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  • Online Resource  (174)
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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, S. Niggol Differential Adaptation Strategies By Agro-Ecological Zones In African Livestock Management
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: This paper examines how farmers have adapted their livestock operation to the current climate in each agro-ecological zone in Africa. The authors examine how climate has affected the farmer's choice to raise livestock or not and the choice of animal species. To measure adaptation, the analysis regresses the farmer's choice on climate, soil, water flow, and socio-economic variables. The findings show that climate does in fact affect the farmer's decision about whether to raise livestock and the species. The paper also simulates how future climates may alter these decisions using forecasts from climate models and the estimated model. With a hot dry scenario, livestock ownership will increase slightly across all of Africa, but especially in West Africa and high elevation agro-ecological zones. Dairy cattle will decrease in semi-arid regions, sheep will increase in the lowlands, and chickens will increase at high elevations. With a mild and wet scenario, however, livestock adoption will fall dramatically in lowland and high latitude moist agro-ecological zones. Beef cattle will increase and sheep will fall in dry zones, dairy cattle will fall precipitously and goats will rise in moist zones, and chickens will increase at high elevations but fall at mid elevations. Livestock adaptations depend on the climate scenario and will vary across the landscape. Agro-ecological zones are a useful way to capture how these changes differ from place to place
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mundlak, Yair Heterogeneous Technology And Panel Data
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Elasticity of substitution ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Factor demand ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Production Function ; Production functions ; Productivity ; Productivity growth ; Total factor productivity ; Agriculture ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Elasticity of substitution ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Factor demand ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Production Function ; Production functions ; Productivity ; Productivity growth ; Total factor productivity ; Agriculture ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Elasticity of substitution ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Factor demand ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Production Function ; Production functions ; Productivity ; Productivity growth ; Total factor productivity
    Abstract: The paper presents empirical analysis of a panel of countries to estimate an agricultural production function using a measure of capital in agriculture absent from most studies. The authors employ a heterogeneous technology framework where implemented technology is chosen jointly with inputs to interpret information obtained in the empirical analysis of panel data. The paper discusses the scope for replacing country and time effects by observed variables and the limitations of instrumental variables. The empirical results differ from those reported in the literature for cross-country studies, largely in augmenting the role of capital, in combination with productivity gains, as a driver of agricultural growth. The results indicate that total factor productivity increased at an average rate of 3.2 percent, accounting for 59 percent of overall growth. Most of the remaining gains stem from large inflows of fixed capital into agriculture. The results also suggest possible constraints to fertilizer use
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (110 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Butler, Monika Annuities in Switzerland
    Keywords: Annuities ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Occupational Pension Plans ; Pay-As-You-Go System ; Pension ; Pension Scheme ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Replacement Rate ; Retirement ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security ; Social Security System ; Annuities ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Occupational Pension Plans ; Pay-As-You-Go System ; Pension ; Pension Scheme ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Replacement Rate ; Retirement ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security ; Social Security System ; Annuities ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Occupational Pension Plans ; Pay-As-You-Go System ; Pension ; Pension Scheme ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Replacement Rate ; Retirement ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security ; Social Security System
    Abstract: Switzerland's pension system has attracted considerable attention, mainly due to its reliance on a three-pillar structure. A relatively small pay-as-you-go system (first pillar) is complemented by a mandatory, employer-based, fully funded occupational pension scheme (second pillar). The main goal of this paper is to provide a detailed description and analysis of the Swiss pension system. Particular emphasis is placed on the second pillar and its role in the provision of old age benefits within the Swiss social security system. The paper shows, for example, that a typical individual with an uninterrupted career can expect a net (after-tax) replacement rate of at least 70 percent. Occupational pension plans are highly regulated. Minimum interest rate requirements and minimum conversion rates (at which the accumulated retirement balances are transformed into annuity streams) introduce many elements of defined benefit plans into notionally defined contribution schemes. The resulting money's worth ratios are very high (with the exception of single males). Switzerland also has a high annuitization rate by international standards (approximately 80 percent). However, due to high fragmentation of the scheme and non-uniform accounting practices, some aspects of the system are not very transparent. The paper sheds light on the financial health of the pension system and the evolution of the regulatory framework in the past two decades
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Securing Property Rights In Transition
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conceptual Framework ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Policies ; Effective Use ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environments ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Land Use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Property ; Property Rights ; Real Estate Development ; Retained Earnings ; Rural Development ; Access to Finance ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conceptual Framework ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Policies ; Effective Use ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environments ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Land Use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Property ; Property Rights ; Real Estate Development ; Retained Earnings ; Rural Development ; Access to Finance ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conceptual Framework ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Policies ; Effective Use ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environments ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Land Use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Property ; Property Rights ; Real Estate Development ; Retained Earnings ; Rural Development
    Abstract: This paper is motivated by the emphasis on secure property rights as a determinant of economic development in recent literature. The authors use village and household level information from about 800 villages throughout China to explore whether legal reform increased protection of land rights against unauthorized reallocation or expropriation with below-average compensation by the state. The analysis provides nation-wide evidence on a sensitive topic. The authors find positive impacts, equivalent to increasing land values by 30 percent, of reform even in the short term. Reform originated in villages where democratic election of leaders ensured a minimum level of accountability, pointing toward complementarity between good governance and legal reform. The paper explores the implications for situations where individuals and groups hold overlapping rights to land
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bown, Chad P Developing Countries And Enforcement of Trade Agreements
    Keywords: Dumping ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Literature ; Emerging Markets ; Externality ; Free Trade ; Generalized System Of Preferences ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; LDCS ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Transparency ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Dumping ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Literature ; Emerging Markets ; Externality ; Free Trade ; Generalized System Of Preferences ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; LDCS ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Transparency ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Dumping ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Literature ; Emerging Markets ; Externality ; Free Trade ; Generalized System Of Preferences ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; LDCS ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Transparency ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: Poor countries are rarely challenged in formal World Trade Organization trade disputes for failing to live up to commitments, reducing the benefits of their participation in international trade agreements. This paper examines the political-economic causes of the failure to challenge poor countries, and discusses the static and dynamic costs and externality implications of this failure. Given the weak incentives to enforce World Trade Organization rules and disciplines against small and poor members, bolstering the transparency function of the World Trade Organization is important for making trade agreements more relevant to trade constituencies in developing countries. Although the paper focuses on the World Trade Organization system, the arguments also apply to reciprocal North-South trade agreements
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Maur, Jean-Christophe Regionalism And Trade Facilitation
    Keywords: Border Crossing ; Economies Of Scale ; Electronic Customs ; Externalities ; Free Trade ; Inspection ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rail ; Road ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Transit ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trucks ; Border Crossing ; Economies Of Scale ; Electronic Customs ; Externalities ; Free Trade ; Inspection ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rail ; Road ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Transit ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trucks ; Border Crossing ; Economies Of Scale ; Electronic Customs ; Externalities ; Free Trade ; Inspection ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rail ; Road ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Transit ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trucks
    Abstract: This paper investigates when trade facilitation reform should be undertaken at the regional level. First, looking at both efficiency and implementation considerations, it confirms the perception that the regional dimension matters. Investigating where efficiency gains can be made, this research explains why national markets alone fail to produce the full scale economies and positive externalities of trade facilitation reform. Second, because trade facilitation policies need to address coordination and capacity failures, and because of the operational complexity challenge, the choice of the adequate platform for delivering reform is crucial. The lessons are that regional trade agreements offer good prospects of comprehensive and effective reform and can effectively complement multilateral and national initiatives. However, examples of implementation of trade facilitation reform in regional agreements do not seem to indicate that regional integration approaches have been more successful than trade facilitation through specific cooperation agreements or other efforts, multilateral or unilateral. Customs unions may be an exception here, and the author suggests reasons why this could be the case
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Foreign Bank Acquisitions And Outreach
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank Acquisitions ; Banking Sector ; Banking Sector Development ; Banking Services ; Banking Stability ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Law and Development ; Municipalities ; Access to Finance ; Bank Acquisitions ; Banking Sector ; Banking Sector Development ; Banking Services ; Banking Stability ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Law and Development ; Municipalities ; Access to Finance ; Bank Acquisitions ; Banking Sector ; Banking Sector Development ; Banking Services ; Banking Stability ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Law and Development ; Municipalities
    Abstract: Between 1995 and 2005, foreign bank participation in Mexico rose from 2 percent of bank assets to 83 percent, as the top five largest banks were acquired by foreigners. This paper examines the link between foreign bank acquisitions and banking outreach. Using quarterly country, bank, and bank-municipality-level data, the authors find some contrasting patterns. As foreign bank participation rose due to foreign acquisitions, the number of municipalities with bank presence increased but the number of loan and deposit accounts fell for the country as a whole and for banks after they became foreign. The drop in the number of loans, however, was partially off-set by an increase in domestic bank loans. Further, the decline in loan and deposit accounts was more pronounced in more rural and poorer areas. Finally, only very rich and urban areas experienced an increase in branches after foreign acquisition
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (51 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Magnoli Bocchi, Alessandro Rising Growth, Declining Investment
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Agriculture ; Barriers To Entry ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equilibrium ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Product ; Political Economy ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Access to Finance ; Agriculture ; Barriers To Entry ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equilibrium ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Product ; Political Economy ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Access to Finance ; Agriculture ; Barriers To Entry ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equilibrium ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Product ; Political Economy ; Unemployment ; Wages
    Abstract: The economy of the Philippines is open to trade and capital inflows, and has grown rapidly since 2002. Over the last 10 years, however, domestic investment, while stagnant in real terms, has shrunk as a share of GDP. In an open and growing economy, why the decline? Three reasons explain the puzzle. First, the public sector cannot afford expanding its investment at GDP growth rates. Second, the capital-intensive private sector does not find it convenient to raise investment at the economy's pace. Third, fast-growing businesses in the service sector do not need to rapidly increase investment to enjoy rising profits. Yet, the economy keeps growing. On the demand-side, massive labor migration results in remittances that fuel consumption-led-growth. On the supply-side, free from rent-capturing regulations, a few non-capital-intensive manufactures and services boost exports. The economic system is in equilibrium at a low level of capital stock, where all economic agents have no incentive to unilaterally increase investment and the first mover bears short-term costs. As a consequence, growth is slower and less inclusive than it could be. To make it speedier and more sustainable, and to reduce unemployment and poverty, the economy needs to move to a "high-capital-stock" equilibrium. This would be attainable through better-performing eco-zones, a competitive exchange rate, greater government revenues, and fewer elite-capturing regulations
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bayly, C.A Indigenous And Colonial Origins of Comparative Economic Development
    Keywords: Anthropologists ; Anthropology ; Anthropology ; Cities ; Corporate Law ; Cultural Policy ; Culture & Development ; E-Business ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Historians ; Historiography ; Industrial Development ; Law and Development ; Literature ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Philosophy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Writers ; Anthropologists ; Anthropology ; Anthropology ; Cities ; Corporate Law ; Cultural Policy ; Culture & Development ; E-Business ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Historians ; Historiography ; Industrial Development ; Law and Development ; Literature ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Philosophy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Writers ; Anthropologists ; Anthropology ; Anthropology ; Cities ; Corporate Law ; Cultural Policy ; Culture & Development ; E-Business ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Historians ; Historiography ; Industrial Development ; Law and Development ; Literature ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Philosophy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Writers
    Abstract: This paper concerns the institutional origins of economic development, emphasizing the cases of nineteenth-century India and Africa. Colonial institutions-the law, western style property rights, newspapers and statistical analysis-played an important part in the emergence of Indian public and commercial life in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. These institutions existed in the context of a state that was extractive and yet dependent on indigenous cooperation in many areas, especially in the case of the business class. In such conditions, Indian elites were critical in creating informal systems of peer-group education, enhancing aspiration through the use of historicist and religious themes and in creating a "benign sociology" of India as a prelude to development. Indigenous ideologies and practices were as significant in this slow enhancement of Indian capabilities as transplanted colonial ones. Contemporary development specialists would do well to consider the merits of indigenous forms of association and public debate, religious movements and entrepreneurial classes. Over much of Asia and Africa, the most successful enhancement of people's capabilities has come through the action of hybrid institutions of this type
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kaplan, David S Enforceability of Labor Law
    Keywords: Adjudication ; Assets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Confidence ; Corruption ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information Security and Privacy ; Judicial process ; Judicial system ; Law and Development ; Lawyer ; Lawyers ; Legal Products ; Legal framework ; Microfinance ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Trial ; Adjudication ; Assets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Confidence ; Corruption ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information Security and Privacy ; Judicial process ; Judicial system ; Law and Development ; Lawyer ; Lawyers ; Legal Products ; Legal framework ; Microfinance ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Trial ; Adjudication ; Assets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Confidence ; Corruption ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information Security and Privacy ; Judicial process ; Judicial system ; Law and Development ; Lawyer ; Lawyers ; Legal Products ; Legal framework ; Microfinance ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Trial
    Abstract: The authors analyze lawsuits involving publicly-appointed lawyers in a labor court in Mexico to study how a rigid law is enforced. They show that, even after a judge has awarded something to a worker alleging unjust dismissal, the award goes uncollected 56 percent of the time. Workers who are dismissed after working more than seven years, however, do not leave these awards uncollected because their legally-mandated severance payments are larger. A simple theoretical model is used to generate predictions on how lawsuit outcomes should depend on the information available to the worker and on the worker's cost of collecting an award after trial, both of which are determined in part by the worker's lawyer. Differences in outcomes across lawyers are consistent with the hypothesis that firms take advantage both of workers who are poorly informed and of workers who find it more costly to collect an award after winning at trial
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Goldberg, Mike Chile
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business development ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information system ; Innovation ; Institution ; Medium Enterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Supervision ; Web ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business development ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information system ; Innovation ; Institution ; Medium Enterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Supervision ; Web ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business development ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information system ; Innovation ; Institution ; Medium Enterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Supervision ; Web
    Abstract: With its strong export orientation and emphasis on competitiveness, the Chilean economic model has been the envy of its neighbors for more than a decade. However, there are underlying vulnerabilities. Historically, exports have been concentrated in mining and agriculture, sectors dominated by large firms that do not generate a large share of employment. Small and medium enterprises play a key role in employment generation and economic decentralization in Chile, yet their employment was stagnant between 2000 and 2004. Based on work completed in 2003, this study provides a review of the Chilean government's substantial investment in programs that support small and medium enterprises. This review of government programs confirms the importance of coordination and an overarching strategy, in the form of a National Innovation System, led by a single institution. The review also finds that demand-driven programs were more likely to be sustainable. Finally, the study demonstrates that Chile (and other countries with many support programs for small and medium enterprises in place) needs an integrated management information system to analyze, assess, coordinate, and streamline the program portfolio for small and medium enterprises in the future
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Aminian, Nathalie Integration of Markets Vs. Integration By Agreements
    Keywords: Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; International Bank ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Policy ReseaRch ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Agreements ; Regional integration ; Regional trade ; Regional trade agreements ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade policy ; Treaties ; World Trade Organization ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; International Bank ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Policy ReseaRch ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Agreements ; Regional integration ; Regional trade ; Regional trade agreements ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade policy ; Treaties ; World Trade Organization ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; International Bank ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Policy ReseaRch ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Agreements ; Regional integration ; Regional trade ; Regional trade agreements ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade policy ; Treaties ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: This paper provides an analysis of the two channels of regional integration: integration via markets and integration via agreements. Given that East Asia and Latin America are two fertile regions where both forms of integrations have taken place, the authors examine the experiences of these two areas. There are four related results. First, East Asia had been integrating via markets long before formal agreements were in vogue in the region. Latin America, by contrast, has primarily used formal regional trade treaties as the main channel of integration. Second, despite the relative lack of formal regional trade treaties until recently, East Asia is more integrated among itself than Latin America. Third, from a purely economic and trade standpoint, the proper sequence of integrations seems to be first integrating via markets and subsequently via formal regional trade agreements. Fourth, regional trade agreements often serve multiple constituents. The reason why integrating via markets first can be helpful is because this can give stronger political bargaining power to the outward-looking economic-oriented forces within the country
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (76 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wellenius, Bjorn Managing the radio spectrum
    Keywords: Access to information ; Broadband ; Climate Change ; Communication Technologies ; E-Business ; Environment ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information society ; Mobile services ; Private Sector Development ; Radio ; Radio Spectrum ; Roads and Highways ; Spectrum management ; Technological innovation ; Telecommunications Infrastructure ; Television ; Transport ; Access to information ; Broadband ; Climate Change ; Communication Technologies ; E-Business ; Environment ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information society ; Mobile services ; Private Sector Development ; Radio ; Radio Spectrum ; Roads and Highways ; Spectrum management ; Technological innovation ; Telecommunications Infrastructure ; Television ; Transport ; Access to information ; Broadband ; Climate Change ; Communication Technologies ; E-Business ; Environment ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information society ; Mobile services ; Private Sector Development ; Radio ; Radio Spectrum ; Roads and Highways ; Spectrum management ; Technological innovation ; Telecommunications Infrastructure ; Television ; Transport
    Abstract: Bringing management of the radio spectrum closer to markets is long overdue. The radio spectrum is a major component of the infrastructure that underpins the information society. Spectrum management, however, has not kept up with major changes in technology, business practice, and economic policy that have taken place worldwide during the last two decades. For many years traditional government administration of the spectrum worked reasonably well, but more recently it has led to growing technical and economic inefficiencies as well as obstacles to technological innovation. Two alternative approaches to spectrum management are being tried in several countries, one driven by the market (tradable spectrum rights) and another driven by technology innovation (spectrum commons). This paper discusses the basic features, advantages and limitations, scope of application, and requirements for implementation of these three approaches. The paper then discusses how these approaches can be made to work under conditions that typically prevail in developing countries, including weak rule of law, limited markets, and constrained fiscal space. Although spectrum reform strategies for individual countries must be developed case by case, several broadly applicable strategic options are outlined. The paper proposes a phased approach to addressing spectrum reform in a country. It ends by discussing aspects of institutional design, managing the transition, and addressing high-level changes such as the transition to digital television, the path to third-generation mobile services, launching of wireless fixed broadband services, and releasing military spectrum. The paper is extensively annotated and referenced
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Vagliasindi, Maria The Effectiveness of Boards of Directors of State Owned Enterprises In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Board member ; Boards of Directors ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial performance ; Firm performance ; Governance ; Governance arrangements ; Independent directors ; Law and Development ; Little attention ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Partnerships ; Private Sector Development ; Private enterprises ; Board member ; Boards of Directors ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial performance ; Firm performance ; Governance ; Governance arrangements ; Independent directors ; Law and Development ; Little attention ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Partnerships ; Private Sector Development ; Private enterprises ; Board member ; Boards of Directors ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial performance ; Firm performance ; Governance ; Governance arrangements ; Independent directors ; Law and Development ; Little attention ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Partnerships ; Private Sector Development ; Private enterprises
    Abstract: This paper aims to shed some new light on the conditions needed to ensure the effectiveness of Boards of Directors of state owned enterprises with a focus on infrastructure sectors. In the case of developing countries, empirical studies have found evidence of positive links between the composition of the Board of Directors and financial performance. Yet the lack of solid theoretical foundations, and in some cases poor data availability, makes the conclusions of most studies weak. Several policy recommendations emerge from the review of the economic literature and evidence from case studies. First, the introduction of a sufficient number of independent directors emerges as an important corporate governance milestone. Empowering them to exercise effective monitoring of management, however, may prove to be a formidable challenge for of state owned enterprises. More attention to board procedures, particularly related to the Board selection and evaluation process, is essential, to produce the necessary insulation of Boards from government interference. Ensuring sufficient continuity of services to directors is particularly crucial to improve corporate governance. In addition, other factors that may reduce directors' ability to monitor corporate activities, such as the age profile and the number of Boards on which they sit, need to be handled more carefully
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hou, Xiaohui An Evaluation of The Initial Impact of The Medical Assistance Program For The Poor In Georgia
    Keywords: Health Economics and Finance ; Health Law ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health care ; Health for All ; Health indicators ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Law and Development ; Life expectancy ; Mortality ; Patient ; Patients ; Public health ; Social services ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Law ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health care ; Health for All ; Health indicators ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Law and Development ; Life expectancy ; Mortality ; Patient ; Patients ; Public health ; Social services ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Law ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health care ; Health for All ; Health indicators ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Law and Development ; Life expectancy ; Mortality ; Patient ; Patients ; Public health ; Social services
    Abstract: As part of the recent health reform effort, the government of Georgia launched a Medical Assistance Program in June 2006 to provide health insurance to its poor population. So far the program covers slightly over 50 percent of the poor and provides benefit coverage for outpatient and inpatient care. This paper estimates initial impact of the Medical Assistance Program and assesses whether the benefits have reached the poorest among those eligible, using utilization data from June 2006 to December 2006. Based on the analysis using a regression discontinuity design and a three-part model, the paper presents two main findings. First, the Medical Assistance Program has significantly increased utilization of acute surgeries/inpatient services by the poor. Second, the benefits have successfully reached the poorest among the poor. These two findings indicate that government efforts to improve the poor's access to and utilization of health services are yielding results. The paper emphasizes that the initial dramatic increase in surgeries must be interpreted with caution, given the possible misclassification or misreporting of acute surgeries in the data. The paper also stresses the need to continue monitoring implementation of the Medical Assistance Program and further improve program design, particularly the targeting mechanism, to achieve better efficiency, effectiveness and overall equity in access to health care services
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (60 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cunningham, Wendy Earnings Inequality Within And Across Gender, Racial, And Ethnic Groups In Four Latin American Countries
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Geschlecht ; Rasse ; Ethnische Gruppe ; Konzentrationsmaß ; Gini-Koeffizient ; Lateinamerika ; Bolivien ; Brasilien ; Guatemala ; Guyana ; Affirmative action ; Affirmative action policies ; Discrimination ; Educational attainment ; Gender ; Gender ; Gender analysis ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Race in Society ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Wage gap ; Affirmative action ; Affirmative action policies ; Discrimination ; Educational attainment ; Gender ; Gender ; Gender analysis ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Race in Society ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Wage gap ; Affirmative action ; Affirmative action policies ; Discrimination ; Educational attainment ; Gender ; Gender ; Gender analysis ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Race in Society ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Wage gap
    Abstract: Latin American countries are generally characterized as displaying high income and earnings inequality overall along with high inequality by gender, race, and ethnicity. However, the latter phenomenon is not a major contributor to the former phenomenon. Using household survey data from four Latin American countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, and Guyana) for which stratification by race or ethnicity is possible, this paper demonstrates (using Theil index decompositions as well as Gini indices, and 90/10 and 50/10 percentile comparisons) that within-group earnings inequality rather than between-group earnings inequality is the main contributor to overall earnings inequality. Simulations in which the relatively disadvantaged gender and/or racial/ethnic group is treated as if it were the relatively advantaged group tend to reduce overall earnings inequality measures only slightly and in some cases have the effect of increasing earnings inequality measures
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Knack, Stephen Sovereign Rents And The Quality of Tax Policy And Administration
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucratic quality ; Country risk ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human development ; International bank ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Po ; Private Sector Development ; Rule of law ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax policy ; Tax systems ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucratic quality ; Country risk ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human development ; International bank ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Po ; Private Sector Development ; Rule of law ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax policy ; Tax systems ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucratic quality ; Country risk ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human development ; International bank ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Po ; Private Sector Development ; Rule of law ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax policy ; Tax systems ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: The availability of windfall revenues from natural resource exports or foreign aid potentially weakens governments' incentives to design efficient tax systems. Cross-country data for developing countries provide evidence for this hypothesis, using a World Bank indicator of "efficiency of revenue mobilization." Aid's negative effects on the quality of tax systems are robust to correcting for potential reverse causality, to changes in the sample, and to alternative estimation methods. Fuel export revenues are also associated with lower-quality tax policy and administration, but this finding is somewhat sensitive to outliers. Non-fuel resource exports, in contrast, show no relationship to the efficiency of revenue mobilization
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mattoo, Aaditya Foreign Professionals And Domestic Regulation
    Keywords: Access and Eq ; Communication technologies ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Corporate Law ; Education ; Foreign professionals ; Global market ; Graduate degrees ; Higher education ; Higher education system ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Public Examination System ; Secondary Education ; Skilled professionals ; Tertiary Education ; Trade and Services ; Workers ; Access and Eq ; Communication technologies ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Corporate Law ; Education ; Foreign professionals ; Global market ; Graduate degrees ; Higher education ; Higher education system ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Public Examination System ; Secondary Education ; Skilled professionals ; Tertiary Education ; Trade and Services ; Workers ; Access and Eq ; Communication technologies ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Corporate Law ; Education ; Foreign professionals ; Global market ; Graduate degrees ; Higher education ; Higher education system ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Public Examination System ; Secondary Education ; Skilled professionals ; Tertiary Education ; Trade and Services ; Workers
    Abstract: Changes in demographics and patterns of investment in human capital are creating increased scope for international trade in professional services. The scope for mutually beneficial trade is, however, inhibited not only by quotas and discriminatory taxation, but also by domestic regulation - including a range of qualification and licensing requirements and procedures. To illustrate the nature and implications of these regulatory impediments, this paper presents a detailed description of the regulatory requirements faced in the United States market by four types of Indian professionals: doctors, engineers, architects, and accountants. India is one of the largest exporters of skilled services, and the United States is one of the largest importers of skilled services, so these two countries reflect broader global trends. The paper argues that regulatory discrimination, for example through preferential recognition agreements, has implications both for the pattern of trade and for welfare. It presents some illustrative estimates that suggest the economic cost of regulations may be substantial. The paper concludes by examining how the trade-inhibiting impact of regulatory requirements could be addressed through bilateral and multilateral negotiations
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Land Reforms, Poverty Reduction, And Economic Growth
    Keywords: Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Recognition of the importance of institutions that provide security of property rights and relatively equal access to economic resources to a broad cross-section of society has renewed interest in the potential of asset redistribution, including land reforms. Empirical analysis of the impact of such policies is, however, scant and often contradictory. This paper uses panel household data from India, together with state-level variation in the implementation of land reform, to address some of the deficiencies of earlier studies. The results suggest that land reform had a significant and positive impact on income growth and accumulation of human and physical capital. The paper draws policy implications, especially from the fact that the observed impact of land reform seems to have declined over time
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Tosun, Mehmet Serkan Centralization, Decentralization, And Conflict In The Middle East And North Africa
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Consolidation ; D ; Decentralization ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal decentralization ; Inflation ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Intergovernmental relations ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Reorganization ; Tax administration ; Tax assignment ; Tax collection ; Taxation ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consolidation ; D ; Decentralization ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal decentralization ; Inflation ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Intergovernmental relations ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Reorganization ; Tax administration ; Tax assignment ; Tax collection ; Taxation ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consolidation ; D ; Decentralization ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal decentralization ; Inflation ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Intergovernmental relations ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Reorganization ; Tax administration ; Tax assignment ; Tax collection ; Taxation ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This paper examines broadly the intergovernmental structure in the Middle East and North Africa region, which has one of the most centralized government structures in the world. The authors address the reasons behind this centralized structure by looking first at the history behind the tax systems of the region. They review the Ottoman taxation system, which has been predominantly influential as a model, and discuss its impact on current government structure. They also discuss the current intergovernmental structure by examining the type and degree of decentralization in five countries representative of the region: Egypt, Iran, West Bank/Gaza, Tunisia, and Yemen. Cross-country regression analysis using panel data for a broader set of countries leads to better understanding of the factors behind heavy centralization in the region. The findings show that external conflicts constitute a major roadblock to decentralization in the region
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gelb, Alan What Matters to African Firms?
    Keywords: Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Access to Finance ; Corruption ; Discrimination ; Earnings ; Economic Cooperation ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Bank ; Microfinance ; Multinationals ; Private Sector Development ; Sales Growth ; Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Access to Finance ; Corruption ; Discrimination ; Earnings ; Economic Cooperation ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Bank ; Microfinance ; Multinationals ; Private Sector Development ; Sales Growth ; Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Access to Finance ; Corruption ; Discrimination ; Earnings ; Economic Cooperation ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Bank ; Microfinance ; Multinationals ; Private Sector Development ; Sales Growth
    Abstract: Can perceptions data help us understand investment climate constraints facing the private sector? Or do firms simply complain about everything? In this paper, the authors provide a picture of how firms' views on constraints differ across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys database, they find that reported constraints reflect country characteristics and vary systematically by level of income-the most elemental constraints to doing business (power, access to finance, ability to plan ahead) appear to be most binding at low levels of income. As countries develop and these elemental constraints are relaxed, governance-related constraints become more problematic. As countries move further up the income scale and the state becomes more capable, labor regulation is perceived to be more of a problem-business is just one among several important constituencies. The authors also consider whether firm-level characteristics-such as size, ownership, exporter status, and firms' own experience-affect firms' views on the severity of constraints. They find that, net of country and sector fixed effects and firm characteristics, firms' views do reflect their experience as evidenced by responses to other questions in surveys. The results suggest that there are both country-level and firm-level variations in the investment climate. Turning to the concept of "binding constraints," the Enterprise Surveys do not generally suggest one single binding constraint facing firms in difficult business climates. However, there do appear to be groups of constraints that matter more at different income levels, with a few elemental constraints being especially important at low levels and a few regulatory constraints at high levels, but a difficult range of governance-related constraints at intermediate levels. Adjusting to a constraint does not mean that firms then do not recognize it-for example, generator-owning firms are not distinguishable from other firms when ranking electricity as a constraint. Overall, firms do appear to discriminate between constraints in a reasonable way. Their views can provide a useful first step in the business-government consultative process and help in prioritizing more specific behavioral analysis and policy reforms
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoff, Karla Exiting A Lawless State
    Keywords: Assets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Corruption ; Democracy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Governance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Lobbying ; Minister ; National Governance ; Politicians ; Privatization ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Rule of law ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theft ; Assets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Corruption ; Democracy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Governance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Lobbying ; Minister ; National Governance ; Politicians ; Privatization ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Rule of law ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theft ; Assets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Corruption ; Democracy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Governance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Lobbying ; Minister ; National Governance ; Politicians ; Privatization ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Rule of law ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theft
    Abstract: An earlier paper showed that an economy could be trapped in an equilibrium state in which the absence of the rule of law led to asset-stripping, and the prevalence of asset-stripping led to the absence of a demand for the rule of law, highlighting a coordination failure. This paper looks more carefully at the dynamics of transition from a non-rule-of-law state. The paper identifies a commitment problem as the critical feature inhibiting the transition: the inability, under a rule of law, to forgive theft. This can lead to the perpetuation of the non-rule-of-law state, even when it might seem that the alternative is Pareto-improving
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Murthi, Mamta Attitudes To Equality
    Keywords: Corporate Law ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Developing countries ; Equal countries ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gini coefficient ; Income ; Income inequality ; Income level ; Inequality ; Labor market ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Public spending ; Corporate Law ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Developing countries ; Equal countries ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gini coefficient ; Income ; Income inequality ; Income level ; Inequality ; Labor market ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Public spending ; Corporate Law ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Developing countries ; Equal countries ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gini coefficient ; Income ; Income inequality ; Income level ; Inequality ; Labor market ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Public spending
    Abstract: It is routinely assumed that residents of post-socialist countries have a preference for greater income equality, other things being equal, owing to the legacy of socialism. This proposition is examined in the context of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union using data from three waves of the World Values Survey. Contrary to expectations, the authors find little evidence of a 'socialist legacy' en bloc. Considering the former Soviet Union separately from other post-socialist countries, the analysis finds that as a group these countries display significantly lower preference for moving toward greater income equality than both Eastern Europe and other comparator groups (developed and developing countries). These findings hold up even when controlling for the conventional determinants of attitudes such as income level and employment status of the individual respondent, as well as national factors such as per-capita income and its distribution. Moreover, the preference for greater income inequality appears to have persisted at least since the mid-1990s and possibly since the early 1990s (data difficulties preclude a robust examination of this latter question). The results are consistent with the fairly low levels of public spending on redistribution commonly found in the former Soviet Union
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (69 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym The Challenge of Reducing International Trade And Migration Barriers
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Air pollution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic benefits ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Government subsidies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade policies ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Agriculture ; Air pollution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic benefits ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Government subsidies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade policies ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Agriculture ; Air pollution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic benefits ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Government subsidies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade policies ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: While barriers to trade in most goods and some services including capital flows have been reduced considerably over the past two decades, many remain. Such policies harm most the economies imposing them, but the worst of the merchandise barriers (in agriculture and textiles) are particularly harmful to the world's poorest people, as are barriers to worker migration across borders. This paper focuses on how costly those anti-poor trade policies are, and examines possible strategies to reduce remaining distortions. Two opportunities in particular are addressed: completing the Doha Development Agenda process at the World Trade Organization (WTO), and freeing up the international movement of workers. A review of the economic benefits and adjustment costs associated with these opportunities provides the foundation to undertake benefit/cost analysis required to rank this set of opportunities against those aimed at addressing the world's other key challenges as part of the Copenhagen Consensus project. The paper concludes with key caveats and suggests that taking up these opportunities could generate huge social benefit/cost ratios that are considerably higher than the direct economic ones quantified in this study, even without factoring in their contribution to alleviating several of the other challenges identified by that project, including malnutrition, disease, poor education and air pollution
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brenton, Paul Economic Partnership Agreements And The Export Competitiveness of Africa
    Keywords: Competitiveness ; Development assistance ; Development strategies ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Public Sector Development ; Tariff barriers ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade competitiveness ; Trade diversion ; Trade policy ; Competitiveness ; Development assistance ; Development strategies ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Public Sector Development ; Tariff barriers ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade competitiveness ; Trade diversion ; Trade policy ; Competitiveness ; Development assistance ; Development strategies ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Public Sector Development ; Tariff barriers ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade competitiveness ; Trade diversion ; Trade policy
    Abstract: Trade can be a key driver of growth for African countries, as it has been for those countries, particularly in East Asia, that have experienced high and sustained rates of growth. Economic partnership agreements with the European Union could be instrumental in a competitiveness framework, but to do so they would have to be designed carefully in a way that supports integration into the global economy and is consistent with national development strategies. Interim agreements have focused on reciprocal tariff removal and less restrictive rules of origin. To be fully effective, economic partnership agreements will have to address constraints to regional integration, including both tariff and non-tariff barriers; improve trade facilitation; and define appropriate most favored nation services liberalization. At the same time, African countries will need to reduce external tariff peak barriers on a most favored nation basis to ensure that when preferences for the European Union are implemented after transitional periods, they do not lead to substantial losses from trade diversion. This entails an ambitious agenda of policy reform that must be backed up by development assistance in the form of "aid for trade
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Jinxia How China's Farmers Adapt To Climate Change
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat
    Abstract: This paper uses a cross sectional method to analyze irrigation choice and crop choice across 8,405 farmers in 28 provinces in China. The findings show that Chinese farmers are more likely to irrigate when facing lower temperatures and less precipitation. Farmers in warmer places are more likely to choose oil crops, maize, and especially cotton and wheat, and are less likely to choose vegetables, potatoes, sugar, and especially rice and soybeans. In wetter locations, farmers are more likely to choose soybeans, oil crops, sugar, vegetables, cotton, and especially rice, and they are less likely to choose potatoes, wheat, and especially maize. The analysis of how Chinese farmers have adapted to current climate, provides insight into how they will likely adapt when climate changes. Future climate scenarios will cause farmers in China to want to reduce irrigation and shift toward oil crops, wheat, and especially cotton. In turn, farmers will shift away from potatoes, rice, vegetables, and soybeans. However, adaptation will likely vary greatly from region to region. Policy makers should anticipate that adaptation is important, that the magnitude of changes depends on the climate scenario, and that the desired changes depend on the location of each farm
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Jinxia Can China Continue Feeding Itself ?
    Keywords: Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature ; Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature ; Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature
    Abstract: Several studies addressing the supply and demand for food in China suggest that the nation can largely meet its needs in the coming decades. However, these studies do not consider the effects of climate change. This paper examines whether near future expected changes in climate are likely to alter this picture. The authors analyze the effect of temperature and precipitation on net crop revenues using a cross section consisting of both rainfed and irrigated farms. Based on survey data from 8,405 households across 28 provinces, the results of the Ricardian analysis demonstrate that global warming is likely to be harmful to China but the impacts are likely to be very different in each region. The mid latitude region of China may benefit from warming but the southern and northern regions are likely to be damaged by warming. More precipitation is beneficial to Chinese farmers except in the wet southeast. Irrigated and rainfed farmers have similar responses to precipitation but not to temperature. Warmer temperatures may benefit irrigated farms but they are likely to harm rainfed farms. Finally, seasonal effects vary and are offsetting. Although we were able to measure the direct effect of precipitation and temperature, we could not capture the effects of change in water flow which will be very important in China. Can China continue feeding itself if climate changes? Based on the empirical results, the likely gains realized by some farmers will nearly offset the losses that will occur to other farmers in China. If future climate scenarios lead to significant reductions in water, there may be large damages not addressed in this study
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fengler, Wolfgang Managing Post-Disaster Reconstruction Finance
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Disaster ; Disaster Management ; Disasters ; Droughts ; Earthquakes ; Environment ; Floods ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Disasters ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Reconstruction ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Tsunami ; Wind Storms ; Conflict and Development ; Disaster ; Disaster Management ; Disasters ; Droughts ; Earthquakes ; Environment ; Floods ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Disasters ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Reconstruction ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Tsunami ; Wind Storms ; Conflict and Development ; Disaster ; Disaster Management ; Disasters ; Droughts ; Earthquakes ; Environment ; Floods ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Disasters ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Reconstruction ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Tsunami ; Wind Storms
    Abstract: In recent years, natural and man-made disasters have confronted the international community with its most demanding reconstruction challenges since the aftermath of World War II. Managing the inflow of resources and spending those resources well have proven to be two of the main difficulties in such reconstruction projects, particularly after large-scale disasters. A central dilemma of the public financial management of reconstruction is the need for very high levels of accountability to demonstrate fiduciary credibility, while at the same time ensuring the rapid implementation of recovery programs. This paper identifies options and lessons for managing post-disaster reconstruction finance in three key areas: (i) the establishment of special institutions to manage the reconstruction process; (ii) the selection of public financial management systems with respect to the application of country systems, special fiduciary arrangements, or donor/NGO execution; and (iii) monitoring and evaluation systems. The authors synthesize the phasing of assistance and approaches in eight recent post-natural disaster reconstruction efforts (Aceh-Indonesia, Yogyakarta-Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Pakistan, Colombia, Grenada, and Honduras) to help guide the priorities and options for future instances of public financial management for disaster reconstruction. The paper also compares the challenges posed by post-conflict versus post-natural disaster public financial management
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (21 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Angel-Urdinola, Diego F Does Participation In Productive Associations Signal Trust And Creditworthiness?
    Keywords: Collective ; Collective action ; Collective action problem ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Individuals ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Municipality ; Principal-agent ; Principal-agent problems ; Proxy ; Public firms ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unions ; Collective ; Collective action ; Collective action problem ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Individuals ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Municipality ; Principal-agent ; Principal-agent problems ; Proxy ; Public firms ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unions ; Collective ; Collective action ; Collective action problem ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Individuals ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Municipality ; Principal-agent ; Principal-agent problems ; Proxy ; Public firms ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unions
    Abstract: This article studies the extent to which participation in productive associations in Nicaragua contributes to increase individuals' access to social programs and credit services. By participating in productive associations, individuals give a good signal to firms and are rewarded with better transactions and more access to the services they provide, ceteris paribus. Estimates using 2005 data indicate that households that participate in productive associations display higher access to credit and to social programs that promote investment. Additionally, participation in productive associations is weakly associated to more favorable credit outcomes among those households that receive loans, such as lower interest rates and a lower probability of wanting more credit than what was accessible to them
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (13 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Helpful Governments
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Dictatorship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Good governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Institutional reform ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Legal structure ; Legal system ; Lower house ; National Governance ; Political Institutions ; Poor governance ; Presidency ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Regulatory measures ; Debt Markets ; Dictatorship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Good governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Institutional reform ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Legal structure ; Legal system ; Lower house ; National Governance ; Political Institutions ; Poor governance ; Presidency ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Regulatory measures ; Debt Markets ; Dictatorship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Good governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Institutional reform ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Legal structure ; Legal system ; Lower house ; National Governance ; Political Institutions ; Poor governance ; Presidency ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Regulatory measures
    Abstract: This paper provides an alternative way of testing the theory of legal origins, one based on a firm's perception of how helpful the government is for doing business. The author argues that an approach based on firm perceptions offers a number of advantages over existing studies. Specifically, the analysis demonstrates that heavier regulation in civil law compared with common law countries is not viewed by businesses as an efficient and socially desirable response to disorder. Further, the findings show a strong effect of legal tradition on government helpfulness even after controlling for various institutional measures known to be correlated with the legal tradition of countries. This suggests that there is more to legal tradition than what existing studies have unearthed
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol Differential Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change In African Cropland By Agro-Ecological Zones
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables
    Abstract: This paper quantifies how African farmers have adapted their crop and irrigation decisions to their farm's current agro-ecological zone. The results indicate that farmers carefully consider the climate and other conditions of their farm when making these choices. These results are then used to forecast how farmers might change their irrigation and crop choice decisions if climate changes. The model predicts African farmers would adopt irrigation more often under a very hot and dry climate scenario but less often with a mild and wet scenario. However, farms in the deserts, lowland humid forest, or mid elevation humid forest would reduce irrigation even in the very hot and dry climate scenario. Area under fruits and vegetables would increase Africa-wide with the very hot and dry climate scenario, except in the lowland semi-arid agro-ecological zone. Millet would increase overall under the mild and wet scenario, but decline substantially in the lowland dry savannah and lowland semi-arid agro-ecological zones. Maize would be chosen less often across all the agro-ecological zones under both climate scenarios. Wheat would decrease across Africa. The authors recommend that care must be taken to match adaptations to local conditions because the optimal adaptation would depend on the agro-ecological zone and the climate scenario
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol Long-Term Adaptation
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems
    Abstract: Using economic data from more than 8,500 household surveys across 10 African countries, this paper examines whether the choice of farm type depends on the climate and agro-ecological zone of each farm. The paper also studies how farm type choice varies across farmers in each zone, using a multinomial logit choice model. Farmers are observed to choose from one of the following five types of farms: rainfed crop-only, irrigated crop-only, mixed rainfed (crop and livestock), mixed irrigated, and livestock-only farming. The authors compare current decisions against future decisions as if the only change were climate change. They focus on two climate scenarios from existing climate models: the Canadian Climate Centre scenario, which is hot and dry, and the Parallel Climate Model scenario, which is mild and wet. The results indicate that the change in farm types varies dramatically by climate scenario but also by agro-ecological zone. Policy makers must be careful to encourage the appropriate suite of measures to promote the most adapted farm type to each location
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H.G The Measurement of Inequality of Opportunity
    Keywords: Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic inequality ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and ; Gender and Law ; Household income ; Income differences ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiple equilibria ; Policy research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Product ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic inequality ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and ; Gender and Law ; Household income ; Income differences ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiple equilibria ; Policy research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Product ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic inequality ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and ; Gender and Law ; Household income ; Income differences ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiple equilibria ; Policy research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Product ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: What part of the inequality observed in a particular country is due to unequal opportunities, rather than to differences in individual efforts or luck? This paper estimates a lower bound for the opportunity share of inequality in labor earnings, household income per capita and household consumption per capita in six Latin American countries. Following John Roemer, the authors associate inequality of opportunity with outcome differences that can be accounted for by morally irrelevant pre-determined circumstances, such as race, gender, place of birth, and family background. Thus defined, unequal opportunities account for between 24 and 50 percent of inequality in consumption expenditure in the sample. Brazil and Central America are more opportunity-unequal than Colombia, Ecuador, or Peru. "Opportunity profiles," which identify the social groups with the most limited opportunity sets, are shown to be distinct from poverty profiles: ethnic origin and the geography of birth are markedly more important as determinants of opportunity deprivation than of outcome poverty, particularly in Brazil, Guatemala, and Peru
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mattoo, Aaditya Currency Undervaluation And Sovereign Wealth Funds
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Enforcement ; Exchange ; Exchange rate ; Exchange rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Government action ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; Investments ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Subsidies ; Trade Law ; World trade ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Enforcement ; Exchange ; Exchange rate ; Exchange rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Government action ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; Investments ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Subsidies ; Trade Law ; World trade ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Enforcement ; Exchange ; Exchange rate ; Exchange rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Government action ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; Investments ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Subsidies ; Trade Law ; World trade
    Abstract: Two aspects of global imbalances - undervalued exchange rates and sovereign wealth funds - require a multilateral response. For reasons of inadequate leverage and eroding legitimacy, the International Monetary Fund has not been effective in dealing with undervalued exchange rates. This paper proposes new rules in the World Trade Organization to discipline cases of significant undervaluation that are clearly attributable to government action. The rationale for WTO involvement is that there are large trade consequences of undervalued exchange rates, which act as both import tariffs and export subsidies, and that the WTO's enforcement mechanism is credible and effective. The World Trade Organization would not be involved in exchange rate management, and would not displace the International Monetary Fund. Rather, the authors suggest ways to harness the comparative advantage of the two institutions, with the International Monetary Fund providing the essential technical expertise in the World Trade Organization's enforcement process. There is a bargain to be struck between countries with sovereign wealth funds, which want secure and liberal access for their capital, and capital-importing countries, which have concerns about the objectives and operations of sovereign wealth funds. The World Trade Organization is the natural place to strike this bargain. Its General Agreement on Trade in Services, already covers investments by sovereign wealth funds, and other agreements offer a precedent for designing disciplines for these funds. Placing exchange rates and sovereign wealth funds on the trade negotiating agenda may help revive the Doha Round by rekindling the interest of a wide variety of groups
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (71 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Saleth, R. Maria Quantifying Institutional Impacts And Development Synergies In Water Resource Programs
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization
    Abstract: The success of development programs, including water resource projects, depends on two key factors: the role of underlying institutions and the impact synergies from other closely related programs. Existing methodologies have limitations in accounting for these critical factors. This paper fills this gap by developing a methodology, which quantifies both the roles that institutions play in impact generation and the extent of impact synergies that flows from closely related programs within a unified framework. The methodology is applied to the Kala Oya Basin in Sri Lanka in order to evaluate the impacts of three water-related programs and the roles of 11 institutions in the context of food security. The results provide considerable insights on the relative role of institutions and the flow of development synergies both within and across different impact pathways. The methodology can also be used to locate slack in impact chains and identify policy options to enhance the impact flows
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (19 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Das Gupta, Monica Does Hepatitis B Infection Or Son Preference Explain The Bulk of Gender Imbalance In China?
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Immunization ; Law and Development ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Public Services ; Reproductive Health ; Sex ; Sex ratios ; Social institutions ; Son Preference ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Immunization ; Law and Development ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Public Services ; Reproductive Health ; Sex ; Sex ratios ; Social institutions ; Son Preference ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Immunization ; Law and Development ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Public Services ; Reproductive Health ; Sex ; Sex ratios ; Social institutions ; Son Preference
    Abstract: China has a large deficit of females, and public policies have sought to reduce the son preference that is widely believed to cause this. Recently a study has suggested that up to 75 percent of this deficit is attributable to hepatitis B infection, indicating that immunization programs should form the first plank of policy interventions. However, a large medical dataset from Taiwan (China) shows that hepatitis B infection raises women's probability of having a son by only 0.25 percent. And demographic data from China show that the only group of women who have elevated probabilities of bearing a son are those who have already borne daughters. This pattern makes it difficult to see how any biological factor can explain a large part of the imbalance in China's sex ratios at birth -- unless it can be shown that it somehow selectively affects those who have borne girls, or causes them to first bear girls and then boys. The Taiwanese data suggest that this is not the case with hepatitis B, since its impact is unaffected by the sex composition of previous births. The data support the cultural, rather than the biological, explanation for the "missing women
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Stecklov, Guy Agency, Education And Networks
    Keywords: Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Family members ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Human Rights ; International Migration ; International migrant ; Law and Development ; Living Standards ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Social Development ; Traditional societies ; Unmarried women ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement ; War ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Family members ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Human Rights ; International Migration ; International migrant ; Law and Development ; Living Standards ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Social Development ; Traditional societies ; Unmarried women ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement ; War ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Family members ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Human Rights ; International Migration ; International migrant ; Law and Development ; Living Standards ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Social Development ; Traditional societies ; Unmarried women ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement ; War
    Abstract: This paper examines the causes and dynamics of the shift in the gender composition of migration, and more particularly, in the access of women to migration opportunities and decision making. The context of the analysis is Albania, a natural laboratory for studying migration developments given that out-migration was practically eliminated from the end of World War II to the end of the 1980s. The authors use micro-level data from the Albania 2005 Living Standards Measurement Study including migration histories for family members since migration began. Based on discrete-time hazard models, the analysis shows an impressive expansion of female participation in international migration. Female migration, which is shown to be strongly associated with education, wealth, and social capital, appears responsive to economic incentives and constraints. Yet, using unique data on the dependency of female migration to the household demographic structure as well as the sensitivity of female migration to household-level shocks, the authors show that it is the households themselves that are the decision-making agents behind this economic calculus and there is little to suggest that increased female migration signals the emergence of female agency
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wertz-Kanounnikoff, Sheila The Effects of Local Environmental Institutions On Perceptions of Smoke And Fire Problems In Brazil
    Keywords: Climate change ; Developed countries ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Kuznets ; Environmental issues ; Environmental policy ; Environmental problem ; Environmental problems ; Land use ; Sustainable Development ; Climate change ; Developed countries ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Kuznets ; Environmental issues ; Environmental policy ; Environmental problem ; Environmental problems ; Land use ; Sustainable Development ; Climate change ; Developed countries ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Kuznets ; Environmental issues ; Environmental policy ; Environmental problem ; Environmental problems ; Land use ; Sustainable Development
    Abstract: Environmental concern in developing countries has risen rapidly over the past decade. At the same time, decentralization and civic participation in environmental policy-making have also burgeoned. This paper uses data from the Brazilian Municipal Environmental Survey 2001 to examine the causal effect of municipio (county) level environmental institutions on perceptions about environmental problems in Brazil. Consistent with models of public choice, the analysis assumes that the existence of an environmental secretary or an environmental council is related to characteristics of the municipio population. To control for endogeneity - the possibility that the presence of environmental institutions merely signals constituents' tastes rather than influences municipal actions - the authors construct a system of equations that identifies the causal impact of the institutions. Estimation via a trivariate probit model allows for correlation of unobserved determinants of problem perception, presence of an environmental secretary, and presence of an environmental council. The results suggest that the presence of environmental secretaries has a strong, highly significant, positive causal effect on environmental problem perception. Presence of local environmental councils with civic participation has a significant but weaker impact on environmental problem perception. The authors conclude that local environmental institutions indeed shape local environmental awareness and that participatory institutions can influence local government
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zhao, Longyue Trade Remedies And Non-Market Economies
    Keywords: Bilateral trade ; Capacity building ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Dumping ; Economic Implications ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ITC ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Bilateral trade ; Capacity building ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Dumping ; Economic Implications ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ITC ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Bilateral trade ; Capacity building ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Dumping ; Economic Implications ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ITC ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: In 2007, the United States Department of Commerce altered a 23-year old policy of not applying the countervailing duty law to non-market economies, and initiated eight countervailing and antidumping duty investigations on Chinese imports. The change brings heated debate on trade remedy policies and issues of non-market economies. This study focuses on the first countervailing duty case on imported coated free sheet paper from China and analyzes the implications of this test case for United States-China bilateral trade, and industrial policies in transitioning market economies. The paper also provides a brief review of the economics of subsidies, World Trade Organization rules on subsides and countervailing measures, and United States countervailing duty laws applied to non-market economies. While recently acceded countries should review their domestic development policies from the perspective of economic efficiency and comply with the World Trade Organization rules, it is also important to further clarify the issues of non-market economies under the multilateral trading system, and pay keen attention to the rules negotiations in the current World Trade Organization Doha Development Round
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R A General Equilibrium Analysis of Demand Side Management Programs Under The Clean Development Mechanism of The Kyoto Protocol
    Keywords: Clean energy ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Cost of electricity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electric utilities ; Electricity savings ; Emission ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy conservation ; Energy prices ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental consequences ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Price of electricity ; Clean energy ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Cost of electricity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electric utilities ; Electricity savings ; Emission ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy conservation ; Energy prices ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental consequences ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Price of electricity ; Clean energy ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Cost of electricity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electric utilities ; Electricity savings ; Emission ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy conservation ; Energy prices ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental consequences ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Price of electricity
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the economic and environmental consequences of a potential demand side management program in Thailand using a general equilibrium model. The program considers replacement of less efficient electrical appliances in the household sector with more efficient counterparts. The study further examines changes in the economic and environmental effects of the program if it is implemented under the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, which provides carbon subsidies to the program. The study finds that the demand side management program would increase economic welfare if the ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is 0.4 or lower even in the absence of the clean development mechanism. If the program's ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is greater than 0.4, registration of the program under the clean development mechanism would be needed to achieve positive welfare impacts. The level of welfare impacts would, however, depend on the price of carbon credits the program generates. For a given level of welfare impacts, the registration of the demand side management program under the clean development mechanism would increase the volume of emission reductions
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, S. Niggol A Ricardian Analysis of The Distribution of Climate Change Impacts On Agriculture Across Agro-Ecological Zones In Africa
    Keywords: Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; IPCC ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; IPCC ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; IPCC ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Rural Development ; Soil
    Abstract: This paper examines the distribution of climate change impacts across the 16 agro-ecological zones in Africa using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization combined with economic survey data from a Global Environment Facility/World Bank project. Net revenue per hectare of cropland is regressed on a set of climate, soil, and socio-economic variables using different econometric specifications "with" and "without" country fixed effects. Country fixed effects slightly reduce predicted future climate related damage to agriculture. With a mild climate scenario, African farmers gain income from climate change; with a more severe scenario, they lose income. Some locations are more affected than others. The analysis of agro-ecological zones implies that the effects of climate change will vary across Africa. For example, currently productive areas such as dry/moist savannah are more vulnerable to climate change while currently less productive agricultural zones such as humid forest or sub-humid zones become more productive in the future. The agro-ecological zone classification can help explain the variation of impacts across the landscape
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, S. Niggol A Structural Ricardian Analysis of Climate Change Impacts And Adaptations In African Agriculture
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farm ; Farm income ; Farm incomes ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soils ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farm ; Farm income ; Farm incomes ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soils ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farm ; Farm income ; Farm incomes ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soils
    Abstract: This paper develops a Structural Ricardian model to measure climate change impacts that explicitly models the choice of farm type in African agriculture. This two stage model first estimates the type of farm chosen and then the conditional incomes of each farm type after removing selection biases. The results indicate that increases in temperature encourage farmers to adopt mixed farming and avoid specialized farms such as crop-only or livestock-only farms. Increases in precipitation encourage farmers to shift from irrigated to rainfed crops. As temperatures increase, farm incomes from crop-only farms or livestock-only farms fall whereas incomes from mixed farms increase. With precipitation increases, farm incomes from irrigated farms fall whereas incomes from rainfed farms increase. Naturally, the Structural Ricardian model predicts much smaller impacts than a model that holds farm type fixed. With a hot dry climate scenario, the Structural Ricardian model predicts that farm income will fall 50 percent but the fixed farm type model predicts farm incomes will fall 75 percent
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (14 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fehr, Ernst Spite and Development
    DDC: 360
    Keywords: Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Competitive Advantage ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Equilibrium ; Expected returns ; Expected utility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free riders ; Future research ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal cost ; Public good ; Utility function ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Competitive Advantage ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Equilibrium ; Expected returns ; Expected utility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free riders ; Future research ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal cost ; Public good ; Utility function ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Competitive Advantage ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Equilibrium ; Expected returns ; Expected utility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free riders ; Future research ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal cost ; Public good ; Utility function
    Abstract: In a wide variety of settings, spiteful preferences would constitute an obstacle to cooperation, trade, and thus economic development. This paper shows that spiteful preferences - the desire to reduce another's material payoff for the mere purpose of increasing one's relative payoff - are surprisingly widespread in experiments conducted in one of the least developed regions in India (Uttar Pradesh). In a one-shot trust game, the authors find that a large majority of subjects punish cooperative behavior although such punishment clearly increases inequality and decreases the payoffs of both subjects. In experiments to study coordination and to measure social preferences, the findings reveal empirical patterns suggesting that the willingness to reduce another's material payoff - either for the sake of achieving more equality or for the sake of being ahead - is stronger among individuals belonging to high castes than among those belonging to low castes. Because extreme social hierarchies are typically accompanied by a culture that stresses status-seeking, it is plausible that the observed social preference patterns are at least partly shaped by this culture. Thus, an exciting question for future research is the extent to which different institutions and cultures produce preferences that are conducive or detrimental to economic development
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hochrainer, S Investigating The Impact of Climate Change On The Robustness of Index-Based Microinsurance In Malawi
    Keywords: Banks & Banking Reform ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Climate change risks ; Climate impacts ; Debt Markets ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas concentrations ; Hazard Risk Management ; Heat waves ; IPCC ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Urban Development ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Climate change risks ; Climate impacts ; Debt Markets ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas concentrations ; Hazard Risk Management ; Heat waves ; IPCC ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Urban Development ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Climate change risks ; Climate impacts ; Debt Markets ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas concentrations ; Hazard Risk Management ; Heat waves ; IPCC ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This analysis explores the potential impact of climate change on the viability of the Malawi weather insurance program making use of scenarios of climate change-induced variations in rainfall patterns. The analysis is important from a methodological and policy perspective. By combining catastrophe insurance modeling with climate modeling, the methodology demonstrates the feasibility, albeit with large uncertainties, of estimating the effects of climate change on the near and long-term future of microinsurance schemes serving the poor. By providing a model-based estimate of the incremental role of climate change, along with the associated uncertainties, this methodology can quantitatively demonstrate the need for financial assistance to protect micro-insurance pools against climate-change induced insolvency. This is of major concern to donors, nongovernmental organizations, and others supporting these innovative systems; those actually at-risk; and insurers. A quantitative estimate of the additional burden that climate change imposes on weather insurance for poor regions is of interest to organizations funding adaptation
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Suarez, Pablo HIV/AIDS, Climate Change And Disaster Management
    Keywords: AIDS pandemic ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Demand for services ; Disaster preparedness ; Disasters ; Environment ; HIV AIDS ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health Monitoring & Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Urban Development ; Urban development ; Vulnerability ; AIDS pandemic ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Demand for services ; Disaster preparedness ; Disasters ; Environment ; HIV AIDS ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health Monitoring & Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Urban Development ; Urban development ; Vulnerability ; AIDS pandemic ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Demand for services ; Disaster preparedness ; Disasters ; Environment ; HIV AIDS ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health Monitoring & Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Urban Development ; Urban development ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: Southern African institutions involved in disaster management face two major new threats: the HIV/AIDS pandemic (eroding organizational capacity and increasing vulnerability of the population), and climate change (higher risk of extreme events and disasters). Analyzing the combined effects of these two threats on six disaster-related institutions in Malawi, the authors find evidence of a growing gap between demand for their services and capacity to satisfy that demand. HIV/AIDS leads to staff attrition, high vacancy rates, absenteeism, increased workload and other negative effects enhanced by human resources policies and financial limitations. Many necessary tasks cannot be carried out adequately with constraints such as the 42 percent vacancy rate in the Department of Poverty and Disaster Management Affairs, or the reduction of rainfall stations operated by the Meteorological Service from over 800 in 1988 to just 135 in 2006. The authors highlight implications of declining organizational capacity for climate change adaptation, and formulate recommendations
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Alaimo, Veronica Oil Intensities And Oil Prices
    Keywords: Climate change ; Crude oil ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil fuel ; Fossil fuel consumption ; Gross domestic product ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Net oil ; Oil ; Oil Refining & Gas Industry ; Oil consumption ; Oil prices ; Climate change ; Crude oil ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil fuel ; Fossil fuel consumption ; Gross domestic product ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Net oil ; Oil ; Oil Refining & Gas Industry ; Oil consumption ; Oil prices ; Climate change ; Crude oil ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil fuel ; Fossil fuel consumption ; Gross domestic product ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Net oil ; Oil ; Oil Refining & Gas Industry ; Oil consumption ; Oil prices
    Abstract: Crude oil prices have dramatically increased over the past years and are now at a historical maximum in nominal terms and very close to it in real terms. It is difficult to argue, at least for net oil importers, that higher oil prices have a positive impact on welfare. In fact, the negative relationship between oil prices and economic activity has been well documented in the literature. Yet, to the extent that higher oil prices lead to lower oil consumption, it would be possible to argue that not all the effects of a price increase are negative. Climate change concerns have been on the rise in recent years and fossil fuel consumption is generally viewed as one of the main causes behind it. Thus this paper explores whether higher oil prices contribute to lowering oil intensities (that is, oil consumption per unit of gross domestic product). The findings show that following an increase in oil prices, OECD countries tend to reduce oil intensity. However, the same result does not hold for Latin America (and more generally for middle-income countries) where oil intensities appear to be unaffected by oil prices. The paper also explores why this is so
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dinar, Ariel Factors Affecting Levels of International Cooperation In Carbon Abatement Projects
    Keywords: Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development ; Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development ; Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development
    Abstract: The Clean Development Mechanism, a provision of The Kyoto Protocol, allows countries that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to gain credit toward their treaty obligations by investing in projects located in developing (host) countries. Such projects are expected to benefit both parties by providing low-cost abatement opportunities for the investor-country, while facilitating capital and technology flows to the host country. This paper analyzes the Clean Development Mechanism market, emphasizing the cooperation aspects between host and investor countries. The analysis uses a dichotomous (yes/no) variable and three continuous variants to measure the level of cooperation, namely the number of joint projects, the volume of carbon dioxide abatement, and the volume of investment in the projects. The results suggest that economic development, institutional development, the energy structure of the economies, the level of country vulnerability to various climate change effects, and the state of international relations between the host and investor countries are good predictors of the level of cooperation in Clean Development Mechanism projects. The main policy conclusions include the importance of simplifying the project regulation/clearance cycle; improving the governance structure host and investor countries; and strengthening trade or other long-term economic activities that engage the countries
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Francisco, Manuela Identifying Supply-Side Constraints To Export Performance In Ecuador
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Competitors ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Dominant Firms ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Employment ; Enterprises ; Entrepreneurs ; Expansion ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Market ; Free Trade ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Trade Law ; Business Environment ; Competitors ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Dominant Firms ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Employment ; Enterprises ; Entrepreneurs ; Expansion ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Market ; Free Trade ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Trade Law ; Business Environment ; Competitors ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Dominant Firms ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Employment ; Enterprises ; Entrepreneurs ; Expansion ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Market ; Free Trade ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Trade Law
    Abstract: The authors apply a Heckman selection model to the 2003 Investment Climate Survey (ICS) to investigate supply-side constraints to export performance at the firm level in Ecuador. To correct for the non-random truncation problems, they use the Heckman selection model to estimate the probability of exporting (export propensity) and the share of total sales that are exported (export intensity) by Ecuadorian firms. They develop a baseline model with 12 independent variables divided into three categories-idiosyncratic characteristics, technology, and business environment. The authors develop three other models with the addition of variables related to trade integration, business environment, and infrastructure. Results corroborate with the hypothesis implicit in the Heckman model, which considers both decisions made by a firm-whether to export, and how much of its sales to export-to be interdependent. In the Ecuadorian case, they find three important results for the firm's export performance: technology matters; infrastructure does not; and trade orientation is significant, with specialized firms tending to have smaller export intensity when their main trade partners are countries of the Andean Community, and the opposite happening if the United States is their main trade partner. The authors find a robust and stable relationship for export propensity and intensity with size, import of inputs, labor regulations, in-house research and development, quality certification, web-use, and foreign ownership. Also, capacity utilization and trade with the United States positively affect export intensity, while trade within the Andean Community has the opposite effect in the outcome variable. But they find no significant relationship for the infrastructure variables
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mendelsohn, Robert Changing Farm Types And Irrigation As An Adaptation To Climate Change In Latin American Agriculture
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Climate Impacts ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land Use ; Land Value ; Less ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Models ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Climate Impacts ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land Use ; Land Value ; Less ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Models ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Climate Impacts ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land Use ; Land Value ; Less ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Models ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil
    Abstract: This paper estimates a model of a farm that treats the choice of crops, livestock, and irrigation as endogenous. The model is composed of a multinomial choice of farm type, a binomial choice of irrigation, and a set of conditional land value functions. The model is estimated across over 2,000 farmers in seven Latin America countries. The results quantify how farmers adapt their choice of farm type and irrigation to their local climate. The results should help governments develop effective adaptation policies in response to climate change and improve the forecasting of climate effects. The paper compares the predicted effects of climate change using both endogenous and exogenous models of farm choice
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol A Ricardian Analysis of The Impact of Climate Change On Latin American Farms
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Impacts ; Climate Sensitivity ; Climate Variables ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; GDP ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Impacts ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Impacts ; Climate Sensitivity ; Climate Variables ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; GDP ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Impacts ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Impacts ; Climate Sensitivity ; Climate Variables ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; GDP ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Impacts ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems
    Abstract: This study estimates the vulnerability of Latin American agriculture to climate change using a Ricardian analysis of both land values and net revenues. Examining a sample of over 2,500 farms in seven countries, the results indicate both land value and net revenue are sensitive to climate. Both small farms and large farms have a hill-shaped relationship with temperature. Estimating separate regressions for dryland and irrigated farms reveals that dryland farms are more sensitive to temperature but irrigated farms are more sensitive to precipitation. Examining the effects from future climate change scenarios reveals that severe scenarios could reduce farm earnings by as much as 62 percent by 2100, whereas more moderate scenarios could reduce earnings by about 15 percent. Small and large farms are equally sensitive to global warming. Land value and net revenue analyses produce quite similar results
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ostby, Gudrun Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, And Civil Conflict
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Boundary ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Constraints ; Criminality ; Education ; Education and Society ; Elections ; Exploitation ; Gender ; Genocide ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Security ; Independence ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Parliamentary Government ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Armed Conflict ; Boundary ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Constraints ; Criminality ; Education ; Education and Society ; Elections ; Exploitation ; Gender ; Genocide ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Security ; Independence ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Parliamentary Government ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Armed Conflict ; Boundary ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Constraints ; Criminality ; Education ; Education and Society ; Elections ; Exploitation ; Gender ; Genocide ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Security ; Independence ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Parliamentary Government ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Abstract: Several studies of civil war have concluded that economic inequality between individuals does not increase the risk of internal armed conflict. This is perhaps not so surprising. Even though an individual may feel frustrated if he is poor compared with other individuals in society, he will not start a rebellion on his own. Civil wars are organized group conflicts, not a matter of individuals randomly committing violence against each other. Hence, we should not neglect the group aspect of human well-being and conflict. Systematic inequalities that coincide with ethnic, religious, or geographical cleavages in a country are often referred to as horizontal inequalities (or inter-group inequalities). Case studies of particular countries as well as some statistical studies have found that such inequalities between identity groups tend to be associated with a higher risk of internal conflict. But the emergence of violent group mobilization in a country with sharp horizontal inequalities may depend on the characteristics of the political regime. For example, in an autocracy, grievances that stem from group inequalities are likely to be large and frequent, but state repression may prevent them from being openly expressed. This paper investigates the relationship between horizontal inequalities, political environment, and civil war in developing countries. Based on national survey data from 55 countries it calculates welfare inequalities between ethnic, religious, and regional groups for each country using indicators such as household assets and educational levels. All the inequality measures, particularly regional inequality, are positively associated with higher risks of conflict outbreak. And it seems that the conflict potential of regional inequality is stronger for pure democratic and intermediate regimes than for pure autocratic regimes. Institutional arrangements also seem to matter. In fact it seems that the conflict potential of horizontal inequalities increases with more inclusive electoral systems. Finally, the presence of both regional inequalities and political exclusion of minority groups seems to make countries particularly at risk for conflict. The main policy implication of these findings is that the combination of politically and economically inclusive government is required to secure peace in developing countries
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (81 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Maurer, Luiz Current And Forthcoming Issues In The South African Electricity Sector
    Keywords: Balance ; Coal ; Coal Reserves ; Distribution Facilities ; E-Business ; Electricity ; Electricity Distribution ; Electricity Supply ; Electricity System ; Electricity Utilities ; Electrification ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Private Sector Development ; Balance ; Coal ; Coal Reserves ; Distribution Facilities ; E-Business ; Electricity ; Electricity Distribution ; Electricity Supply ; Electricity System ; Electricity Utilities ; Electrification ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Private Sector Development ; Balance ; Coal ; Coal Reserves ; Distribution Facilities ; E-Business ; Electricity ; Electricity Distribution ; Electricity Supply ; Electricity System ; Electricity Utilities ; Electrification ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: One of the contentious issues in electricity reform is whether there are significant gains from restructuring systems that are moderately well run. South Africa's electricity system is a case in point. The sector's state-owned utility, Eskom, has been generating some of the lowest-priced electricity in the world, has largely achieved revenue adequacy, and has financed the bulk of the government's ambitious electrification program. Moreover, the key technical performance indicators of Eskom's generation plants have reached world-class levels. Yet the sector is confronted today with serious challenges. South Africa's electricity system is currently facing a tight demand/supply balance, and the distribution segment of the industry is in serious financial trouble. This paper provides a careful diagnostic assessment of the industry and identifies a range of policy and restructuring options to improve its performance. It suggests removing distribution from municipal control and privatizing it, calls for vertical and horizontal unbundling, and argues that the cost-benefit analysis of different structural options should focus on investment incentives and not just current operating efficiency
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (17 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kenyon, Thomas A Framework For Thinking About Enterprise Formalization Policies In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Business associations ; E-Business ; Economic activities ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government intervention ; Information sharing ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Private enterprise ; Public policy ; Small businesses ; Small enterprise ; Union ; Access to Finance ; Business associations ; E-Business ; Economic activities ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government intervention ; Information sharing ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Private enterprise ; Public policy ; Small businesses ; Small enterprise ; Union ; Access to Finance ; Business associations ; E-Business ; Economic activities ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government intervention ; Information sharing ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Private enterprise ; Public policy ; Small businesses ; Small enterprise ; Union
    Abstract: What policies encourage firms to become formal? The standard approach emphasizes reducing the costs of compliance with government regulation. This is unlikely to be sufficient. Instead we need to understand compliance as a function not only of firm-level costs and benefits but also in terms of the interaction between the firm and its competitors and between the firm and the state. This paper emphasizes the coordination and credibility issues involved in promoting formalization and discusses possible institutional solutions, among them business associations that make the benefits of membership dependent on compliance, information sharing arrangements among government agencies and improvements in the quality of public management
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Nhemachena, Charles Assessment of the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture in Zimbabwe
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought ; Economic Impacts ; Elasticity ; Environment ; Irrigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Soil ; Temperature ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought ; Economic Impacts ; Elasticity ; Environment ; Irrigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Soil ; Temperature ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought ; Economic Impacts ; Elasticity ; Environment ; Irrigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Soil ; Temperature
    Abstract: This study uses the Ricardian approach to examine the economic impact of climate change on agriculture in Zimbabwe. Net farm revenue is regressed against various climate, soil, hydrological and socio-economic variables to help determine the factors that influence variability in net farm revenues. The study is based on data from a survey of 700 smallholder farming households interviewed across the country. The empirical results show that climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) have significant effects on net farm revenues in Zimbabwe. In addition to the analysis of all farms, the study also analyzes the effects on dryland farms and farms with irrigation. The analysis indicates that net farm revenues are affected negatively by increases in temperature and positively by increases in precipitation. The results from sensitivity analysis suggest that agricultural production in Zimbabwe's smallholder farming system is significantly constrained by climatic factors (high temperature and low rainfall). The elasticity results show that the changes in net revenue are high for dryland farming compared to farms with irrigation. The results show that farms with irrigation are more resistant to changes in climate, indicating that irrigation is an important adaptation option to help reduce the impact of further changes in climate. An overview of farmer adaptation to changing climate indicates that farmers are already using some adaptation strategies-such as dry and early planting, growing drought resistant crops, changing planting dates, and using irrigation-to cushion themselves against further anticipated adverse climatic conditions. An important policy message from the empirical findings is that there is a need to provide adequate extension information services to ensure that farmers receive up-to-date information about rainfall patterns in the forthcoming season so that they make well-informed decisions on their planting dates. Policies that increase farmer training and access to credit and aid facilities and help farmers acquire livestock and other important farm assets can help improve net farm performance. Ensuring the availability and accessibility of fertilizers and crop seeds before the onset of the next cropping season can also significantly improve net farm performance across households
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (22 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fleischer, Aliza Climate Change, Irrigation, And Israeli Agriculture
    Keywords: Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Climate Models ; Climate Sensitivity ; Common Property Resource Development ; Economic Impacts ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Climate Change ; Impacts ; Industry ; Irrigation ; Land ; Less ; Rural Development ; Town Water Supply and Sanit ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Climate Models ; Climate Sensitivity ; Common Property Resource Development ; Economic Impacts ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Climate Change ; Impacts ; Industry ; Irrigation ; Land ; Less ; Rural Development ; Town Water Supply and Sanit ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Climate Models ; Climate Sensitivity ; Common Property Resource Development ; Economic Impacts ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Climate Change ; Impacts ; Industry ; Irrigation ; Land ; Less ; Rural Development ; Town Water Supply and Sanit ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: The authors use a Ricardian model to test the relationship between annual net revenues and climate across Israeli farms. They find that it is important to include the amount of irrigation water available to each farm in order to measure the response of farms to climate. With irrigation water omitted, the model predicts that climate change is strictly beneficial. But with water included, the model predicts that only modest climate changes are beneficial, while drastic climate change in the long run will be harmful. Using the Atmospheric Oceanic Global Circulation Models scenarios, the authors show that farm net revenue is expected to increase by 16 percent in 2020, while in 2100 farm net revenue is expected to drop by 60-390 percent varying between the different scenarios. Although Israel has a relatively warm climate, a mild increase in temperature is beneficial due to the ability to supply international markets with farm products early in the season. The findings lead to the conclusion that securing water rights to the farmers and international trade agreements can be important policy measures to help farmers adapt to climate change
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Atsushi Estimating Global Climate Change Impacts On Hydropower Projects
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; Carbon dioxide concentrations ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate changes ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Global Climate Change ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Hydro Power ; Rainfall ; Rainy season ; Renewable energy ; Temperature ; Water Resources ; Water and Energy ; Carbon dioxide ; Carbon dioxide concentrations ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate changes ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Global Climate Change ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Hydro Power ; Rainfall ; Rainy season ; Renewable energy ; Temperature ; Water Resources ; Water and Energy ; Carbon dioxide ; Carbon dioxide concentrations ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate changes ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Global Climate Change ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Hydro Power ; Rainfall ; Rainy season ; Renewable energy ; Temperature ; Water Resources ; Water and Energy
    Abstract: The world is faced with considerable risk and uncertainty about climate change. Particular attention has been paid increasingly to hydropower generation in recent years because it is renewable energy. However, hydropower is among the most vulnerable industries to changes in global and regional climate. This paper aims to examine the possibility of applying a simple vector autoregressive model to forecast future hydrological series and evaluate the resulting impact on hydropower projects. Three projects are considered - in India, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. The results are still tentative in terms of both methodology and implications; but the analysis shows that the calibrated dynamic forecasts of hydrological series are much different from the conventional reference points in the 90 percent dependable year. The paper also finds that hydrological discharges tend to increase with rainfall and decrease with temperature. The rainy season would likely have higher water levels, but in the lean season water resources would become even more limited. The amount of energy generated would be affected to a certain extent, but the project viability may not change so much. Comparing the three cases, it is suggested that having larger installed capacity and some storage capacity might be useful to accommodate future hydrological series and seasonality. A broader assessment will be called for at the project preparation stage
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Honorati, Maddalena Corruption, Business Environment, And Small Business Fixed Investment In India
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Credit rationing ; Debt ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal cost ; Price elasticity of demand ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity growth ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax rates ; Wage rates ; Access to Finance ; Credit rationing ; Debt ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal cost ; Price elasticity of demand ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity growth ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax rates ; Wage rates ; Access to Finance ; Credit rationing ; Debt ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal cost ; Price elasticity of demand ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity growth ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax rates ; Wage rates
    Abstract: This paper estimates a structural dynamic business investment equation and an error correction model of fixed assets growth on a sample of predominantly small and mid-size manufacturers in India. The results suggest that excessive labor regulation, power shortages, and problems of access to finance are all significant factors in industrial growth in the country. The estimated effects of labor regulation, power shortages and access to finance on the rate of business investment all vary by states' levels of industrial development and. Perhaps more importantly, they also depend on a fourth institutional factor, namely, corruption. The rate of fixed investment is significantly lower where power shortages are more severe and labor regulation is stronger over the full sample, but each of these impacts is also greater for businesses self-reportedly affected by corruption. Although access to finance does not seem to influence the rate of investment for most firms, there is evidence that investment decisions are constrained by cash flow in enterprises that are unaffected by corruption or power shortages. There are nuances to this story as we take into account regional specificity, but the key result always holds that labor regulation, power shortages and access to finance influence the rate of fixed investment in ways that depend on the incidence of corruption. In interpreting this finding, we would like to think of corruption as a proxy for the quality of property rights institutions in the sense of Acemoglu and Johnson (2005). On the other hand, we regard labor regulation and the financial environment of small businesses in India as instances of what Acemoglu and Johnson (2005) call 'contracting institutions'. The analysis finds that the interaction between corruption and other aspects of the institutional environment of fixed investment decisions could be seen consistent with the Acemoglu-Johnson view that the quality of property rights institutions exerts more abiding influence on economic outcomes than the quality of contracting institutions
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R The Role of Revenue Recycling Schemes In Environmental Tax Selection
    Keywords: Carbon Tax ; Carbon Taxes ; Debt Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy Tax ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Tax ; Environmental Taxes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Income Tax ; Levies ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Tax Rates ; Tax Revenue ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Carbon Tax ; Carbon Taxes ; Debt Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy Tax ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Tax ; Environmental Taxes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Income Tax ; Levies ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Tax Rates ; Tax Revenue ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Carbon Tax ; Carbon Taxes ; Debt Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy Tax ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Tax ; Environmental Taxes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Income Tax ; Levies ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Tax Rates ; Tax Revenue ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This study examines the roles of revenue recycling schemes for the selection of alternative tax instruments (i.e., carbon-, sulphur-, energy- and output-tax) to reduce CO2 emissions to a specified level in Thailand. A static, single period, multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Thai economy has been developed for this purpose. This study finds that the selection of a tax instrument to reduce CO2 emissions would be significantly influenced by the scheme to recycle the tax revenue to the economy. If the tax revenue is recycled to finance cuts in the existing labour or indirect tax rates, carbon tax would be more efficient than the sulphur-, energy- and output-taxes to reduce CO2 emissions. On the other hand, if the tax revenue is recycled to households through a lump-sum transfer, sulphur and carbon taxes would be more efficient than energy and output taxes. The ranking between the sulphur and carbon taxes under the lump sum transfer scheme depends on substitution possibility of fossil fuels. Sulphur tax is found superior over carbon tax at the higher substitution possibility between fossil fuels; the reverse is found true at the lower substitution possibility. In all schemes of revenue recycling considered, the output tax is found to be the most costly (i.e., in welfare terms) despite the fact that it generates two to three times higher revenue than the other tax instruments
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fay, Marianne Product Market Regulation In Bulgaria
    Keywords: Air ; Air Travel ; E-Business ; Enforcement Of Regulations ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Freight ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Ministry Of Transport ; Private Sector Development ; Public Ownership ; Public Sector Regulation ; Railways ; Road ; Road Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Air ; Air Travel ; E-Business ; Enforcement Of Regulations ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Freight ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Ministry Of Transport ; Private Sector Development ; Public Ownership ; Public Sector Regulation ; Railways ; Road ; Road Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Air ; Air Travel ; E-Business ; Enforcement Of Regulations ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Freight ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Ministry Of Transport ; Private Sector Development ; Public Ownership ; Public Sector Regulation ; Railways ; Road ; Road Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation
    Abstract: Less restrictive product market policies are crucial in promoting convergence to higher levels of GDP per capita. This paper benchmarks product market policies in Bulgaria to those of OECD countries by estimating OECD indicators of Product Market Regulation (PMR). The PMR indicators allow a comprehensive mapping of policies affecting competition in product markets. Comparison with OECD countries reveals that Bulgaria has made substantial progress towards less restrictive product market policies but also emphasizes a number of areas where further reform is needed. These include adoption of a regulatory process based on incentive-based rather than command-and-control approach, reduction of state interference in the decision of state-owned enterprises, further streamlining of business licensing procedures, and improvement in the communication of rules and procedures to affected parties
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Helble, Matthias Transparency, Trade Costs, And Regional Integration In The Asia Pacific
    Keywords: Cost Analysis ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Evidence ; Empirical Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Intermediate Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Instruments ; Producers ; Property Rights ; Transaction Costs ; Welfare Gains ; Cost Analysis ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Evidence ; Empirical Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Intermediate Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Instruments ; Producers ; Property Rights ; Transaction Costs ; Welfare Gains ; Cost Analysis ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Evidence ; Empirical Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Intermediate Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Instruments ; Producers ; Property Rights ; Transaction Costs ; Welfare Gains
    Abstract: The authors show in this paper that increasing the transparency of the trading environment can be an important complement to traditional liberalization of tariff and non-tariff barriers. Our definition of transparency is grounded in a transaction cost analysis. The authors focus on two dimensions of transparency: predictability (reducing the cost of uncertainty) and simplification (reducing information costs). Using the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) member economies as a case study, the authors construct indices of importer and exporter transparency for the region from a wide range of sources. Our results from a gravity model suggest that improving trade-related transparency in APEC could hold significant benefits by raising intra-APEC trade by proximately USD 148 billion or 7.5 pecent of baseline trade in the region
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Scott, David H Strengthening The Governance And Performance of State-Owned Financial Institutions
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Systems ; Financial institution ; Financial management ; Governance ; Institutional foundations ; Law and Development ; Legislation ; National Governance ; Presidency ; Private Sector Development ; Public policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Systems ; Financial institution ; Financial management ; Governance ; Institutional foundations ; Law and Development ; Legislation ; National Governance ; Presidency ; Private Sector Development ; Public policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Systems ; Financial institution ; Financial management ; Governance ; Institutional foundations ; Law and Development ; Legislation ; National Governance ; Presidency ; Private Sector Development ; Public policy
    Abstract: Corporate governance arrangements define the responsibilities, authorities and accountabilities of owners, boards of directors, and executive managers of a company. Good corporate governance is as important for state financial institutions as for private sector companies. Many of the problems that commonly afflict state financial institutions can be associated with, if not attributed directly to, weaknesses in corporate governance. This note draws on guidelines recently published by the OECD and the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision to compile a comprehensive corporate governance evaluation framework relevant to state-owned commercial and development finance institutions. It highlights aspects of this framework that are considered to be of particular importance to state financial institutions by citing innovative practices in a number of countries. Finally, it presents a detailed case study of the governance arrangements in place at the Development Bank of Southern Africa
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Efficiency And Equity Impacts of Rural Land Rental Restrictions
    Keywords: Access to information ; Agricultural development ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Environment ; Farmers ; Gender ; Housing ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Land reform ; Livestock ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural development ; Access to information ; Agricultural development ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Environment ; Farmers ; Gender ; Housing ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Land reform ; Livestock ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural development ; Access to information ; Agricultural development ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Environment ; Farmers ; Gender ; Housing ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Land reform ; Livestock ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural development
    Abstract: Recognition of the potentially deleterious implications of inequality in opportunity originating in a skewed asset distribution has spawned considerable interest in land reforms. However, little attention has been devoted to fact that, in the longer term, the measures used to implement land reforms could negatively affect productivity. Use of state level data on rental restrictions, together with a nationally representative survey from India, suggests that, contrary to original intentions, rental restrictions negatively affect productivity and equity. The restrictions reduce the scope for efficiency-enhancing rental transactions that benefit poor producers. Simulations suggest that, by doubling the number of producers with access to land through rental, from about 15 million currently, liberalization of rental markets could have far-reaching impacts
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Molua, Ernest L The Economic Impact of Climate Change On Agriculture In Cameroon, Volume 1of 1
    Keywords: Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Climate changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; GDP ; Global Environment ; Global climate change ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Climate changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; GDP ; Global Environment ; Global climate change ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Climate changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; GDP ; Global Environment ; Global climate change ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Temperature
    Abstract: This study examines the impact of climate change on crop farming in Cameroon. The country's economy is predominantly agrarian and agriculture and the exploitation of natural resources remain the driving force for the country's economic development. Fluctuations in national income are due not merely to the decline in world demand for Cameroon's traditional agricultural exports or to mistakes in economic policy making, but also to the vagaries of the weather. Based on a farm-level survey of more than 800 farms, the study employs a Ricardian cross-sectional approach to measure the relationship between climate and the net revenue from crops. Net revenue is regressed on climate, water flow, soil, and economic variables. Further, uniform scenarios assume that only one aspect of climate changes and the change is uniform across the whole country. The analysis finds that net revenues fall as precipitation decreases or temperatures increase across all the surveyed farms. The study reaffirms that agriculture in Cameroon is often limited by seasonality and the availability of moisture. Although other physical factors, such as soil and relief, have an important influence on agriculture, climate remains the dominant influence on the variety of crops cultivated and the types of agriculture practiced
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Blunch, Niels-Hugo Changing Norms About Gender Inequality In Education
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Equality In Education ; Equality In Marriage ; Gender ; Gender ; Gender Equality ; Gender Inequality ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Girls ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Marriages ; Married Women ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Social Development ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Equality In Education ; Equality In Marriage ; Gender ; Gender ; Gender Equality ; Gender Inequality ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Girls ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Marriages ; Married Women ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Social Development ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Equality In Education ; Equality In Marriage ; Gender ; Gender ; Gender Equality ; Gender Inequality ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Girls ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Marriages ; Married Women ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Social Development
    Abstract: Using a recent household survey for two cohorts of married women, this paper examines norms about gender equality in education for children and adults. Among the main findings are that gender education gap norms have changed: younger generations of women are more positive about female vs. male education, both as pertaining to child and adult education outcomes. Perhaps the strongest result is that Bangladeshi women are more likely to espouse attitudes of gender equality in education for their children and less so about gender equality among spouses. It is also easier to explain norms regarding children's education and more difficult to explain norms about equality in marriages. The authors believe that question on relative education of boys and girls captures the value of education per se, while the question on educational equality in marriage captures the norms regarding marriage and the relative worth of husbands and wives. The effect of education in determining norms is significant though complex, and spans own and spousal education, as well as that of older females in the household. This indicates sharing of education norms effects or externalities arising from spousal education in the production of gender education gap norms within marriage as well as arising from the presence of older educated females in the household. Lastly, the authors also find associations between gender education gap norms and household poverty, information processing and religion, though the evidence here is more mixed
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Jensen, Nathan M Heard Melodies Are Sweet, But Those Unheard Are Sweeter
    Keywords: Bribery ; Corruption ; Embezzlement ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Government Officials ; Kickbacks ; Microfinance ; Nepotism ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Gains ; Procurement ; Public Officials ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Transparency ; Bribery ; Corruption ; Embezzlement ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Government Officials ; Kickbacks ; Microfinance ; Nepotism ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Gains ; Procurement ; Public Officials ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Transparency ; Bribery ; Corruption ; Embezzlement ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Government Officials ; Kickbacks ; Microfinance ; Nepotism ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Gains ; Procurement ; Public Officials ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Transparency
    Abstract: Since the early 1990s, a large number of studies have been undertaken to understand the causes and consequences of corruption. Many of these studies have employed firm-level survey data from various countries. While insightful, these analyses based on firm-level surveys have largely ignored two important potential problems: nonresponse and false response by the firms. Treating firms' responses on a sensitive issue like corruption at their face value could produce incorrect inferences and erroneous policy recommendations. We argue that the data generation of nonresponse and false response is a function of the political environment in which the firms operate. In a politically repressive environment, firms use nonresponse and false response as self-protection mechanisms. Corruption is understated as a result. We test our arguments using the World Bank enterprise survey data of more than 44,000 firms in 72 countries for the period 2000-2005 and find that firms in countries with less press freedom are more likely to provide nonresponse or false response on the issue of corruption. Therefore, ignoring this systematic bias in firms' responses could result in underestimation of the severity of corruption in politically repressive countries. More important, this bias is a rich and underutilized source of information on the political constraints faced by the firms. Nonresponse and false response, like unheard melodies, could be more informative than the heard melodies in the available truthful responses in firm surveys
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita Improving Indoor Air Quality For Poor Families
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Air Quality ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Animal Dung ; Bio-Fuels ; Biofuels ; Biomass ; Clean Fuels ; Cooking ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Fuel ; Pollution Management and Control ; Renewable Energy ; Sanitation and Sewerage ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Wood ; Air Pollution ; Air Quality ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Animal Dung ; Bio-Fuels ; Biofuels ; Biomass ; Clean Fuels ; Cooking ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Fuel ; Pollution Management and Control ; Renewable Energy ; Sanitation and Sewerage ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Wood ; Air Pollution ; Air Quality ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Animal Dung ; Bio-Fuels ; Biofuels ; Biomass ; Clean Fuels ; Cooking ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Fuel ; Pollution Management and Control ; Renewable Energy ; Sanitation and Sewerage ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Wood
    Abstract: The World Health Organization's 2004 Global and Regional Burden of Disease Report estimates that acute respiratory infections from indoor air pollution (pollution from burning wood, animal dung, and other bio-fuels) kill a million children annually in developing countries, inflicting a particularly heavy toll on poor families in South Asia and Africa. This paper reports on an experiment that studied the use of construction materials, space configurations, cooking locations, and household ventilation practices (use of doors and windows) as potentially-important determinants of indoor air pollution. Results from controlled experiments in Bangladesh are analyzed to test whether changes in these determinants can have significant effects on indoor air pollution. Analysis of the data shows, for example, that pollution from the cooking area diffuses into living spaces rapidly and completely. Furthermore, it is important to factor in the interaction between outdoor and indoor air pollution. Among fuels, seasonal conditions seem to affect the relative severity of pollution from wood, dung, and other biomass fuels. However, there is no ambiguity about their collective impact. All are far dirtier than clean fuels. The analysis concludes that if cooking with clean fuels is not possible, then building the kitchen with porous construction material and providing proper ventilation in cooking areas will yield a better indoor health environment
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Yeung, Bernard Does "Good Government" Draw Foreign Capital ?
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Bureaucratic Quality ; Contracts ; Country Risk ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Investment ; Foreign Capital ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investors ; Future ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Policy ; Bureaucratic Quality ; Contracts ; Country Risk ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Investment ; Foreign Capital ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investors ; Future ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Policy ; Bureaucratic Quality ; Contracts ; Country Risk ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Investment ; Foreign Capital ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investors ; Future ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: China is now the world's largest destination of foreign direct investment (FDI), despite assessments highlighting its institutional deficiencies. But this FDI inflow corresponds closely to predicted FDI flows into China from a model that predicts FDI inflow based on government quality indicators and controls and is estimated across a sample of other weak-institution countries. The only real discrepancy is that, if government quality is measured by constraints on executive power, China receives somewhat more FDI than the model predicts. This might reflect an underestimation of the strength of these constraints in China, a unique institutional setting for FDI operations, FDI based on expected future institutional improvements, or a unique Chinese model of development. The authors conclude that Ockham's razor disfavors the last. They also note that FDI may be elevated because Chinese institutions protect foreign firms better than domestic ones
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lokshin, Michael Measuring Welfare Gains From Better Quality Infrastructure
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Compensating Variation ; Consumption ; Consumption Patterns ; Demand ; Drinking Water ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equivalent Variation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Income ; Industry ; Information ; Invest ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry ; Air Pollution ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Compensating Variation ; Consumption ; Consumption Patterns ; Demand ; Drinking Water ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equivalent Variation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Income ; Industry ; Information ; Invest ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry ; Air Pollution ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Compensating Variation ; Consumption ; Consumption Patterns ; Demand ; Drinking Water ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equivalent Variation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Income ; Industry ; Information ; Invest ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: Projects and reforms targeting infrastructure services can affect consumer welfare through changes in the price, coverage, or quality of the services provided. The benefits of improved service quality-while significant-are often overlooked because they are difficult to quantify. This paper reviews methods of evaluating the welfare implications of changes in the quality of infrastructure services within the broader theoretical perspective of welfare measurement. The study outlines the theoretical assumptions and data requirements involved, illustrating each method with examples that highlight common methodological features and differences. The paper also presents the theoretical underpinnings and potential applications of a new approach to analyzing the effects of interruptions in the supply of infrastructure services on household welfare
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zeng, Douglas Zhihua China And The Knowledge Economy
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic development ; Economic growth ; Economic incentives ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Farms ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor force ; Market competition ; Policy environment ; Policy instruments ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Quotas ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic development ; Economic growth ; Economic incentives ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Farms ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor force ; Market competition ; Policy environment ; Policy instruments ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Quotas ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic development ; Economic growth ; Economic incentives ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Farms ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor force ; Market competition ; Policy environment ; Policy instruments ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Quotas
    Abstract: The rapid pace of economic growth in China has been unprecedented since the start of economic reforms in late 1970s. It has delivered higher incomes and made the largest single contribution to global poverty reduction. Measured by international poverty lines, from 1978-2004, the absolute poor population in rural areas has dropped from 250 million to 26.1 million. Such gains are impressive and have been driven largely by a set of market-oriented institutional reforms, strong investment, and effective adoption and application of various knowledge and technologies, especially foreign ones through trade and foreign direct investment. While enjoying tremendous success, China also faces many challenges that need to be addressed to sustain its long-term development. These include weak institutions, low overall educational attainment, weak indigenous innovation capacity, poor links between research and development and industries, and so on. This paper provides an analysis of some strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges to China's knowledge economy in the areas of economic incentives and institutional regime, human capital, innovation system, and information infrastructure
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Honorati, Maddalena Corruption, The Business Environment, And Small Business Growth In India
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Credit rationing ; Econometrics ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Productivity growth ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Differentials ; Wage rates ; Access to Finance ; Credit rationing ; Econometrics ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Productivity growth ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Differentials ; Wage rates ; Access to Finance ; Credit rationing ; Econometrics ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Productivity growth ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Differentials ; Wage rates
    Abstract: This paper estimates a dynamic business growth equation on a sample of small-scale manufacturers. The results suggest that excessive labor regulation, power shortages, and problems of access to finance are significant influences on industrial growth in India. The expected annual sales growth rate of an enterprise is lower where labor regulation is greater, power shortages are more severe, and cash flow constraints are stronger. The effects of each of the three factors on business growth seem also to depend on a fourth element, namely, corruption. Specifically, labor regulation affects the growth only of enterprises for which corruption is not a factor in business decisions. By contrast, power shortages seem to be a drag on the growth only of enterprises self-reportedly held back by corruption. Lastly, sales growth is constrained by cash flow only in businesses that are not affected by labor regulation, power shortages, or corruption. The analysis uses corruption as a proxy for the quality of "property rights institutions" and considers labor regulation and small business financing as instances of "contracting institutions." The findings on the interaction between corruption and other aspects of business environment then seems to indicate that the quality of property rights institutions exerts more abiding influence on economic outcomes than the quality of contracting institutions. Moreover, there might also be a hierarchy among contracting institutions in their effect on manufacturing growth
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cravino, Javier Foreign Direct Investment In Latin America During The Emergence of China And India
    Keywords: Capital formation ; Capital stocks ; Common Carriers Industry ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Fixed capital ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign capital ; Host countries ; Host country ; Industry ; International Bank ; Law and Development ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Capital formation ; Capital stocks ; Common Carriers Industry ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Fixed capital ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign capital ; Host countries ; Host country ; Industry ; International Bank ; Law and Development ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Capital formation ; Capital stocks ; Common Carriers Industry ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Fixed capital ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign capital ; Host countries ; Host country ; Industry ; International Bank ; Law and Development ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics
    Abstract: In spite of the growing concerns about foreign direct investment being diverted from Latin America to China and India, the best available data show that Latin America has performed relatively well since 1997. Foreign capital stocks from OECD countries and the United States in particular in China and India are still far from those in the largest Latin American economies. The evidence shows that foreign capital stocks in China increased more than in Latin America during 1990-1997, but not as much since 1997. In fact, Latin America has actually performed better than China since 1997 given its lack of relative growth. The growth of foreign capital stocks in India was more stable than in China. Nonetheless, after controlling for shocks emanating from the source countries and bilateral distance between source and host countries, this paper finds a significant change in foreign capital stocks relative to China between 1990 and 1997, but no change relative to India
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Haddad, Mona Trade Integration In East Asia
    Keywords: Capital ; Costs ; Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Income ; Increasing Returns ; Increasing Returns To Scale ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Technology Industry ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Capital ; Costs ; Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Income ; Increasing Returns ; Increasing Returns To Scale ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Technology Industry ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Capital ; Costs ; Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Income ; Increasing Returns ; Increasing Returns To Scale ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Technology Industry ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Production networks have been at the heart of the recent growth in trade among East Asian countries. Fragmentation trade, reflected mainly in the trade in parts and components, is expanding more rapidly than the conventional trade in final goods. This is mainly due to the relatively more favorable policy setting for international production, agglomeration benefits arising from the early entry into this new form of specialization, considerable intercountry wage differentials in the region, lower trade and transport costs, and specialization in products exhibiting increasing returns to scale. The economic integration of China has deepened production fragmentation in East Asia, countering fears of crowding out other countries for international specialization. International production fragmentation in East Asia has intensified intraregional trade but has depended heavily on extraregional trade in final goods. While production networks centered on China have contributed significantly to growth in East Asia, they also breed vulnerabilities. They have not automatically led to technology spillovers and have led to an extreme interdependence across East Asian countries
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol An Analysis of Crop Choice
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Choice of Crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Fao ; Farm ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Maize ; Planning ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Reports ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Single Crop ; Soil Types ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Choice of Crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Fao ; Farm ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Maize ; Planning ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Reports ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Single Crop ; Soil Types ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Choice of Crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Fao ; Farm ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Maize ; Planning ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Reports ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Single Crop ; Soil Types
    Abstract: The authors explore how Latin American farmers adapt to climate by changing crops. They develop a multinomial choice model of farmer's choice of crops. Estimating the model across over 2,000 farmers in seven countries, they find that both temperature and precipitation affects the crops that Latin American farmers choose. Farmers choose fruits and vegetables in warmer locations and wheat and potatoes in cooler locations. Farms in wetter locations are more likely to grow rice, fruits, and squash, and in dryer locations maize and potatoes. Global warming will cause Latin American farmers to switch away from wheat and potatoes toward fruits and vegetables. Predictions of the impact of climate change must reflect not only changes in yields or net revenues per crop but also crop switching
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mendelsohn, Robert Climate change adaptation in Africa
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef cattle ; Chickens ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef cattle ; Chickens ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef cattle ; Chickens ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: This paper uses quantitative methods to examine the way African farmers have adapted livestock management to the range of climates found across the African continent. The authors use logit analysis to estimate whether farmers adopt livestock. They then use three econometric models to examine which species farmers choose: a primary choice multinomial logit, an optimal portfolio multinomial logit, and a demand system multivariate probit. Comparing the results of the three methods of estimating species selection reveals that the three approaches yield similar results. Using data from over 9,000 African livestock farmers in 10 countries, the analysis finds that farmers are more likely to choose to have livestock as temperatures increase and as precipitation decreases. Across all methods of estimating choice, livestock farmers in warmer locations are less likely to choose beef cattle and chickens and more likely to choose goats and sheep. As precipitation increases, cattle and sheep decrease but goats and chickens increase. The authors simulate the way farmers' choices might change with a set of uniform climate changes and a set of climate model scenarios. The uniform scenarios predict that warming and drying would increase livestock ownership but that increases in precipitation would decrease it. The climate scenarios predict a decrease in the probability of beef cattle and an increase in the probability of sheep and goats, and they predict that more heat-tolerant animals will dominate the future African landscape
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mendelsohn, Robert The impact of climate change on livestock management in Africa
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal husbandry ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef cattle ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal husbandry ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef cattle ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal husbandry ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef cattle ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: This paper develops the structural Ricardian method, a new approach to modeling agricultural performance using cross-sectional evidence, and uses the method to study animal husbandry in Africa. The model is intended to estimate the structure beneath Ricardian results in order to understand how farmers change their behavior in response to climate. A survey of over 5,000 livestock farmers in 10 countries reveals that the selection of species, the net income per animal, and the number of animals are all highly dependent on climate. As climate warms, net income across all animals will fall, especially across beef cattle. The fall in net income causes African farmers to reduce the number of animals on their farms. The fall in relative revenues also causes them to shift away from beef cattle and toward sheep and goats. All farmers will lose income but the most vulnerable farms are large African farms that currently specialize in beef cattle. Small livestock and large livestock farms respond to climates differently. Small farms are diversified, relying on dairy cattle, goats, sheep, and chickens. Large farms specialize in dairy and beef cattle. Estimating a separate multinomial logit selection model for small and large farms reveals that the two types of farm choose species differently and specifically have different climate response functions. The regressions of the number of animals also reveal that large farms are more responsive to climate. The results indicate that warming will be harmful to commercial livestock owners, especially cattle owners. Owners of commercial livestock farms have few alternatives either in crops or other animal species. In contrast, small livestock farms are better able to adapt to warming or precipitation increases by switching to heat tolerant animals or crops. Livestock operations will be a safety valve for small farmers if warming or drought causes their crops to fail
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lecocq, Franck How Might Climate Change Affect Economic Growth In Developing Countries ?
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emissions ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equilibrium ; Forestry ; Greenhouse gases ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Resource allocation ; Returns to scale ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emissions ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equilibrium ; Forestry ; Greenhouse gases ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Resource allocation ; Returns to scale ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emissions ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equilibrium ; Forestry ; Greenhouse gases ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Resource allocation ; Returns to scale
    Abstract: This paper reviews the empirical and theoretical literature on economic growth to examine how the four components of the climate change bill, namely mitigation, proactive (ex ante) adaptation, reactive (ex post) adaptation, and ultimate damages of climate change affect growth, especially in developing countries. The authors consider successively the Cass-Koopmans growth model and three major strands of the subsequent literature on growth: with multiple sectors, with rigidities, and with increasing returns. The paper finds that although the growth literature rarely addresses climate change per se, some issues discussed in the growth literature are directly relevant for climate change analysis. Notably, destruction of production factors, or decrease in factor productivity may strongly affect long-run equilibrium growth even in one-sector neoclassical growth models; climatic shocks have had large impacts on growth in developing countries because of rigidities; and the introducing increasing returns has a major impact on growth dynamics, in particular through induced technical change, poverty traps, or lock-ins. Among the most important gaps identified in the literature are lack of understanding of the channels by which shocks affect economic growth, lack of understanding of lock-ins, heavy reliance of numerical models assessing climate policies on neoclassical-type growth frameworks, and frequent use of an inappropriate "without climate change" counterfactual
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard European Community--Sugar
    Keywords: Agribusiness and Markets ; Agriculture ; Consumers ; Cost functions ; Cross subsidization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Net exports ; Rural Development ; Subsidization ; Tax Law ; Trade Law ; Uruguay Round ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Agribusiness and Markets ; Agriculture ; Consumers ; Cost functions ; Cross subsidization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Net exports ; Rural Development ; Subsidization ; Tax Law ; Trade Law ; Uruguay Round ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Agribusiness and Markets ; Agriculture ; Consumers ; Cost functions ; Cross subsidization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Net exports ; Rural Development ; Subsidization ; Tax Law ; Trade Law ; Uruguay Round ; WTO ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: An important recent World Trade Organization dispute settlement case for many developing countries concerned European Union exports of sugar. Brazil, Thailand, and Australia alleged that the exports have substantially exceeded permitted levels as established by European Union commitments in the WTO. This case had major implications for both European Union sugar producers and developing countries that benefited from preferential access to the European Union market. It was also noteworthy in the use of economic arguments by the WTO dispute settlement panel, which held that the excess sugar exports were in part a reflection of illegal de facto cross-subsidization-rents from production that benefited from high support prices being used to cover losses associated with exports of sugar to the world market. Although in principle the economic arguments of the panel could apply to many other policy areas, in practice WTO provisions greatly limit the scope to bring similar arguments for trade in products that are not subject to explicit export subsidy reduction commitments of the type that were made for sugar and other agricultural commodities
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Canada-Wheat
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Domestic market ; Dumping ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export markets ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Market price ; Marketing ; Marketing boards ; Markets and Market Access ; Price discrimination ; Private Sector Development ; Sale ; Sales ; Trade Law ; Access to Markets ; Domestic market ; Dumping ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export markets ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Market price ; Marketing ; Marketing boards ; Markets and Market Access ; Price discrimination ; Private Sector Development ; Sale ; Sales ; Trade Law ; Access to Markets ; Domestic market ; Dumping ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export markets ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Market price ; Marketing ; Marketing boards ; Markets and Market Access ; Price discrimination ; Private Sector Development ; Sale ; Sales ; Trade Law
    Abstract: Statutory marketing boards that have exclusive authority to purchase domestic production, sell for export, and set purchase and sales prices of commodities are a type of state trading enterprise that is subject to World Trade Organization disciplines. This paper assesses a recent dispute brought by the United States against Canada, alleging that WTO rules require state trading enterprises to operate solely in accordance with commercial considerations and that the Canadian government did not require the Canadian Wheat Board to do so. The panel and Appellate Body found that the primary discipline of the WTO regarding state trading enterprises was nondiscrimination, and that operating on the basis of "commercial considerations" was not an independent obligation. Instead, WTO disciplines regarding the pricing behavior of state trading enterprises use a "commercial considerations" test as a possible indicator of discrimination. Although a significant degree of price discrimination is observed in the case of Canadian wheat exports, there are economic arguments why this might also be pursued by a private, profit maximizing firm
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (51 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita The Impact of Sea Level Rise On Developing Countries
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Analysis ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Data Sources ; Environment ; Floods ; Geographic Information ; Geographic Information System ; Indicators ; Islands ; Land ; Water Resources ; Wetlands ; Agriculture ; Analysis ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Data Sources ; Environment ; Floods ; Geographic Information ; Geographic Information System ; Indicators ; Islands ; Land ; Water Resources ; Wetlands ; Agriculture ; Analysis ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Data Sources ; Environment ; Floods ; Geographic Information ; Geographic Information System ; Indicators ; Islands ; Land ; Water Resources ; Wetlands
    Abstract: Sea level rise (SLR) due to climate change is a serious global threat. The scientific evidence is now overwhelming. Continued growth of greenhouse gas emissions and associated global warming could well promote SLR of 1m-3m in this century, and unexpectedly rapid breakup of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets might produce a 5m SLR. In this paper, the authors have assessed the consequences of continued SLR for 84 developing countries. Geographic Information System (GIS) software has been used to overlay the best available, spatially-disaggregated global data on critical impact elements (land, population, agriculture, urban extent, wetlands, and GDP) with the inundation zones projected for 1-5m SLR. The results reveal that hundreds of millions of people in the developing world are likely to be displaced by SLR within this century, and accompanying economic and ecological damage will be severe for many. At the country level, results are extremely skewed, with severe impacts limited to a relatively small number of countries. For these countries (such as Vietnam, A. R. of Egypt, and The Bahamas), however, the consequences of SLR are potentially catastrophic. For many others, including some of the largest (such as China), the absolute magnitudes of potential impacts are very large. At the other extreme, many developing countries experience limited impacts. Among regions, East Asia and the Middle East and North Africa exhibit the greatest relative impacts. To date, there is little evidence that the international community has seriously considered the implications of SLR for population location and infrastructure planning in developing countries. The authors hope that the information provided in this paper will encourage immediate planning for adaptation
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bruno, Valentina G Corporate Governance And Regulation
    Keywords: Capital Markets ; Company Behavior ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Governance Regime ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; External Financing ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Measures ; Governance Practice ; Governance and Financial Sector ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Small Sector ; Capital Markets ; Company Behavior ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Governance Regime ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; External Financing ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Measures ; Governance Practice ; Governance and Financial Sector ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Small Sector ; Capital Markets ; Company Behavior ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Governance Regime ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; External Financing ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Measures ; Governance Practice ; Governance and Financial Sector ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Small Sector
    Abstract: For a large number of companies from different countries, the authors analyze how company corporate governance practices and country regulatory regimes interact in terms of company valuation. They confirm that corporate governance plays a crucial role in efficient company monitoring and shareholder protection, and consequently positively impacts valuation. They find substitution in valuation impact between corporate governance measures at the company and country level, with a possibility of over-regulation. Corporate governance appears more valuable for companies that rely heavily on external financing, consistent with the hypothesis that the main role of corporate governance is to protect external financiers
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Francois, Joseph Market Structure And Market Access
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Distribution ; Domestic Market ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Access ; Market Power ; Market Structure ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopoly ; Price ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Retail ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Access to Markets ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Distribution ; Domestic Market ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Access ; Market Power ; Market Structure ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopoly ; Price ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Retail ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Access to Markets ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Distribution ; Domestic Market ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Access ; Market Power ; Market Structure ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopoly ; Price ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Retail ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: The authors examine an issue at the nexus of domestic competition policy and international trade, the interaction between goods trade and market power in domestic trade and distribution sectors. Theory suggests a set of linkages between service-sector competition and goods trade supported by econometrics involving imports of 22 OECD countries compared with 69 exporters. Competition in services affects the volume of goods trade. Additionally, because of interaction between tariffs and competition, the market structure of the domestic service sector becomes increasingly important as tariffs are reduced. Empirically service competition apparently matters most for exporters in smaller, poorer countries. The results also suggest that while negotiated agreements leading to cross-border services liberalization may boost goods trade as well, they may also lead to a fall in goods trade when such liberalization involves foreign direct investment leading to increased service sector concentration
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip Beyond Legal Origin And Checks And Balances
    Keywords: Bank Accounts ; Bank Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Contract ; Contract Rights ; Credibility ; Debt Markets ; Depositors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Accounts ; Bank Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Contract ; Contract Rights ; Credibility ; Debt Markets ; Depositors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Accounts ; Bank Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Contract ; Contract Rights ; Credibility ; Debt Markets ; Depositors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The existing literature emphasizes and contrasts the role of political checks and balances and legal origin in determining the pace of financial sector development. This paper expands substantially on one aspect of this debate: the fact that government actions that promote financial sector development, whether prudent financial regulation or secure property and contract rights, are public goods and sensitive to political incentives to provide public goods. Tests of hypotheses emanating from this argument yield four new conclusions. First, two key determinants of those incentives-the credibility of pre-electoral political promises and citizen information about politician decisions-systematically promote financial sector development. Second, these political factors, along with political checks and balances, operate in part through their influence on the security of property rights, an argument asserted but not previously tested. Third, contrary to findings elsewhere in the literature, the political determinants of financial sector development are significant even in the presence of controls for legal origin. Finally, and again in contrast to the literature, the evidence here suggests that legal origin primarily proxies for political phenomena. Legal origin is a largely insignificant determinant of financial sector development when those phenomena are fully taken into account
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (18 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol An Analysis of Livestock Choice
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef Cattle ; Chickens ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy Cattle ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Feed ; Goats ; Livesto ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Income ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef Cattle ; Chickens ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy Cattle ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Feed ; Goats ; Livesto ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Income ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef Cattle ; Chickens ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy Cattle ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Feed ; Goats ; Livesto ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Income ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: The authors explore how Latin American livestock farmers adapt to climate by switching species. They develop a multinomial choice model of farmer's choice of livestock species. Estimating the models across over 1,200 livestock farmers in seven countries, they find that both temperature and precipitation affect the species Latin American farmers choose. The authors then use this model to predict how future climate scenarios would affect species choice. Global warming will cause farmers to switch to beef cattle at the expense of dairy cattle
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Stephanou, Constantinos Financial Services And Trade Agreements In Latin America And The Caribbean
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Barriers ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Integration ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Market ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Foreign Bank ; Free Trad ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Trade Law ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Barriers ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Integration ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Market ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Foreign Bank ; Free Trad ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Trade Law ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Barriers ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Integration ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Market ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Foreign Bank ; Free Trad ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Trade Law ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services
    Abstract: The authors review the international framework governing trade in financial services, describe the treatment of financial services in recent trade agreements involving Latin America and Caribbean countries, and analyze the liberalization commitments made in three selected country case studies-Chile, Colombia, and Costa Rica. They give emphasis to free trade agreements because of the generally deeper level of liberalization and rule-making achieved to-date. The authors discuss some of the causes and potential implications of their findings
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Shalizi, Zmarak Energy And Emissions
    Keywords: Coal ; Demand For Energy ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Demand ; Energy Markets ; Energy Needs ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy Strategies ; Energy Strategy ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil Fuel ; Fossil Fuel Use ; Coal ; Demand For Energy ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Demand ; Energy Markets ; Energy Needs ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy Strategies ; Energy Strategy ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil Fuel ; Fossil Fuel Use ; Coal ; Demand For Energy ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Demand ; Energy Markets ; Energy Needs ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy Strategies ; Energy Strategy ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil Fuel ; Fossil Fuel Use
    Abstract: Part 1 of the paper reviews recent trends in fossil fuel use and associated externalities. It also argues that the recent run-up in international oil prices reflects growing concerns about supply constraints associated with declining spare capacity in OPEC, refining bottlenecks, and geopolitical uncertainties rather than growing incremental use of oil by China and India. Part 2 compares two business as usual scenarios with a set of alternate scenarios based on policy interventions on the demand for or supply of energy and different assumptions about rigidities in domestic and international energy markets. The results suggest that energy externalities are likely to worsen significantly if there is no shift in China's and India's energy strategies. High energy demand from China and India could constrain some developing countries' growth through higher prices on international energy markets, but for others the "growth retarding" effects of higher energy prices are partially or fully offset by the "growth stimulating" effects of the larger markets in China and India. Given that there are many inefficiencies in the energy system in both China and India, there is an opportunity to reduce energy growth without adversely affecting GDP growth. The cost of a decarbonizing energy strategy will be higher for China and India than a fossil fuel-based strategy, but the net present value of delaying the shift will be higher than acting now. The less fossil fuel dependent alternative strategies provide additional dividends in terms of energy security
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zhang, Fan Does Uncertainty Matter ?
    Keywords: Abatement Costs ; Carbon Market ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Clean Air ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Policy ; Demand For Energy ; Electricity ; Electricity Price ; Emerging Markets ; Emission ; Emission Cap ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Abatement Costs ; Carbon Market ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Clean Air ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Policy ; Demand For Energy ; Electricity ; Electricity Price ; Emerging Markets ; Emission ; Emission Cap ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Abatement Costs ; Carbon Market ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Clean Air ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Policy ; Demand For Energy ; Electricity ; Electricity Price ; Emerging Markets ; Emission ; Emission Cap ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: Emission permit trading is a centerpiece of the Kyoto Protocol which allows participating nations to trade and bank greenhouse gas permits under the Framework Convention on Climate Change. When market conditions evolve stochastically, emission trading produces a dynamic problem, in which anticipation about the future economic environment affects current banking decisions. In this paper, the author explores the effect of increased uncertainty over future output prices and input costs on the temporal distribution of emissions. In a dynamic programming setting, a permit price is a convex function of stochastic prices of electricity and fuel. Increased uncertainty about future market conditions increases the expected permit price and causes a risk-neutral firm to reduce ex ante emissions so as to smooth out marginal abatement costs over time. The convexity results from the asymmetric impact of changes in counterfactual emissions on the change of marginal abatement costs. Empirical analysis corroborates the theoretical prediction. The author finds that a 1 percent increase in electricity price volatility measured by the annualized standard deviation of percentage price change is associated with an average decrease in the annual emission rate by 0.88 percent. Numerical simulation suggests that high uncertainty could induce substantially early abatements, as well as large compliance costs, therefore imposing a tradeoff between environmental benefits and economic efficiency. The author discusses policy implications for designing an effective and efficient global carbon market
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zevenbergen, Jaap Rural Land Certification In Ethiopia
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Common Property ; Common Property Resource Development ; Common Property Resources ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Compensation ; E-Business ; Enforcement ; Enforcement Mechanisms ; Environment ; Environments ; Land ; Land Administration ; Land Grabbing ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Urban Development ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Common Property ; Common Property Resource Development ; Common Property Resources ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Compensation ; E-Business ; Enforcement ; Enforcement Mechanisms ; Environment ; Environments ; Land ; Land Administration ; Land Grabbing ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Urban Development ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Common Property ; Common Property Resource Development ; Common Property Resources ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Compensation ; E-Business ; Enforcement ; Enforcement Mechanisms ; Environment ; Environments ; Land ; Land Administration ; Land Grabbing ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Although many African countries have recently adopted highly innovative and pro-poor land laws, lack of implementation thwarts their potentially far-reaching impact on productivity, poverty reduction, and governance. The authors use a representative household survey from Ethiopia where, over a short period, certificates to more than 20 million plots were issued to describe the certification process, explore its incidence and preliminary impact, and quantify the costs. While this provides many suggestions to ensure sustainability and enhance impact, Ethiopia's highly cost-effective first-time registration process provides important lessons
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Coulibaly, Souleymane Evaluating The Trade Effect of Developing Regional Trade Agreements
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Gravity model ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Trade ; Regional Trade Agreements ; Rules of origin ; Trade Effect ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade agreement ; Trade creation ; Trade effects ; Trade flows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Gravity model ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Trade ; Regional Trade Agreements ; Rules of origin ; Trade Effect ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade agreement ; Trade creation ; Trade effects ; Trade flows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Gravity model ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Trade ; Regional Trade Agreements ; Rules of origin ; Trade Effect ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade agreement ; Trade creation ; Trade effects ; Trade flows
    Abstract: Many recent papers have pointed to ambiguous trade effects of developing regional trade agreements (RTAs), calling for a reassessment of their economic merits. The author focuses on seven such agreements currently in force in Sub-Saharan Africa (ECOWAS and SADC), Asia (AFTA and SAPTA) and Latin America (CACM, CAN, and MERCOSUR), estimating their impacts on their members' trade flows. Instead of the usual dummy variables for RTAs, he proposes a variable taking into account the number of years of membership. He then combines a gravity model with kernel estimation techniques to capture the non-monotonic trade effects while imposing minimal structure on the model. The results indicate that except for SAPTA, these RTAs have had a positive impact on their members' intra-trade over the estimation period (1960-99). AFTA seems to be the most successful among them, with an estimated positive impact on its members' imports from the rest of the world (hence no trade diversion), but its impact on their exports to the rest of the world is rather limited. During its first 10 years of existence, ECOWAS appears to have had a positive impact on its members' imports from the rest of the world (hence no trade diversion), but this positive impact vanished over time. SAPTA's negative impact on its members' intra-trade is probably an implicit effect of the India-Pakistan tensions over the estimation period
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Pelkmans-Balaoing, Annette O Rules of origin and the web of East Asian free trade agreements
    Keywords: Bilateral free trade agreements ; Economic Theory and Research ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; Free Trade Area ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preferential rules of origin ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Integration ; Regional trade ; Rules of Origin ; Rules of Origin ; Tariff data ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade flows ; Bilateral free trade agreements ; Economic Theory and Research ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; Free Trade Area ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preferential rules of origin ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Integration ; Regional trade ; Rules of Origin ; Rules of Origin ; Tariff data ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade flows ; Bilateral free trade agreements ; Economic Theory and Research ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; Free Trade Area ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preferential rules of origin ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Integration ; Regional trade ; Rules of Origin ; Rules of Origin ; Tariff data ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade flows
    Abstract: The authors provide an overview of the preferential rules of origin in East Asia, highlighting the aspects that might possibly generate some trade-chilling effects. They review characteristics of existing preferential trade agreements with special emphasis on lessons from the European experience, and analyze some important features of the existing rules of origin in East and South-East Asian regional integration agreements. The empirical analysis of the effectiveness of preferentialism on intra-regional trade flows focuses on the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), with the aim of providing a rough estimate of the costs of requesting preferences. The results suggest that preferential tariffs favorably affect intra-regional imports only at very high margins (around 25 percentage points). This points to the likelihood of high administrative costs attached to the exploitation of preferences, particularly with regard to the compliance with AFTA's rules of origin
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Jain, Suman An empirical economic assessment of impacts of climate change on agriculture in Zambia
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Climate variables ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic impacts ; Environment ; GDP ; Global Environment ; Rainfall ; Socioeconomic variables ; Soil ; Temperature ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Climate variables ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic impacts ; Environment ; GDP ; Global Environment ; Rainfall ; Socioeconomic variables ; Soil ; Temperature ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Climate variables ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic impacts ; Environment ; GDP ; Global Environment ; Rainfall ; Socioeconomic variables ; Soil ; Temperature
    Abstract: This report assesses the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture in Zambia, using the Ricardian method. A multiple linear regression model with net revenue per hectare as response variable has been fitted with climate, hydrological, soil, and socioeconomic variables as explanatory variables. There is one main cropping season in Zambia, lasting from November to April. Crop production in this period depends solely on rains. Considering crop progression in three stages-germination, growing, and maturing, which require different amounts of water and temperature-the climate variables included in the model are long-term averages of the temperature and wetness index for the periods November to December, January to February, and March to April. Assuming a nonlinear relationship of farm revenue with the climate variables, quadratic terms for climate variables were also included in the model. The results indicate that most socioeconomic variables are not significant, whereas some climate variables and the corresponding quadratic variables are significant in the model. Further findings are that an increase in the November-December mean temperature and a decrease in the January-February mean rainfall have negative impacts on net farm revenue, whereas an increase in the January-February mean temperature and mean annual runoff has a positive impact
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep Scarperation
    Keywords: Climate change ; Crop production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance and Institutions ; Industry ; Pipelines ; Pollution ; Pollution control ; Production process ; Riparian states ; River basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Treaties ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry ; Climate change ; Crop production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance and Institutions ; Industry ; Pipelines ; Pollution ; Pollution control ; Production process ; Riparian states ; River basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Treaties ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry ; Climate change ; Crop production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance and Institutions ; Industry ; Pipelines ; Pollution ; Pollution control ; Production process ; Riparian states ; River basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Treaties ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: The environment and security literature has argued that freshwater scarcity often leads to inter-state conflict, and possibly acute violence. The contention, however, ignores the long history of hydro-political cooperation exemplified by hundreds of documented agreements. Building on a theory that considers the relationship between scarcity and hydro-political cooperation, this paper empirically investigates why treaties are negotiated for some rivers and between some riparians, and not others. The paper suggests that long-term water scarcity has a significant influence on levels of cooperation. Additional variables considered include trade, level of governance among the riparian states, and the geography of the river. Findings confirm that cooperation and scarcity embody a concave (inverted U curve) relationship. Governance has a positive impact on cooperation. In addition, riparians may either arrange the use of their scarce water resources via a treaty or trade (and indirectly exchange [virtual] water). Scarcity, governance, and trade were found to be most salient in explaining levels of cooperation while geography is significant in some of the estimates
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (101 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wheeler, David Country stakes in climate change negotiations
    Keywords: Carbon emissions ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Negotiations ; Distribution of energy ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy resources ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil fuel ; Greenhouse gases ; Renewable energy ; Renewable energy resources ; Carbon emissions ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Negotiations ; Distribution of energy ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy resources ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil fuel ; Greenhouse gases ; Renewable energy ; Renewable energy resources ; Carbon emissions ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Negotiations ; Distribution of energy ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy resources ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil fuel ; Greenhouse gases ; Renewable energy ; Renewable energy resources
    Abstract: Using a comprehensive geo-referenced database of indicators relating to global change and energy, the paper assesses countries' likely attitudes with respect to international treaties that regulate carbon emissions. The authors distinguish between source and impact vulnerability and classify countries according to these dimensions. The findings show clear differences in the factors that determine likely negotiating positions. This analysis and the resulting detailed, country level information help to explain the incentives required to make the establishment of such agreements more likely
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Maddison, David The Impact of Climate Change On African Agriculture
    Keywords: Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Common Property Resource Development ; Emissions ; Environment ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Kyoto Protocol ; Potential impacts ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil ; Temperature ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Common Property Resource Development ; Emissions ; Environment ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Kyoto Protocol ; Potential impacts ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil ; Temperature ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Common Property Resource Development ; Emissions ; Environment ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Kyoto Protocol ; Potential impacts ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Soil ; Temperature
    Abstract: This paper uses the Ricardian approach to examine how farmers in 11 countries in Africa have adapted to existing climatic conditions. It then estimates the effects of predicted changes in climate while accounting for whatever farmer adaptation might occur. This study differs from earlier ones by using farmers' own perceptions of the value of their land. Previous research, by contrast, has relied on either observed sale prices or net revenues, sometimes aggregated over geographically large tracts of terrain. The study also makes use of high resolution data describing soil quality and runoff. Furthermore, it tackles the challenges involved in modeling the effect of climate on agriculture in a study that includes countries in the northern and southern hemispheres, as well as the tropics. The study confirms that African agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate change. Even with perfect adaptation, regional climate change by 2050 is predicted to entail production losses of 19.9 percent for Burkina Faso and 30.5 percent for Niger. By contrast, countries such as Ethiopia and South Africa are hardly affected at all, suffering productivity losses of only 1.3 percent and 3 percent, respectively. The study also confirms the importance of water supplies as measured by runoff, which, being affected by both temperature and precipitation, may itself be highly sensitive to climate change
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep Crop Selection
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Availability of seed ; Beans ; Choice of crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Groundnut ; Maize ; Millet ; Soils ; Sorghum ; Agriculture ; Availability of seed ; Beans ; Choice of crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Groundnut ; Maize ; Millet ; Soils ; Sorghum ; Agriculture ; Availability of seed ; Beans ; Choice of crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Groundnut ; Maize ; Millet ; Soils ; Sorghum
    Abstract: This paper examines whether the choice of crops is affected by climate in Africa. Using a multinomial logit model, the paper regresses crop choice on climate, soils, and other factors. The model is estimated using a sample of more than 7,000 farmers across 11 countries in Africa. The study finds that crop choice is very climate sensitive. For example, farmers select sorghum and maize-millet in the cooler regions of Africa; maize-beans, maize-groundnut, and maize in moderately warm regions' and cowpea, cowpea-sorghum, and millet-groundnut in hot regions. Further, farmers choose sorghum, and millet-groundnut when conditions are dry; cowpea, cowpea-sorghum, maize-millet, and maize when medium wet; and maize-beans and maize-groundnut when wet. As temperatures warm, farmers will shift toward more heat tolerant crops. Depending on whether precipitation increases or decreases, farmers will also shift toward drought tolerant or water loving crops, respectively. There are several policy relevant conclusions to draw from this study. First, farmers will adapt to climate change by switching crops. Second, global warming impact studies cannot assume crop choice is exogenous. Third, this study only examines choices across current crops. Future farmers may well have more choices. There is an important role for agronomic research in developing new varieties more suited for higher temperatures. Future farmers may have even better adaptation alternatives with an expanded set of crop choices specifically targeted at higher temperatures
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Klapper, Leora Entrepreneurship And Firm Formation Across Countries
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Business registration ; Businesses ; Capabilities ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; E-Business ; E-mail ; Economic Development ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Registries ; Regulatory environment ; Results ; Web ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Business registration ; Businesses ; Capabilities ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; E-Business ; E-mail ; Economic Development ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Registries ; Regulatory environment ; Results ; Web ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Business registration ; Businesses ; Capabilities ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; E-Business ; E-mail ; Economic Development ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Registries ; Regulatory environment ; Results ; Web
    Abstract: The World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey measures entrepreneurial activity around the world. The database includes cross-country, time-series data on the number of total and newly registered businesses for 84 countries. This paper finds significant relationships between entrepreneurial activity and indicators of economic and financial development and growth, the quality of the legal and regulatory environment, and governance. The analysis shows the importance of electronic registration procedures to encourage greater business registration. These results can guide effective policymaking and deliver new capabilities for identifying the impact of reforms
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gonzalez, Alvaro S Who Fears Competition From Informal Firms ?
    Keywords: Compliance costs ; Cost savings ; Economic development ; Economic growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environments ; Fixed costs ; Metals ; Microfinance ; National Income ; Productivity growth ; Tax rates ; Compliance costs ; Cost savings ; Economic development ; Economic growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environments ; Fixed costs ; Metals ; Microfinance ; National Income ; Productivity growth ; Tax rates ; Compliance costs ; Cost savings ; Economic development ; Economic growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environments ; Fixed costs ; Metals ; Microfinance ; National Income ; Productivity growth ; Tax rates
    Abstract: This paper investigates who is most affected by informal competition and how regulation and enforcement affect the extent and nature of this competition. Using newly-collected enterprise data for 6,466 manufacturing formal firms across 14 countries in Latin America, the authors show that formal firms affected by head-to-head competition with informal firms largely resemble them. They are small credit constrained, underutilize their productive capacity, serve smaller customers, and are in markets with low entry costs. In countries where the government is effective and business regulations onerous, formal firms in industries characterized by low costs to entry feel the sting of informal competition more than in other business environments. Finally, the analysis finds that in an economy with relatively onerous tax regulations and a government that poorly enforces its tax code, the percentage of firms adversely affected by informal competition will be reduced from 38.8 to 37.7 percent when the government increases enforcement to cover all firms
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kaplan, David S Entry Regulation And Business Start-Ups
    Keywords: Corporate Law ; Equality ; Estate ; Individuals ; Law and Development ; Limited ; Microfinance ; Municipalities ; Municipality ; Political party ; Proprietary ; Proxy ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Subnational Governance ; Union ; Urban Development ; Urban Governance and Management ; Corporate Law ; Equality ; Estate ; Individuals ; Law and Development ; Limited ; Microfinance ; Municipalities ; Municipality ; Political party ; Proprietary ; Proxy ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Subnational Governance ; Union ; Urban Development ; Urban Governance and Management ; Corporate Law ; Equality ; Estate ; Individuals ; Law and Development ; Limited ; Microfinance ; Municipalities ; Municipality ; Political party ; Proprietary ; Proxy ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Subnational Governance ; Union ; Urban Development ; Urban Governance and Management
    Abstract: The authors estimate the effect on business start-ups of a program that significantly speeds up firm registration procedures. The program was implemented in Mexico in different municipalities at different dates. Authors estimates suggest that new start-ups increased by about 4 percent in eligible industries, and the authors present evidence that this is a causal effect. Most of the effect is temporary, concentrated in the first 10 months after implementation. The effect is robust to several specifications of the benchmark control group time trends. The authors find that the program was more effective in municipalities with less corruption and cheaper additional procedures
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mahul, Olivier Managing Agricultural Risk At The Country Level
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Excess of loss reinsurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Law ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Insurance companies ; Insurance industry ; Insurance law ; Insured losses ; Interest rates ; Law and Development ; Private insurance ; Risk assessment ; Risk management ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Excess of loss reinsurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Law ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Insurance companies ; Insurance industry ; Insurance law ; Insured losses ; Interest rates ; Law and Development ; Private insurance ; Risk assessment ; Risk management ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Excess of loss reinsurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Law ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Insurance companies ; Insurance industry ; Insurance law ; Insured losses ; Interest rates ; Law and Development ; Private insurance ; Risk assessment ; Risk management ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This paper describes the index-based livestock insurance program in Mongolia designed in the context of a World Bank lending operation with Government of Mongolia and implemented on a pilot basis in 2005. This program involves a combination of self-insurance by herders, market-based insurance, and social insurance. Herders retain small losses, larger losses are transferred to the private insurance industry, and extreme or catastrophic losses are transferred to the government using a public safety net program. A syndicate pooling arrangement protects participating insurance companies against excessive insured losses, with excess of loss reinsurance provided by the government. The fiscal exposure of Government of Mongolia toward the most extreme losses is protected with a contingent credit facility. The insurance program relies on a mortality rate index by species in each local region. The index provides strong incentives to individual herders to continue to manage their herds so as to minimize the impacts of major livestock mortality events; individual herders receive an insurance payout based on the local mortality, irrespective of their individual losses. This project offered the first opportunity to design and implement an agriculture insurance program using a country-wide agricultural risk management approach. During the first sales season, 7 percent of the herders in the three pilot regions purchased the insurance product
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kabubo-Mariara, Jane The Economic Impact of Climate Change On Kenyan Crop Agriculture
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate variables ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought Management ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Irrigation ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Water Resources ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate variables ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought Management ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Irrigation ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Water Resources ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate variables ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought Management ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Irrigation ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Water Resources
    Abstract: This paper measures the economic impact of climate on crops in Kenya. The analysis is based on cross-sectional climate, hydrological, soil, and household level data for a sample of 816 households, and uses a seasonal Ricardian model. Estimated marginal impacts of climate variables suggest that global warming is harmful for agricultural productivity and that changes in temperature are much more important than changes in precipitation. This result is confirmed by the predicted impact of various climate change scenarios on agriculture. The results further confirm that the temperature component of global warming is much more important than precipitation. The authors analyze farmers' perceptions of climate variations and their adaptation to these, and also constraints on adaptation mechanisms. The results suggest that farmers in Kenya are aware of short-term climate change, that most of them have noticed an increase in temperatures, and that some have taken adaptive measures
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deressa, Temesgen Tadesse Measuring The Economic Impact of Climate Change On Ethiopian Agriculture
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Fertilization ; Global Environment ; Gross domestic product ; IPCC ; Policy formulation ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Fertilization ; Global Environment ; Gross domestic product ; IPCC ; Policy formulation ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Fertilization ; Global Environment ; Gross domestic product ; IPCC ; Policy formulation ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Temperature
    Abstract: This study uses the Ricardian approach to analyze the impact of climate change on Ethiopian agriculture and to describe farmer adaptations to varying environmental factors. The study analyzes data from 11 of the country's 18 agro-ecological zones, representing more than 74 percent of the country, and survey of 1,000 farmers from 50 districts. Regressing of net revenue on climate, household, and soil variables show that these variables have a significant impact on the farmers' net revenue per hectare.The study carries out a marginal impact analysis of increasing temperature and changing precipitation across the four seasons. In addition, it examines the impact of uniform climate scenarios on farmers' net revenue per hectare. Additionally, it analyzes the net revenue impact of predicted climate scenarios from three models for the years 2050 and 2100. In general, the results indicate that increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation are both damaging to Ethiopian agriculture. Although the analysis did not incorporate the carbon fertilization effect, the role of technology, or the change in prices for the future, significant information for policy-making can be extracted
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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