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  • 2000-2004  (17)
  • 2002  (17)
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (15)
  • Blöndal, Jón R.  (2)
  • Governance  (17)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Umweltorientierte öffentliche Beschaffung : Probleme und praktische Lösungen (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264066083
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Greener Public Purchasing; Issues and Practical Solutions
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Marchés publics et environnement ; Problèmes et solutions pratiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Greener Public Purchasing: Issues and Practical Solutions
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Marchés publics et environnement : Problèmes et solutions pratiques
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance
    Abstract: Government consumption of products and services in OECD Member countries is estimated to be responsible for 9 to 25% of GDP. Given the importance of public purchasing, national and local authorities have been paying increasing attention to the opportunities to improve the environment by selecting environmentally sounder products. This publication describes the successes, the efforts and the difficulties encountered within Member countries by focusing on the role and concerns of the officials that operate purchasing. Also, it shows how greener public purchasing can support a number of other crucial policy objectives such as the reduction of government operating costs, the improvement of governance, and the reduction of greenhouse gases.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264066083-de
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    User Charging for Government Services : Best Practice Guidelines and Case Studies No. 22 (Ukrainian Version) (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789665181637
    Language: Ukrainian
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The Public Management Occasional Papers are specialised reports prepared for the work of the OECD's Public Management Committee. Member countries are increasingly financing government services through user charging. The objective of user charging is not only to achieve cost recovery from users, but also to make government services more effective and efficient. This report presents the OECD Best Practice Guidelines for User Charging for Government Services and accompanying case studies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789665181637-uk
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Confianza en el Gobierno : Medidas para fortalecer el marco ético en los países de la OCDE (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065093
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (105 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trust in Government; Ethics Measures in OECD Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renforcer l'éthique dans le service public ; Les mesures des pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trust in Government: Ethics Measures in OECD Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renforcer l'éthique dans le service public : Les mesures des pays de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Public service is a public trust. Citizens expect public servants to serve the public interest with fairness and to manage public resources properly on a daily basis. Fair and reliable public services inspire public trust and create a favourable environment for businesses, thus contributing to well-functioning markets and economic growth. Public ethics are a prerequisite to public trust and a keystone of good governance. At a time when there is a growing consensus among governments on what should constitute the essential elements of an effective and comprehensive ethics strategy, this book constitutes a unique source of comparative information on ethics management measures in OECD countries. It is designed to facilitate mutual learning and to support the development of modern ethics strategies in both OECD and non-member countries, by providing, for the first time, a comprehensive overview of ethics measures in all 29 OECD countries, including overall trends and promising practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065093-es
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regulatory Policies in OECD Countries : From Interventionism to Regulatory Governance (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264177437
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques de régulation dans les pays de l'OCDE ; De l'interventionnisme à la gouvernance de la régulation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform; Regulatory Policies in OECD Countries; From Interventionism to Regulatory Governance (Bulgarian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques de régulation dans les pays de l'OCDE : De l'interventionnisme à la gouvernance de la régulation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Regulatory Policies in OECD Countries: From Interventionism to Regulatory Governance (Bulgarian version)
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: In the past 20 years, few reforms of the public sector have received more attention, and stimulated more controversy, than the reforms made to regulation making and regulatory management. The rise of regulatory policies -explicit policies aimed at continuously improving the quality of the regulatory environment -- shows how early notions of "deregulation" or "cutting red tape" quickly gave way to a central "good governance" notion. This notion is based on an understanding of how regulatory practices can substantially improve market performance, public sector effectiveness and citizens’ satisfaction, through a mix or deregulation, re-regulation and better quality regulation, backed up by new or improved institutions. Regulatory Policies in OECD Countries documents the development and emergence of that understanding. It describes the "state of play" in the regulatory policy agenda in OECD countries, and identifies the key challenges facing regulatory practitioners in the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264177437-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Canada 2002 : Maintaining Leadership through Innovation (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264199095
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (118 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; Canada 2002 ; Rester à la pointe du progrès grâce à l'innovation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : Canada 2002 : Rester à la pointe du progrès grâce à l'innovation
    Keywords: Governance ; Canada
    Abstract: OECD's review of regulatory reform in Canada. It finds that Canada has a mature, effective and innovative system of regulatory governance closely linked to the government’s public policy goals. Canadians attach growing priority to health, safety and the environment, and seek a balance among economic, competitiveness and social goals. This is a demanding agenda: in international trade – a major driver of the economy – Canada needs to maintain a careful balance between bilateral and multilateral liberalisation efforts. Further work is needed to improve the effectiveness of the single internal market. Competition policy needs to make a much stronger contribution to regulatory reform and market openness. Despite a positive policy shift, some important sectors are protected through import and foreign ownership restrictions. The recently launched government’s Innovation Strategy is expected to make a major contribution to address these challenges.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264199095-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    In Search of Results : Performance Management Practices (Ukrainian Version) (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065086
    Language: Ukrainian
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: OECD governments are in search of results. Improved performance of the public sector is a central factor in maintaining welfare of individuals and the competitiveness of the economy. A results focus promotes accountability and is a key element in creating and maintaining confidence in government. Performance management is the key aspect of public sector reforms of many OECD Member countries. Performance management encompasses a set of reforms under which public organisations are given increased managerial autonomy in exchange for accountability for results. They are required to define objectives and targets, and measure and report actual results. Performance information is used to improve public priority setting and programmes. Relationships within the public sector and between the government and the public are based on clearer accountability for performance. This publication describes and analyses performance management developments in ten OECD countries: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. It demonstrates that while a wide range of approaches and instruments has been developed there is considerable convergence in the way they are used.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065086-uk
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Relations Between Supreme Audit Institutions and Parliamentary Committees (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 90 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.33
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The SIGMA Paper is drawn from a report on relations between Supreme Audit Institutions and parliamentary committees, prepared for the network of Presidents of the Supreme Audit Institutions of Central and Eastern Countries, Cyprus, Malta and the European Court of Auditors, as part of their efforts to prepare candidate countries for eventual membership of the European Union. It was written primarily for use by those organisations but SIGMA does believe it also has wider interest. The principal contributors of this paper were the Supreme Chamber of Control of Poland and the National Audit Office of Malta, represented by Jacek Mazur and Brian Vella respectively; supported by Jan Pieter Lingen and Chris Kok from the European Court of Auditors; SIGMA expert Harry Havens; former SIGMA staffer Bo Sandberg; and SIGMA staffer Nick Treen. Participating in the work of the liaison officers were the Supreme Audit Institutions of Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia who all supplied valuable data to provide the basis of the report. In addition, the report incorporated material prepared by the Supreme Audit Institutions of Canada, Denmark, Ireland, Israel, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, UK, the European Court of Auditors; and SIGMA.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml60vd5x8r-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cittadini Partner : Manuale dell'OCSE sull'informazione, la consultazione e la partecipazione alla formulazione delle politiche pubbliche (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264299269
    Language: Italian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Citizens as Partners; OECD Handbook on Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-Making
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des citoyens partenaires ; Manuel de l'OCDE sur l'information, la consultation et la participation à la formulation des politiques publiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Participación ciudadana ; Manual de la OCDE sobre información,consulta y participación en la elaboración de políticas públicas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O cidadão como parceiro; Manual da OCDE sobre informação, consulta e participação na formulação de políticas públicas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Citizens as Partners; OECD Handbook on Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-Making (Romanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Citizens as Partners; OECD Handbook on Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-Making (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Citizens as Partners: OECD Handbook on Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-Making
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des citoyens partenaires : Manuel de l'OCDE sur l'information, la consultation et la participation à la formulation des politiques publiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Participación ciudadana : Manual de la OCDE sobre información,consulta y participación en la elaboración de políticas públicas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O cidadão como parceiro: Manual da OCDE sobre informação, consulta e participação na formulação de políticas públicas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Citizens as Partners: OECD Handbook on Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-Making (Romanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Citizens as Partners: OECD Handbook on Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-Making (Russian version)
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Il Manuale offre un’assistenza pratica ai funzionari amministrativi nell’ambito del rafforzamento delle relazioni tra amministrazione pubblica e cittadini. Esso associa un breve esame dei concetti di base, dei principi a concreti esempi di buone pratiche, di strumenti (in particolare le nuove tecnologie dell’informazione e delle comunicazioni) e ad una serie di consigli ispirati all’esperienza pratica. Il metodo e le attività illustrati nel Manuale sono volti a sostenere e a completare il ruolo delle istituzioni della democrazia in materia di relazioni tra amministrazione e cittadini e a consolidare il processo democratico. ALTRE LETTURE DI RIFERIMENTO: Citizens as Partners: Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-making.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264299269-it
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: United Kingdom 2002 : Challenges at the Cutting Edge (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264199255
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; Royaume-Uni 2002 ; Rester à la pointe du progrès ; les défis à relever
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : Royaume-Uni 2002 : Rester à la pointe du progrès : les défis à relever
    Keywords: Governance ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The OECD's review of regulatory reform in the UK. The review finds that the United Kingdom presents a stimulating contrast of tradition and modernity, which is reflected in a mature and innovative regulatory system. The broad sweep of its reforms is impressive. Continuous reforms of the regulatory management system, the competition policy and law as well as in the regulatory regimes of key economic sectors are a strong basis for ensuring high quality regulation contributing further to drive economic performance. The UK was early in liberalising its public utilities and in developing new regulatory approaches to the complex problems of managing the network industries. It was also among the first countries to introduce a system of regulatory impact assessment, which, along with competition policy and law, has been continuously updated since. It has a reputation for having a regulatory environment that is among the most supportive of market openness and global competition in the world. The UK now faces challenges typical of a mature regulatory regime at the cutting edge of developments. Complexity and diversity - of regulatory objectives, of the institutional architecture and of procedures - are major issues to be continuously monitored. Building on these efforts and continuing to address regulatory challenges and areas of weaknesses will permit the UK to maintain itself as a leader in regulatory governance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264199255-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Citizens as Partners : OECD Handbook on Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-Making (Russian version) (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9785777702043
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (119 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Citizens as Partners; OECD Handbook on Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-Making
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des citoyens partenaires ; Manuel de l'OCDE sur l'information, la consultation et la participation à la formulation des politiques publiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Participación ciudadana ; Manual de la OCDE sobre información,consulta y participación en la elaboración de políticas públicas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cittadini Partner; Manuale dell'OCSE sull'informazione, la consultazione e la partecipazione alla formulazione delle politiche pubbliche
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O cidadão como parceiro; Manual da OCDE sobre informação, consulta e participação na formulação de políticas públicas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Citizens as Partners; OECD Handbook on Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-Making (Romanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Citizens as Partners: OECD Handbook on Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-Making
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des citoyens partenaires : Manuel de l'OCDE sur l'information, la consultation et la participation à la formulation des politiques publiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Participación ciudadana : Manual de la OCDE sobre información,consulta y participación en la elaboración de políticas públicas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cittadini Partner: Manuale dell'OCSE sull'informazione, la consultazione e la partecipazione alla formulazione delle politiche pubbliche
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O cidadão como parceiro: Manual da OCDE sobre informação, consulta e participação na formulação de políticas públicas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Citizens as Partners: OECD Handbook on Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-Making (Romanian version)
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This handbook offers government officials practical assistance in strengthening relations between government and citizens. It combines a brief review of basic concepts, principles, concrete examples of good practice, tools (including new information and communication technologies) as well as tips from practice. The approach and activities shown in this handbook support and complement formal institutions of democracy, and strengthen the democratic process. FURTHER READING Citizens as Partners: Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-making
    DOI: 10.1787/9785777702043-ru
    URL: Volltext
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Best Practices for Budget Transparency (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 1, no. 3, p. 7-14
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 9 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transparence budgétaire : Les meilleures pratiques de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 1, no. 3, p. 7-14
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The Best Practices are designed as a reference tool for Member and non-member countries to use in order to increase the degree of budget transparency in their respective countries. The Best Practices are organised around specific reports for presentational reasons only. It is recognised that different countries will have different reporting regimes and may have different areas of emphasis for transparency. The Best Practices are based on different Member countries’ experiences in each area. It should be stressed that the Best Practices are not meant to constitute a formal "standard" for budget transparency.
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v1-art14-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Promoting Competition in the Natural Gas Industry (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 67-145
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Promouvoir la concurrence dans le secteur du gaz naturel
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 67-145
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Natural gas is a key source of energy for OECD countries, both in its own right and as an input into the production of electricity. Regulatory reform in this sector shares both important similarities and important differences with regulatory reform in other network industries. Like other network industries, regulatory reform in natural gas involves promoting competition in the competitive segments of the industry (particularly competition between gas producers), the development of a robust regime for access to the remaining essential facilities, and structural separation between the competitive and non-competitive segments of the industry. OECD countries have pursued each of these steps, licensing independent producers, pricing access to pipeline infrastructure and separating gas production from transportation (although long-term take-or-pay contracts make this last reform more difficult). Unlike other network industries, however, the structure of the industry varies widely from country to country according to the number of domestic gas producers, the geographic location of pipelines and the uses to which natural gas is put. Countries which rely primarily on imported gas have less to gain from domestic reform and much to gain from reform in producing countries. As OECD gas sources diminish and reliance on imports increases, regulatory reform in natural gas will increasingly become an issue for international trade.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v4-art6-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Budgeting in the Netherlands (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 1, no. 3, p. 43-80
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le processus budgétaire aux Pays-Bas
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 1, no. 3, p. 43-80
    Keywords: Governance ; Netherlands
    Abstract: The budget formulation process in the Netherlands operates in two very distinct phases. The first phase occurs when a new government takes power and it establishes its overall budgetary policy for its term of office. This is done in explicit terms, rather than being a general statement of intent. The second phase then occurs annually, as the government’s overall budgetary policy is translated into operational terms for all of the government’s various activities...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v1-art16-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The OECD Budgeting Database (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 1, no. 3, p. 155-171
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Base de données de l'OCDE sur le budget
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 1, no. 3, p. 155-171
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The following series of tables contain information on parliamentary budget procedures in OECD Member countries. They were compiled from information submitted by Member countries to the OECD Secretariat. Note that per cent totals at the bottom of each table may not add up to 100% due to rounding, and in a few circumstances when multiple answers are allowed.
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v1-art19-en
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  • 15
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    Online Resource
    Le processus budgétaire aux Pays-Bas (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 1, no. 3, p. 51-93
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 45 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Budgeting in the Netherlands
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 1, no. 3, p. 51-93
    Keywords: Governance ; Netherlands
    Abstract: Le processus d’élaboration du budget se déroule, aux Pays-Bas, en deux temps bien distincts. Le premier prend place au moment où le nouveau gouvernement entre en fonction et adopte une politique budgétaire pour l’ensemble de son mandat. Cette procédure est ainsi réalisée en termes explicites ; elle n’est donc pas une déclaration générale d’intentions. Le second temps se déroule par la suite à un rythme annuel, au fur et à mesure où la politique budgétaire d’ensemble du gouvernement est traduite en termes opérationnels, pour toutes les activités de l’État...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v1-art16-fr
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  • 16
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    Portfolio Effects in Conglomerate Mergers (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 4, no. 1, p. 59-151
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 94 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Effets de portefeuille dans les fusions conglomérales
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 1, p. 59-151
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: In the context of conglomerate merger review, portfolio effects seem to refer to the pro- and anti-competitive effects possibly arising when: the parties enjoy market power but not necessarily dominance; and the products joined are complementary or have analogous properties. When complementary products are merged, there is a potential for considerable synergies that could benefit buyers. There is also an increased potential for forced tying, pure bundling, or analogous practices (e.g. full line forcing) that could restrict buyer choice but also lower prices. Under certain strict conditions, consumers could gain in the short run but suffer long term harm from such practices if they eventually result in a sufficient reduction of competitors and capacity in a market. The hypothetical nature of such harm has led some to conclude that instead of prohibiting mergers having potentially harmful portfolio effects, competition agencies should instead take a wait and see attitude. That would involve using abuse of dominance or monopolisation prohibitions to control negative effects should they actually materialise.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v4-art2-en
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  • 17
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    Competition and Regulation Issues in the Pharmaceutical Industry (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 102-222
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 122 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence et réglementation dans l'industrie pharmaceutique
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 102-222
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The pharmaceutical sector is a dynamic, research-intensive industry that is fundamentally influenced by a web of regulations designed to a) promote research and innovation in the design and production of drugs, b) protect consumers from potentially harmful effects of drugs, and c) to control public and private expenditure on drugs. These objectives are sometimes in conflict and may require a balancing of the interests of producers and consumers. Since most consumers have some form of health insurance, their incentives to control their purchasers of pharmaceuticals or to purchase from the most efficient pharmacist are limited. Health insurers seek to control pharmaceutial expenditure through various policies such as co-payments, lists of approved drugs and maximum reimbursement levels for different drugs. If reimbursement levels for pharmacists are set at a national or regional level, incentives for entry by new pharmacists are excessive in certain locations, typically leading to restrictions on the establishment of new pharmacies. Wellthought out reform of this industry has the potential to reduce pharmaceutical expenditures while maintaining the quality of the drugs consumed.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v4-art10-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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