOI: 10.1787/f404736a-en
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  • 30
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    GVCs and centrality : mapping key hubs, spokes and the periphery (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 12 (February 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: global value chains ; international trade ; centrality ; network analysis ; input-outputtables ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses “centrality” metrics to reflect position with Global Value Chains (GVCs). Central sectors reflect those that are highly connected (both directly and indirectly) and influential within globalproduction networks, whereas peripheral sectors exhibit weak linkages and are less influential. Applying these metrics to OECD ICIO data, reveals there have been profound changes in the structure of GVCs over the period 1995-2011. Whilst some activities remain clustered around the same key hubs as was the case at the start of the period (e.g. motor vehicles), for others there have been dramatic changes in the geography of economic activity (e.g. IT manufacturing), whereas other activities have become more influential for value chains almost universally (e.g. IT services). Several emerging economies and their industries have become more central to global production networks. We find this is particularly true of most peripheral industries of Eastern European countries, with their growing importance coinciding with the timing of their EU accession. Asian value chains have also undergone substantial reorganisation. In particular, the centrality of Japanese industries has fallen from an initial position of being the key hub within Asian value chains and the bulk of this fall does not appear to be due to the decline in size of the Japanese economy over this period. This is in contrast with trends in foreign value added content of exports of these Japanese industries, which increased over the same time period, illustrating that the centrality measure does not seem to simply reflect features captured by existing GVC metrics.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/d4a9bd6f-en
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  • 31
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    GVC centrality and productivity : are hubs key to firm performance? (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 14 (June 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Productivity ; firms ; global value chains ; centrality ; network analysis ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses “centrality” metrics to reflect the changing structure of Global Value Chains (GVCs), contrasting central hubs and peripheral countries and sectors, and examine how these changes impact firm productivity. Using cross-country firm-level data from ORBIS, the paper finds that changing position within GVCs can play a role in the catch up of firms, but the results are heterogeneous across firms and countries. Firstly, becoming more central is associated with faster productivity growth of smaller firms, nonfrontier businesses, and of firms in smaller economies and in post-2004 EU member countries. And these correlations weaken with firm size and with proximity to the frontier, such that when one ignores firm heterogeneity and only considers average effects, there is no correlation for the average firms in the data. Secondly, the (centrality weighted) average productivity of buyers matters for the productivity of firms in our data overall, however this is particularly true for firms in large economies, for non-frontier and for smaller firms. The policy environment, such as flexible labour markets, better access to finance, stronger contract enforcement and simplified export procedures, appears to be important in translating the changing structure of GVCs into faster productivity growth of these non-frontier firms.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/56453da1-en
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  • 32
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    Economic shocks and changes in global production structures : methods for measuring economic resilience (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2017, 09
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Schock ; Coping-Strategie ; Strukturwandel ; Input-Output-Analyse ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Conventional studies on the impacts of economic shocks using global input-output tables (sensitivity analyses) assume stable production structures and thus, only reveal the marginal impacts of changes in final demand. However, when economic shocks occur, whether at home or abroad, economic agents are expected to react to reduce the negative impact or amplify the positive effects. The ability of a country to contain economic losses can be defined as the resilience to economic shocks. Using the OECD's annual Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables, 1995 to 2011, this paper investigates the relationship between changes in final demand and production structures for 61 economies. Our findings are summarised as follows. Production and final demand structures tend to change to reduce the negative feedbacks from final demand shocks. During economic downturns, structures tend to change so that the dependence on domestic services increases, while the dependence on domestic demand for goods, and the dependence on foreign demand for domestic goods and services, both decrease. Therefore, the domestic service sector seems to play a key role in temporarily containing the negative feedback. Countries that are able to prop up their economy by domestic service sectors instead of domestic goods and foreign sectors are more resilient to negative economic shocks.
    DOI: 10.1787/17d0694b-en
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  • 33
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    The great divergence(s) (2017)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 75 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 39 (May 2017)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report provides new evidence on the increasing dispersion in wages and productivity using novel micro-aggregated firm-level data from 16 countries. First, the report documents an increase in wage and productivity dispersions, for both manufacturing and market services. Second, it shows that these trends are driven by differences within rather than across sectors, and that the increase in dispersion is mainly driven by the bottom of the distribution, while divergence at the top occurs only in the service sector, and only after 2005. Third, it suggests that between-firm wage dispersion is linked to increasing differences between high and low productivity firms. Fourth, it suggests that both globalisation and digitalisation imply higher wage divergence, but strengthen the link between productivity and wage dispersion. Finally, it investigates the impact of minimum wage, employment protection legislation, trade union density, and coordination in wage setting on wage dispersion and its link to productivity dispersion.
    DOI: 10.1787/953f3853-en
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  • 34
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    The multiprod project : a comprehensive overview (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 89 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2017, 04
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Produktivitätsentwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper is a technical document, designed to serve as a reference document for subsequent papers arising out of MultiProd, a project of the Committee on Industry, Innovation and Entrepreneurship and the Working Party on Industry Analysis, aimed at studying productivity patterns across countries and over time. MultiProd provides harmonised micro-aggregated data of paramount importance for investigating the extent to which different policy frameworks can shape firm productivity and examining the way resources are allocated to more productive firms. The paper discusses the project’s main contributions in relation to the current literature, in particular how using micro-aggregated data can help policy-makers understand and measure the efficiency of resource allocation in the economy, the dependence of economic activity on a small number of large firms, and wage inequality.
    DOI: 10.1787/2069b6a3-en
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  • 35
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    No country for young firms? : start-up dynamics and national policies (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 29
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides new cross-country evidence on the links between national policies and the growth patterns of start-ups. In particular, it compares for the first time the heterogeneous effects of national policies on entrants and incumbents, within the same country, industry, and time period. A number of key facts emerge. First, start-ups in volatile sectors and in sectors that exhibit higher growth dispersion are significantly more exposed to national policies than start-ups in other sectors. Second, start-ups are systematically more exposed than incumbents to the policy environment and national framework conditions. Third, the results suggest that timely bankruptcy procedures and strong contract enforcement are key to establishing a dynamic start-up environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jm22p40c8mw-en
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  • 36
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    OECD evaluation framework for modern apprenticeships in Scotland (2016)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 35 (December 2016)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; United Kingdom ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This evaluation framework sets out recommendations for evaluating Modern Apprenticeships in Scotland. It discusses the evaluation activities to carry out, the outcomes to examine, the data to use and the methods to apply. It also sets the recommendations in a broader context by introducing activities and guiding principles related to evaluating public interventions and by briefly summarising relevant literature. The report describes a long-term evaluation strategy to be followed once required links between administrative datasets are put in place, and it also outlines the steps that should be made already in the short and medium term to facilitate the data linkage and to exploit data that are more readily available. The report emphasises the crucial role of formulating an ex-ante evaluation strategy in enabling high-quality and cost-effective evaluation.
    DOI: 10.1787/59084781-en
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  • 37
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    Impact of apprenticeships on individuals and firms : lessons for evaluating modern apprenticeships in Scotland (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2016, 06
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Betriebliche Ausbildung ; Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Schottland ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This review summarises existing studies evaluating the impact of apprenticeships on individuals and firms and provides a brief overview of relevant evaluations in three related policy areas: education; active labour market programmes; and private on-the-job training. Based on the reviewed literature, it draws a number of lessons that are relevant for evaluating apprenticeship programmes in OECD member countries, such as the Modern Apprenticeships in Scotland. First, rigorous evaluation depends on the existence of suitable, high-quality data. Second, the measured effects of apprenticeships depend on the time elapsed since the end of the training period. Third, the outcomes most commonly examined in the existing literature are wages and the probability of employment. Fourth, it is important to employ methods that take into account not only observed but also unobserved individual characteristics. Finally, comparing apprentices to different “control groups” might provide different and complementary evidence on the impact of apprenticeships.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlpq84v57kg-en
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  • 38
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    Estimating CO2 emissions embodied in final demand and trade using the OECD ICIO 2015 : methodology and results (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2016, 05
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Input-Output-Analyse ; Schätzung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Reliable carbon emissions statistics are essential for formulating responses to climate change including global negotiations such as those concluded in Kyoto in 1997 or recently in Paris at COP21. Typically, emissions statistics are compiled according to production-based or territorial emission accounting methods: measuring emissions occurring within sovereign borders. However, these estimates do not account for global production chains i.e. emissions from many countries may be implicated in the production of final goods and services. Using the 2015 edition of the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables and detailed IEA CO2 emissions from fuel combustion data, estimates of emissions embodied in final demand and in international trade were generated to contribute to a better understanding of how CO2 emissions around the world are driven by global consumption patterns. After explaining the methodology in detail, some general results are described and examples given of how to use and interpret the derived indicators.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlrcm216xkl-en
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  • 39
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    R&D tax incentives : evidence on design, incidence and impacts (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 32
    Keywords: Taxation ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This policy paper provides an overview of OECD work on measuring the extent and impact of public support for R&D through tax incentives. It discusses the policy rationale for tax incentives in the broader context of public support for business R&D, describing the main features of different modes of expenditure-based tax relief for R&D. It presents evidence on how much financial support is provided through tax incentives, how this has evolved in recent years and the variation in implied R&D tax subsidy rates across OECD countries and partner economies. The document also reviews empirical evidence on the impact of tax incentives, covering in detail different categories of impacts including potentially unintended effects. It further includes evidence on the use and impacts of income-based R&D tax incentives. The paper concludes with a synthesis of the main policy recommendations contained in key OECD policy documents and highlights future measurement and analytical work planned in this area.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlr8fldqk7j-en
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  • 40
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    Cross-country evidence on start-up dynamics (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/06
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Unternehmensgründung ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Unternehmenswachstum ; Unternehmenserfolg ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The report provides a description of start-up dynamics exploiting the richness of the recently collected DynEmp v.2 database. The contribution of new firms in terms of new jobs to the existing workforce can be expressed as a combination of four different elements: the start-up rate; the average size of firms at point of entry; the survival rate; and the average growth rate of survivors. This decomposition shows that the four elements interplay in very different ways, even across economies with similar aggregate start-up contributions. The most homogenous component across countries is the survival rate, which is equal to just above 60% after three years from entry, to about 50% after five years, and to just over 40% after seven years. Furthermore, in most countries the probability of exiting is highest at the age of two, and decreases (linearly) beyond that age. When looking at employment growth of surviving businesses, it is found that the large majority of surviving micro start-ups do not grow; however, the tiny proportion of small start-ups which do grow creates a disproportionate amount of jobs.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxtkb9mxtb-en
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  • 41
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    Environmental policies and risk finance in the green sector : cross-country evidence (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/01
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2005 - 2010 ; Öko-Produkt ; Risikokapital ; Umweltpolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; BRICS-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Start-up firms play a crucial role in bringing to the market the innovations needed to move to a greener growth path. Risk finance is essential for allowing new ventures to commercialise new ideas and grow, especially in emerging sectors. Still, very little is known about the drivers and the characteristics of risk finance in the green sector. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a detailed description of risk finance in the green sector across 29 OECD and BRIICS countries over the period 2005-2010 and identifying the role that policies might have in shaping high-growth investments in this sector. Results are drawn from a comprehensive deal-level database of businesses seeking financing in the green industry combined with indicators of renewable policies and government R&D expenditures. The results suggest that both supply-side policies and environmental deployment policies, designed with a long-term perspective of creating a market for environmental technologies, are associated with higher levels of risk finance relative to more short-term fiscal policies, such as tax incentives and rebates. In addition, when focusing on renewable energy generation, the results confirm the positive association of generous feed-in tariffs (FITs) with risk-finance investment. However in the solar sector excessively generous FITs tend to discourage investment.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz6wn918j37-en
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  • 42
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    Online Resource
    Renewable energy policies and cross-border investment : evidence from mergers and acquisitions in solar and wind energy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2005 - 2011 ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Auslandsinvestition ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Energiewirtschaft ; Portfolio-Management ; Übernahme ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The study assesses the role of feed-in tariffs (FITs) and renewable energy certificates (RECs) in creating incentives for cross-border investments and for investments in particular technological portfolios via M&A. The analysis explores the dataset on M&As in alternative energy sources worldwide over 2005-2011. The results suggests that FITs encourage more diversified M&A than RECs. With respect to foreign investment, the study finds a linear relationship between FITs and cross-border M&As in the wind energy sector, but an inverted U-shaped relationship in the solar energy sector. One possible explanation for the latter may lie in reduced policy credibility due to the public finance implications of ‘generous’ FITs. Another possible explanation for this finding concerns the use of high solar FITs by countries whose natural conditions provide little comparative advantage in solar energy, suggesting that low profitability and limited potential of solar energy in those countries might have deterred the entry of foreign investors.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxv9f3r9623-en
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The dynamics of employment growth : new evidence from 18 countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 96 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 14
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Motivated by the ongoing interest of policy makers in the sources of job creation, this paper presents results from a new OECD project on the dynamics of employment (DynEmp) based on an innovative methodology using firm-level data (i.e. national business registers or similar sources). It demonstrates that among small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), young firms play a central role in creating jobs, whereas old SMEs tend to destroy jobs. This pattern holds robustly across 17 OECD countries and Brazil, extending recent evidence found in the United States. The paper also shows that young firms are always net job creators throughout the business cycle, even during the financial crisis. During the crisis, entry and post-entry growth by young firms were affected most heavily, although downsizing by old firms was responsible for most job losses. The results also highlight large cross-country differences in the growth potential of young firms, pointing to the role played by national policies in enabling successful firms to create jobs.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz417hj6hg6-en
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  • 44
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    Online Resource
    DynEmp : a Stata® routine for distributed micro-data analysis of business dynamics (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/02
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Mikrodaten ; Datenverarbeitung ; Software ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper introduces a new Stata® command, dynemp, which implements a distributed micro-data analysis of business and employment dynamics and firm demographics. The data source it requires are business registers or comparable firm- or establishment- level longitudinal databases which cover the (near-) universe of companies in all business sectors. Access to such confidential data is usually restricted and the micro-level data cannot be brought together to a single platform for cross-country analysis. To solve this confidentiality problem while also maintaining a high level of harmonisation of the key economic concepts (gross job flows, growth rates of employment, definition of high-growth firms, etc.), dynemp can be distributed in a network of researchers who have access to the national confidential microdata. In such manner, the rich firm-level employment dynamics can be analysed from new angles (such as firm age and size), significantly expanding the scope of the analysis insofar possible using more aggregated data.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz40rscddd4-en
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  • 45
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    Online Resource
    Knowledge-based capital, innovation and resource allocation : a going for growth report (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 4
    Keywords: Immaterielle Werte ; Investitionsentscheidung ; Innovation ; Allokation ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Investment in knowledge-based capital (KBC) – assets that have no physical embodiment, such as computerised information, innovative property and economic competencies – has been rising significantly. This has implications for innovation and productivity growth and requires new thinking on policy. The returns to investing in KBC differ significantly across countries and are partly shaped by structural policies, which influence the ability of national economies to reallocate scarce resources to firms that invest in KBC. In this regard, well-functioning product, labour and venture capital markets and bankruptcy laws that do not overly penalise failure can raise the expected returns to investing in KBC by improving the efficiency of resource allocation. While structural reforms offer the most cost-effective approach to raising investment in KBC, there is a role for innovation policies to raise private investment in KBC towards socially optimal levels. Indeed, R&D tax incentives and, as a finding that contrasts with previous research, direct support measures can be effective, but design features are crucial in order to minimise the fiscal cost and unintended consequences of such policies. Well-defined intellectual property rights (IPR) are also important to provide firms with the incentive to innovate and to promote knowledge diffusion via the public disclosure of ideas. However, such IPR regimes need to be coupled with pro-competition policies to ensure maximum effect while the rising costs of the patent system in emerging KBC sectors may have altered the trade-off inherent to IPR between the incentives to innovate and the broad diffusion of knowledge.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k46bh92lr35-en
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  • 46
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    Measuring patent quality : indicators of technological and economic value (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2013/03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Patent ; Qualität ; Messung ; Theorie ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This work contributes to the definition and measurement of patent quality. It proposes a wide array of indicators capturing the technological and economic value of patented inventions, and the possible impact that these might have on subsequent technological developments. The measures proposed build extensively upon recent literature, rely on information contained in the patent documents, and are calculated on patent cohorts defined by the combination of the technology field and the year of filing of patents. This is done to account for possible time- and technology-related shocks. The description of the indicators is accompanied by statistics compiled on patents from the European Patent Office, as well as tests aimed at addressing the sensitivity of the measures to alternative specifications and the correlations that may exist among them. The indicators proposed, which can be constructed on all patents, have the advantage of relying on a homogeneous set of information and of being comparable across countries and over time. To facilitate their compilation on data from other Intellectual Property (IP) offices, the SQL-based program codes used to calculate the indicators are also supplied. The paper is further accompanied by a dataset – to be obtained upon request – containing the indicators calculated on EPO patent documents published during the period 1978-2012, as well as some cohort specific statistics (i.e. main moments and key percentiles).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k4522wkw1r8-en
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Knowledge-based capital, innovation and resource allocation (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1046
    Keywords: Immaterielle Werte ; Innovation ; Allokation ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Investment in knowledge-based capital (KBC) – assets that lack physical embodiment, such as computerised information, innovative property and economic competencies – has been rising significantly. This has implications for innovation and productivity growth and requires new thinking on policy. The returns to investing in KBC differ significantly across countries and are partly shaped by structural policies, which influence the ability of economies to reallocate scarce resources to firms that invest in KBC. Well-functioning product, labour and venture capital markets and bankruptcy laws that do not overly penalise failure can raise the expected returns to investing in KBC by improving the efficiency of resource allocation. While structural reforms offer the most cost-effective approach to raising investment in KBC, there is a role for innovation policies to raise private investment in KBC towards the socially optimal level(s). Indeed, R&D tax incentives and, as a finding that contrasts with previous research, direct support measures can be effective, but design features are crucial in order to minimise the fiscal cost and unintended consequences of such policies. Welldefined intellectual property rights (IPR) are also important to provide firms with the incentive to innovate and to promote knowledge diffusion via the public disclosure of ideas. However, such IPR regimes need to be coupled with pro-competition policies to ensure maximum effect while the rising costs of the patent system in emerging KBC sectors may have altered the trade-off inherent to IPR between the incentives to innovate and the broad diffusion of knowledge.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k46bj546kzs-en
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  • 48
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    Online Resource
    What drives the dynamics of business growth? (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 91 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 1
    Keywords: Unternehmenswachstum ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Arbeitsrecht ; Arbeitsschutz ; Finanzsystem ; Industrieländer ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Differences in the dynamisms of economies are persistent. Notwithstanding the growing body of evidence documenting these large cross-country differences, our understanding of what drives them is still rather limited. This paper seeks to help close this gap. Using unique data for ten countries the analysis sheds light on the factors that shape the distribution of firm growth and on what role policies play in driving cross-country differences. The paper provides new evidence on the link of labour market regulation, bankruptcy legislation, financial market development and R&D support policies with growth dynamics. The study goes beyond looking at differences in average growth rates as it analyses changes in the whole distribution of firms.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k486qtttq46-en
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  • 49
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    International comparative evidence on global value chains (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2012/03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Internationale Produktion ; Außenhandel ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Auslandsinvestition ; Globalisierung ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The past decades have witnessed a rapid globalisation of economic activity which has significantly changed the outlook of the world economy. International production, trade and investments are increasingly organised within so-called global value chains (GVCs) where the different stages in the production process are located across different economies. Until now, GVCs have been largely discussed from a conceptual and theoretical view, but empirical work on international fragmentation has stayed a bit behind.The review of the available data and indicators on GVCs in this paper shows the increasing importance of GVCs in today's global economy, but at the same time clearly highlights some major shortcomings. While the empirical evidence based on trade data is less convincing, Input-Output data clearly reveal the growing spread of international production networks. Indicators on imported intermediates, offshoring and vertical specialisation all illustrate the growing fragmentation of production across more economies. Trade data seem to show the increasing importance of GVCs only in an indirect way but the existing trade data are not detailed enough and are not collected on the right level of analysis to analyse the international fragmentation and GVCs. Policy makers show an increasing interest in GVCs because of the pervasive effects GVCs have on national economies and are especially looking for more and better policy evidence. Important policy issues like the impact of GVCs on the competitiveness of countries and attractiveness for international investments can only be addressed by new and better metrics. The OECD is developing new empirical evidence studying the emergence of GVCs based on international trade data and Input-Output data. In addition, the OECD is currently cooperating with other international agencies and academic experts to develop new metrics for GVCs, for example data on trade in value added.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9bb2vcwv5j-en
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  • 50
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    Estudio de la OCDE sobre políticas y regulación de telecomunicaciones en México (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264166790
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Review of Telecommunication Policy and Regulation in Mexico
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Mexico
    Abstract: El presente estudio ha sido realizado por la Dirección de Ciencia, Tecnología e Industria de la ocde (dsti) bajo los auspicios del Comité de Políticas de la Información, Informática y Comunicación (Comité iccp) en respuesta a una solicitud del gobierno de México, a instancias de la Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones (Cofetel), y a través de la Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes (sct), por ser ambas instituciones las encargadas de representar a México en el Comité iccp. La revisión de la ocde de la política y la regulación de las telecomunicaciones tomó como base las respuestas de las autoridades mexicanas a un cuestionario, así como los resultados de una extensa serie de entrevistas realizadas a los principales actores del sector de las telecomunicaciones durante una misión de investigación efectuada en México. El informe fue objeto de una revisión de pares en el Comité iccp el 27 de octubre de 2011, siendo la revisión encabezada por la doctora Mónica Ariño (Ofcom, Reino Unido) y el señor François Lions (arcep, Francia). Se terminó a principios de noviembre de 2011 y refleja los avances hasta ese momento.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264166790-es
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  • 51
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    OECD Review of Telecommunication Policy and Regulation in Mexico (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060111
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Estudio de la OCDE sobre políticas y regulación de telecomunicaciones en México
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD review of telecommunication policy and regulation in Mexico
    Keywords: Telekommunikationspolitik ; Regulierung ; Mexiko ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Mexico ; Mexiko ; Telekommunikationspolitik ; Regulierung
    Abstract: This publication reviews the telecommunication market in Mexico, examines the current policy and regulatory framework of the sector and puts forward proposals for reform in order to develop competition in the market.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060111-en
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  • 52
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    Improving Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems : OECD Conference Proceedings (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264167445
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (372 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Improving agricultural knowledge and innovation systems
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Science and Technology ; Konferenzschrift 2011 ; Wissensbasiertes System ; Innovation ; Landwirtschaft
    Abstract: This conference proceedings from the OECD Conference on Agricultural Knowledge Systems (AKS), held in Paris, on 15-17 June 2011, discusses a large range of experiences and approaches to AKS explores how to foster development and adoption of innovation to meet global food security and climate change challenges. The conference considered developments in institutional frameworks, public and private roles and partnerships, regulatory frameworks conducive to innovation, the adoption of innovations and technology transfers, and the responsiveness of AKS to broader policy objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264167445-en
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  • 53
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    Report on the Implementation of the OECD Recommendation on Cross-border Co-operation in the Enforcement of Laws Protecting Privacy (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.178
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: In 2007, the OECD Council adopted a Recommendation setting forth a framework for co-operation in the enforcement of privacy laws. This report provides information on the progress in implementation measures, which is based in part on a survey of OECD member countries’ experiences.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kgdpm9wg9xs-en
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  • 54
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    The Protection of Children Online : Risks Faced by Children Online and Policies to Protect Them (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 105 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.179
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: As increasing numbers of children worldwide enjoy the benefits of the Internet, they also face a spectrum of risks to which they are more vulnerable than adults. This report examines these risks as well as the policy responses of governments and other stakeholders to improve the protection of children online.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kgcjf71pl28-en
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  • 55
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    Next Generation Access Networks and Market Structure (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 106 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.183
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report focuses on developments in broadband market structures emerging from the deployment of high-speed broadband services and the policy and regulatory implications.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg9qgnr866g-en
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  • 56
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    Virtual Worlds : Immersive Online Platforms for Collaboration, Creativity and Learning (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.184
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Virtual worlds are increasingly evolving into Internet-mediated “spaces”, where large groups of people meet and interact in real-time while experiencing a shared sensation of being there together. This enables richer and more dynamic social interaction and collaboration across national and cultural boundaries over the Internet compared to other traditional ICT-based collaboration environments.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg9qgnpjmjg-en
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  • 57
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    National Broadband Plans (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.181
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report surveys national broadband plans (NBP) across the OECD area, providing an overview of common elements and goals in those plans. An annex to this report contains references and links to the plans.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg9sr5fmqwd-en
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  • 58
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    Broadband Bundling : Trends and Policy Implications (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 67 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.175
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Bundling can provide both benefits and drawbacks to broadband customers. In general, bundled services are less expensive when purchased together and consumer surplus from one good in the bundle can help “subsidise” another less-valued element. Bundling also allows the integration of products in a way that benefits consumers such as by giving them unified billing, a common helpline number or the integration of voice mail message retrieval via the television set...
    DOI: 10.1787/5kghtc8znnbx-en
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  • 59
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    International Mobile Data Roaming (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.180
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Regulators and policy makers should boost competition among mobile telephone operators to cut the high prices being charged for international data roaming. Analysis of pricing plans at 68 operators in the 34 OECD countries points to a strong case for new consumer protection and empowerment measures.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg9zb67l6r3-en
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  • 60
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    Fibre Access : Network Developments in the OECD Area (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.182
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report examines recent developments regarding the use of fibre to provide local access networks for the provision of broadband access. Countries across the OECD are adopting different approaches to stimulate investment and to define the terms of competition to end-users in a Fibre to the Home/Building (FTTH/B) world.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg9sqzz9mlx-en
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  • 61
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    OECD Guide to Measuring the Information Society 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264113541
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (206 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: This OECD Guide to Measuring the Information Society is a compilation of concepts, definitions, classifications and methods for information society measurement and analysis.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264113541-en
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  • 62
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    The Evolving Privacy Landscape: 30 Years After the OECD Privacy Guidelines (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.176
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Thirty years ago OECD governments adopted a set of Guidelines governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data. Faced with twin concerns about threats to privacy from more intensive use of personal data and the risk to the global economy of restrictions on the flow of information, the OECD produced the first internationally agreed statement of the core privacy protection principles. The Guidelines represent an international consensus on personal data protection in the public and private sectors. They have influenced the development of national legislation and model codes within OECD member countries, and beyond. This report begins by recalling the development and influence of the Guidelines. It then describes a number of current trends in the processing of personal data and the privacy risks in this evolving environment. It identifies some of the challenges that today’s environment brings for protecting privacy under existing approaches, and highlights a number of current initiatives and innovative approaches to privacy. Particular attention is focused on the impact of the Internet and other technologies, consistent with the issues and priorities highlighted in the 2008 Seoul Ministerial on the Future of the Internet Economy. The report aims to take a broad view of the current landscape for privacy, with a primary focus on economic activities. It does not describe in detail the myriad of initiatives to implement the Privacy Guidelines in OECD countries and beyond.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kgf09z90c31-en
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  • 63
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    Digital Identity Management for Natural Persons : Enabling Innovation and Trust in the Internet Economy - Guidance for Government Policy Makers (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 11 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.186
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report explains why digital identity management is fundamental for the further development of the Internet economy. It also provides guidance for digital identity strategies that support innovation across the public and private sectors while enhancing security, privacy and trust online.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg1zqsm3pns-en
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    OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation: Basque Country, Spain 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264097377
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (137 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD reviews of regional innovation
    DDC: 338/.06409466
    Keywords: Regionalpolitik ; Technologiepolitik ; Baskenland ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Spain ; Baskenland ; Innovationsförderung ; Regionalpolitik
    Abstract: The Basque Country region in Spain is world renowned for a successful industrial transformation, the urban regeneration of Bilbao, cultural distinctiveness, unique governance arrangements and high wealth levels. Over the last 30 years, the region has implemented its science, technology and innovation (STI) policy driven by a need to boost industrial competitiveness. The role of total factor productivity and innovation in driving growth was significant in the 1990s and declined in the early part of this decade, but appears to be on the rise again thanks in part to significant increases in public and private investment in innovation. The Basque Country has begun a transition from a model of incremental innovation in manufacturing to a model increasingly based on science and other forms of knowledge. Through a diagnostic of the innovation system and the policy mix, the review offers some policy and governance recommendations to achieve the region’s desired transition in light of global trends in the innovation process and innovation policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264097377-en
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  • 65
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    Terms of Reference for the Review of the OECD Guidelines Governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Data Flows of Personal Data (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 7 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.185
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: These terms of reference articulate a shared view among OECD members about key aspects of the current context for privacy protection and provide orientation for further work on the review of the OECD Privacy Guidelines in light of changing technologies, markets and user behaviour and the growing importance of digital identities.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg2b7l7pljk-en
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  • 66
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    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Peru 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264128392
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Peru
    Abstract: This book provides a comprehensive assessment of the innovation system of Peru, focusing on the role of government. It provides concrete recommendations and identifies good practices on how to improve policies that affect innovation performance, including R&D policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264128392-en
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  • 67
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    National Strategies and Policies for Digital Identity Management in OECD Countries (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 90 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.177
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper analyses and compares national strategies for digital identity management in OECD countries. These strategies aim to drive innovation for e-government and for the broader Internet economy while remaining consistent with current national identity practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kgdzvn5rfs2-en
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  • 68
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    Attractiveness for Innovation : Location Factors for International Investment (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264104815
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Attractiveness for innovation
    Keywords: Innovation ; Auslandsinvestition ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Standortfaktor ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; OECD ; Innovation ; Direktinvestition ; Multinationales Unternehmen
    Abstract: Attractiveness for investment in innovation is high on the policy agenda in many countries as innovation is a key factor of growth and competitiveness in OECD countries. Virtually all governments are keen to attract international investment by multinational enterprises (MNEs) as a means to promote growth and employment, create new jobs and bring in new technologies. While all countries and regions have some policy measures in place that are aimed at increasing their attractiveness for innovation, it is less clear if these policies are effective. This report analyses the current trends in international investment in innovation and the attractiveness policies already implemented. These are often based on the more traditional instruments for attracting international investment. The book also explores in more detail the role of investment incentives that governments tend to give to international investors: their rationale, their impact and their usefulness. The evidence presented in this report raises clear policy issues and questions existing policies. A number of policy principles are formulated to guide policy makers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264104815-en
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  • 69
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    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Russian Federation 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264113138
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: The OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Russian Federation offers a comprehensive assessement of the innovation system of the Russian Federation, focusing on the role of government. It provides concrete recommendations on how to improve policies that affect innovation performance, including R&D policies. It also identifies good practice from which other countries can learn.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264113138-en
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  • 70
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    The Space Economy at a Glance 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264113565
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , ill.
    Keywords: Development ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Space applications have become an important part of everyday life. Weather forecasting, air traffic control, global communications and broadcasting, disaster management -- these and many other key activities would be almost unthinkable today without satellite technology. The space industry itself is relatively small compared to other manufacturing sectors, but its technological dynamism and strategic significance mean that it plays an ever more critical role in modern society. This book assembles information on the space economy from a wide range of official and non-official sources. Together these paint a richly detailed picture of the space industry, its downstream services activities, and its wider economic and social impacts. Who are the main space-faring nations? How large are revenues and how much employment is there in the sector? How much R&D goes on, and where? What is the value of spin-offs from space spending? Answers to these and other questions are provided in this second OECD statistical overview of the emerging space economy. A dynamic link (StatLink) is provided for graphs, which directs the user to a web page where the corresponding data are available in Excel® format.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264111790-en
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  • 71
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    Measuring Globalisation: OECD Economic Globalisation Indicators 2010 (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264084360 , 9789264084377
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This second edition of the OECD Economic Globalisation Indicators presents a broad range of indicators showing the magnitude and intensity of globalisation. This process is becoming increasingly important for policymakers and other analysts, hence the need for a volume that brings together the existing measures, based on national data sources and comparable across countries. Together, the indicators shed new light on financial, technological and trade interdependencies within OECD and non-OECD countries. Measures of globalisation include indicators on capital movements and foreign direct investments, international trade, the economic activity of multinational firms and the internationalisation of technology. In addition, the 2010 edition also includes indicators linked to the current financial crisis, portfolio investments, environmental aspects and the emergence of global value chains.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264084360-en
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  • 72
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    The Impacts of Nanotechnology on Companies : Policy Insights from Case Studies (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264094635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD The impacts of nanotechnology on companies
    RVK:
    QR 525
    Keywords: Nanotechnologie ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Technologiepolitik ; Innovationsmanagement ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Nanotechnologie ; Markt ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Abstract: Nanotechnology has its origin in the converging abilities of physics, chemistry and materials science. Its purpose is the manipulation of atoms and molecules in order to create new properties of materials and systems for a wide variety of applications in a very broad range of sectors. Nanotechnology is forecast to create large markets and many new jobs and may be the springboard for industrial renewal and long-term growth. Governments around the world have targeted this emerging technology in their R&D investments and are strategising about the best ways to promote the responsible development and use of nanotechnology given the absence of any in-depth analysis of its commercialisation. What are the potential economic impacts of nanotechnology, how are companies using nanotechnology for innovation, and what are the key challenges in its commercialisation? These are some of the issues that this book addresses, based on a large number of company case studies in several countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264094635-en
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  • 73
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    Performance-based Funding for Public Research in Tertiary Education Institutions : Workshop Proceedings (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264094611
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Keywords: Education ; Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Governments are seeking to channel research funds into universities and other institutions in ways that support high-quality research in strategically important areas and bolster effective knowledge diffusion. These issues of steering and funding have even more relevance in light of the current financial crisis and economic downturn which have seen severe fiscal pressures fall on many countries. This publication presents a collection of papers presented at an OECD workshop on performance-based funding of public research in tertiary education institutions. It takes stock of current thinking and practice around performance-based funding of public research in tertiary education institutions, as a tool to help governments meet their research goals. These funding models are essentially systems of ex-post evaluation of research outputs and outcomes from universities and other tertiary institutions, and are generally based on peer review, bibliometric or other quantitative indicators. Their results are used to inform government decisions about how much and which institutions to fund.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264094611-en
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  • 74
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    Denmark: Efficient e-Government for Smarter Public Service Delivery (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264087118
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD e-Government Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Denmark
    RVK:
    MF 7350
    RVK:
    QQ 000
    Keywords: E-Government ; Öffentlicher Sektor ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Dänemark ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Denmark ; Dänemark ; E-Government ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Effizienz
    Abstract: This review is the first to analyse e-government at the country level using a revised framework designed to capture the new challenges faced by countries today. It highlights the richness of initiatives and actions taken by Denmark in relation to a number of areas, including the impact of e-government on public sector modernisation and efficiency efforts, the impact of e-government organisational structure and arrangements on e-government development and administration, the need to address issues related to user take-up and the assessment of benefits realisation of e-government projects. As these are not unique to Denmark, but are commonly shared by a number of OECD countries, the study provides useful tools to support e-government policy making in all OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264087118-en
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    Innovation and the Development Agenda (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088924
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Innovation and the development agenda
    DDC: 338/.064091724
    RVK:
    QG 700
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Innovation ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Entwicklungsländer ; Afrika ; Innovationsförderung ; Technologiepolitik ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung
    Abstract: Innovation drives long-term economic growth. It has a crucial role to play as global economies recover from the current financial crisis. This book examines the role of innovation in developing countries, with a focus on Africa. It investigates innovation systems and their application; the key role of knowledge in innovation for development; and the importance of comparable country studies and official statistics on innovation. It stresses the need for innovation to become part of a comprehensive development agenda, and makes recommendations for promoting activities in both the formal and informal sectors, with the aim of transforming agriculture into a knowledge-based industry capable of stimulating economic growth. Innovation and the Development Agenda is an important component of the overall OECD Innovation Strategy, which seeks to create stronger and more sustainable growth, while addressing the key global challenges of the 21st century. It is also part of the Innovation, Technology, and Society programme of IDRC. For more information on IDRC programmes see www.idrc.ca.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088924-en
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    Greener and smarter : ICTs, the environment and climate change (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 S.
    Additional Material: graph. Darst., Tab., Lit.Hinw.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2010, 01
    Series Statement: Industry and innovation
    Keywords: Informationstechnik ; Kommunikationstechnik ; Bedeutung ; Rolle ; Wirkung ; Auswirkung ; Klimaänderung ; Umwelt ; Ökologie ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Umwelttechnik ; Produktion ; Branche ; Erwärmung ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a key enabler of “green growth” in all sectors of the economy. They are a key part of government strategies for a sustainable economic recovery. This report looks at how ICTs can improve their own environmental performance, and how they can be used to improve environmental performance throughout the economy and society. Direct environmental impacts of ICTs are considerable in areas such as energy use, materials throughput and end-of-life treatment. Government “green ICT” policies can be instrumental in promoting life-cycle approaches for improved R&D and design of ICT goods, services and systems. Innovative ICT applications enable sustainable production and consumption across the entire economy. The potential for improving environmental performance targets specific products, but also entire systems and industry sectors, e.g. construction, transport, energy.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h3635kdbt-en
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  • 77
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    Wireless Broadband Indicator Methodology (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 11 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.169
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The wireless broadband methodology is the result of several rounds of contributions from, and indepth discussions among, member countries. The new indicator will assist in informing policy makers and other stakeholders in this increasingly important market segment. The OECD began collecting and reporting broadband data in 2000 as a way to capture and record significant changes in OECD markets for Internet access. The OECD set the minimum threshold for broadband at a download speed of 256 kbit/s at the time, primarily to exclude ISDN technologies at 144 kbit/s and to include the majority of commercial offers then available via other technologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmh7b6sw2d4-en
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  • 78
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    Geographically Segmented Regulation for Telecommunications (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.173
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Regulatory authorities in most OECD countries have traditionally adopted a national geographic area focus when framing the geographic scope of telecommunications markets. Arguments stemming from market analysis economics suggest that differential regulation be considered between geographic areas where facility-based competition has developed and where it has not. The aim of this paper is to appraise the case for, and developments in, the use of sub-national geographically segmented regulation for fixed telecommunications networks.
    DOI: 10.1787/5km4k7mggw7f-en
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    News in the Internet Age : New Trends in News Publishing (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088702
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als News in the internet age
    DDC: 070.4
    RVK:
    AP 17600
    RVK:
    AP 18420
    Keywords: 1950-2009 ; Informationsmarkt ; Presseerzeugnis ; Presseverlag ; Innovation ; Elektronische Publikation ; Internet ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Zeitung ; Internet ; Wertschöpfung
    Abstract: The economics of news production and distribution is in a state of radical change. After very profitable years, newspaper publishers in most OECD countries face declining advertising revenues and significant reductions in titles and circulation. About 20 out of 30 OECD countries face declining newspaper readership, which is now at its lowest among younger people. At the same time, many promising forms of news creation and distribution are being tested. Some of these are empowered by increasing technological sophistication, new information intermediaries and the resulting decentralised forms of content creation. However, despite these new possibilities, no business and/or revenue-sharing models have been found to finance in-depth independent news production. This raises questions about the supply of high-quality journalism in the longer term and roles that government support might take in supporting a diverse and local press without putting its independence at stake. This study provides an in-depth treatment of the global newspaper publishing market and its evolution, with a particular view on the development of online news and related challenges.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088702-en
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  • 80
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    Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms, Volume 4 : OECD Consensus Documents (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264096158
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336 p.)
    Series Statement: Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Safety assessment of transgenic organisms ; Vol. 4
    RVK:
    WG 3450
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transgene Pflanzen ; Umweltgefährdung ; Risikoanalyse
    Abstract: The books on “Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms” constitute a compilation of the OECD Biosafety Consensus Documents. When published, Volume 1 and 2 contained the documents issued before 2006; Volume 3 and 4 are a continuation of the compilation up to 2010. The OECD Biosafety Consensus Documents identify elements of scientific information used in the environmental safety and risk assessment of transgenic organisms which are common to OECD member countries and some non members associated with the work. This is intended to encourage information sharing, promote harmonised practices, and prevent duplication of effort among countries. These books offer ready access to those consensus documents which have been issued on the website thus far. As such, it should be of value to applicants for commercial uses of transgenic organisms (crops, trees, microorganisms), to regulators and risk assessors in national authorities, as well as the wider scientific community. More information on the OECD's work related to the biosafety of transgenic organisms is found at BioTrack Online (http://www.oecd.org/biotrack).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264096158-en
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    Eco-Innovation in Industry : Enabling Green Growth (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077225
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (278 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'éco-innovation dans l'industrie ; favoriser la croissance verte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'éco-innovation dans l'industrie : favoriser la croissance verte
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Eco-innovation in industry
    RVK:
    AR 28300
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Keywords: Industrie ; Innovationsmanagement ; Umwelttechnik ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Industrie ; Nachhaltigkeit ; OECD
    Abstract: Eco-innovation will be a key driver of industry efforts to tackle climate change and realise “green growth” in the post-Kyoto era. Eco-innovation calls for faster introduction of breakthrough technologies and for more systemic application of available solutions, including non-technological ones. It also offers opportunities to involve new players, develop new industries and increase competitiveness. Structural change in economies will be imperative in coming decades. This book presents the research and analysis carried out during the first phase of the OECD Project on Sustainable Manufacturing and Eco-innovation. Its aim is to provide benchmarking tools on sustainable manufacturing and to spur eco-innovation through better understanding of innovation mechanisms. It reviews the concepts and forms an analytical framework; analyses the nature and processes of eco-innovation; discusses existing sustainable manufacturing indicators; examines methodologies for measuring eco-innovation; and takes stock of national strategies and policy initiatives for eco-innovation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077225-en
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    PISA Computer-Based Assessment of Student Skills in Science (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264082038
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Keywords: Education ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report documents the initial step towards an electronically-delivered Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) test pioneered by Denmark, Iceland and Korea. In 2006, the PISA assessment of science included for the first time a computer-based test. The results discussed in this report highlight numerous challenges and encourage countries to take the work further. PISA Computer-Based Assessment of Student Skills in Science describes how the 2006 survey was administered, presents 15-year-olds’ achievement scores in science and explains the impact of information communication technologies on both males’ and females’ science skills. While males outperformed females on the computer-based test in all three countries, females in Iceland and males in Denmark performed better than their counterparts on the paper-and-pencil test. The evidence shows that, overall, males are more confident and use computers more frequently. While females tend to use the Internet more for social networking activities, males tend to browse the Internet, play games and download software. Readers will also learn how students reacted to the electronic questionnaire and how it compared with pencil-and-paper tests. In general, there were no group differences across test methods buts students enjoyed the computer-based test more than the paper-and-pencil test.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264082038-en
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  • 83
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    OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation: Catalonia, Spain 2010 (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264082052
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Catalonia, Spain
    RVK:
    QG 520
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Katalonien ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Spain ; Katalonien ; Innovationsförderung
    Abstract: This review of regional innovation assesses how to improve Catalonia's current strategy and actions in order to boost its innovation system through both its own programmes and those of Spain and the European Union. It finds that with over seven million inhabitants and a GDP of around EUR 204 billion, Catalonia is not only an important region within Spain, but within the OECD as well. Indeed, its economic output is similar to countries like Portugal and Norway. The region experienced massive population growth over the past decade, due to immigration, which in part drove GDP growth. However, Catalonia’s productivity is slipping, relative to other OECD regions, necessitating the transition to a productivity-driven growth model through a stronger regional innovation system. The region has successfully strengthened its research base, with investments in R&D having increased four-fold over the past decade. Catalonia is now mobilising actors across the innovation system in regional centres, such as Barcelona, to improve productivity and address social challenges.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264082052-en
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    Inspired by Technology, Driven by Pedagogy : A Systemic Approach to Technology-Based School Innovations (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264094437
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Series Statement: Educational Research and Innovation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    DI 4000
    RVK:
    DP 2600
    Keywords: Education ; Science and Technology ; Schule ; Neue Technologie ; Strukturwandel
    Abstract: This report highlights key issues to facilitate understanding of how a systemic approach to technology-based school innovations can contribute to quality education for all while promoting a more equal and effective education system. It focuses on the novel concept of systemic innovation, as well as presenting the emerging opportunities to generate innovations that stem from Web 2.0 and the important investments and efforts that have gone into the development and promotion of digital resources. It also shows alternative ways to monitor, assess and scale up technology-based innovations. Some country cases, as well as fresh and alternative research frameworks, are presented.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264094437-en
    URL: Volltext
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    Frascati Manual 2002 : Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Chinese version) (2010)
    Beijing : Ministry of Science and Technology, China
    Details
    ISBN: 9787502365684
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (251 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de Frascati 2002 ; Méthode type proposée pour les enquêtes sur la recherche et le développement expérimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002; Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de Frascati 2002 : Méthode type proposée pour les enquêtes sur la recherche et le développement expérimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002: Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The internationally recognized methodology for collecting and using R&D statistics, the Frascati Manual is an essential tool for statisticians worldwide. It includes definitions of basic concepts, data collection guidelines, and classifications for compiling statistics. This updated edition contains improved guidelines adjusted for chnges in OECD economies, including measurement of service-sector R&D, R&D globalisation, and R&D human resources.
    DOI: 10.1787/9787502365684-zh
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  • 86
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    The Information and Communication Technology Sector in India : Performance, Growth and Key Challenges (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.174
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; India
    Abstract: apid growth in globally competitive Indian information technology services has helped to transform the Indian economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/5km4k7mf6b41-en
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  • 87
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    La competición global por el talento : Movilidad de los trabajadores altamente cualificados (2010)
    Madrid : Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública (INAP), Spain
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264085053
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (185 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Global Competition for Talent; Mobility of the Highly Skilled
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Attirer les talents ; Les travailleurs hautement qualifiés au cœur de la concurrence internationale
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Global Competition for Talent: Mobility of the Highly Skilled
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Attirer les talents : Les travailleurs hautement qualifiés au cœur de la concurrence internationale
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: La movilidad internacional de trabajadores altamente cualificados va en aumento en escala y en complejidad en tanto más economías participan en actividades de innovación e I+D. El talento en movimiento difunde internacionalmente el conocimiento tanto de manera directa como indirecta. Esto puede impulsar el desempeño de la innovación en el mundo con beneficios mutuos tanto para los países emisores como para los países receptores. Es claro que la movilidad conduce a un aumento en el nivel de la internacionalización e integración del mercado de trabajo, y la competencia por el talento está ahora influenciando iniciativas de políticas de innovación en el mundo. La mayoría de los países ofrecen una gama de políticas centradas en apoyar y motivar la movilidad, aunque pocos cuentan con una estrategia de movilidad específica y coherente. Muchas naciones buscan atraer al mismo grupo de personas altamente cualificadas; por consiguiente depender de los flujos internacionales para cubrir vacíos actuales o futuros en el abasto de talento implica riesgos. Son retos clave para los países atender las limitaciones de las políticas nacionales que podrían limitar la disponibilidad local de trabajadores cualificados, y asegurar un entorno más propicio y sólido para la innovación y el esfuerzo científico.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264085053-es
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  • 88
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    Manual de estadísticas de patentes de la OCDE (2010)
    Madrid : Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas, Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade, Spain
    Details
    ISBN: 9788496113176
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (179 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Patent Statistics Manual
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de l'OCDE sur les statistiques des brevets
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: La edición del Manual de estadísticas de patentes de la OCDE recoge los avances más recientes en este campo. Proporciona directrices para la utilización de los datos de patentes como indicadores de la ciencia y la tecnología, así como recomendaciones para la recopilación e interpretación de los indicadores de patente. Su objetivo es mostrar para qué pueden y para qué no pueden ser utilizadas las estadísticas de patentes, y cómo deben contabilizarse para obtener la mayor información acerca de las actividades de ciencia y tecnología (CyT) al tiempo que se reduzca el ruido estadístico y el sesgo. Finalmente, describe cómo los datos de patentes pueden emplearse en el análisis de una amplia colección de temas relacionados con el cambio técnico y la actividad de patentes, incluidos los vínculos entre industria-ciencia, estrategias de las empresas a la hora de patentar, internacionalización de la investigación e indicadores del valor de las patentes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9788496113176-es
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  • 89
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    Symposium on Opportunities and Challenges in the Emerging Field of Synthetic Biology : Synthesis Report (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264086265
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The international symposium entitled “Opportunities and Challenges in theEmerging Field of Synthetic Biology” was held in July 2009 in Washington, DCunder the auspices of the United States National Academies, the Organisationfor Economic Co-operation and Development and the Royal Society.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264086265-en
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  • 90
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    Value for Money in Health Spending (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088818
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Optimiser les dépenses de santé
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Value for money in health spending
    RVK:
    QX 705
    Keywords: Gesundheitskosten ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Gesundheitsausgaben ; Reform ; Kostendämpfung
    Abstract: Health spending continues to rise inexorably, growing faster than the economy in most OECD countries. Most of this spending comes from the public purse. Given the recent economic downturn, countries are looking for ways to improve the efficiency of health spending. This publication examines current efforts to improve health care efficiency, including tools that show promise in helping health systems provide the best care for their money, such as pay for performance, co-ordination of care, health technology assessment and clinical guidelines, pharmaceutical re-imbursement and risk-sharing agreements, and information and communication technology.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088818-en
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  • 91
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    Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms, Volume 3 : OECD Consensus Documents (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264095434
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (324 p.)
    Series Statement: Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Safety assessment of transgenic organisms ; Vol. 3
    RVK:
    WG 3450
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transgene Pflanzen ; Umweltgefährdung ; Risikoanalyse
    Abstract: The books on “Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms” constitute a compilation of the OECD Biosafety Consensus Documents. When published, Volume 1 and 2 contained the documents issued before 2006; Volume 3 and 4 are a continuation of the compilation up to 2010. The OECD Biosafety Consensus Documents identify elements of scientific information used in the environmental safety and risk assessment of transgenic organisms which are common to OECD member countries and some non members associated with the work. This is intended to encourage information sharing, promote harmonised practices, and prevent duplication of effort among countries. These books offer ready access to those consensus documents which have been issued on the website thus far. As such, it should be of value to applicants for commercial uses of transgenic organisms (crops, trees, microorganisms), to regulators and risk assessors in national authorities, as well as the wider scientific community. More information on the OECD's work related to the biosafety of transgenic organisms is found at BioTrack Online (http://www.oecd.org/biotrack).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264095434-en
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  • 92
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    Information Economy Product Definitions Based on the Central Product Classification (version 2) (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.158
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Product classifications are used by statistical offices and others for a number of measurement purposes. These include measurement of product usage, current and capital expenditure on products, domestic production, and trade in goods and services. They are therefore an important element of a set of statistical standards, with Information Economy (IE) standards no exception. This document presents the definition of information economy (IE) products developed by the WPIIS Classifications Expert Group. The product definitions complement the IE sector definitions that were released in early 2007. The latter are based on the 2007 revision of the UNSD’s International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC Rev. 4). The document includes two IE product definitions,3 ICT products and Content and media products. Each definition is a subset of the Central Product Classification (Version 2) developed by the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD) and both are expressed in terms of 5-digit subclasses of the CPC. The CPC was finalised in December 2008.
    DOI: 10.1787/222222056845
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  • 93
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    Smart Sensor Networks : Technologies and Applications for Green Growth (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.167
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report gives an overview of sensor technology and fields of application of sensors and sensor networks. It discusses in detail selected fields of application that have high potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reviews studies quantifying the environmental impact. The review of the studies assessing the impact of sensor technology in reducing greenhouse gas emissions reveals that the technology has a high potential to contribute to a reduction of emissions across various fields of application. Whereas studies clearly estimate an overall strong positive effect in smart grids, smart buildings, smart industrial applications as well as precision agriculture and farming, results for the field of smart transportation are mixed due to rebound effects. In particular intelligent transport systems render transport more efficient, faster and cheaper. As a consequence, demand for transportation and thus the consumption of resources both increase which can lead to an overall negative effect.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6x0m5vkh-en
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  • 94
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    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Korea 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067233
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: This report assesses the current status of Korea’s innovation system and policies, and identifies where and how the government should focus its efforts to improve the country’s innovation capabilities. It finds that Korea has one of the highest rates of spending on R&D in the world, much of which is performed by private firms. It also has a highly educated labour force – as signalled by its impressive PISA performance and exceptionally high rates of tertiary level graduation – with a strong interest in science and technology. However, a number of bottlenecks persist that hamper Korea’s economic convergence with the leading OECD economies. These include a relatively weak SME sector and weak performance in services, as well as lagging capacities to conduct leading-edge research in many areas. Furthermore, Korea faces numerous threats in the mid term, notably increased levels of competition from China and other newly-industrialising economies, the lowest fertility rate in the OECD and an ageing society, and a continuing high dependency on imports of natural resources, particularly hydrocarbons. In the shorter term, the economic crisis offers its own challenges, with the need for some policy adjustments to deal with expected falls in business investment in R&D and growing levels of unemployment among the highly skilled.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067233-en
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  • 95
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    OECD-Prüfungen im Bereich Innovationspolitik : China 2008 : Synthesebericht (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060180
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (79 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy; China 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: China 2008
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: Welche Kriterien müssen die Innovationsergebnisse eines Landes erfüllen, und welcher Zusammenhang besteht zwischen ihnen und der Wirtschaftsleistung? Welches sind die Hauptmerkmale, Stärken und Schwächen des Innovationssystems eines Landes? Wie können die Regierungen die Innovationstätigkeit fördern? Die OECD-Prüfungen der Innovationspolitik bieten eine umfassende Analyse des Innovationssystems einzelner OECD-Mitglieds- und -Nichtmitgliedsländer, bei der die Rolle der Politik und der Regierung im Mittelpunkt steht. Sie geben zudem konkrete Empfehlungen zu der Frage, wie ein breites Spektrum von die Innovationsergebnisse der Länder beeinflussenden Politikmaßnahmen zu verbessern ist. Bei jeder Prüfung werden bewährte Praktiken identifiziert, aus denen andere Länder lernen können. China hat über einen mehr als zwanzig Jahre andauernden Zeitraum ein spektakulär hohes Wirtschaftswachstum zu verzeichnen. Gleichwohl ist China heute mit der großen Herausforderung des Übergangs von einem stetigen zu einem vom sozialen, wirtschaftlichen, ökologischen und umweltpolitischen Standpunkt her gesehen nachhaltigen Wachstum konfrontiert. Die Innovationstätigkeit wurde als eine Hauptantriebskraft für dieses neue Wachstumsmodell identifiziert, und die chinesische Regierung hat eine nationale Strategie initiiert, die bis zum Jahr 2020 eine innovationsinduzierte Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft entstehen lassen soll. Wird es China gelingen, die Herausforderung dieses Übergangs zu meistern? Welche Veränderungen werden hierzu im Bereich der Politikmaßnahmen und Institutionen erforderlich sein? Wie wird sich die Wandlung Chinas zu einer künftigen innovationsgestützten Volkswirtschaft auf die OECD-Länder sowie auf die weltweiten Systeme der Wissensproduktion, -verbreitung und -nutzung auswirken? Der vorliegende Bericht versucht Antworten auf diese Fragen zu finden, indem er den derzeitigen Zustand des nationalen Innovationssystems Chinas und seiner Investitionspolitik analysiert und besonders wichtige Verbesserungen empfiehlt, die sowohl im politischen als auch im institutionellen Umfeld erforderlich sind, damit es China gelingt, die Innovationstätigkeit durch einen marktorientierten Ansatz zu fördern.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060180-de
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  • 96
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    The Role of Digital Identity Management in the Internet Economy : A Primer for Policy Makers (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.160
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This primer aims to provide policy makers a broad-brush understanding of the various dimensions of digital identity management (IdM). Consistent with the Seoul Ministerial Declaration, it also aims to support efforts to address public policy issues for securely managing and protecting digital identities, with a view to strengthening confidence in the online activities crucial to the growth of the Internet Economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/222134375767
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  • 97
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    e-Gobierno para un mejor gobierno (2009)
    Madrid : Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública (INAP), Spain
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062603
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. e-Government for Better Government
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: El gobierno electrónico está llamado a mejorar la operación de la administración pública y su relación con el público. La buena noticia es que las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC) ofrece una gama de herramientas para alcanzar la promesa del e-gobierno. La mala noticia es que dicha promesa aún no se ha visto reflejada en la realidad. A la fecha, el acercamiento al e-gobierno ha sido conducido con demasiada frecuencia por las soluciones que ofrecen las TIC en lugar de la demanda del usuario. Mientras que las soluciones TIC han sido efectivas para ofrecer servicios en línea, esto ha derivado en la proliferación de sitios web, portales y servicios electrónicos que son incompatibles, confusos y se traslapan… sin mencionar lo costoso que son.Más que agregar simplemente un canal para la distribución de un servicio, el e-gobierno puede mejorar los servicios que el gobierno ofrece. Pero sólo puede suceder como parte de una transformación general de los procesos, la estructura y la cultura del gobierno. Algunos gobiernos de la OCDE están aplicando ahora una nueva “lógica de e-gobierno” que permite a las agencias gubernamentales en red compartir recursos y entregar información y servicios orientados al usuario. Esto requiere un mejor entendimiento de lo que hace el gobierno y de cómo lo hace desde una perspectiva de gobierno entero.En seguimiento a un conjunto de discusiones entre funcionarios de alto nivel de e-gobierno celebradas por la OCDE en 2003 y 2004, este reporte se centra en los retos claves, que son de hecho, el reto medular de todas las administraciones públicas: cómo ser más ágiles, receptivas, constantes y transparentes.Este informe observa la nueva filosofía y la práctica en los países de la OCDE en cinco áreas diferentes.-E-gobierno orientado al usuario: haciendo los servicios electrónicos más receptivos a las necesidades de los ciudadanos y las empresas.-Distribución multicanal de servicios: mejorando los vínculos entre servicios tradicionales y servicios electrónicos para fomentar la innovación en los servicios y garantizar el acceso a todos los usuarios.-Enfoque de procesos de negocio habituales: identificando procesos habituales dentro de la administración para lograr una economía de escala, reduciendo la duplicación de esfuerzos y proporcionando servicios homogéneos.-Gobierno electrónico como caso de negocio: midiendo y demostrando los costes y beneficios de las inversiones en TIC para priorizar y gestionar mejor los proyectos de gobierno electrónico.-Coordinación: adaptando una perspectiva global para todas las iniciativas de gobierno electrónico y su gestión, a la vez que se tienen en cuenta las estructuras existentes y las culturas de las instituciones gubernamentales.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062603-es
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  • 98
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    Tornar a Vida Mais Fácil para Cidadãos e Empresas em Portugal : Administração electrónica e simplificação (2009)
    Lisboa : Office of the Secretary of State for Administrative Modernisation, Portugal
    Details
    ISBN: 9789722717847
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Making Life Easy for Citizens and Businesses in Portugal; Administrative Simplification and e-Government
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Making Life Easy for Citizens and Businesses in Portugal: Administrative Simplification and e-Government
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Portugal
    DOI: 10.1787/9789722717847-pt
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  • 99
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    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Hungary 2008 : (Hungarian version) (2009)
    Budapest : National Office for Research and Technology, Hungary
    Details
    ISBN: 9789638652843
    Language: Hungarian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy; Hungary 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Hungary 2008
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Hungary
    DOI: 10.1787/9789638652843-hu
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  • 100
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    OECD Biotechnology Statistics 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073937
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The OECD Biotechnology Statistics – 2009 edition brings together the latest available economic and activity data on biotechnology and innovation, collected by OECD member and non-member countries. The report builds on the extensive work of the OECD and national experts to improve the comparability of biotechnology statistics. The results should provide a valuable source of information on biotechnology for policy makers, academics and business managers. The 2009 edition contains government survey data for 22 OECD countries and additional data for four non-member countries. The survey data provide results on the number of biotechnology firms, business expenditures on R&D, biotechnology employment, and sales of biotechnology goods and services.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073937-en
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