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  • 1
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    Boosting productivity in New Zealand by unleashing digitalisation (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1707
    Keywords: Economics ; New Zealand
    Abstract: This paper overviews structural reforms that promote the diffusion of digital technologies and investment in intangible capital that maximises the potential of these technologies in New Zealand. Effective use of digital technologies enables New Zealand citizens to participate in society in a more inclusive way, firms to strengthen competitiveness and better integrate into the global economy, and the government to offer better services. New Zealand has room to boost its relatively low productivity level by removing the structural bottlenecks holding back the expansion of its digital sector and digital innovation. There are severe shortages of specialised ICT skills owing to COVID-19-related border restrictions and a weak domestic pipeline of these skills that partly results from school students’ poor mathematics achievement. Some regulations have not kept pace with technological change and risk constraining digital innovation while failing to prevent harmful activities. More intensive use of digital tools is also held back by the low availability of high-speed Internet connections in rural areas and a lack of financial support for small businesses. Weak coordination between export promotion and innovation support prevents young firms investing in digital innovation from reaping high returns through exporting. New Zealand should rigorously implement its new national digitalisation strategy so that government agencies and social partners can advance digital transformation.
    DOI: 10.1787/05cc1b5c-en
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  • 2
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    Boosting employment in Finland (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1671
    Keywords: Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting economic contraction and government debt build-up, the government is formulating reforms to raise employment by 80 thousand workers by 2029. Finland’s employment rate has been lagging behind the Scandinavian Nordics, with most of the gap attributable to older workers, who have more favourable access to early retirement schemes than their Scandinavian counterparts. To restrict their use, extended unemployment benefit, which is paid to unemployed persons aged 61 or more after normal unemployment benefit expires until they retire or reach 65, should be phased out and non-medical conditions should no longer be taken into account for disability benefit applications of persons aged 60 or more. Activity rates for mothers of young children are also lower in Finland than in the Scandinavian Nordics mainly owing to Finland’s generous homecare allowance. It should be reduced and access to convenient early childhood education and care services expanded to improve mothers’ work incentives. By increasing mothers’ work experience at critical points in their careers, such a reform would also help to narrow Finland’s large gender wage gap. As part of its 2021 budget, the government is setting out labour market reforms to increase employment by 31 to 36 thousand workers. Such reforms should focus on promoting employment of older workers.
    DOI: 10.1787/fe943c95-en
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  • 3
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    Adapting to the changing labour market in New Zealand (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1420
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Beruf ; Lebenslanges Lernen ; Fachkräfte ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Neuseeland ; Economics ; New Zealand ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Technological change is increasing the productivity of highly skilled workers but creating more challenging labour-market conditions for their low-skilled counterparts. These pressures are likely to grow, especially in light of progress being made in Artificial Intelligence. The NZ labour force is upskilling to meet these challenges, but more progress will be needed to keep ahead of the race with technology. Young New Zealanders will need to continue their education to higher levels than in the past and acquire skills that are more highly valued in the labour market. To maintain valuable skills, workers of all ages will need to engage more in lifelong learning. Some will need to retrain when their occupation becomes obsolete. Getting the most out of skills will also depend on allocating skills to their most productive uses. Reducing New Zealand’s high rates of qualification and skills mismatches would boost both wages and productivity. With the possibility of more workers being displaced than in the past, greater efforts may need to be considered to help them get back into jobs. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of New Zealand (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-new-zealand.htm).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/e6ced642-en
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
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    Boosting productivity through greater small business dynamism in Canada (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1314
    Keywords: Produktivitätsentwicklung ; KMU ; Unternehmensgründung ; Mittelstandspolitik ; Kanada ; Economics ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Small business dynamism is a feature of an SME sector that contributes to overall productivity growth, not an end in itself. Such dynamism increases productivity growth by reallocating resources towards more productive firms and strengthening the diffusion of new technologies. Small business dynamism in Canada has declined in recent decades, as in other OECD countries, but overall it remains in the middle of the range, with some indicators above average and others below. Framework economic policies are generally supportive of small business dynamism, especially labour regulation, but there is scope to reduce regulatory barriers to product market competition. Canada has many programmes to support small businesses. Some of the largest programmes are not well focused on reducing market failures. Focusing support more on reducing clear market failures would increase the contribution of these programmes to productivity growth and living standards. This would likely entail redirecting support from small businesses in general to start-ups and young firms with innovative projects, which would boost small business dynamism. This Working Paper relates to the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Canada (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-canada.htm)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlv23k891r8-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
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    Augmenter la productivité en favorisant le dynamisme des petites entreprises au Canada (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1314
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Boosting productivity through greater small business dynamism in Canada
    Keywords: Economics ; Canada
    Abstract: Le dynamisme des petites entreprises n’est pas une fin en soi, mais un élément du secteur des PME qui concourt à la progression globale de la productivité. Il favorise les gains de productivité en redistribuant les ressources vers les entreprises les plus efficientes et en renforçant la diffusion des nouvelles technologies. Au Canada comme dans les autres pays de l’OCDE, le dynamisme des petites entreprises a été moindre ces dernières décennies, mais il reste dans une position médiane, certains indicateurs étant supérieurs à la moyenne de l’OCDE et d’autres inférieurs. Si le cadre de politique économique lui est en général propice, en particulier la réglementation du travail, il existe une marge de réduction des obstacles réglementaires à la concurrence sur les marchés de produits. Alors que de nombreux programmes ont vocation à aider les petites entreprises, certains des plus importants ne ciblent pas bien les défaillances du marché. En les axant davantage sur l’atténuation des dysfonctionnements manifestes, on ferait davantage contribuer ces programmes à la progression de la productivité et du niveau de vie. Il faudrait probablement pour cela réorienter l’aide des petites entreprises en général vers les start-ups et les entreprises de création récente dotées de projets innovants, ce qui donnerait une impulsion à ce segment de l'économie. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE du Canada 2016 (www.oecd.org/fr/eco/etudes/etude-economique-canada.htm)
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlv23ghh18n-fr
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  • 6
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    Towards global carbon pricing : Direct and indirect linking of carbon markets (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 209-234 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:209-234
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 209-234
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:209-234
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Emissions trading systems (ETS) can play a major role in a cost-effective climate policy framework. Both direct linking of ETSs and indirect linking through a common crediting mechanism can reduce costs of action.We use a global recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium model to assess the effects of direct and indirect linking of ETS systems across world regions. Linking of domestic Annex I ETSs leads to moderate aggregate cost savings, as differences in domestic permit prices are limited. Countries benefit directly from linking by either buying permits and avoiding investing in highcost mitigation options, or by exploiting relatively cheap mitigation options and selling permits at a higher price. Although the economy of the main permit sellers, such as Russia, is negatively affected by the real exchange rate appreciation that is induced by the large export of permits, on balance they also still benefit from linking. The costsaving potential for developed countries of well-functioning crediting mechanisms appears to be very large. Even limited use of credits would nearly halve mitigation costs; cost savings would be largest for carbon-intensive economies. However, one open issue iswhether these gains can be fully reaped in reality, given that direct linking and the use of crediting mechanisms both raise complex system design and implementation issues. The analysis in this paper shows, however, that the potential gains to be reaped are so large, that substantial efforts in this domain are warranted. JEL classification: H23, O41, Q54 Keywords: Climate mitigation policy, emissions trading systems, general equilibrium models, linking carbon markets
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-2013-5k421kk9j3vb
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  • 7
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    Combler les pénuries de compétences au Canada (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1143
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Overcoming Skills Shortages in Canada
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Canada
    Abstract: Les pénuries de compétences ont progressé dans certains secteurs et régions au cours des dernières années. L’avantage salarial s’accroît dans certaines professions, notamment la santé, l’ingénierie et les métiers spécialisés. Et les taux de postes vacants augmentent également dans les métiers spécialisés, en particulier en Alberta et dans la Saskatchewan. Des réformes ont été mises en oeuvre pour renforcer le processus d’ajustement afin de combler ces pénuries, mais il est possible d’aller plus loin en améliorant l’information sur le marché du travail, en renforçant la réactivité du système d’enseignement et de formation et du système d’immigration face aux attentes du marché du travail, et en réduisant les obstacles à la mobilité interprovinciale de la main-d’oeuvre. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE du Canada 2014 (www.oecd.org/fr/eco/etudes/etude-economique-canada.htm).
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123f3qxr6-fr
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  • 8
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    Raising Potential Growth After the Crisis : A Quantitative Assessment of the Potential Gains from Various Structural Reforms in the OECD Area and Beyond (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.835
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides an illustrative assessment of the impacts on potential GDP over a 5 to 10-year horizon of structural reform scenarios in the areas of product and labour markets, relying on existing OECD empirical studies. Results of simulations suggest that a gradual alignment of product market regulations to best practice in a broad range of non-manufacturing sectors could boost aggregate labour productivity levels by several per cent over the next decade in many OECD countries, and by over five per cent across most of continental Europe, as well as for the BRIICS. Relaxation of job protection legislation could also raise productivity growth for a while in many OECD and non-OECD G20 countries, although the effects are estimated to be smaller than those from product market reforms. In a scenario under which they would be phased in relatively quickly, labour market reforms in the areas of unemployment benefit systems, activation policies, labour taxes and pension systems could raise employment rates by several percentage points in a number of OECD countries over a 10-year horizon. Large continental European countries would have the largest benefits to reap from reforms. The overall potential GDP gain for the average OECD country from undertaking the full range of reforms considered here might come close to 10% at a 10-year horizon, indicating the presence of ample room for structural reforms to offset the permanent GDP losses from the recent crisis.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kgk9qj18s8n-en
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  • 9
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    Implementing Cost-Effective Policies in the United States to Mitigate Climate Change (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.807
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: The consensus view of scientists is that the build-up of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere is causing global warming. To reduce the probability of severe climate-change impacts and costs occurring, global GHG emissions need to be reduced substantially over coming decades. The United States agreed to a global political agreement to reduce GHG emissions that was acknowledged at Copenhagen (COP15) in December 2009 and negotiations are continuing to work towards binding emissions-reduction commitments by all countries. In view of the scale of emission reductions called for, it is vital that the United States adopt a cost-effective and comprehensive climate change policy. The current Administration is endeavouring to put such a policy package in place. Its core elements are comprehensive pricing of GHG emissions and increased support for the development and deployment of GHG-emissions-reducing technologies. The alternative regulatory approach would be more costly and unlikely to deliver the required scale of reductions in emissions.
    DOI: 10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en
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  • 10
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    Is there a Case for Carbon-Based Border Tax Adjustment? : An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.794
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Concern that unilateral greenhouse gas emission reductions could foster carbon leakage and undermine the international competitiveness of domestic industry has led to growing calls for carbon-based border-tax adjustments (BTAs). This paper uses a global general equilibrium model to assess the economic effects of BTAs and comes to three main conclusions. First, BTAs can reduce carbon leakage if the coalition of countries taking action to reduce emissions is small, because in this case leakage (while typically small) mainly occurs through international trade competitiveness losses rather than through declines in world fossil fuel prices that trigger rising carbon intensities outside the region taking action. Second, the welfare impacts of BTAs are small, and typically slightly negative at the world level. Third, and perhaps more strikingly, BTAs do not necessarily curb the output losses incurred by the domestic energy intensive-industries (EIIs) they are intended to protect in the first place. This is in part because taken as a whole, EIIs in industrialised countries make important use of carbon-intensive intermediate inputs produced by EIIs in other geographical areas. Another, deeper explanation is that EIIs are ultimately more adversely affected by carbon pricing itself, and the associated contraction in market size, than by any international competitiveness losses. These findings are shown to be robust to key model parameters, country coverage and design features of BTAs.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmbjhcqqk0r-en
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  • 11
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    Long-Run GDP Growth Framework and Scenarios for the World Economy (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.663
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper develops and applies a simple “conditional growth” framework to make long-term GDP projections for the world economy, taking as a starting point recent empirical evidence about the importance of total factor productivity and human capital in explaining current cross-country disparities in GDP per capita levels. Other distinct features of the projection framework include human capital projections by cohorts and implicit allowance for the impact of ageing and potential labour market and pension reforms on future growth in employment levels. In the baseline projection, world GDP would grow in PPP terms by about 3 ¾ % per year on average over the period 2005-2050. When expressed in constant market exchange rates, taking into account future Balassa-Samuelson effects, this projection falls roughly in the middle of the range of long-run scenarios recently developed in the context of greenhouse gas emission projections. The sensitivity of the projection to total factor productivity and population growth assumptions is significant, however, and compounds with deeper sources of uncertainty such as model and parameter uncertainty.
    DOI: 10.1787/227205684023
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  • 12
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    Health Care Reform in the United States (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.665
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: In spite of improvements, on various measures of health outcomes the United States appears to rank relatively poorly among OECD countries. Health expenditures, in contrast, are significantly higher than in any other OECD country. While there are factors beyond the health-care system itself that contribute to this gap in performance, there is also likely to be scope to improve the health of Americans while reducing, or at least not increasing spending. This paper focuses on two factors that contribute to this discrepancy between health outcomes and health expenditures in the United States: inequitable access to medical services and subsidized private insurance policies; and inefficiencies in public health insurance. It then suggests two sets of reforms likely to improve the US health-care system. The first is a package of reforms to achieve close to universal health insurance coverage. The second set of reforms relates to payment methods and coverage decisions within the Medicare programme to realign incentives and increase the extent of economic evaluation of different medical procedures.
    DOI: 10.1787/227104360465
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  • 13
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    The Role of R&D and Technology Diffusion in Climate Change Mitigation : New Perspectives Using the WITCH Model (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.664
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper uses the WITCH model, a computable general equilibrium model with endogenous technological change, to explore the impact of various climate policies on energy technology choices and the costs of stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations. Current and future expected carbon prices appear to have powerful effects on R&D spending and clean technology diffusion. Their impact on stabilisation costs depends on the nature of R&D: R&D targeted at incremental energy efficiency improvements has only limited effects, but R&D focused on the emergence of major new low-carbon technologies could lower costs drastically if successful – especially in the non-electricity sector, where such low-carbon options are scarce today. With emissions coming from multiple sources, keeping a wide range of options available matters more for stabilisation costs than improving specific technologies. Due to international knowledge spillovers, stabilisation costs could be further reduced through a complementary, global R&D policy. However, a strong price signal is always required.
    DOI: 10.1787/227114657270
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  • 14
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    Iceland: The Financial and Economic Crisis (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.725
    Keywords: Economics ; Iceland
    Abstract: The global financial and economic crisis has struck Iceland with extreme force. Iceland’s three main banks, accounting for almost all of the banking system, failed in October 2008. They were unable to resist the deterioration in global financial markets following the failure of Lehman Brothers. The banks had pursued risky expansion strategies – notably borrowing in foreign capital markets to finance the aggressive international expansion of Icelandic investment companies – that made them vulnerable to the deterioration in global financial markets. They had also grown to be too big for the government to rescue. When access to foreign capital eventually closed, the banks failed. Non-financial firms and households were also vulnerable to the deterioration in global financial conditions, having taken on a lot of debt in recent years based on inflated collateral values. In some cases, the debt was foreign-currency denominated, without matching foreign-currency assets or revenues. In the wake of the banking crisis, the government obtained an IMF Stand-By Arrangement to provide favourable access to foreign capital markets and creditability for the recovery programme. Even so, the recession is likely to be deeper in Iceland than in most other OECD countries owing to the seriousness of the banking crisis and the weakness of private sector balance sheets. Reforms are needed to strengthen prudential regulation and supervision. This Working Paper relates to the 2009 Economic Survey of Iceland.
    DOI: 10.1787/221071065826
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  • 15
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    The Incentives to Participate in and the Stability of International Climate Coalitions : A Game-Theoretic Approach Using the WITCH Model (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 74 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.702
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper uses WITCH, an integrated assessment model with a game-theoretic structure, to explore the prospects for, and the stability of broad coalitions to achieve ambitious climate change mitigation action. Only coalitions including all large emitting regions are found to be technically able to meet a concentration stabilisation target below 550 ppm CO2eq by 2100. Once the free-riding incentives of non-participants are taken into account, only a “grand coalition” including virtually all regions can be successful. This grand coalition is profitable as a whole, implying that all countries can gain from participation provided appropriate transfers are made across them. However, neither the grand coalition nor smaller but still environmentally significant coalitions appear to be stable. This is because the collective welfare surplus from cooperation is not found to be large enough for transfers to offset the free-riding incentives of all countries simultaneously. Some factors omitted from the analysis, which might improve coalition stability, include the co-benefits from mitigation action, the costless removal of fossil fuel subsidies, as well as alternative assumptions regarding countries’ bargaining behaviour.
    DOI: 10.1787/223552487415
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  • 16
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    The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation : How to Build the Necessary Global Action in a Cost-Effective Manner (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 128 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.701
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the cost of a range of national, regional and global mitigation policies and the corresponding incentives for countries to participate in ambitious international mitigation actions. The paper illustrates the scope for available instruments to strengthen these incentives and discusses ways to overcome barriers to the development of an international carbon price, based on the quantitative assessment from two global and sectorially-disaggregated CGE models. Key step towards the emergence of a single international carbon price will most likely involve the phasing out of subsidies of fossil fuel consumption and various forms of linking between regional carbon markets, ranging from direct linking of existing emission trading systems to more indirect forms through the use of sectoral crediting mechanisms. The paper discusses regulatory issues raised by the expansion of emission trading and crediting schemes as well as the complementary contribution of non-market based instruments such as the imposition of technical standards and R&D policies. Finally, the paper emphasises the important role of international transfers, not least to overcome the relatively strong economic incentives in some countries to free ride on other regions mitigation actions. While they can take various explicit or implicit forms, transfers made primarily through market mechanisms, for instance via the allocation of binding emission reduction commitments across countries, would be most cost-effective.
    DOI: 10.1787/224074334782
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  • 17
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    Résilience économique aux chocs : Le rôle des politiques structurelles (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Economic resilience to shocks: The role of structural policies
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Bien que les fluctuations cycliques de l’activité se soient atténuées au cours des années récentes, leur ampleur et leur évolution continuent de différer sensiblement entre pays de l’OCDE. L’une des explications à cette hétérogénéité est que les pays affichent différents degrés de résilience à des chocs communs. Cet article explore la contribution des politiques et des institutions sur les marchés financiers, du travail et des biens et services à ces écarts de résilience. À partir de régressions sur un panel de 20 pays de l’OCDE portant sur la période 1982-2003, l’article identifie l’impact des politiques sur deux dimensions de la résilience : l’effet d’un choc à l’impact et sa persistance ultérieure. Il ressort que les politiques et les institutions entraînant des rigidités sur les marchés du travail et des biens et services atténuent l’impact initial d’un choc mais rendent cet effet plus persistant, tandis que des politiques favorisant le développement des marchés hypothécaires réduisent la persistance et ainsi améliorent la résilience. Combinant ces deux dimensions de la résilience, l’article utilise ensuite les équations estimées pour construire des indicateurs de résilience pour chacun des pays de l’OCDE concernés, sur la base de leurs politiques et de leurs institutions actuelles ou récentes. Cette analyse fait ressortir trois groupes de pays. Dans les pays anglophones, les simulations suggèrent que les chocs ont un impact initial significatif, mais que celui-ci se dissipe assez rapidement. A contrario, dans de nombreux pays d’Europe Continentale, l’impact initial des chocs est atténué, mais leurs effets se font ressentir plus longtemps et la perte de production cumulée tend à être plus élevée que dans les pays anglophones. Enfin, quelques petits pays Européens combinent à la fois un impact modéré des chocs et un retour relativement rapide à l’équilibre.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-6-fr
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  • 18
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    Economic resilience to shocks : The role of structural policies (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-38
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Résilience économique aux chocs : Le rôle des politiques structurelles
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-38
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cyclical fluctuations in economic activity have moderated over time but the extent and dynamics of volatility remain different across OECD countries. A reason behind this heterogeneity is that countries exhibit different degrees of resilience in the face of common shocks. This paper traces divergences in resilience back to different policy settings and institutions in labour, product and financial markets. Using pooled regression analysis across 20 OECD countries over the period 1982-2003, the paper identifies the impact of policy settings on two dimensions of resilience: the impact effect of a shock and its subsequent persistence. Policies and institutions associated with rigidities in labour and product markets are found to dampen the initial impact of shocks but to make their effects more persistent, while policies allowing for deep mortgage markets lower persistence and thereby improve resilience. Combining these two dimensions of resilience, the paper then uses the estimated equations to derive indicators of resilience for the OECD countries concerned, based on their current or recent policy settings. Three groups of countries emerge. In English-speaking countries, simulations suggest shocks have a significant initial effect on activity but this impact then dies out relatively quickly. By contrast, in many continental European countries the initial impact of shocks is cushioned but their effect linger for longer, with the cumulated output loss tending to be larger than in English-speaking countries. Finally a few, mostly small, European countries combine cushioning of the initial shock with a fairly quick return to baseline.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2008-art6-en
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    The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation : Policies and Options for the Future (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 129 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.658
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Considering the costs and risks of inaction, ambitious action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is economically rational. However, success in abating world emissions will ultimately require a least-cost set of policy instruments that is applied as widely as possible across all emission sources (countries, sectors and greenhouse gases). The main purpose of this paper is to explore feasible ways to meet these two basic requirements for successful future climate policies. Using a range of modelling frameworks, it analyses cost-effective policy mixes to reduce emissions, the implications of incomplete coverage of policies for the costs of mitigation action and carbon leakage, the role of technology-support policies in lowering future emissions and policy costs, as well as the incentives –and possible options to enhance them – for emitting countries to take action against climate change.
    DOI: 10.1787/228868001868
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  • 20
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    A Taxonomy of Instruments to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions and their Interactions (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.636
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews alternative (national and international) climate change mitigation policy instruments and interactions across them. Carbon taxes, cap-and-trade schemes, standards and technology-support policies (R&D and clean technology deployment) in particular are assessed according to three broad costeffectiveness criteria, their: i) static efficiency, defined to cover not just whether the instrument is costeffective per se but also whether it provides sufficient political incentives for wide adoption; ii) dynamic efficiency, which implies an efficient level of innovation and diffusion of clean technologies in order to lower future abatement costs; iii) ability to cope effectively with climate and economic uncertainties. Multiple market failures and political economy obstacles need to be addressed in order to meet these criteria. In this regard, carbon taxes or cap-and-trade schemes appear to perform better than alternatives. However, their cost-effectivenes can be enhanced through targeted use of other instruments. There is therefore room for climate policy packages.
    DOI: 10.1787/236846121450
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  • 21
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    Improving Education Outcomes in Germany (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.611
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: Improving education outcomes is important for Germany’s long-term economic performance and social cohesion. While student achievement is above the OECD average in science and at the OECD average in reading and mathematics according to the 2006 OECD PISA study, weaker students tend to do badly by international comparison and socio-economic and/or immigrant backgrounds have a large impact. Another problem is that the proportion of younger people that completes tertiary education is relatively low. The authorities are undertaking wide ranging reforms touching all levels of education to tackle these problems. Nevertheless, there is scope to go further by: increasing participation in early childhood education and care of children from less advantaged socio-economic backgrounds and improving the quality of such education; improving teaching quality; reducing stratification in the school system; and making tertiary education more attractive and responsive to labour-market requirements. With the reforms underway or suggested, Germany would be able to look forward to higher education achievement and attainment and, especially, greater equality of education opportunity.
    DOI: 10.1787/241675712618
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  • 22
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    Oil Price Shocks, Rigidities and the Conduct of Monetary Policy : Some Lessons from a New Keynesian Perspective (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.603
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The strong and sustained rise in oil prices observed in recent years poses a challenge to monetary policy and its ability to simultaneously achieve low inflation and stable output. Against this background, the paper studies monetary policy in a small open economy New Keynesian DSGE model including oil as a production input and a component of final demand. It investigates the performance of alternative price level definitions, notably headline and core CPI, in standard interest rate rules with respect to output and inflation stabilisation. The analysis puts special emphasis on the impact of price and real wage rigidity and their interaction on the policy trade-off induced by the oil price shock. While the degree of price rigidity alone is found to have little impact on the shock transmission and generates only small differences between alternative monetary strategies, the simulations suggest a more important role for real wage stickiness. Real wage stickiness triggers second round effects and complicates stabilisation whatever the policy rule. A focus on core inflation tends to limit the contraction of output in this context. The results also point to some interaction between nominal price and real wage rigidities. In the presence of real wage rigidity, greater price flexibility is found to be destabilising, as it amplifies the initial inflation effect of shocks, thereby triggering a stronger monetary policy response and a larger output effect.
    DOI: 10.1787/242188534400
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  • 23
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    Structural Policies and Economic Resilience to Shocks (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.567
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cyclical fluctuations in economic activity have moderated over time but the extent and dynamics of volatility remain different across OECD countries. A reason behind this heterogeneity is that countries exhibit different degrees of resilience in the face of common shocks. This paper traces divergences in resilience back to different policy settings and institutions in labour, product and financial markets. Using pooled regression analysis across 20 OECD countries over the period 1982-2003, the paper identifies the impact of policy settings on two dimensions of resilience: the impact effect of a shock and its subsequent persistence. Policies and institutions associated with rigidities in labour and product markets are found to dampen the initial impact of shocks but to make their effects more persistent, while policies allowing for deep mortgage markets lower persistence and thereby improve resilience. Combining these two dimensions of resilience, the paper then uses the estimated equations to derive indicators of resilience for the OECD countries concerned, based on their current or recent policy settings. Three groups of countries emerge. In English-speaking countries, simulations suggest shocks have a significant initial effect on activity but this impact then dies out relatively quickly. By contrast, in many continental European countries the initial impact of shocks is cushioned but their effect linger for longer, with the cumulated output loss tending to be larger than in English-speaking countries. Finally a few, mostly small, European countries combine cushioning of the initial shock with a fairly quick return to baseline.
    DOI: 10.1787/140152385131
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  • 24
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    The determinants of unemployment across OECD countries : Reassessing the role of policies and institutions (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 7-86
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 89 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les déterminants du chômage dans les pays de l'OCDE : Une réévaluation du rôle des politiques et des institutions
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 7-86
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Andrea Bassanini and Romain Duval are economists at the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs and the OECD Economics Department, respectively. Catherine Chapuis-Grabiner, Sébastien Martin and Rebecca Oyomopito provided excellent research assistance. Comments from Sveinbjorn Blöndal, Wendy Carlin, Jean-Philippe Cotis, Martine Durand, Jorgen Elmeskov, Michael P. Feiner, David Howell, Etienne Lehmann, Edmond Malinvaud, John P. Martin, Giuseppe Nicoletti, Stefano Scarpetta, Paul Swaim, Raymond Torres and participants to the joint WP1/WP5 EPC-ELSAC meeting in Paris, January 2006, and the Séminaire Fourgeaud, Paris, May 2006, are also gratefully acknowledged. Any errors are the responsibilities of the authors alone. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or of its member countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2006-art2-en
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  • 25
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    Les déterminants du chômage dans les pays de l'OCDE : Une réévaluation du rôle des politiques et des institutions (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 7-96
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 99 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The determinants of unemployment across OECD countries: Reassessing the role of policies and institutions
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 7-96
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Andrea Bassanini et Romain Duval sont deux économistes qui travaillent respectivement à la Direction de l’emploi, du travail et des affaires sociales et au Département des affaires économiques de l’OCDE. Catherine Chapuis-Grabiner, Sébastien Martin et Rebecca Oyomopito leur ont apporté un concours remarquable en matière de recherches. Nous tenons également à remercier chaleureusement pour leurs commentaires Sveinbjorn Blöndal, Wendy Carlin, Jean-Philippe Cotis, Martine Durand, Jørgen Elmeskov, Michael P. Feiner, David Howell, Etienne Lehmann, Edmond Malinvaud, John P. Martin, Giuseppe Nicoletti, Stefano Scarpetta, Paul Swaim, Raymond Torres ainsi que les participants à la réunion conjointe du groupe de travail n° 1 chargé de l’analyse des politiques macroéconomiques et structurelles (Comité de politique économique) et du groupe de travail n° 5 sur l’emploi (Comité de l’emploi, du travail et des affaires sociales) qui s’est tenue à Paris, en janvier 2006, et du séminaire Fourgeaud (Paris, mai 2006). La responsabilité d’éventuelles erreurs incombe aux seuls auteurs. Les points de vue exprimés dans ce document sont ceux des auteurs ; ils ne reflètent pas nécessairement les points de vue de l’OCDE ou des pays membres de l’Organisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2006-art2-fr
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    Improving Education Outcomes in the Slovak Republic (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.578
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: Improving education outcomes is vital for achieving convergence with GDP per capita levels in Western European countries and for reducing income inequality. While some education outcomes are favourable, such as the low secondary-school drop-out rate, others have room for improvement: education achievement is below the OECD average and strongly influenced by socio-economic background; Roma children, who are mainly from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds, have particularly poor achievement; labour-market outcomes are poor for graduates of secondary vocational programmes not leading to tertiary education; and tertiary attainment is low, albeit rising. Reforms have been made in recent years or are planned to address many of these weaknesses, but much remains to be done. In particular, more progress needs to be made in increasing participation in early childhood education and care, reducing stratification in the education system, helping Roma children to integrate into the education mainstream, and in attracting high quality graduates to teaching, especially in socio-economically disadvantaged schools. In addition, secondary vocational education not leading to tertiary education needs to be made more pertinent to labour-market requirements. Tertiary education also needs to be made more attractive for technical secondary school graduates.
    DOI: 10.1787/084038325004
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    Employment Patterns in OECD Countries : Reassessing the Role of Policies and Institutions (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 127 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.486
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper explores the impact of policies and institutions on employment and unemployment of OECD countries in the past decades. Reduced-form unemployment equations, consistent with standard wage setting/price-setting models, are estimated using cross-country/time-series data from 21 OECD countries over the period 1982-2003. In the "average" OECD country, high and long-lasting unemployment benefits, high tax wedges and stringent anti- competitive product market regulation are found to increase aggregate unemployment. By contrast, highly centralised and/or coordinated wage bargaining systems are estimated to reduce unemployment. These findings are robust across specifications, datasets and econometric methods. As policies and institutions affect employment not only via their impact on aggregate unemployment but also through their effects on labour market participation - particularly for those groups "at the margin" of the labour market, group-specific employment rate equations are also estimated. In the "average" OECD country, high unemployment benefits and high tax wedges are found to be associated with lower employment prospects for all groups studied, namely prime-age males, females, older workers and youths. There is also evidence that group-specific policy determinants matter, such as targeted fiscal incentives. The paper also finds significant evidence of interactions across policies and institutions, as well as between institutions and macroeconomic conditions. Consistent with theory, structural reforms appear to have mutually reinforcing effects: the impact of a given policy reform is greater the more employment-friendly the overall policy and institutional framework. Certain more specific interactions across policies and institutions are found to be particularly robust, notably between unemployment benefits and public spending on active labour market programmes as well as between statutory minimum wages and the tax wedge. Finally, it is shown that macroeconomic conditions also matter for unemployment patterns, with their impact being shaped by policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/846627332717
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    Strengthening Innovation in the Netherlands : Making Better Use of Knowledge Creation in Innovation Activities (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.479
    Keywords: Economics ; Netherlands
    Abstract: Strengthening the innovation system in the Netherlands is a priority for raising productivity growth, which has been relatively weak in recent years. Knowledge creation in the Netherlands is strong -- scientific publications per capita are the sixth highest in the OECD -- but innovation activity is only around the average for OECD countries according to the EIS Summary Innovation Index. The main weaknesses are in business R&D intensity, the share of the population with tertiary education, and in commercially applying new knowledge. This paper discusses reforms being implemented to overcome these weaknesses and suggests directions for building on such reforms. Co-operation between public research organisations and innovating firms is being strengthened, support for innovation is being rationalised and measures are being taken to increase both the current and prospective supply of scientists and engineers with a view to making the Netherlands a more attractive location for R&D investments. To increase the tertiary attainment rate, the authorities are considering introducing shorter tertiary courses and are experimenting with greater competition among tertiary education suppliers for public funds. To strengthen performance in commercial application of new knowledge, barriers to entrepreneurship are being reduced but more should be done to strengthen incentives for entrepreneurship. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/netherlands).
    DOI: 10.1787/612130717511
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    Improving Education Achievement and Attainment in Luxembourg (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.508
    Keywords: Economics ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: Improving education achievement in Luxembourg is a priority for strengthening productivity growth and enhancing residents. employment prospects in the private sector, where employers mainly hire cross-border workers. Student achievement in Luxembourg is below the OECD average according to the 2003 OECD PISA study, with the performance gap between immigrant and native students being above average. A factor that makes learning more difficult in Luxembourg than in other countries is the use of three languages of instruction (Lëtzebuergesch, German and French). New empirical evidence presented in this paper based on the PISA tests suggests that the reforms over the past decade or so to attenuate these difficulties have had considerable success: the adverse impact of immigrant status on PISA test scores is around the OECD average. The fact that the performance gap between immigrant and native students is nevertheless greater than average reflects other factors, notably the relatively large difference in socio-economic background between immigrant and native students. The paper also discusses further reforms that are underway or planned to improve achievement of immigrant students. Another feature of Luxembourg.s education system is that it is highly stratified, with children being sorted into a large number of parallel tracks at an early stage and there being a high rate of grade repetition. International evidence suggests that stratification increases the impact of socio-economic background on student achievement. Reforms to reduce stratification are discussed in the remainder of the paper, together with reforms to enhance achievement more generally by improving teaching skills and basing school programmes on key competences. This paper relates to the 2006 Economic Survey of Luxembourg (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/luxembourg).
    DOI: 10.1787/431707836184
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    Comportement de départ à la retraite dans les pays de l'OCDE : L'impact des systèmes de pension de vieillesse et d'autres programmes de transferts sociaux (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2003, no. 2, p. 7-55
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 59 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Retirement Behaviour in OECD Countries: Impact of Old-Age Pension Schemes and other Social Transfer Programmes
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 2, p. 7-55
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Accroître le taux d’activité et l’emploi des travailleurs âgés, notamment en relevant l’âge effectif de départ à la retraite (graphique 1), pourrait rendre plus supportable le vieillissement des populations en freinant la hausse des dépenses liées à l’âge tout en générant dans le même temps des recettes fiscales plus importantes pour les financer . Il a aussi été avancé que le relèvement des taux d’activité des travailleurs âgés améliorerait le bien-être dans nombre de pays de l’OCDE, pour des raisons à la fois théoriques (encadré 1) et empiriques. Bien qu’il..
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2003-art8-fr
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    The Effects of EMU on Structural Reforms in Labour and Product Markets (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.438
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: Structural reforms in labour and product markets are required in a number of euro-area countries. A question in this regard, which is the topic of this paper, is whether belonging to the euro area tends to help or hinder structural reform. The paper first reviews the theoretical arguments and the existing empirical literature – in both cases finding conclusions that point in opposite directions. Next, the paper uses an OECD database on labour market reform developed recently and an update of OECD indicators of product market regulation to compare progress in labour and product market reform over the decade since 1993 between euro-area countries and other OECD countries. Overall, euro-area countries appear to have made relatively good progress in structural reform but it is much less clear from the descriptive evidence whether progress can be ascribed to membership of Economic and Monetary Union. To explore further the role of monetary regime for structural reform, the paper undertakes an econometric examination of the likelihood that countries undertake reform in five specific areas of labour and product market policies. Based on pooled cross-country/time series Probit regressions covering 21 countries and the period 1985-2003, it is found that structural reform is strengthened by high unemployment, crisis as reflected in a large output gap, healthy public finances, reforms in other policy fields and small country size. Further, countries that pursue fixed exchange-rate regimes or participate in monetary union, and therefore have little or no monetary autonomy, appear to undertake less structural reform – with the effect possibly being concentrated on large countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/830757326248
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    Assessing the OECD Jobs Strategy : Past Developments and Reforms (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 73 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.429
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In 1994, the OECD published a set of recommendations -- known as the OECD Jobs Strategy -- to deal with high and persistent unemployment that affected many member countries. These recommendations are currently being reassessed by the OECD and this paper contributes to this process. It provides a detailed description of labour market reforms in member countries over the past ten years, together with a short overview of changes in macroeconomic policies and reforms affecting product markets. It attempts to rank countries according with their past reform efforts, using an aggregate reform intensity indicator, and analyses the link, though in a very preliminary way, between reforms and labour market performance. Overall, there is little evidence of a link between initial conditions and subsequent reform efforts, with some countries taking only modest measures despite a poor starting point, while others carrying out ambitious programs even though their initial conditions were already relatively favourable. Over the past decade, member countries have employed very diverse reform strategies, from comprehensive reforms package (Denmark, Finland and the Netherlands) -- as recommended in the initial Jobs Strategy -- to reforms more narrowly targeted on specific fields where deep action was undertaken (France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Ireland). The intensity of reforms has differed markedly across policy fields, with more action being undertaken in areas that are more widely accepted by the population, such as active labour market policies and cuts of labour taxes. Please note that annexes are available on the Economics Department Website at: www.oecd.org/eco/Working_Papers.
    DOI: 10.1787/673876504152
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  • 33
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    Retirement Behaviour in OECD Countries : Impact of Old-Age Pension Schemes and other Social Transfer Programmes (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 2, p. 7-50
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comportement de départ à la retraite dans les pays de l'OCDE : L'impact des systèmes de pension de vieillesse et d'autres programmes de transferts sociaux
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 2, p. 7-50
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the impact of old-age pension systems and other social transfer programmes on the retirement decision of older males in OECD countries. For each of the 55-59, 60-64 and 65+ age groups, a new panel dataset of retirement incentives embedded in those schemes is constructed, focusing mainly on the implicit tax rate on continued work. These currently differ widely across OECD countries: they are high in most Continental European Countries, compared with Japan, Korea, English-speaking and Nordic countries. Simple cross-country correlations and panel data econometric estimates both show that implicit taxes on continued work have sizeable effects on the departure of older male workers from the labour force ...
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2003-art8-en
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    Coping with Ageing : A Dynamic Approach to Quantify the Impact of Alternative Policy Options on Future Labour Supply in OECD Countries (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 92 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.371
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In the face of the substantial ageing of population expected to occur in OECD countries over coming decades, policies that boost labour-force participation attract considerable interest. There remain large cross-country divergences in participation rates that are largely accounted for by differences in participation of specific groups, in particular prime-age women, older workers and also youth. This suggests that policies targeting these groups could have important effects. The aim of this paper is to examine whether the potential impact of several policy reforms is able to attenuate or to offset the adverse trend in aggregate participation rates that would otherwise occur because of ageing population. It uses a simple dynamic modelling framework that generates longer-term projections of participation rates and labour supplies in OECD countries and alternative scenarios of policy reforms. The main outcome of this analysis is that the combined effect of possible reforms targeting ...
    DOI: 10.1787/224538175006
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    Tax Ratios on Labour and Capital Income and on Consumption (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 129-174
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ratios fiscaux pour les revenus du travail et du capital et pour la consommation
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 129-174
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents revised tax ratios based on more realistic assumptions than those used in a previous study applying the same approach (based on tax revenue statistics and national accounts data) to measuring the effective tax burden. Although the levels of the revised tax ratios are sometimes quite different from those previously found, the two data sets are generally highly correlated. The paper also presents a sensitivity analysis of relaxing some remaining unrealistic assumptions for countries and periods where that is possible. It is found that this often has a large effect on the tax ratios, especially for capital, and the two data sets are sometimes no longer highly correlated. This highlights the need to use these ratios in conjunction with other indicators, such as average effective tax rates, to corroborate the story they tell.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art11-en
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    Ratios fiscaux pour les revenus du travail et du capital et pour la consommation (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 145-195
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 65 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tax Ratios on Labour and Capital Income and on Consumption
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 145-195
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le présent document présente les ratios fiscaux révisés calculés à partir d’hypothèses plus réalistes que celles retenues dans une étude précédente qui suivait la même approche (fondée sur les Statistiques des recettes publiques et les données des Comptes nationaux) pour évaluer la charge fiscale effective. Bien que les niveaux des ratios fiscaux révisés soient parfois très différents de ceux calculés précédemment, les deux séries de données sont généralement fortement corrélées. Cette étude présente également une analyse de sensibilité à l’assouplissement, dans toute la mesure du possible et pour des pays et des périodes données, de certaines hypothèses irréalistes qui continuent d’être retenues. L’effet en est souvent important sur les ratios fiscaux, en particulier pour ce qui est des revenus du capital, et les deux séries de données ne sont parfois plus si fortement corrélées. Ceci met en évidence la nécessité d’utiliser ces ratios conjointement avec d’autres indicateurs, tels que les taux d’imposition effectifs moyens, pour mener la démonstration jusqu’au bout.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art11-fr
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    Policies for an Ageing Society : Recent Measures and Areas for Further Reform (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 103 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.369
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides a synthesis of age-related developments and policies for a range of OECD countries, drawing on recent OECD work. It describes the expected impact of ageing on expenditure and fiscal pressures taking into account the current configuration of age-related policies. Since later retirement appears to be a key policy to easing the burden of ageing, it looks at indicators of the incentives for early retirement via pension systems and other transfer programmes permitting early withdrawal from the labour market for those approaching retirement. The report discussed the different types of age-related reforms undertaken up to now and areas where further reforms appear needed ...
    DOI: 10.1787/737005512385
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    The Retirement Effects of Old-Age Pension and Early Retirement Schemes in OECD Countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.370
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the impact of old-age pension systems and other social transfer programmes on the retirement decision of older males in OECD countries. For each of the 55-59, 60-64 and 65+ age groups, a new panel dataset (22 OECD countries over 1969-1999 or shorter periods in some cases) of retirement incentives embedded in those schemes is constructed for an illustrative worker. The main focus is on the implicit tax rate on working for five more years, which sums up various dimensions of retirement incentives such as the pension accrual rate but also, to a lesser extent, the availability and generosity of benefits. There is currently wide dispersion across OECD countries in implicit tax rates on continued work embedded in old-age pension and early retirement schemes: they are high in most Continental European Countries, compared with Japan, Korea, English-speaking and Nordic countries. Simple cross-country correlations and panel data econometric estimates both show that ...
    DOI: 10.1787/308728704511
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    Tax Reform in Belgium (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.354
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: Belgium has a heavy tax burden which has mainly fallen on labour as international tax competition has limited the scope to which this burden could be imposed on capital. This has raised concerns about possible adverse labour market impacts from such high tax rates. In view of these concerns, the government has made substantial cuts in employers’ social security contributions, has reduced employees’ social security contributions and, in the context of a personal income tax reform, has introduced an earned income tax credit. All of these measures have been focused on low-income earners, maximising their favourable labour-market effects by increasing the likelihood that they produce lasting reductions in labour costs and/or reductions in benefit replacement rates. Further reductions in labourincome taxation targeted on low-income earners should be made as budget room becomes available. Narrowing the range of goods and services that are not subject to VAT would help to make more budget ...
    DOI: 10.1787/635485865253
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    Coping with Population Ageing in the Netherlands (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.325
    Keywords: Economics ; Netherlands
    Abstract: Population ageing will reduce economic growth and increase the amount of resources that need to be transferred to the elderly, putting pressure on retirement-income- and healthcare insurance systems. The Netherlands is better placed than most OECD countries to meet these pressures because it has a large, funded occupational pension system in place. This advantage will be reinforced if the government adopts the policy that it is considering of pre-funding ageing-related budget outlays, which would entail paying off government debt over the next quarter century. Increasing labour force participation, notably for older persons would also attenuate the economic pressures associated with population ageing. In this regard, it will be important to reduce incentives for economic inactivity, especially by reforming early retirement schemes and disability insurance. Finally, raising productivity growth could also help ease these pressures by facilitating a de-coupling of government ...
    DOI: 10.1787/572041741017
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    Encouraging Environmentally Sustainable Growth in Belgium (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.300
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: This document analyses aspects of environmental policy in Belgium. Some specific examples are drawn from policies on water in the different regions that make up the Belgian Federation (to whom much environmental policy is delegated), and transport and congestion policy in the Brussels region is discussed. The system of “ecotaxes” and some inconsistencies in the structure of taxation, from the environmental point of view - for example between petrol and diesel fuel - are also covered. An important theme is the institutional complexity involved in many aspects of environmental policy. Co-ordination is necessary between regional governments and the federal government, as well as with local governments, implementing policies which are often based on EU directives ...
    DOI: 10.1787/066570324310
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    Average Effective Tax Rates on Capital, Labour and Consumption (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.258
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Over the past 15 years, tax reforms have profoundly changed the shape of OECD tax systems and rekindled interest in measuring effective tax burdens. Indeed, in order to understand past reforms or to evaluate the tax policies of particular countries, it is necessary to go beyond statutory rates since these sometimes bear little relation to rates actually paid. This paper updates and extends the Mendoza et al. estimates of average effective tax rates (AETRs) and presents new estimates based on modifications to the methodology to make some of the underlying assumptions more realistic. In particular, the assumption that all income from self-employment is capital income is dropped in favour of assuming that the self-employed earn both labour and capital income. This change raises estimates of the AETR on capital and reduces the estimated AETR on labour but does not alter the trends observed in the updated Mendoza et al. estimates. Both sets of estimates show that, on average, the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/247874530426
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    Tax Reform in Switzerland (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.222
    Keywords: Economics ; Switzerland
    Abstract: There have been a number of tax reforms in Switzerland in recent years aimed at enhancing economic efficiency and equity. This paper sets these reforms in the context of the forces shaping tax policy in Switzerland and the main features of the Swiss tax system and suggests areas where further reforms could be beneficial. These include applying more equal tax treatment to different forms of savings, moving to a flat-rate tax on corporate profits in all cantons and making greater use of environmental taxes. It is recognised that Switzerland’s highly decentralised federal structure and system of direct democracy can slow reforms, although these features also increase the legitimacy of reforms, reducing the risk of policy reversals ...
    DOI: 10.1787/721511652676
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    Coping with Population Ageing in Australia (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.217
    Keywords: Economics ; Australia
    Abstract: As in other OECD countries Australia’s population is ageing progressively. On unchanged policies, this will increase government outlays for public pensions and health care, causing a deterioration in budget balances, and reduce economic growth (mainly by lowering growth in the labour force). Nevertheless, the prospective deterioration in Australia’s budget finances is much less than in most other OECD countries because the government only provides the first pillar of retirement income arrangements and means tests this age pension. Moreover, superannuation (private pension fund) benefits are growing, reducing entitlements to the age pension. Even so, the budget costs of population ageing could be lowered by reducing the scope for early retirees to draw on superannuation savings and by requiring individuals to prefund part of the costs of long-term aged care. But the greatest challenge facing Australia policy makers in reducing the costs of population ageing is to roll back the trend ...
    DOI: 10.1787/616221120437
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    The Future of Capital Income Taxation in a Liberalised Financial Environment (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.126
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper first gives a brief account of the main changes introduced by OECD governments in their capital income tax rules during the 1980s with respect to both the corporate and personal sectors. It then examines the evolution of effective capital taxation, using a summary measure ("tax wedges") which takes into account the different nature of national tax systems. Finally, the paper discusses the future of capital income taxation in an environment of increasing international capital mobility ...
    DOI: 10.1787/727135143807
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