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  • English  (762)
  • 1995-1999  (762)
  • Cambridge : Cambridge University Press  (361)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (308)
  • Oxford : Oxford University Press
  • [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : IntechOpen
Datasource
Material
Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    International African library : IAL (from 1985-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Edinburgh : Univ. Press | Manchester : Manchester Univ. Press ; 1.1985 -
    Details
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1985 -
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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    Journal/Serial
    MARKK
  • 2
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Social anthropology : the journal of the European Association of Social Anthropologists = Anthropologie sociale (from 1993-)
    New York ; Oxford : Berghahn | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Publ. | Oxford ; Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell | Chichester ; Malden, MA : Wiley ; 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-0282 , ISSN 1469-8676
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Social anthropology
    Keywords: Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
    BVB
  • 3
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Social anthropology : the journal of the European Association of Social Anthropologists = Anthropologie sociale (from 1993-)
    New York ; Oxford : Berghahn | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Publ. | Oxford ; Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell | Chichester ; Malden, MA : Wiley ; 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-0282 , 1469-8676
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Social anthropology
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift ; Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
    HBZ
  • 4
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Slavic review : interdisciplinary quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies (from 1961-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Washington, DC : Assoc. | Stanford, Calif. : Assoc. | Cambridge, Mass. : Assoc. ; 20.1961,3 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0037-6779 , 2325-7784
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 20.1961,3 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Slavic review
    Former Title: Vorg.: The American Slavic and East European review
    Former Title: American quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies
    DDC: 890
    Keywords: Slawen ; Kultur ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Slawische Sprachen ; Zeitschrift ; Slawistik ; Zeitschrift ; Osteuropa ; Zeitschrift ; Slawen ; Kultur ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Osteuropa ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Slawische Sprachen ; Zeitschrift ; Slawistik ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Repr.: New York, NY : Johnson , Beteil. Körp. bis 2010,2: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies
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    HeBIS
    HBZ
  • 5
    Media Combination
    Media Combination
    Fast forward advanced (1991-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
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    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Medienkombination
    Series Statement: Oxford intensive English courses
    DDC: 428.24
    Keywords: English language
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    Media Combination
  • 6
    Book
    Book
    Fauna Hawaiiensis being the Land-Fauna of the Hawaiian Islands (1899-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
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    Details
    Language: English
    Keywords: Hawaii ; Tiere ; Zoologie
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    Book
    Ethn. Museum Berlin
  • 7
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    International African library : IAL (from 1985-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Manchester : Manchester Univ. Press | Edinburgh : Univ. Press ; 1.1985 -
    Details
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1985 -
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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    Journal/Serial
    Ethn. Museum Berlin
    MPI-MMG
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    The American historical review (from 1895-)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Macmillan | Washington DC [u.a.] : Assoc. | Chicago, Ill. : Univ. of Chicago Press | Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 1.1895/96 -
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    Details
    ISSN: 0002-8762 , 1937-5239 , 1937-5239
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1895/96 -
    Additional Information: Beil. American Historical Association Recently published articles
    Additional Information: Index 1895/1945=1944,1 von American Historical Association Annual report of the American Historical Association
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. The American historical review
    RVK:
    NA 1000
    Keywords: Geschichte ; Weltgeschichte ; Zeitschrift ; USA ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Repr.: Nendeln : Kraus
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    Journal/Serial
    HeBIS
  • 9
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Social anthropology : the journal of the European Association of Social Anthropologists = Anthropologie sociale (from 1993-)
    New York : Berghahn | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Publ. | Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell | Chichester : Wiley ; 1.1992/93(1993) -
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    Details
    ISSN: 0964-0282 , 1469-8676 , 1469-8676
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Social anthropology
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
    Ethn. Museum Berlin
    MPI-MMG
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
    GRASSI Mus. Leipzig
  • 10
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Social anthropology : the journal of the European Association of Social Anthropologists = Anthropologie sociale (from 1993-)
    New York : Berghahn | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Publ. | Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell | Chichester : Wiley ; 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-0282 , 1469-8676 , 1469-8676
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Social anthropology
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 11
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    The American historical review (from 1895-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press | New York, NY [u.a.] : Macmillan | Washington DC [u.a.] : Assoc. | Chicago, Ill. : Univ. of Chicago Press ; 1.1895/96 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-8762 , 1937-5239 , 1937-5239
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1895/96 -
    Additional Information: Beil. American Historical Association Recently published articles
    Additional Information: Index 1895/1945=1944,1 von American Historical Association Annual report of the American Historical Association Washington, DC : Smithsonian Inst. Press, 1889 0065-8561
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The American historical review
    DDC: 050
    RVK:
    NA 1000
    Keywords: History Periodicals ; United States Periodicals History ; Zeitschrift ; Weltgeschichte ; Zeitschrift ; USA ; Geschichte ; Amerika ; Geschichte
    Note: Repr.: Nendeln : Kraus
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 12
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Social anthropology : the journal of the European Association of Social Anthropologists = Anthropologie sociale (from 1993-)
    New York ; Oxford : Berghahn | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Publ. | Oxford ; Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell | Chichester ; Malden, MA : Wiley ; 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-0282 , 1469-8676
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Social anthropology
    Keywords: Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
    HU Berlin
    München BSB
    München UB
    Regensburg UB
  • 13
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    World politics : a quarterly journal of international relations (from 1949-)
    Baltimore, MD : John Hopkins University Press | Princeton, NJ [u.a.] : Univ. Press | Baltimore, Md. : Johns Hopkins Univ. Press | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; 1.1948/49(1949) - 60.2007/08; 61.2009 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISSN: 0043-8871 , 1086-3338 , 1086-3338
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1948/49(1949) - 60.2007/08; 61.2009 -
    Additional Information: 14,1=78 von Princeton paperbacks Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 1954
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World politics
    DDC: 320
    RVK:
    PR 1000
    RVK:
    MA 1000
    Keywords: Internationale Beziehungen ; Internationale Politik ; Außenpolitik ; Welt ; Internationale Politik ; Zeitschrift ; Internationale Politik ; Politik ; Weltpolitik ; Internationale Politik ; Außenpolitik ; Sicherheitspolitik
    Note: Repr.: New York, NY : Johnson; Bad Feilnbach : Schmidt Periodicals , Beteil. Körp. 1.1948/49 - 3.1951: Yale Institute of International Studies; früher: Center of International Studies
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 14
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    International affairs (from 1931-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press | Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press | Guildford : Butterworth | Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press | Oxford : Blackwell | Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell ; 10.1931 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-5850 , 1468-2346 , 1468-2346
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 cm
    Dates of Publication: 10.1931 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als International affairs
    Former Title: Vorg. Royal Institute of International Affairs Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs
    Former Title: International affairs review supplement
    DDC: 320
    RVK:
    PR 1000
    RVK:
    MA 1000
    Keywords: Internationale Beziehungen ; Welt ; Zeitschrift ; Internationale Politik
    Note: Repr.: Folkestone : Dawson , Beteil. Körp. 10.1931 - 80.2004,4: Royal Institute of International Affairs, London , Ersch. zweimonatl., bis 78.2002 vierteljährl.; 79.2003 - 81.2005 5x jährl.
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    Journal/Serial
    DNB
    HU Berlin
    MPI-MMG
  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Journal of social history (1967-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press | Pittsburgh, Pa. : Carnegie Mellon Univ. Press ; 1.1967/68 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1527-1897 , 0022-4529 , 0022-4529
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1967/68 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. 1.1967/68 - 39.2005/06 Journal of social history
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. ab 40.2006/07 Journal of social history, societies & cultures
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Sozialgeschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Sozialgeschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Sozialgeschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Sozialgeschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation
    Note: Gesehen am 19.03.15
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jsh/issue
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/103
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jsocialhistoryy
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2007084
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/103
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/103
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    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jsh/issue
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jsocialhistory
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    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jsocialhistory
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jsh/issue
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    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2007084-6
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    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/103
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jsocialhistoryy
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2007084-6
    URL: Volltext
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    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/103
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    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jsocialhistoryy
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2007084-6
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    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/103
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    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jsocialhistoryy
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2007084-6
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    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    HeBIS
    HBZ
  • 16
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Slavic review : interdisciplinary quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies (from 1961-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Washington, DC : Assoc. | Stanford, Calif. : Assoc. | Cambridge, Mass. : Assoc. ; 20.1961,3 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0037-6779 , 2325-7784 , 2325-7784
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 20.1961,3 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Slavic review
    Former Title: Vorg. The American Slavic and East European review
    Former Title: American quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies
    DDC: 306.09
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Osteuropa ; Russland ; USA ; Regionalstudien ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Slawen ; Kultur ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Osteuropa ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Slawische Sprachen ; Zeitschrift ; Slawistik ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Repr.: New York, NY : Johnson , Beteil. Körp. bis 2010,2: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 17
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Social anthropology : the journal of the European Association of Social Anthropologists = Anthropologie sociale (from 1993-)
    New York : Berghahn | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Publ. | Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell | Chichester : Wiley ; 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-0282 , 1469-8676 , 1469-8676
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Social anthropology
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
    Ethn. Museum Berlin
    MPI-MMG
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
    GRASSI Mus. Leipzig
  • 18
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Slavic review : interdisciplinary quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies (from 1961-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Washington, DC : Assoc. | Stanford, Calif. : Assoc. | Cambridge, Mass. : Assoc. ; 20.1961,3 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0037-6779 , ISSN 2325-7784 , ISSN 2325-7784
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 20.1961,3 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Slavic review
    Former Title: Vorg. The American Slavic and East European review
    Former Title: American quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies
    DDC: 306.09
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Osteuropa ; Russland ; USA ; Regionalstudien ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Slawen ; Kultur ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Osteuropa ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Slawische Sprachen ; Zeitschrift ; Slawistik ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Repr.: New York, NY : Johnson , Beteil. Körp. bis 2010,2: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies
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    Journal/Serial
    KOBV
  • 19
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Social anthropology : the journal of the European Association of Social Anthropologists = Anthropologie sociale (from 1993-)
    New York : Berghahn | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Publ. | Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell | Chichester : Wiley ; 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-0282 , ISSN 1469-8676 , ISSN 1469-8676
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Social anthropology
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
    KOBV
  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    German history : the journal of the German History Society (1984-)
    London : Arnold | [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Sage | Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 1.1984 -
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    Details
    ISSN: 1477-089X , 0266-3554 , 0266-3554
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1984 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als German history
    Keywords: Geschichte ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Deutschland ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation
    Note: Gesehen am 01. Februar 2017
    URL: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?db=30h&jid=%2231M%22&scope=site
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    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?1484879-X
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    HeBIS
  • 21
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    World politics : a quarterly journal of international relations (from 1949-)
    Baltimore, MD : John Hopkins University Press | Princeton, NJ [u.a.] : Univ. Press | Baltimore, Md. : Johns Hopkins Univ. Press | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; 1.1948/49(1949) - 60.2007/08; 61.2009 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0043-8871 , ISSN 1086-3338 , ISSN 1086-3338
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1948/49(1949) - 60.2007/08; 61.2009 -
    Additional Information: 14,1=78 von Princeton paperbacks Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 1954
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World politics
    DDC: 320
    RVK:
    PR 1000
    RVK:
    MA 1000
    Keywords: Internationale Beziehungen ; Internationale Politik ; Außenpolitik ; Welt ; Internationale Politik ; Zeitschrift ; Internationale Politik ; Politik ; Weltpolitik ; Internationale Politik ; Außenpolitik ; Sicherheitspolitik
    Note: Repr.: New York, NY : Johnson; Bad Feilnbach : Schmidt Periodicals , Beteil. Körp. 1.1948/49 - 3.1951: Yale Institute of International Studies; früher: Center of International Studies
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    KOBV
  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Social politics : international studies in gender, state, and society (1994-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 1.1994 -
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    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2893 , 1072-4745 , 1072-4745
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1994 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Social politics
    Keywords: Sozialpolitik ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/234
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/sp/issue
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    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/234
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2085321-X
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    HeBIS
  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Slavic review : interdisciplinary quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies (1961-)
    Champaign, Ill. : Assoc. | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; 20.1961,3 -
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    Details
    ISSN: 2325-7784 , 0037-6779 , 0037-6779
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 20.1961,3 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Slavic review
    Former Title: Vorg. The American Slavic and East European review
    Former Title: American quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 10.03.2017 , Beteil. Körp. bis 2010,2: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/slavicreview
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/slavicreview
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/SLR/type/JOURNAL
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/SLR/type/JOURNAL
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/slavicreview
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2029130-9
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: http://www.slavicreview.illinois.edu/
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/slavicreview
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    HeBIS
  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Central European history (1968-)
    Leiden [u.a.] : Brill | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; 1.1968 -
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    Details
    ISSN: 1569-1616 , 0008-9389 , 0008-9389
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1968 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Central European history
    Keywords: Geschichte ; Mitteleuropa ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation
    Note: Gesehen am 21.01.2016
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?db=30h&jid=%22CUH%22&scope=site
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/centeurohist
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/centeurohist
    URL: http://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CCC/type/JOURNAL
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/central-european-history
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/centeurohist
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2049699-0
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/central-european-history
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/centeurohist
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The English historical review (1886-)
    London : Longmans, Green and Co. | Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 1.1886 -
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    ISSN: 1477-4534 , 0013-8266 , 0013-8266
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1886 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The English historical review
    Former Title: The english historical review online
    Keywords: Geschichte ; Großbritannien ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation
    Note: Gesehen am 01.04.13
    URL: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?db=30h&jid=%22EHR%22&scope=site
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/ehr/issue/
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/ehr/issue/
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/ehr/issue
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/englhistrevi
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/englhistrevi
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/englhistrevi
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2059456-2
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    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/englhistrevi
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  • 26
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Contemporary European history (from 1992-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; 1.1992 -
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    ISSN: 0960-7773 , 1469-2171 , 1469-2171
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1.1992 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Contemporary European history
    Keywords: Geschichte 1900- ; Zeitschrift ; Politik ; Europa ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift
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  • 27
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Slavic review : interdisciplinary quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies (from 1961-)
    Washington, DC : Assoc. | Stanford, Calif. : Assoc. | Cambridge, Mass. : Assoc. | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; 20.1961,3 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISSN: 0037-6779 , 2325-7784 , 2325-7784
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 20.1961,3 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Slavic review
    Former Title: Vorg. The American Slavic and East European review
    Former Title: American quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies
    Keywords: Slawen ; Kultur ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Slawische Sprachen ; Slawistik ; Osteuropa ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Repr.: New York, NY : Johnson , Beteil. Körp. bis 2010,2: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies
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  • 28
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Social anthropology : the journal of the European Association of Social Anthropologists = Anthropologie sociale (from 1993-)
    New York ; Oxford : Berghahn | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Publ. | Oxford ; Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell | Chichester ; Malden, MA : Wiley ; 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-0282 , ISSN 1469-8676
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Social anthropology
    Keywords: Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift
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    KOBV
  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nationalities papers : the journal of nationalism and ethnicity (1972-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Levitton, Pa. [u.a.] : Carfax Publ. | Philadelphia, Pa. : Taylor & Francis Group ; 1.1972/73 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1465-3923 , 0090-5992
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1972/73 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Nationalities papers
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Nationale Minderheit ; Nationalitätenfrage ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Nachfolgestaaten ; Ethnische Gruppe ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Nationale Minderheit ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Nationale Minderheit ; Nationalitätenfrage ; Zeitschrift ; Sowjetunion ; Sowjetunion ; Osteuropa ; Sowjetunion ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Sowjetunion ; Nationale Minderheit ; Nationalitätenfrage ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Sowjetunion ; Nachfolgestaaten ; Ethnische Gruppe ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Osteuropa ; Nationale Minderheit ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Sowjetunion ; Nationale Minderheit ; Nationalitätenfrage ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 12.05.21 , Urh. anfangs: Association for the Study of the Nationalities (USSR and East Europe)
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?1491362
    URL: http://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/NPS/type/JOURNAL
    URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cnap20
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    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers
    URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cnap20
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?1491362-8
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers
    URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cnap20
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?1491362-8
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers
    URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cnap20
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?1491362-8
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers
    URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cnap20
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?1491362-8
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Journal of refugee studies (1988-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 1.1988 -
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    Details
    ISSN: 1471-6925 , 0951-6328 , 0951-6328
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1988 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Journal of refugee studies
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Flüchtling
    Note: Gesehen am 31.01.05
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2050042-7
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jrs/issue
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: http://heinonline.org
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    MPI-MMG
  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Law & social inquiry : journal of the American Bar Foundation (1988-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Chicago, IL : Univ. of Chicago Press | Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Publ. | Oxford [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell ; 13.1988 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-4469 , 0897-6546 , 0897-6546
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 13.1988 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Law & social inquiry
    Former Title: Vorg. American Bar Foundation Research journal
    DDC: 340
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; USA ; Rechtssoziologie
    Note: Gesehen am
    DOI: 10.1111/(ISSN)1747-4469
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/(ISSN)1747-4469
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2069317-5
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-social-inquiry
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-social-inquiry
    URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17474469
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/lawsocialinquiry
    URL: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/lsi
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  • 32
    Book
    Book
    A treatise on social theory (1997-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Details
    ISBN: 0521249600 , 0521588014
    Language: English
    DDC: 301
    Keywords: Sociology
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    GBV
  • 33
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Social anthropology : the journal of the European Association of Social Anthropologists = Anthropologie sociale (from 1993-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Publ. | Oxford ; Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell | New York ; Oxford : Berghahn ; 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-0282 , 1469-8676 , 1469-8676
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Social anthropology
    Keywords: Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift
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  • 34
    Book
    Book
    The organization in its environment (1987-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Language: English
    Series Statement: Oxford books for BTEC national awards
    DDC: 302.35024658
    Keywords: Organization
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  • 35
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    The shape of the world : explorations in human geography (from 1995-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press | Milton Keynes : open University ; 1.1995 -
    Details
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1995 -
    DDC: 910
    RVK:
    RB 10558
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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    MPI-MMG
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 36
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Social anthropology : the journal of the European Association of Social Anthropologists = Anthropologie sociale (from 1993-)
    New York : Berghahn | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Publ. | Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell | Chichester : Wiley ; 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-0282 , 1469-8676
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Social anthropology
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift
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  • 37
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Hull monographs on South-East Asia (from 1968-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press | Zug : Inter Documentation Co. | London : Oxford University Press ; 1.1968 -
    Details
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1968 -
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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    Weltkulturen Museum
    BSZ
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Latin American antiquity (1990-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Washington, DC : Society for American Archaeology ; 1.1990 -
    Details
    ISSN: 2325-5080 , 1045-6635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1990 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Latin American antiquity
    DDC: 930
    Keywords: Altamerika ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Altamerika ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation
    Note: Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Gesehen am 28.03.2017
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-antiquity
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/latiameranti
    URL: http://find.galegroup.com/openurl/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&res_id=info:sid/gale:IFME&ctx_enc=info:ofi:enc:UTF-8&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.issn=1045-6635&req_dat=info:sid/gale:ugnid:1ibero
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2050681
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-antiquity
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-antiquity
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/latiameranti
    URL: http://find.galegroup.com/openurl/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&res_id=info:sid/gale:IFME&ctx_enc=info:ofi:enc:UTF-8&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.issn=1045-6635&req_dat=info:sid/gale:ugnid:1ibero
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2050681-8
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-antiquity
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/latiameranti
    URL: http://find.galegroup.com/openurl/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&res_id=info:sid/gale:IFME&ctx_enc=info:ofi:enc:UTF-8&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.issn=1045-6635&req_dat=info:sid/gale:ugnid:1ibero
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2050681-8
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-antiquity
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    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/latiameranti
    URL: http://find.galegroup.com/openurl/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&res_id=info:sid/gale:IFME&ctx_enc=info:ofi:enc:UTF-8&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.issn=1045-6635&req_dat=info:sid/gale:ugnid:1ibero
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Journal of American history (1964-)
    Oxford : Oxford University Press | Bloomington, Ind. : OAH ; 51.1964/65 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1945-2314 , 0021-8723
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 51.1964/65 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. The journal of American history
    Former Title: Vorg.: Mississippi Valley historical review
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Geschichte ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; USA ; USA ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; USA ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; USA ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 19.02.2021
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2002867
    URL: http://www.journalofamericanhistory.org/issues/
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jah/issue
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jamericanhistory
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2002867-2
    URL: http://www.journalofamericanhistory.org/issues/
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jah/issue
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jamericanhistory
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2002867-2
    URL: http://www.journalofamericanhistory.org/issues/
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jah/issue
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jamericanhistory
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2002867-2
    URL: http://www.journalofamericanhistory.org/issues/
    URL: https://academic.oup.com/jah/issue
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jamericanhistory
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    ASA news : enhancing the exchange of information about Africa (1981-)
    New Brunswick, NJ : ASA | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; Volume 14, no. 1 (January/March 1981)-
    Details
    ISSN: 1942-4949 , 0278-2219
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Volume 14, no. 1 (January/March 1981)-
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als African Studies Association ASA news
    Former Title: Fortsetzung von African studies newsletter
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 23.06.2023 , Fortsetzung der Druck-Ausgabe
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/asa-news
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2380419-1
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/asa-news
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2380419-1
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/asa-news
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2380419-1
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American antiquity (1935-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Washington, DC : Society for American Archaeology ; 1.1935 -
    Details
    ISSN: 2325-5064 , 0002-7316 , 0002-7316
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1935 -
    Additional Information: 18,3,2=9; 20,4,2=10; 22,2,3=12; 22,4,2=13; 23,2,2=14; 23,4,2=15; 24,4,2=16; 26,3,2=17 u.a. von Society for American Archaeology Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology Salt Lake City, Utah [u.a.] : Soc., 1941
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. American antiquity
    DDC: 930
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Amerika ; Archäologie
    Note: Gesehen am 02.03.2017
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/ameranti
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2050689
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/ameranti
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2050689
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/ameranti
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2050689-2
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/ameranti
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2050689-2
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/ameranti
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2050689-2
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    MARKK
  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Latin American research review : LARR (1965-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Austin, Tex. | Pittsburgh, Pa. : LASA ; 1.1965 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1542-4278 , 0023-8791
    Language: English , Spanish , Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1965 -
    Additional Information: Auch in Prisma
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Latin American research review
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Lateinamerika ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Lateinamerika ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation
    Note: Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Fortsetzung der Druck-Ausgabe , Gesehen am 14.04.2022
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2052199
    URL: http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/eng/larr/index.asp
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/226
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/latiamerreserevi
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqm&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=journal&req_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=11547&svc_dat=xri:pqil:context=title&rft_dat=xri:pqd:PMID=2043
    URL: http://find.galegroup.com/openurl/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&res_id=info:sid/gale:IFME&ctx_enc=info:ofi:enc:UTF-8&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.issn=0023-8791&req_dat=info:sid/gale:ugnid:1ibero
    URL: http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/eng/larr/index.asp
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/226
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-research-review
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/latiamerreserevi
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    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqm&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=journal&req_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=11547&svc_dat=xri:pqil:context=title&rft_dat=xri:pqd:PMID=2043
    URL: http://find.galegroup.com/openurl/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&res_id=info:sid/gale:IFME&ctx_enc=info:ofi:enc:UTF-8&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.issn=0023-8791&req_dat=info:sid/gale:ugnid:1ibero
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2052199-6
    URL: http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/eng/larr/index.asp
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/226
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-research-review
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/latiamerreserevi
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    URL: http://find.galegroup.com/openurl/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&res_id=info:sid/gale:IFME&ctx_enc=info:ofi:enc:UTF-8&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.issn=0023-8791&req_dat=info:sid/gale:ugnid:1ibero
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2052199-6
    URL: http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/eng/larr/index.asp
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/226
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-research-review
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/latiamerreserevi
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqm&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=journal&req_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=11547&svc_dat=xri:pqil:context=title&rft_dat=xri:pqd:PMID=2043
    URL: http://find.galegroup.com/openurl/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&res_id=info:sid/gale:IFME&ctx_enc=info:ofi:enc:UTF-8&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.issn=0023-8791&req_dat=info:sid/gale:ugnid:1ibero
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2052199-6
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Iranian studies (1967-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | [Wechselnde Verlagsorte] | London [u.a.] : Carfax | Colchester : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group ; 1.1967/68 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4819 , 0021-0862
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1967/68 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Iranian studies
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 14.04.2022 , Erscheint vierteljährlich
    URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cist20
    URL: http://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/IRN/type/JOURNAL
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/iranstudies
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2112647
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cist20
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iranian-studies
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/iranstudies
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2112647-1
    URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cist20
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iranian-studies
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/iranstudies
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2112647-1
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  • 44
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Oriental publications (from 1956-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; 1.1956 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0068-6891
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1956 -
    Additional Information: 34=6 von South Asian archaeology [Wechselnde Verlagsorte], 1973 0066-2011
    Additional Information: 42=8 von Arabian studies Cambridge [u.a.] : Univ. Press, 1974 0305-036X
    Additional Information: 47=3 von Ḥevrah le-ḥeḳer ha-tarbut ha-ʿaravit-ha-yehudit shel yeme ha-benayim Papers read at the ... congress of the Society for Judaeo-Arabic Studies Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1992
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als University of Cambridge oriental publications
    Former Title: University of Cambridge oriental publications
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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    DNB
    Ethn. Museum Berlin
    MPI-MMG
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The journal of Asian studies (1956-)
    Durham, NC : Duke University Press | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; 16.1956 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-0401 , 0021-9118 , 0021-9118
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 16.1956 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The journal of Asian studies
    Former Title: Vorg The Far Eastern quarterly
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Asien ; Kultur ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Asien ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource
    Note: Gesehen am 06.12.2023
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2002914-7
    URL: https://www.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/jasianstudies
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  • 46
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Adelphi paper (from 1961-2009)
    Basingstoke : Taylor & Francis | London : Inst. | London : Routledge | Oxford : Oxford University Press ; Nr. 1.1961 - 402.2009
    Details
    ISSN: 0567-932X , 1478-5145 , 1478-5145
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1961 - 402.2009
    Additional Information: 284-285=35 von International Institute for Strategic Studies Annual conference of the International Institute for Strategic Studies London [u.a.] : IISS, 1973
    Additional Information: 102u.103=15; 115=16; 122-123=17; 151u.152=20; 160-161=21; 166-167=22; 173-174=23; 182-184=24; 189-191=25; 197-199=26; 205-207=27; 216-218=28; 229-231=29; 235-237=30; 247-248=31 von International Institute for Strategic Studies Annual conference of the International Institute for Strategic Studies London [u.a.] : IISS, 1973
    Additional Information: 64=3 von Survey of strategic studies London, 1970
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The Adelphi papers
    Former Title: Adelphi papers
    Subsequent Title: Forts. Adelphi
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe ; Militärpolitik ; Sicherheitspolitik
    Note: Einzelne Bände zugleich Bände von: International Institute for Strategic Studies: Annual conference of the International Institute for Strategic Studies , Urh. anfangs: Institute for Strategic Studies
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
    GRASSI Mus. Leipzig
  • 47
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Adelphi paper (from 1961-2009)
    Basingstoke : Taylor & Francis | London : Inst. | London : Routledge | Oxford : Oxford University Press ; Nr. 1.1961 - 402.2009
    Details
    ISSN: 0567-932X , 1478-5145 , 1478-5145
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1961 - 402.2009
    Additional Information: 284-285=35 von International Institute for Strategic Studies Annual conference of the International Institute for Strategic Studies London [u.a.] : IISS, 1973
    Additional Information: 102u.103=15; 115=16; 122-123=17; 151u.152=20; 160-161=21; 166-167=22; 173-174=23; 182-184=24; 189-191=25; 197-199=26; 205-207=27; 216-218=28; 229-231=29; 235-237=30; 247-248=31 von International Institute for Strategic Studies Annual conference of the International Institute for Strategic Studies London [u.a.] : IISS, 1973
    Additional Information: 64=3 von Survey of strategic studies London, 1970
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The Adelphi papers
    Former Title: Adelphi papers
    Subsequent Title: Forts. Adelphi
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe ; Militärpolitik ; Sicherheitspolitik
    Note: Einzelne Bände zugleich Bände von: International Institute for Strategic Studies: Annual conference of the International Institute for Strategic Studies , Urh. anfangs: Institute for Strategic Studies
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
    GRASSI Mus. Leipzig
  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Women in modern India (1999)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press
    Details
    ISBN: 9781139055703
    Language: English
    Pages: xix, 290 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: First paperback edition
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe Cambridge Cambridge University Press March 2008 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: The new Cambridge history of India. 4, The evolution of contemporary South Asia volume 2
    Series Statement: The new Cambridge history of India The evolution of contemporary South Asia
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion von Forbes, Geraldine, 1943- Women in modern India
    DDC: 305.4/0954/09034
    Abstract: In a compelling study of Indian women, Geraldine Forbes considers their recent history from the nineteenth century under colonial rule to the twentieth century after Independence. She begins with the reform movement, established by men to educate women, and demonstrates how education changed women's lives enabling them to take part in public life. Through their own accounts of their lives and activities, she documents the formation of their organisations, their participation in the struggle for freedom, their role in the colonial economy and the development of the women's movement in India since 1947.
    Note: Literaturangaben , Online-Ausgabe:
    DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521268127
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521268127
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  • 49
    Book
    Book
    Abstract expressionism as cultural critique : dissent during the McCarthy period (1999)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Details
    ISBN: 0521434157
    Language: English
    Pages: xv, 232 p , ill., ports , 26 cm
    Series Statement: Cambridge studies in American visual culture
    DDC: 759.13/09/045
    Keywords: Abstract expressionism ; Dissident art ; Artists Political activity ; United States Politics and government 1945-1953 ; New York, NY ; Abstrakter Expressionismus ; Kulturkritik ; MacCarthyismus ; Geschichte 1945-1953
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Verlagsangaben
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Verlagsangaben
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    World Bank research program 1999 : Abstracts of current studies (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 082134580X , 9780821345801
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (228 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Bank research projects investigate a broad range of issues in wide variety of settings. This volume reports on research projects initiated, under way or completed in fiscal 1999 (July 1, 1998, through June 30, 1999), The abstracts in the volume describe, for each project, the questions addressed, the analytical methods used, the findings to date, and their policy implications. Each abstract also identifies the expected completion date, the research team, and any reports or publications produced. The abstracts cover 202 research projects grouped under nine headings:a) poverty and social welfare; b) education and labor markets; c) environmentally sustainable development; d) macroeconomics; e) international economics; f) domestic finance and capital markets; g) transition economies; and h) private sector development and public sector management
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global development finance 1999 : Country tables (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821343688 , 9780821343685
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (650 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Global Development Finance was formerly published as World Debt Tables. The new name reflects the report's expanded scope and greater coverage of private financial flows. The report consists of two volumes:a) Analysis and Summary Tables contains analysis and commentary on recent developments in international finance for developing countries, with particular focus on the global financial crisis. Summary statistical tables are included for 150 countries. b) Country Tables contains statistical tables on the external debt of the 138 countries that report public and public guaranteed debt under the Debtor Reporting System (DRS). Also included are tables of selected debt and resource flow statistics for individual reporting countries as well as summary tables for regional and income groups. This year's report includes the external debt obligations of the Republic of Korea, a high-income country. Charts on pages xx to xxii summarize graphically the relation between debt stock and its components; the computation of net flows, aggregate net resource flow, and aggregate net transfers; and the relation between net resource flow and the balance of payments. Exact definitions of these and other terms are found in the Sources and Definitions section
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Active Labor Market Policies in the OECD and in Selected Transition Economies (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (88 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lehmann, Hartmut Active Labor Market Policies in the OECD and in Selected Transition Economies
    Keywords: Active Labor ; Active Labor Market ; Active Labor Market Policies ; Active Labor Policies ; Employment Programs ; Finding Work ; Jobs ; Labor Demand ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Policies ; Labor Supply ; Labour ; Labour Market ; Labour Market Policy ; Open Unemployment ; Private Sector ; Public Employment ; Rising Unemployment ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployed Workers ; Workers ; Active Labor ; Active Labor Market ; Active Labor Market Policies ; Active Labor Policies ; Employment Programs ; Finding Work ; Jobs ; Labor Demand ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Policies ; Labor Supply ; Labour ; Labour Market ; Labour Market Policy ; Open Unemployment ; Private Sector ; Public Employment ; Rising Unemployment ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployed Workers ; Workers
    Abstract: August 1995 - Applying mechanically active OECD labor policies in Hungary, Poland, and Russia makes no sense because the economies are so different. Which labor policies are realistic there? Training able workers in scarce, needed skills; easing credit for (and thereby encouraging) the self-employed; giving public jobs to problem workers and the long-term unemployed; and improving consultation services for the unemployed. Transition economies have introduced a range of OECD active labor market policies to combat unemployment - albeit often on paper only, as with rising unemployment passive policies have crowded out active ones. But even in the Czech Republic, active labor market policies have contributed only marginally to reducing unemployment. One task for policymakers in Central and Eastern Europe must be to convey the message that, even under the best circumstances, active labor policies can play only a marginal role in reducing unemployment. OECD labor policies cannot be applied mechanically in Central and Eastern Europe because the situation there is different. Severe and persistent shortages in capital and managerial ability are sure to keep labor demand weak in the medium term, while labor supply will be abundant. As enterprises are restructured and liquidated, the newly unemployed workers cannot be absorbed by the weak private sector and must compete for scarce jobs. Women and older, less educated men have particular trouble finding work. Which active labor policies does Lehmann suggest might be effective? Limited funds for active labor policies might best be spent retraining the most able unemployed workers to develop skills needed in the private sector. Public employment programs might be targeted especially to problem groups of workers and to the long-term unemployed - more for reasons of equity than of efficiency. The point is to have a clear idea whether both aims of efficiency and equity can be pursued and, if efficiency gains are unrealistic, whether equity considerations are politically indispensable. Because nontradable services are underdeveloped, Central and Eastern European countries might eliminate credit rationing that discourages self-employment (the self-employed have trouble getting financing). Improving consulting services for the unemployed in Hungary, Poland, and Russia makes more sense than applying a broad menu of OECD programs. The labor market in the Russian Federation appears to be more dynamic than in Hungary and Poland, but this is probably because of massive labor hoarding in Russian enterprises. Once they start shedding labor in earnest, their employment figures will look more like those in the other Central and Eastern European countries. This paper - a product of the Office of the Vice President, Development Economics - was prepared as a background paper for World Development Report 1995 on labor
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Averting the Old-Age Crisis : Technical Annex (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (156 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Palacios, J. Robert Averting the Old-Age Crisis
    Keywords: Administrative Costs ; Bank ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Income ; Information ; Investment ; Investment Returns ; Labor Force ; Pension ; Pension Fund ; Pension Fund Investment ; Pension Schemes ; Pension Spending ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Public Pension ; Public Pension Schemes ; Rates Of Return ; Retirement ; Revenues ; Security ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage ; Wage Growth ; Administrative Costs ; Bank ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Income ; Information ; Investment ; Investment Returns ; Labor Force ; Pension ; Pension Fund ; Pension Fund Investment ; Pension Schemes ; Pension Spending ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Public Pension ; Public Pension Schemes ; Rates Of Return ; Retirement ; Revenues ; Security ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage ; Wage Growth
    Abstract: February 1996 - Supporting documentation for the World Bank publication Averting the Old Age Crisis: Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growth (1994). Averting the Old Age Crisis: Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growth, the publication for which this technical annex provides supporting documentation, is the third in a series of major World Bank Policy Research Reports. Unlike its predecessors, The East Asian Miracle and Adjustment in Africa, it does not concentrate on a specific region but focuses rather on the general topic of income security for old age. More than two years of research were required to gather data, review the theoretical literature, examine empirical evidence, and write the book that represents the Bank's most important study of the issue to date. This annex explains in detail the data sources, concepts, and definitions used in the book and provides additional information. It describes the demographic data used in the report and discusses data about public and privately managed pension schemes around the world (giving specific sources for individual countries). An attempt has been made to cross-reference the data available on ]STARS] diskettes, which can be downloaded and analyzed in most database or statistical software packages. This paper - a product of the Poverty and Human Resources Division, Policy Research Department - provides supporting documentation for the World Bank publication Averting the Old-Age Crisis: Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growth (1994), available from the World Bank bookstore
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mutual Funds and Institutional Investments : What Is the Most Efficient Way to Set Up Individual Accounts in a Social Security System? (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (65 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: James, Estelle Mutual Funds and Institutional Investments
    Keywords: Administrative Costs ; Bank ; Contribution ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Industry ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Sustainability ; Individual Accounts ; Investment ; Investment Companies ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money ; Money Market ; Mutual Fund ; Mutual Funds ; Populations ; Private Sector Development ; Research Assistance ; Retirement ; Retirement Benefits ; Saving ; Social Security ; Administrative Costs ; Bank ; Contribution ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Industry ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Sustainability ; Individual Accounts ; Investment ; Investment Companies ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money ; Money Market ; Mutual Fund ; Mutual Funds ; Populations ; Private Sector Development ; Research Assistance ; Retirement ; Retirement Benefits ; Saving ; Social Security
    Abstract: April 1999 - Among three options for constructing funded social security pillars, one system - individual accounts invested in the institutional market, with constrained choice among investment companies - appears to offer reduced administrative and marketing costs, significant worker choice, and more insulation from political interference than a single centralized fund or individual investments in the retail market would offer. One of the main criticisms of the defined-contribution, individual-account components of social security systems is that they are too expensive. James, Ferrier, Smalhout, and Vittas investigate the cost-effectiveness of three options for constructing funded social security pillars: ° Individual accounts invested in the retail market with relatively open choice. ° Individual accounts invested in the institutional market with constrained choice among investment companies. ° A centralized fund without individual accounts or differentiated investments across individuals. The authors asked several questions: What is the most cost-effective way to organize a system with mandatory individual accounts? How does the cost of an efficient individual account system compare with that of a single centralized fund? And are the cost differentials great enough to outweigh other important considerations? The authors concentrate on countries with well-functioning financial markets, such as the United States, but make comparative references to developing countries. Based on empirical evidence about U.S. mutual and institutional funds, the authors found that the retail market (option 1) allows individual investors to benefit from scale economies in asset management-but at the cost of the high marketing expenses needed to attract large pools of small investments. By contrast, a centralized fund (option 3) can be much cheaper because it achieves scale economies without high marketing costs. But it gives workers no choice and is subject to political manipulation and misallocation of capital. The system of constrained choice (option 2) is much cheaper than the retail option and only slightly more expensive than a single centralized fund. It allows scale economies in asset management and record-keeping while incurring low marketing costs and allowing significant worker choice. It is also more effectively insulated from political interference than a single centralized fund. The authors estimate that option 2 would cost only 0.14 percent-0.18 percent of assets annually. Such large administrative cost savings imply a Pareto improvement-so long as choice is not constrained too much. This paper-a product of Poverty and Human Resources and Finance, Development Research Group-was prepared for a National Bureau of Economic Research Conference on Social Security held on December 4, 1998. The authors may be contacted at ejames3worldbank.org or dvittas@worldbank.org
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Subjective Economic Welfare (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Subjective Economic Welfare
    Keywords: Bank ; Calculation ; Consumer ; Consumers ; Demand ; Demands ; Economic Theory and Research ; Family Allowances ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inflation ; Information ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money ; Pensioner ; Population Policies ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Rate ; Poverty Reduction ; Property ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Spending ; Unemployment ; Welfare ; Bank ; Calculation ; Consumer ; Consumers ; Demand ; Demands ; Economic Theory and Research ; Family Allowances ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inflation ; Information ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money ; Pensioner ; Population Policies ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Rate ; Poverty Reduction ; Property ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Spending ; Unemployment ; Welfare
    Abstract: April 1999 - As conventionally measured, current household income relative to a poverty line can only partially explain how Russian adults perceive their economic welfare. Other factors include past incomes, individual incomes, household consumption, current unemployment, risk of unemployment, health status, education, and relative income in the area of residence. Paradoxically, when economists analyze a policy's impact on welfare they typically assume that people are the best judges of their own welfare, yet resist directly asking them if they are better off. Early ideas of utility were explicitly subjective, but modern economists generally ignore people's expressed views about their own welfare. Even using a broad set of conventional socioeconomic data may not reflect well people's subjective perceptions of their poverty. Ravallion and Lokshin examine the determinants of subjective economic welfare in Russia, including its relationship to conventional objective indicators. For data on subjective perceptions, they use survey responses in which respondents rate their level of welfare from poor to rich on a nine-point ladder. As an objective indicator of economic welfare, they use the most common poverty indicator in Russia today, in which household incomes are deflated by household-specific poverty lines. They find that Russian adults with higher family income per equivalent adult are less likely to place themselves on the lowest rungs of the subjective ladder and more likely to put themselves on the upper rungs. But current household income does not explain well self-reported assessments of whether someone is poor or rich. Expanding the set of variables to include incomes at different dates, expenditures, educational attainment, health status, employment, and average income in the area of residence doubles explanatory power. Healthier and better educated adults with jobs perceive themselves to be better off, controlling for income. The unemployed view their welfare as lower, even with full income replacement. Individual income matters independent of per capita household income. Relative income also matters. Living in a richer area lowers perceived economic welfare, controlling for income and other factors. This paper-a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to better understand the relationship between objective and subjective economic welfare. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Policies for Poor Areas (RPO 681-39). The authors may be contacted at mravallionworldbank.org or mlokshin@worldbank.org
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  • 56
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    Online Resource
    Can Africa Export Manufactures? : The Role of Endowment, Exchange Rates, and Transaction Costs (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Elbadawi, A. Ibrahim Can Africa Export Manufactures?
    Keywords: Capital Markets ; Comparative Advantage ; Comparative Advantages ; Competitiveness ; Costs ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exports ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Human Capital ; Income Elasticity Of Demand ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Taxation ; Taxes ; Theory ; Trade ; Variables ; Capital Markets ; Comparative Advantage ; Comparative Advantages ; Competitiveness ; Costs ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exports ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Human Capital ; Income Elasticity Of Demand ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Taxation ; Taxes ; Theory ; Trade ; Variables
    Abstract: May 1999 - Africa's poor performance in manufactured exports in the 1990s (relative to East Asia) appears to be largely the result of bad policies-especially policies that affect transaction costs. Elbadawi analyzes the determinants of manufactured exports in Africa and other developing countries, guided by three pivotal views on Sub-Saharan Africa's (Africa's) prospects in manufactured exports: ° Adrian Woods holds that Africa cannot have comparative advantage in exports of labor-intensive manufactures (even if broadly defined to include raw material processing) because its natural resources endowment is greater than its human resources endowment (endowment thesis). ° Paul Collier argues that, for most of Africa, unusually high (policy-induced) transaction costs are the main source of Africa's comparative disadvantage in manufactured exports (transaction thesis). ° A third approach (Elbadawi and Helleiner) emphasizes the importance of stable, competitive real exchange rates for profitability of exports in low-income countries (exchange rate-led strategy). Elbadawi tests the implications of these three views with an empirical model of manufactured export performance (manufactured exports' share of GDP), using a panel of 41 countries for 1980-95. His findings: ° Corroborate the predictions of the transaction thesis, in that transaction costs are major determinants of manufactures exports. Investing in reducing these costs generates the highest payoff for export capacity. ° Lend support for the exchange rate-led strategy. After controlling for other factors, ratios of natural resources per worker were not robustly associated with export performance across countries, but this cannot be taken as formal rejection of the endowment thesis - unless one is prepared to assume that manufactured exports' share of GDP was highly correlated with ratios of manufactured to aggregate (or primary) exports. But this is not unlikely. This paper-a product of Public Economics, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to research manufactures exports' competitiveness. The author may be contacted at ielbadawiworldbank.org
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  • 57
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    Decentralization and Fiscal Management in Colombia (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (49 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Webb, B. Steven Decentralization and Fiscal Management in Colombia
    Keywords: Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Decentralization ; Decentralization Process ; Deconcentration ; Deficits ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Decentralization ; Fiscal Deficits ; Interest ; Intergovernmental Relations ; Laws ; Local Governments ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Municipal Financial Management ; Municipalities ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Revenue ; Risk ; Subnational Governments ; Transfers ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Value ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Decentralization ; Decentralization Process ; Deconcentration ; Deficits ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Decentralization ; Fiscal Deficits ; Interest ; Intergovernmental Relations ; Laws ; Local Governments ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Municipal Financial Management ; Municipalities ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Revenue ; Risk ; Subnational Governments ; Transfers ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Value
    Abstract: May 1999 - Institutional arrangements have helped Colombia manage the fiscal aspects of decentralization, despite the country's political problems. Colombia's political geography contrasts sharply with its economy. Physical characteristics and guerilla war fragment the country geographically, yet it has a long tradition of political centrism and macroeconomic stability. Recently, with political and economic decentralization, there has been some weakening of macroeconomic performance. Dillinger and Webb explore institutional arrangements that have helped Colombia manage the fiscal aspects of decentralization, despite the country's political problems. Fiscal decentralization proceeded rapidly in Colombia. Education, health, and much infrastructure provision have been decentralized to the departmentos and municipios. Decentralization has led to substantial but not overwhelming problems, both in maintaining fiscal balance nationally (as resources are transferred to subnational levels) and in preventing unsustainable deficits by the subnational governments. The problems have arisen because central government interference prevents departments from controlling their costs and because of expectations of debt bailouts. Both are legacies of the earlier pattern of management from the center, and some recent changes-especially about subnational debt-may improve matters. Colombia's traditional political process has had difficulty dealing with problems of decentralization because traditional parties are weak in internal organization and have lost de facto rule over substantial territories. The fiscal problems of subnational government have been contained, however, because subnational governments are relatively weak politically and the central government, for the time being, has been able to enforce restrictions on subnational borrowing. This paper-a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Latin America and Caribbean Region-is part of a larger effort in the region to examine the macroeconomic consequences of decentralization. The authors may be contacted at wdillingerworldbank.org or swebb@worldbank.org
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  • 58
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    Deep Integration, Nondiscrimination, and Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Deep Integration, Nondiscrimination, and Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade
    Keywords: Bilateral Free Trade Agreement ; Competition Laws ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Customs Clearance ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Regulatory Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Suppliers ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Market Access Costs ; Market Segmentation ; Market Segmenting ; Market Segmenting Effect ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade Agreements ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Integration ; Regionalism ; Regulatory Barriers ; Regulatory Stance ; Safety Regulations ; Tariff ; Tariff Barriers ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Bilateral Free Trade Agreement ; Competition Laws ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Customs Clearance ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Regulatory Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Suppliers ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Market Access Costs ; Market Segmentation ; Market Segmenting ; Market Segmenting Effect ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade Agreements ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Integration ; Regionalism ; Regulatory Barriers ; Regulatory Stance ; Safety Regulations ; Tariff ; Tariff Barriers ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: May 1999 - Preferential trade agreements that are limited to the elimination of tariffs for merchandise trade flows are of limited value at best and may be as easily welfare-reducing as welfare-enhancing. It is important that preferential trade agreements go beyond eliminating tariffs and quotas to eliminating regulatory and red tape costs and opening up service markets to foreign competition. Deep integration-explicit government actions to reduce the market-segmenting effect of domestic regulatory policies through coordination and cooperation-is becoming a major dimension of some regional integration agreements, led by the European Union. Health and safety regulations, competition laws, licensing and certification regimes, and administrative procedures such as customs clearance can affect trade (in ways analogous to nontariff barriers) even though their underlying intent may not be to discriminate against foreign suppliers of goods and services. Whether preferential trade agreements (PTAs) can be justified in a multilateral trading system depends on the extent to which formal intergovernmental agreements are technically necessary to achieve the deep integration needed to make markets more contestable. The more need for formal cooperation, the stronger the case for regional integration. Whether PTAs are justified regionally also depends on whether efforts to reduce market segmentation are applied on a nondiscriminatory basis. If innovations to reduce transaction or market access costs extend to both members and nonmembers of a PTA, regionalism as an instrument of trade and investment becomes more attractive. Using a standard competitive general equilibrium model of the Egyptian economy, Hoekman and Konan find that the static welfare impact of a deep free trade agreement is far greater than the impact that can be expected from a classic shallow agreement. Under some scenarios, welfare may increase by more than 10 percent of GDP, compared with close to zero under a shallow agreement. Given Egypt's highly diversified trading patterns, a shallow PTA with the European Union could be merely diversionary, leading to a small decline in welfare. Egypt already has duty-free access to the European Union for manufactures, so the loss in tariff revenues incurred would outweigh any new trade created. Large gains in welfare from the PTA are conditional on eliminating regulatory barriers and red tape-in which case welfare gains may be substantial: 4 to 20 percent growth in real GNP. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze regional integration agreements. The authors may be contacted at bhoekmanworldbank.org or konan@hawaii.edu
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  • 59
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    Interlinkage, limited liability, and strategic interaction (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Basu, Kaushik Interlinkage, Limited Liability, and Strategic Interaction
    Keywords: Amount Of Cred Borrower ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Contractual Obligations ; Credit Contract ; Debt Markets ; Default ; Discount ; Discount Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Instrument ; Instruments ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Limited Liability ; Loan ; Loan Contracts ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Moneylender ; Moral Hazard ; Option ; Risk Aversion ; Risk Neutral ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unlimited Liability ; Amount Of Cred Borrower ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Contractual Obligations ; Credit Contract ; Debt Markets ; Default ; Discount ; Discount Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Instrument ; Instruments ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Limited Liability ; Loan ; Loan Contracts ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Moneylender ; Moral Hazard ; Option ; Risk Aversion ; Risk Neutral ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unlimited Liability
    Abstract: June 1999 - When will a landlord prefer to supply both land and credit to a tenant rather than allow the lender to borrow from a separate moneylender? The paper shows that if tenancy contracts are obtained prior to contracting with the moneylender, and the tenant has limited liability, interlinked deals will predominate over the alternative situation where the landlord and the moneylender act as noncooperative principals. Basu, Bell, and Bose analyze the example of a landlord, a moneylender, and a tenant (the landlord having access to finance on the same terms as the moneylender). It is natural to assume that the landlord has first claim on the tenant's output (as a rule, if they live in the same village, he may have some say in when the crop is harvested). The moneylender is more of an outsider, not well placed to exercise such a claim. A landless, assetless tenant will typically not get a loan unless he has a tenancy. Without interlinkage, the landlord is likely to move first. In the noncooperative sequential game where the landlord is the first mover and also enjoys seniority of claims if the tenant defaults, interlinkage is superior, even if contracts are nonlinear - a result unchanged with the incorporation of moral hazard. The main result is that if a passive principal - one whose decisions are limited to exercising his property rights to determine his share of returns - is the first mover, allocative efficiency is impaired unless his equilibrium payoffs are uniform across states of nature. The limited liability of the tenant creates the strict superiority of interlinkage by making uniform rents nonoptimal when, with noncollusive principals, the landlord (the passive principal) is the first mover. A change in seniority of claims from the first to the second mover (the moneylender) further strengthens this result. But uniform payoffs for the first mover are not essential for allocative efficiency if he is the only principal with a continuously variable instrument of control. So, the main result is sensitive to changes in the order of play but not to changes in the priority of claims. This paper - a product of the Office of the Senior Vice President and Chief Economist, Development Economics - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to understand the institutional structure of rural markets and its welfare implications. The authors may be contacted at kbasuworldbank.org, clive.bell@urz.uni-heidelberg.de, or psbose@cc.memphis.edu
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2134
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  • 60
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    Assessing the Impact of Micro-credit on Poverty and Vulnerability in Bangladesh (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zaman, Hassan Assessing the Impact of Micro-credit on Poverty and Vulnerability in Bangladesh
    Keywords: Access To Cred Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrowers ; Borrowing ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Cred Household Expenditure ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Illiteracy ; Income ; Income Sources ; Investing ; Knowledge ; Loan ; Loan Period ; Loans ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Risk Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Senior ; Student ; Supply ; Welfare ; Access To Cred Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrowers ; Borrowing ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Cred Household Expenditure ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Illiteracy ; Income ; Income Sources ; Investing ; Knowledge ; Loan ; Loan Period ; Loans ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Risk Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Senior ; Student ; Supply ; Welfare
    Abstract: July 1999 - While micro-credit interventions can play an important role in reducing vulnerability through a number of channels, a significant impact on poverty reduction is achieved under more restrictive conditions. These conditions revolve around whether the borrower has crossed a cumulative loan threshold and on how poor the household is to start with. Zaman examines the extent to which micro-credit reduces poverty and vulnerability through a case study of BRAC, one of the largest providers of micro-credit to the poor in Bangladesh. Household consumption data collected from 1,072 households is used to show that the largest effect on poverty arises when a moderate-poor BRAC loanee borrows more that 10,000 taka (US
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  • 61
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    Comparing the Performance of Public and Private Water Companies in the Asia and Pacific Region : What a Stochastic Costs Frontier Shows (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Comparing the Performance of Public and Private Water Companies in the Asia and Pacific Region
    Keywords: E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Ground Water ; Industry ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Litres Per Day ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Number Of Connections ; Operational Costs ; Operational Expenses ; Performance Indicators ; Private Operators ; Private Sector Development ; Private Water Companies ; Public Utilities ; Raw Water ; Social Protections and Labor ; Surface Sources ; Surface Water ; Town ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Utilities ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Distribution ; Water Production ; Water Resources ; Water Sector ; Water Services ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water and Industry ; Wells ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Ground Water ; Industry ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Litres Per Day ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Number Of Connections ; Operational Costs ; Operational Expenses ; Performance Indicators ; Private Operators ; Private Sector Development ; Private Water Companies ; Public Utilities ; Raw Water ; Social Protections and Labor ; Surface Sources ; Surface Water ; Town ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Utilities ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Distribution ; Water Production ; Water Resources ; Water Sector ; Water Services ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water and Industry ; Wells
    Abstract: July 1999 - Efficiency indicators can be useful to regulators assessing the efficiency of an operation and the wedge between tariff and minimum costs. They allow regulators to control for factors over which the operators have no control (such as diversity of water sources, or water quality or user characteristics). Estache and Rossi estimate a stochastic costs frontier for a sample of Asian and Pacific water companies, comparing the performance of public and privatized companies based on detailed firm-specific information published by the Asian Development Bank in 1997. They find private operators of water companies to be more efficient than public operators. Costs in concessioned companies tend to be significantly lower than those in public companies. Estache and Rossi compare the ranking of these companies by efficiency performance (obtained from econometric estimates) with rankings by more standard qualitative and productivity indicators typically used to assess performance. They show that rankings based on standard indicators are not always very consistent. Productivity indicators recognize simple input-output relations, such as the number of workers per client or connection. Frontiers recognize the more complex nature of interactions between inputs and outputs. Cost frontiers show the costs as a function of the level of output (or outputs) and the prices of inputs, and are generally more useful to regulators assessing the wedge between tariff and minimum costs. Production frontiers reveal technical relations between firms' inputs and outputs and provide a useful backup when cost frontiers are difficult to assess for lack of data. This paper - a product of Governance, Regulation and Finance, World Bank Institute - is part of a larger effort in the institute to increase understanding of infrastructure regulation. Antonio Estache may be contacted at aestacheworldbank.org
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  • 62
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    Will the Real Natural Trading Partner Please Stand Up? (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schiff, Maurice Will the Real Natural Trading Partner Please Stand Up?
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Customs Unions ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; External Trade ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; Free Trade Areas ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Perfect Competition ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade Agreement ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Integration ; Regional Trade ; Tariff ; Tariff Revenues ; Trade ; Trade Creation ; Trade Diversion ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Transport Costs ; Volume Of Trade ; World Trade ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Customs Unions ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; External Trade ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; Free Trade Areas ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Perfect Competition ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade Agreement ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Integration ; Regional Trade ; Tariff ; Tariff Revenues ; Trade ; Trade Creation ; Trade Diversion ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Transport Costs ; Volume Of Trade ; World Trade
    Abstract: August 1999 - Adherents of the natural trading partner hypothesis argue that preferential trade agreements are more likely to improve welfare if participating countries already trade disproportionately with each other. Opponents argue the opposite. Neither side is right. The hypothesis holds up only if two countries are natural trading partners in the sense that one country tends to import what the other exports. Adherents of the natural trading partner hypothesis argue that preferential trade agreements (PTAs) are more likely to improve welfare if participating countries already trade disproportionately with each other. Opponents of the hypothesis claim that the opposite is true: welfare gains are likely to be greater if participating countries trade less with each other. Schiff shows that neither analysis is correct. The natural trading partner hypothesis can be rescued if it is redefined in terms of complementarity or substitutability in the trade relations of countries, rather than in terms of their volume of trade. Schiff asks not whether a country should form or join a trading bloc but which partner or partners it should select if it does join such a bloc. He shows that the pre-PTA volume of trade is not a useful criterion for selecting a partner. The pre-PTA volume is equal to zero if the partner is an importer of the good sold to the home country and it is indeterminate if the partner is an exporter of that good. Among Schiff's conclusions: ° The home country is better off with a large partner country. First, a large partner is more likely to satisfy the home country's import demand at the world price. Second, the home country is likely to gain more on its exports to a large partner country, because that partner is likely to continue importing from the world market after formation of the trading bloc. And since the partner charges a tariff on imports from the world market, the home country is more likely to improve its terms of trade by selling to the partner at the higher tariff-inclusive price if the partner is large. ° The PTA as a whole is likely to be better off if each country imports what the other exports (rather than each country importing what the other imports). Losses are similar but less likely, while gains are both more likely and the same or larger. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the economics of regional integration. The author may be contacted at mschiffworldbank.org
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  • 63
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    Social Capital and the State : Complementarity and Substitution (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (60 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Narayan, Deepa Social Capital and the State
    Keywords: Civil Society ; Civil Society Organizations ; Community ; Community Development and Empowerment ; Corruption ; Disability ; Economic Development ; Education ; Education and Society ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Full Participation ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Income ; Indicators ; Institutions ; National Governance ; Participation ; Policy Implications ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Service ; Service Delivery ; Social Activities ; Social Capital ; Social Cohesion ; Social Development ; Social Development ; Social Groups ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Social Justice ; Social Protections and Labor ; Civil Society ; Civil Society Organizations ; Community ; Community Development and Empowerment ; Corruption ; Disability ; Economic Development ; Education ; Education and Society ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Full Participation ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Income ; Indicators ; Institutions ; National Governance ; Participation ; Policy Implications ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Service ; Service Delivery ; Social Activities ; Social Capital ; Social Cohesion ; Social Development ; Social Development ; Social Groups ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Social Justice ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: August 1999 - Whatever their nature, interventions to reduce poverty should be designed not only to have an immediate impact on poverty, but also to foster a rich network of cross-cutting ties within society and between society's formal and informal institutions. Using the lens of social capital - especially bridging or cross-cutting ties that cut across social groups and between social groups and government - provides new insights into policy design. Solidarity within social groups creates ties (bonding social capital) that bring people and resources together. In unequal societies, ties that cut across groups (bridging social capital) are essential for social cohesion and for poverty reduction. The nature of interaction between state and society is characterized as complementarity and substitution. When states are functional, the informal and formal work well together - for example, government support for community-based development. When states become dysfunctional, the informal institutions become a substitute and are reduced to serving a defensive or survival function. To move toward economic and social well-being, states must support inclusive development. Investments in the organizational capacity of the poor are critical. Interventions are also required to foster bridging ties across social groups - ethnic, religious, caste, or racial groups. Such interventions can stem from the state, private sector, or civil society and include: ° Changes in rules to include groups previously excluded from formal systems of finance, education, and governance, at all levels. ° Political pluralism and citizenship rights. ° Fairness before the law for all social groups. ° Availability of public spaces that bring social groups together. ° Infrastructure that eases communication. ° Education, media, and public information policies that reinforce norms and values of tolerance and diversity. This paper - a product of the Poverty Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network - is part of a larger effort in the network to understand the role of social capital. The author may be contacted at dnarayanworldbank.org
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  • 64
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    Seeking Votes : The Political Economy of Expenditures by the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES), 1991-95 (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schady, Norbert Seeking Votes
    Keywords: Allocation ; Business Cycles ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Data On Expenditures ; Data Requirements ; Debt Markets ; Discretionary Funds ; Distribution Of Expenditures ; E-Government ; Econometric Techniques ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Outcomes ; Parliamentary Government ; Politicians ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Expenditure ; Public Expenditures ; Public Sector Development ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Social Expenditures ; Social Funds ; Social Policy ; Social Programs ; Social Services ; Stated Objectives ; Structural Adjustment ; Allocation ; Business Cycles ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Data On Expenditures ; Data Requirements ; Debt Markets ; Discretionary Funds ; Distribution Of Expenditures ; E-Government ; Econometric Techniques ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Outcomes ; Parliamentary Government ; Politicians ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Expenditure ; Public Expenditures ; Public Sector Development ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Social Expenditures ; Social Funds ; Social Policy ; Social Programs ; Social Services ; Stated Objectives ; Structural Adjustment
    Abstract: A revised version was published as The Political Economy of Expenditures by the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES), 1991-95. American Political Science Review 94 (2, June): 289-304, 2000. - As the literature on political influences on the allocation of discretionary funds predicts, spending by the Peruvian Social Fund, FONCODES, increased significantly before elections. FONCODES projects were also directed at provinces where the marginal political impact of expenditures was likely to be greatest. President Alberto Fujimori created the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES) in 1991 with the stated objectives of generating employment, helping to alleviate poverty, and improving access to social services. Schady uses province-level data on monthly expenditures, socioeconomic indicators, and electoral outcomes to analyze political influences on the timing and geographic distribution of FONCODES expenditures between 1991 and 1995. He finds that: ° FONCODES expenditures increased significantly before elections. ° FONCODES projects were directed at poor provinces, as well as provinces in which the marginal political impact of expenditures was likely to be greatest. The results are robust to many specifications and controls. The Peruvian data thus support predictions made in the literature on political business cycles as well as the literature on political influences on the allocation of discretionary funds. This paper - a product of the Poverty Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network - is part of a larger effort in the network to understand the functioning and impact of social funds
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    Ethnic Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War : An Empirical Critique of the Theoretical Literature (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Sambanis, Nicholas Ethnic Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War
    Keywords: Agreement ; Alliances ; Atrocities ; Children and Youth ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Constraints ; Economy ; Genocide ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Rights ; International Affairs ; International Community ; Negotiated Settlement ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Polarization ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Rebels ; Reconciliation ; Reconstruction ; Urban Development ; Violence ; Violent Conflict ; War ; Agreement ; Alliances ; Atrocities ; Children and Youth ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Constraints ; Economy ; Genocide ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Rights ; International Affairs ; International Community ; Negotiated Settlement ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Polarization ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Rebels ; Reconciliation ; Reconstruction ; Urban Development ; Violence ; Violent Conflict ; War
    Abstract: October 1999 - Partition theorists argue that when violent ethnic conflict is intense, civil politics cannot be restored unless ethnic groups are demographically separated into defensible enclaves. The empirical evidence suggests otherwise. Some theorists of ethnic conflict argue that the physical separation of warring ethnic groups may be the only possible solution to civil war. Without territorial partition and (if needed) forced population movements, they argue, ethnic war cannot end and genocide is likely. Other scholars have counterargued that partition only replaces internal war with international war, creates undemocratic successor states, and generates tremendous human suffering. So far this debate has been informed by few important case studies. Sambanis uses a new set of data on civil wars to identify the main determinants of ethnic partitions and to estimate their impact on the probability of war's recurrence, on low-grade ethnic violence, and on the political institutions of successor states. Sambanis's analysis is the first large-sample quantitative analysis of the subject, testing the propositions of partition theory and weighing heavily on the side of its critics. He shows that almost all the assertions of partition theorists fail to pass rigorous empirical tests. He finds that, on average, partition does not significantly reduce the probability of new violence. A better strategy might be to combine ethnic groups, but most important is to establish credible and equitable systems of governance. It is also important not to load the strategy with subjective premises about the necessity of ethnically pure states and about the futility of interethnic cooperation. This paper - a product of Public Economics, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the economics of civil wars. The author may be contacted at nsambanisworldbank.org〉
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    Competition Policy, Developing Countries, and the World Trade Organization (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Competition Policy, Developing Countries, and the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Barriers ; Competition ; Competition Policies ; Competition Policy ; Developing Countries ; Developing Country ; Domestic Competition ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Export Markets ; Foreign Competition ; Free Trade ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Interest ; Interests ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Investment Policies ; Jurisdictions ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopoly ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Traditional Market ; World Trade ; Access to Markets ; Barriers ; Competition ; Competition Policies ; Competition Policy ; Developing Countries ; Developing Country ; Domestic Competition ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Export Markets ; Foreign Competition ; Free Trade ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Interest ; Interests ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Investment Policies ; Jurisdictions ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopoly ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Traditional Market ; World Trade
    Abstract: October 1999 - Developing countries have a great interest in pursuing active domestic competition policy but should do so independent of the World Trade Organization - which they should use to improve market access through further reduction in direct barriers to trade in goods and services. Hoekman and Holmes discuss developing country interests in including competition law disciplines in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Developing countries have a great interest in pursuing active domestic competition policy, they conclude, but should do so independent of the WTO. Given the mercantilist basis of multilateral trade negotiations, the WTO is less likely to be a powerful instrument for encouraging adoption of welfare-enhancing competition rules than it is to be a forum for abolishing cross-border measures. Developing countries should therefore give priority to using the WTO to improve market access - to further reduce direct barriers to trade in goods and services. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze issues that may be the subject of WTO negotiations. The authors may be contacted at bhoekmanworldbank.org or p.holmes@sussex.ac.uk
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    Trade Policy and Market Access Issues for Developing Countries : Implications for the Millennium Round (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (92 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Michalopoulos, Constantine Trade Policy and Market Access Issues for Developing Countries
    Keywords: Agricultural Trade ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Subsidies ; Export Subsidy ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Imports ; International Economics & Trade ; International Market ; International Trade ; International Trading ; International Trading System ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade Negotiations ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Tariff ; Tariffs ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Trade Remedies ; World Trade ; Agricultural Trade ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Subsidies ; Export Subsidy ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Imports ; International Economics & Trade ; International Market ; International Trade ; International Trading ; International Trading System ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade Negotiations ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Tariff ; Tariffs ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Trade Remedies ; World Trade
    Abstract: October 1999 - An analysis of developing countries' current trade policies and market access problems is used as a basis for recommending positions for these countries in the new round of multilateral negotiations under the World Trade Organization. Michalopoulos analyzes 61 trade policy reviews prepared for the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor, GATT - reviews that document the progress developing countries have made in integration with the world trading system over the past decade. Based on an analysis of post-Uruguay Round tariff and nontariff barriers worldwide, he then recommends developing country positions on major issues in the new round of WTO trade negotiations. His key conclusions and recommendations: · Agriculture. Developing countries should support the Cairns Group in its push for greater liberalization of industrial countries' agricultural trade policies; the revised Food Aid Convention is not a substitute for but a complement to worldwide liberalization of agriculture. · Manufactures. The existence of tariff peaks and escalation in industrial country markets and the limited bindings at relatively high levels of developing country tariffs on manufactures present opportunities for negotiations with good prospects for shared and balanced benefits. The remaining nontariff barriers in industrial countries that affect manufactures are concentrated in textiles and clothing. Developing countries should ensure that industrial countries implement their commitments to liberalize this sector and impose no new nontariff barriers in this or other sectors under the guise of other rules or arrangements. The remaining nontariff barriers in developing countries should be converted into tariffs and reduced over time as part of the negotiations. · Antidumping. The increased use of antidumping measures by high- and middle-income developing countries in recent periods offers an opportunity for balanced negotiations to restrict their use. Reduced use of antidumping measures would increase efficiency and benefit consumers in all countries. But it is unclear whether a supportive climate for such negotiations exists in either industrial or developing countries. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to identify opportunities for developing countries in the WTO 2000 negotiations. The author may be contacted at cmichalopoulosworldbank.org
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    Border, Border, Wide and Far, How We Wonder What You Are (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wei, Shang-Jin Border, Border, Wide and Far, How We Wonder What You Are
    Keywords: Arbitrage ; Barriers ; Commodity ; Consumer Price Index ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Movements ; Exchange Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Insurance ; International Market ; International Markets ; International Trade ; Legal Systems ; Local Currencies ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Power Parity ; Price ; Price Volatility ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Purchasing Power ; Trade ; Arbitrage ; Barriers ; Commodity ; Consumer Price Index ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Movements ; Exchange Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Insurance ; International Market ; International Markets ; International Trade ; Legal Systems ; Local Currencies ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Power Parity ; Price ; Price Volatility ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Purchasing Power ; Trade
    Abstract: November 1999 - Crossing national borders adds significantly to price dispersion. This study of prices in Japan and the United States finds that a substantial part of that border effect is attributable to distance, shipping costs, exchange rates, and relative variability in wages. Parsley and Wei exploit three-dimensional panel data on prices for 27 traded goods, over 88 quarters, across 96 cities in Japan and the United States, to answer several questions: · Does the average exchange rate between countries stray further from zero than that between cities within a country? · Is there any tendency for the average exchange rate to move closer to zero over time? · Does the border narrow over time? · Is there evidence linking changes in the so-called border effect - the extra dispersion in prices between cities in different countries beyond what physical distance could explain - with plausible economic explanations, such as exchange rate variability? The authors present evidence that the intranational real exchange rates are substantially less volatile than the comparable distribution of international relative prices. They also show that an equally weighted average of commodity-level real exchange rates tracks the nominal exchange rate well, suggesting strong evidence of sticky prices. Next they turn to economic explanations for the dynamics of the border effect. Focusing on the dispersion of prices between city pairs, they confirm previous findings that crossing national borders adds significantly to price dispersion. Based on their point estimates, crossing the U.S.-Japan border is equivalent to adding between 2.5 and 13 million miles to the cross-country volatility of relative prices. They infer that distance, exchange rates, shipping costs, and relative variability in wages influence the border effect. After those variables are controlled for, the border effect disappears. This paper - a product of Public Economics, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand international capital flows. The authors may be contacted at david.parsleyowen.vanderbilt.edu or swei@worldbank.org
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    Who Avoids and Who Escapes from Poverty during the Transition? : Evidence from Polish Panel Data, 1993 96 (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (60 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Okrasa, Wlodzimierz Who Avoids and Who Escapes from Poverty during the Transition?
    Keywords: Chronic Poverty ; Employment Income ; Farm Self-Employment ; Food Consumption ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Budget ; Household Income ; Household Welfare ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; Idiosyncratic Shocks ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Measures ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Unemployment ; Chronic Poverty ; Employment Income ; Farm Self-Employment ; Food Consumption ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Budget ; Household Income ; Household Welfare ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; Idiosyncratic Shocks ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Measures ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Unemployment
    Abstract: November 1999 - There is a tendency toward chronic, long-term poverty in Poland. Most at risk: larger households, farm households, and households dependent on social welfare. Least at risk: households of employees or the self-employed, educated households, households headed by pensioners, households that are part of kinship networks, and households with liquid assets, durables, or access to financial resources. Among those who missed out on the benefits of the first phase of economic prosperity, children are overrepresented. Okrasa uses four-year panel data from Poland's Household Budget Survey to explore the distinction between transitory and long-term poverty, a crucial distinction in designing and evaluating poverty reduction strategies. Okrasa analyzes household welfare trajectories during the period 1993-96, to identify the long-term poor and to determine how relevant household asset endowments are as determinants of household poverty and vulnerability over time. He concludes that the chronically poor constitute a distinct and separate segment of the population, with low turnover. Among specific observations about factors that affect Poland's long-term poverty: · Variables in human capital significantly affected the pattern of repeated poverty and vulnerability. Larger households tended to experience poverty and vulnerability, mostly because they contained more children or other dependents. Households with elderly members and those headed by older people, by women rather than men, and by educated people of either gender were least likely to be poor. Poverty was unaffected by the presence of a disabled person in the household. · Households with liquid assets or durables, or with access to financial resources, were less likely to be poor and vulnerable. Households appeared to take advantage of credit and loans to maintain their current level of consumption rather than to augment their stock of assets. · Households that were part of kinship networks were less at risk of falling into chronic poverty or vulnerability. · Households headed by pensioners were least in danger of impoverishment. Those most in danger were farm households (including mixed households headed by workers with an agricultural holding) and households heavily dependent on social welfare. · Households of employees were better off than self-employed households when income-based measures of poverty were used but not when consumption-based measures were used. Neither group was significantly vulnerable. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the dynamics of poverty and the effectiveness of the safety net. The author may be contacted at wokrasaworldbank.org
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    Labor Market Integration in the Presence of Social Capital (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schiff, Maurice Labor Market Integration in the Presence of Social Capital
    Keywords: Bonds ; Capital ; Cred Economic Performance ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Negative Externalities ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Production Function ; Production Functions ; Public Good ; Social Capital ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Barriers ; Transactions Costs ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Unemployment ; Utility ; Utility Function ; Voters ; Welfare ; Bonds ; Capital ; Cred Economic Performance ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Negative Externalities ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Production Function ; Production Functions ; Public Good ; Social Capital ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Barriers ; Transactions Costs ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Unemployment ; Utility ; Utility Function ; Voters ; Welfare
    Abstract: November 1999 - Social capital raises productivity and falls with labor mobility. Because labor mobility generates a negative externality, integration of labor markets results in too much mobility, too low a level of social capital, and an ambiguous effect on welfare. Trade liberalization is superior to labor market integration because it reduces mobility and the negative externality associated with it. Labor market integration is typically assumed to improve welfare in the absence of distortions, because it allows labor to move to where returns are highest. Schiff examines this result in a simple general equilibrium model in the presence of a common property resource: social capital. Drawing on evidence that social capital raises productivity and falls with labor mobility, Schiff's main findings are that: · Labor market integration imposes a negative externality and need not raise welfare. · The welfare impact is more beneficial (or less harmful) the greater the difference in endowments is between the integrating regions. · Whether positive or negative, the welfare impact is larger the more similar the levels of social capital of the integrating regions are and the lower the migration costs are. · Trade liberalization generates an additional benefit-over and above the standard gains from trade - by reducing labor mobility and the negative externality associated with it. Trade liberalization is superior to labor market integration. · The creation of new private or public institutions in response to labor market integration may reduce welfare. Schiff shows that the welfare implications depend on two parameters of the model, the curvature of the utility function and the cost of private migration. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the link between market performance and welfare. The author may be contacted at mschiffworldbank.org
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    The Sri Lankan Unemployment Problem Revisited (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Rama, Martin The Sri Lankan Unemployment Problem Revisited
    Keywords: Educational Attainment ; Export Processing Zones ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rate ; Job ; Job Security ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Participants ; Labor Market Policies ; Labor Markets ; Labor Study ; Management ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Activities ; Public Sector Jobs ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment Problem ; Unemployment Rates ; Educational Attainment ; Export Processing Zones ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rate ; Job ; Job Security ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Participants ; Labor Market Policies ; Labor Markets ; Labor Study ; Management ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Activities ; Public Sector Jobs ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment Problem ; Unemployment Rates
    Abstract: November 1999 - Unemployment in Sri Lanka is largely voluntary. The underlying problem is not a shortage of jobs but the artificial gap between good jobs and bad ones. Policy efforts should be aimed at reducing the gap between good and bad jobs by making product markets more competitive, reducing excessive job security, and reforming government policies on pay and employment. Sri Lanka's high unemployment rate has been attributed to a mismatch of skills, to queuing for public sector jobs, and to stringent job security regulations. But the empirical evidence supporting these explanations is weak. Rama takes a fresh look at the country's unemployment problem, using individual records from the 1995 Labor Force Survey and time series for wages in the economy's formal and informal sectors. He assesses, and rejects, the skills mismatch hypothesis by comparing the impact of educational attainment on the actual wages of those who have a job with the effect on the lowest acceptable wages of the unemployed. However, he finds substantial rents associated with jobs in the public sector and in private sector activities protected by high tariffs or covered by job security regulations. A time-series analysis of the impact of unemployment on wage increases across sectors supports the hypothesis that most of the unemployed are waiting for good job openings but are not interested in readily available bad jobs. In short, unemployment in Sri Lanka is largely voluntary. The problem is not a shortage of jobs but the artificial gap between good and bad jobs. Policy efforts should be aimed at reducing the gap between good and bad jobs by making product markets more competitive, by reducing excessive job security, and by reforming government policies on pay and employment. This paper was written as part of a broader labor study undertaken by the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, South Asia Region. The study was also supported by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project The Impact of Labor Market Policies and Institutions on Economic Performance (RPO 680-96). The author may be contacted at mramaworldbank.org
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    Do School Facilities Matter? : The Case of the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES) (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schady, Norbert Do School Facilities Matter?
    Keywords: Access To Schooling ; Attendance Rate ; Attendance Rates ; Classrooms ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Infrastructure ; Educational Inputs ; Educational Outcomes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Illiteracy ; Investments In Education ; Population Policies ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Public School ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sanitation ; School ; School Attendance ; School Breakfast ; School Facilities ; School Level ; Schoolchildren ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Textbooks ; Values ; Access To Schooling ; Attendance Rate ; Attendance Rates ; Classrooms ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Infrastructure ; Educational Inputs ; Educational Outcomes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Illiteracy ; Investments In Education ; Population Policies ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Public School ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sanitation ; School ; School Attendance ; School Breakfast ; School Facilities ; School Level ; Schoolchildren ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Textbooks ; Values
    Abstract: A revised version was published as The Allocation and Impact of Social Funds: Spending on School Infrastructure in Peru (with Christina Paxson). World Bank Economic Review 16 (2): 297-319, 2002. - Education projects of the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES) have reached poor districts and, to the extent they live in those districts, poor households. FONCODES has had a positive effect on school attendance rates for young children, but not on the likelihood that children will be at an appropriate school level for their age. Since its creation in 1991, the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES) has spent about US
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    User's Guide to an Early Warning System for Macroeconomic Vulnerability in Latin American Countries (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (22 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Herrera, Santiago User's Guide to an Early Warning System for Macroeconomic Vulnerability in Latin American Countries
    Keywords: Arts and Music ; Banking Crises ; Credit Growth ; Culture & Development ; Currency ; Currency Crises ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Cred Exchange ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Educational Technology and Distance Learning ; Exchange Rate ; Federal Reserve ; Federal Reserve System ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Literacy ; Geographical Information Systems ; Good ; Inflation ; Inflation Rate ; Information Security and Privacy ; Instrument ; Interest ; Interest Rates ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Markets and Market Access ; Options ; Real Exchange Rate ; Reserves ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Arts and Music ; Banking Crises ; Credit Growth ; Culture & Development ; Currency ; Currency Crises ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Cred Exchange ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Educational Technology and Distance Learning ; Exchange Rate ; Federal Reserve ; Federal Reserve System ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Literacy ; Geographical Information Systems ; Good ; Inflation ; Inflation Rate ; Information Security and Privacy ; Instrument ; Interest ; Interest Rates ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Markets and Market Access ; Options ; Real Exchange Rate ; Reserves ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences
    Abstract: Models for an early warning system do a good job predicting vulnerability to macroeconomic crises in several Latin American countries. - Herrera and Garcia develop an early warning system for macroeconomic vulnerability for several Latin American countries, drawing on the work of Kaminsky, Lizondo, and Reinhart (1997) and Kaminsky (1988). They build a composite leading indicator that signals macroeconomic vulnerability, showing that, historically, crises tend to happen in certain vulnerable situations. Interested mainly in providing an operational tool, Herrera and Garcia use a different approach to the problem than Kaminsky did. First, they use fewer variables to generate the signals. Then, after the variables are aggregated, a signal is issued, depending on the behavior of the composite index. (Kaminsky's procedure was to generate signals with each variable and then aggregate them.) Their results are satisfactory both statistically and operationally. Statistically, Type I and Type II errors are smaller than those reported in previous papers. Operationally, this system of leading indicators is less costly to maintain, given fewer variables - which are widely available and reported with timeliness. Herrera and Garcia tested the models' out-of-sample predictive ability on crises that occurred after the first stage of their project was finished: Colombia (September 1998), Brazil (January 1999), and Ecuador (February 1999). In all cases the models correctly anticipated the speculative attacks. Moreover, Mexico's models, estimated with information available two years before the 1994 crisis, show that these signaling devices would have been useful for signaling the macroeconomic vulnerability before December 1994. This paper - a product of the Economic Policy Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to build tools that policymakers can use to prevent crises. The authors may be contacted at cgarciacoradoworldbank.org or sherrera@worldbank.org
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    Reforming Tax Systems : The World Bank Record in the 1990s (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Barbone, Luca Reforming Tax Systems
    Keywords: Accountability ; Audits ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governance Capacity Building ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Institutional Development ; Law and Development ; Lending ; Loans ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Principal ; Private Sector Development ; Projects ; Public Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Revenue ; Risk ; Services ; Social Services ; Structural Adjustment ; Tax Law ; Tax Policy and Administration ; Tax Reform ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Technical Assistance ; Value ; Accountability ; Audits ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governance Capacity Building ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Institutional Development ; Law and Development ; Lending ; Loans ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Principal ; Private Sector Development ; Projects ; Public Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Revenue ; Risk ; Services ; Social Services ; Structural Adjustment ; Tax Law ; Tax Policy and Administration ; Tax Reform ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Technical Assistance ; Value
    Abstract: In efforts to reform the administration of tax systems, the World Bank can substantially improve project design, execution, and effectiveness by adopting a more concerted approach to institutional analysis. - The main constraint on World Bank operations in tax and customs administration is the Bank's inadequate institutional framework for accumulating knowledge from loan operations, concludes this review of the Bank's record on reform of tax systems in the 1990s. The Bank's theoretical basis for reforming tax and customs administration is still rudimentary. Recent theories stress the importance of institutions that harness voice and improve transparency and contestability, but there is little evidence that reform of these factors alone makes tax administration more effective. Improvements are needed in pre-project diagnosis and project design, especially for examining accountability, administration costs, managerial autonomy, performance incentives for staff, taxpayer equity and services, and environmental factors. Pre-project work could draw more systematically on lessons from previous experience. Institutional components of project design have been biased toward organization, manpower upgrading, and procedures related to information technology. Too little attention has been paid to improving accountability, administrative cost-effectiveness, and anticorruption institution-building. Projects have made inadequate use of different kinds of performance indicators, with little uniformity in those applied. Methods used to evaluate project outcomes could be better and more uniform. Suggestions for future Bank operations: · Doing better background work and articulating a strategy and comprehensive framework for Bank involvement in reform of tax administration. · Possibly supporting and strengthening regional tax administration associations, which could serve as catalysts for change. · Strengthening partnering and supporting private sector consultant organizations, so they can manage major components of administrative reform. · Institutionalizing the accumulation of knowledge about tax administration (which might require changing staff recruitment, the mix of staff skills, and training plans). The authors provide recommendations for improving project diagnosis, design, performance indicators, and appraisal, as well as a short list of projects that serve as guides to good practice. This paper - a product of the Public Sector Management Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network - is part of a larger effort in the network to draw on lessons of past Bank activity in order to pursue professional excellence and maximum client impact. The authors may be contacted at lbarboneworldbank.org, oldmonk87@yahoo.com, ldewulf@worldbank.org, or ahansson1@worldbank.org
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    Designing Pro-Poor Water and Sewer Concessions : Early Lessons from Bolivia (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Komives, Kristin Designing Pro-Poor Water and Sewer Concessions
    Keywords: Concession Contracts ; Contract Objectives ; Cost Recovery ; Financial Incentives ; Industry ; Low-Income Households ; Private Companies ; Private Participation ; Public Utility ; Public Water ; Sanitation Service ; Sanitation Services ; Sanitation Solutions ; Service Providers ; Service Supplier ; Sewer Service ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Areas ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Utility Model ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Sector ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Utilities ; Water and Industry ; Concession Contracts ; Contract Objectives ; Cost Recovery ; Financial Incentives ; Industry ; Low-Income Households ; Private Companies ; Private Participation ; Public Utility ; Public Water ; Sanitation Service ; Sanitation Services ; Sanitation Solutions ; Service Providers ; Service Supplier ; Sewer Service ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Areas ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Utility Model ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Sector ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Utilities ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: To design pro-poor concession arrangements in the water sector, policymakers must pay careful attention to how the proposed contract, and existing or proposed regulations, will affect private concessionaires' ability, obligations, and financial incentives to serve low-income households. - The Bolivian government awarded a concession for water and sewer services in La Paz and El Alto in 1997. One goal of doing so was to expand in-house water and sewer service to low-income households. Komives uses the Aguas del Illimani case to explore how the design of typical concession agreements (with monopoly private service suppliers) can affect outcomes in poor neighborhoods. She finds that outcomes in services can be affected by the concession contracts, by the contract bid process, by sector regulations, and by regulatory arrangements. To increase the likelihood of improvements in low-income areas, policymakers should: · Make contract objectives clear and easily measurable. · Eliminate policy barriers to serving the poor (including property title requirements and service boundaries that exclude poor neighborhoods). · Design financial incentives consistent with service expansion or improved objectives for low-income areas. Contracts are subject to negotiation, so expansion or connection mandates alone do not guarantee that concessionaires will serve poor areas. Provisions and standards that reduce service options (for example, requirements that eliminate all alternatives to in-house connections) or restrict the emergence of new service providers (for example, granting exclusivity in the service area) could do more harm than good. In two years of operation, Aguas del Illimani met its first expansion mandate and took many steps to facilitate the expansion of in-house water connections in low-income areas. The company and the Bolivian water regulator were willing to discuss and seek possible solutions to problems associated with servicing poor neighborhoods. It is too early to tell whether these gains will be sustainable or to predict how privatization will ultimately affect poor households in La Paz and El Alto. This paper - a product of Private Participation in Infrastructure, Private Sector Development Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to analyze and disseminate the principles of, and good practice for, improving service options for the poor through reforms for private participation in infrastructure. The author may be contacted at komivesemail.unc.edu
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  • 76
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    Privatization and Regulation of Transport Infrastructure in the 1990s : Successes . . . and Bugs to Fix for the Next Mille (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Privatization and Regulation of Transport Infrastructure in the 1990s
    Keywords: Air ; Airports ; Bus ; Costs ; Driving ; Infrastructure Projects ; Private Transport ; Public Works ; Rail ; Railways ; Roads ; Safety ; Toll ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Activity ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Infrastructure ; Transport Infrastructures ; Transport Operators ; Transport Policies ; Transport Projects ; Air ; Airports ; Bus ; Costs ; Driving ; Infrastructure Projects ; Private Transport ; Public Works ; Rail ; Railways ; Roads ; Safety ; Toll ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Activity ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Infrastructure ; Transport Infrastructures ; Transport Operators ; Transport Policies ; Transport Projects
    Abstract: Learning to regulate fairly, effectively, and at arm's length may be the main challenge governments face in attracting private investment and financing to the transport sector. - Governments should increasingly be able to rely on the private sector for help supporting (and financing) the transport sector - especially infrastructure support services for which there is heavy demand - but first they must improve their regulatory tools and sort out the institutional mess surrounding the regulatory process. Some countries have put together creative restructuring models and financing designs that tap potential in the private sector. Roads will continue to need significant public funding, but there are innovative ways (including shadow tolls) to attract private financing for road maintenance and investment. Partnerships between the public and private sectors have remained largely untapped at ports and airports. To attract more private capital to the sector, regulators must know the cost of capital, know how to be fair to captive shippers, and have a better handle on demand - so they have more credibility when conflicts arise. Governments have overemphasized making deals and have generally underestimated the difficulty of taking on their new job as regulators. They are increasingly switching to contract-based regulation, to firm up the commitments of all parties involved, but are not adequately emphasizing contract design that anticipates problems and addresses unpredictable situations. This increases the risk of arbitrary regulatory rulings, which increases regulatory and political risks, which raises the expected rate of return required by potential investors. And all that makes future projects costlier or more difficult, adding to the effects of the 1998-99 financial crisis. As a result of increased risk, the two groups most interested in the sector are: · Large, strong operators in the sector - typically in tandem with local construction companies - that feel confident they can take on regulators in case of conflict. · Risk-takers carving a niche for themselves. Either way, taxpayers and transport users are exposed to government, regulator, or operator failures that result in contract renegotiations (the norm, rather than the exception, in transport infrastructure projects). Gains from privatization might not reach consumers, simply because governments are ignoring the importance of ensuring fair distribution of long-run gains through the early creation of independent and accountable regulatory institutions that work closely with effective competition agencies. This paper - a product of Governance, Regulation, and Finance, World Bank Institute - is part of a larger effort in the institute to increase understanding of infrastructure regulation. The author may be contacted at aestacheworldbank.org
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  • 77
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    Universal Service Obligations in Utility Concession Contracts and the Needs of the Poor in Argentina's Privatizations (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Universal Service Obligations in Utility Concession Contracts and the Needs of the Poor in Argentina's Privatizations
    Keywords: Bank ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumer ; Consumers ; Customers ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Disabilities ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Expenses ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Level ; Industry ; Investment ; Lack Of Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Pensioners ; Population ; Private Sector Development ; Profits ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Savings ; Subsidies ; Supply ; Technology Industry ; Valuable ; Valuation ; Worth ; Bank ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumer ; Consumers ; Customers ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Disabilities ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Expenses ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Level ; Industry ; Investment ; Lack Of Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Pensioners ; Population ; Private Sector Development ; Profits ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Savings ; Subsidies ; Supply ; Technology Industry ; Valuable ; Valuation ; Worth
    Abstract: The structural changes that come with privatization may induce a reconsideration of the regulations defined during the early stages of privatization. - Chisari and Estache summarize the main lessons emerging from Argentina's experience, including universal service obligations in concession contracts. They discuss free-riding risks, moral hazard problems, and other issues that arise when social concerns are delegated to private operators. After reporting on Argentina's experience, Chisari and Estache suggest some guidelines: · Anticipate interjurisdictional externalities. Users' mobility makes targeting service obligations difficult. · Minimize the risks imposed by elusive demand. In providing new services, a gradual policy may work better than a shock. · Realize that unemployment leads to delinquency and lower expected tariffs. Elasticity of fixed and usage charges is important. · Deal with the fact that the poor have limited access to credit. Ultimately, plans that included credit for the payment of infrastructure charges were not that successful. · Coordinate regulatory, employment, and social policy. One successful plan to provide universal service involved employing workers from poor families in infrastructure extension works. · Beware of the latent opportunism of users who benefit from special programs. Special treatment of a sector may encourage free-riding (for example, pensioners overused the telephone until a limit was placed on the number of subsidized phone calls they could make). · Fixed allocations for payment of services do not ensure that universal service obligations will be met. How do you deal with the problem that many pensioners do not pay their bills? · Anticipate that operators will have more information than regulators do. If companies exaggerate supply costs in remote areas, direct interaction with poor users there may lead to the selection of more cost-effective technologies. · Tailored programs are often much more effective than standardized programs. They are clearly more expensive but, when demand-driven, are also more effective. This paper - a product of Governance, Regulation, and Finance, World Bank Institute - is part of a larger effort in the institute to increase understanding of infrastructure regulation. The authors may be contacted at ochisariuade.edu or aestache@worldbank.org
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  • 78
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    Revenue Recycling and the Welfare Effects of Road Pricing (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Parry, H.W. Ian Revenue Recycling and the Welfare Effects of Road Pricing
    Keywords: Congestion ; Congestion Reduction ; Costs ; Costs Of Travel ; Externalities ; Fuel ; Fuel Consumption ; Infrastructure ; Policies ; Public Trans Public Transit Subsidies ; Road ; Road Pricing ; Road Traffic ; Tax ; Taxes ; Traffic ; Traffic Congestion ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Vehicle ; Vehicle Miles ; Congestion ; Congestion Reduction ; Costs ; Costs Of Travel ; Externalities ; Fuel ; Fuel Consumption ; Infrastructure ; Policies ; Public Trans Public Transit Subsidies ; Road ; Road Pricing ; Road Traffic ; Tax ; Taxes ; Traffic ; Traffic Congestion ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Vehicle ; Vehicle Miles
    Abstract: December 1999 - The presence of preexisting tax distortions, and the form of revenue recycling, can crucially affect the size - and possibly even the sign - of the welfare effect of road pricing schemes. The efficiency gains from recycling congestion tax revenues in other tax reductions can amount to several times the Pigouvian welfare gains from congestion reduction. Parry and Bento explore the interactions between taxes on work-related traffic congestion and preexisting distortionary taxes in the labor market. A congestion tax raises the overall costs of commuting to work and discourages labor force participation at the margin when revenues are returned in lump-sum transfers. The resulting efficiency loss in the labor market can be larger than the Pigouvian efficiency gains from internalizing the congestion externality. By contrast, if congestion tax revenues are used to reduce labor taxes, the net impact on the labor supply is positive and the efficiency gain in the labor market can raise the overall welfare gains of the congestion tax by as much as 100 percent. Recycling congestion tax revenues in public transit subsidies produces a positive, but smaller, impact on the labor supply. In short, Parry and Bento's results indicate that the presence of preexisting tax distortions, and the form of revenue recycling, can crucially affect the size - and possibly even the sign - of the welfare effect of road pricing schemes. The efficiency gains from recycling congestion tax revenues in other tax reductions can amount to several times the Pigouvian welfare gains from congestion reduction. This paper - a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the cost-effectiveness of alternative transport policies. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project The Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Transport Policies (RPO 683-39). Copies of this paper are available free. Please contact Roula Yazigi, email address ryazigiworldbank.org. The authors may be contacted at parry@rff.org or abento@worldbank.org
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  • 79
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    Infrastructure, Geographical Disadvantage, and Transport Costs (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Venables, Anthony Infrastructure, Geographical Disadvantage, and Transport Costs
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Fixed Costs ; High Transport ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Investment ; International Transport ; Journey ; Journeys ; Quality Of Transport ; Rail ; Road ; Routes ; Trans Transit Routes ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Costs ; Transport Economics ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Travel ; Trips ; True ; Elasticity ; Fixed Costs ; High Transport ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Investment ; International Transport ; Journey ; Journeys ; Quality Of Transport ; Rail ; Road ; Routes ; Trans Transit Routes ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Costs ; Transport Economics ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Travel ; Trips ; True
    Abstract: December 1999 - The median landlocked country has only 30 percent of the trade volume of the median coastal economy. Halving transport costs increases that trade volume by a factor of five. Improving the standard of infrastructure from that of the bottom quarter of countries to that of the median country increases trade by 50 percent. Improving infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa is especially important for increasing African trade. Limão and Venables use three different data sets to investigate how transport depends on geography and infrastructure. Landlocked countries have high transport costs, which can be substantially reduced by improving the quality of their infrastructure and that of transit countries. Analysis of bilateral trade data confirms the importance of infrastructure. Limão and Venables estimate the elasticity of trade flows with regard to transport costs to be high, at about -2.5. This means that: · The median landlocked country has only 30 percent of the trade volume of the median coastal economy. · Halving transport costs increases the volume of trade by a factor of five. · Improving infrastructure from the 75th to the 50th percentile increases trade by 50 percent. Using their results and a basic gravity model to study Sub-Saharan African trade, both internally and with the rest of the world, Limão and Venables find that infrastructure problems largely explain the relatively low levels of African trade. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to investigate the effects of geography on economic performance. The authors may be contacted at ngl4columbia.edu or avenables@worldbank.org
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  • 80
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    How Inadequate Provision of Public Infrastructure and Services Affects Private Investment (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Reinikka, Ritva How Inadequate Provision of Public Infrastructure and Services Affects Private Investment
    Keywords: Bottlenecks ; Capital Stock ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Employment ; Equipment ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; IRU ; Infrastructure ; Interest ; Interest Rates ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Investment Rate ; Investment Rates ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; M1 ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Prof Standard Errors ; Roads and Highways ; Social Protections and Labor ; Statistics ; Tax ; Taxes ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Transport ; Vdu ; Bottlenecks ; Capital Stock ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Employment ; Equipment ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; IRU ; Infrastructure ; Interest ; Interest Rates ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Investment Rate ; Investment Rates ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; M1 ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Prof Standard Errors ; Roads and Highways ; Social Protections and Labor ; Statistics ; Tax ; Taxes ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Transport ; Vdu
    Abstract: Evidence from Uganda shows that poor public provision of infrastructure services - proxied by an unreliable and inadequate power supply - significantly reduces productive private investment. - Lack of private investment is a serious policy problem in many developing countries, especially in Africa. Despite recent structural reform and stabilization, the investment response to date has been mixed, even among the strongest reformers. The role of poor infrastructure and deficient public services has received little attention in the economic literature, where the effect of public spending and investment on growth is shown to be at best ambiguous. Reinikka and Svensson use unique microeconomic evidence to show the effects of poor infrastructure services on private investment in Uganda. They find that poor public capital, proxied by an unreliable and inadequate power supply, significantly reduces productive private investment. Firms can substitute for inadequate provision of public capital by investing in it themselves. This comes at a cost, however: the installation of less productive capital. These results have clear policy implications. Although macroeconomic reforms and stabilization are necessary conditions for sustained growth and private investment, without an accompanying improvement in the public sector's performance, the private supply response to macroeconomic policy reform is likely to remain limited. This paper - a product of Public Economics and Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study public service delivery and economic growth. The authors may be contacted at rreinikkaworldbank.org or jsvensson@worldbank.org
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  • 81
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    Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Walle, devan Dominique Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Basic Infrastructure ; Cash Crops ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Development Policies ; Disability ; Discrimination ; Ethnic Groups ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Care ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Ill-Health ; Income Inequality ; Indigenous Practices ; Knowledge ; Land Tenure ; Large Population ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policies ; Policy ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Services ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Basic Infrastructure ; Cash Crops ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Development Policies ; Disability ; Discrimination ; Ethnic Groups ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Care ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Ill-Health ; Income Inequality ; Indigenous Practices ; Knowledge ; Land Tenure ; Large Population ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policies ; Policy ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Services ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing
    Abstract: March 2000 - To redress ethnic inequality in Vietnam, it is not enough to target poor areas. Policies must be designed to reach minority households in poor areas, to open up options by ensuring that minority groups are not disadvantaged (in labor markets, for example), to change the conditions that have caused their isolation and social exclusion, and to explicitly recognize behavior patterns (including compensating behavior) that have served the minorities well but intensify ethnic inequalities in the longer term. Vietnam's ethnic minorities, who tend to live mostly in remote rural areas, typically have lower living standards than the ethnic majority. How much is this because of differences in economic characteristics (such as education levels and land) rather than low returns to characteristics? Is there a self-reinforcing culture of poverty in the minority groups, reflecting patterns of past discrimination? Van de Walle and Gunewardena find that differences in levels of living are due in part to the fact that the minorities live in less productive areas characterized by difficult terrain, poor infrastructure, less access to off-farm work and the market economy, and inferior access to education. Geographic disparities tend to persist because of immobility and regional differences in living standards. But the authors also find large differences within geographical areas even after controlling for household characteristics. They find differences in returns to productive characteristics to be the most important explanation for ethnic inequality. But the minorities do not obtain lower returns to all characteristics. There is evidence of compensating behavior. For example, pure returns to location - even in remote, inhospitable areas - tend to be higher for minorities, though not high enough to overcome the large consumption difference with the majority. The majority ethnic group's model of income generation is a poor guide on how to fight poverty among ethnic minority groups. Nor is it enough to target poor areas to redress ethnic inequality. Policies must be designed to reach minority households in poor areas and to explicitly recognize behavior patterns (including compensating behavior) that have served the minorities well in the short term but intensify ethnic inequalities in the longer term. It will be important to open up options for minority groups both by ensuring that they are not disadvantaged (in labor markets, for example), and by changing the conditions that have caused their isolation and social exclusion. This paper - a product of Public Economics and Rural Development, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the determinants of poverty and the policy implications. Dominique van de Walle may be contacted at dvandewalleworldbank.org
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  • 82
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    International Contagion : Implications for Policy (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Majnoni, Giovanni International Contagion
    Keywords: Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency Crises ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; External Debts ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Contagion ; Financial Crises ; Financial Fragility ; Foreign Interest ; Guarantees ; Interest Rates ; International Financial Contagion ; International Investors ; Liability ; Liquidity ; Market ; Maturity ; Options ; Policy Responses ; Private Sector Development ; Short-Term Debt ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency Crises ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; External Debts ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Contagion ; Financial Crises ; Financial Fragility ; Foreign Interest ; Guarantees ; Interest Rates ; International Financial Contagion ; International Investors ; Liability ; Liquidity ; Market ; Maturity ; Options ; Policy Responses ; Private Sector Development ; Short-Term Debt
    Abstract: March 2000 - What can the international community do to prevent financial contagion? Chang and Majnoni try to identify and evaluate the public policy implications of financial contagion on the basis of a very simple model of financial crises. In this model, financial contagion can be driven by a combination of fundamentals and by self-fulfilling market expectations. The model allows the authors to identify different notions of contagion, especially the distinction between monsoonal effects, spillovers, and switchers between equilibria. They discuss both domestic and international policy options. Domestic policies, they say, should be aimed at reducing financial fragility - that is, reducing unnecessary short-term debt commitments. With explicit commitments, the maturity of external debts should be lengthened. With implicit commitments, such as private liability guarantees, they emphasize limiting or eliminating such guarantees, to improve an economy's international liquidity and reduce its exposure to contagion. Internationally, they stress the need for improving financial standards, which makes it easier to assess when a country is subject to different kinds of contagion. The effectiveness of international rescue packages depends on the kind of contagion to which a country is exposed. Implications: The international community should help those countries that are already helping themselves. This paper - a product of the Financial Sector Strategy and Policy Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the determinants and policy implications of international financial contagion. The author Giovanni Majnoni may be contacted at gmajnoniworldbank.org
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  • 83
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    What Drives Private Saving around the World? (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Loayza, Norman What Drives Private Saving around the World?
    Keywords: Capital Gains ; Central Bank ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demographic ; Developing Countries ; Developing Country ; Disposable Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Policy ; Housing Lending ; Income ; Inequality ; Inflation Episodes ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Interest Rates ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pension System ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Private Saving ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Policies ; Trade ; Capital Gains ; Central Bank ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demographic ; Developing Countries ; Developing Country ; Disposable Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Policy ; Housing Lending ; Income ; Inequality ; Inflation Episodes ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Interest Rates ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pension System ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Private Saving ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Policies ; Trade
    Abstract: March 2000 - Saving rates vary considerably across countries and over time. Policies that spur development are an indirect but effective way to raise private saving rates - which rise with the level and growth rate of real per capita income. Loayza, Schmidt-Hebbel, and Servén investigate the policy and nonpolicy factors behind saving disparities, using a large panel data set and an encompassing approach including several relevant determinants of private saving. They extend the literature in several dimensions by: · Using the largest data set on aggregate saving assembled to date. · Using panel instrumental variable techniques to correct for endogeneity and heterogeneity. · Performing robustness checks on changes in estimation procedures, data samples, and model specification. Their main empirical findings: · Private saving rates show considerable inertia (are highly serially correlated even after controlling for other relevant factors). · Private saving rates rise with the level and growth rate of real per capita income. So policies that spur development are an indirect but effective way to raise private saving rates. · Predictions of the life-cycle hypothesis are supported in that dependency ratios generally have a negative effect on private saving rates. · The precautionary motive for saving is supported by the finding that inflation - conventionally taken as a summary measure of macroeconomic volatility - has a positive impact on private saving, holding other facts constant. · Fiscal policy is a moderately effective tool for raising national saving. · The direct effects of financial liberalization are largely detrimental to private saving rates. Greater availability of credit reduces the private saving rate; financial depth and higher real interest rates do not increase saving. This paper - a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the determinants of saving in developing countries. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Saving in the World: Puzzles and Policies (RPO 681-36). The authors may be contacted at nloayzaworldbank.org or lserven@worldbank.org
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  • 84
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    Measuring Governance, Corruption, and State Capture : How Firms and Bureaucrats Shape the Business Environment in Transit (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hellman, S. Joel Measuring Governance, Corruption, and State Capture
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucracy ; Citizens ; Corporate Governance ; Corruption ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Debt Markets ; Decrees ; Emerging Markets ; Federation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Investors ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governments ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Investment Climate ; Law ; Legal Framework ; Legislation ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Public Officials ; Public Procurement ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Regulation ; Small Scale Enterprises ; State ; State Intervention ; States ; Transparency ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucracy ; Citizens ; Corporate Governance ; Corruption ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Debt Markets ; Decrees ; Emerging Markets ; Federation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Investors ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governments ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Investment Climate ; Law ; Legal Framework ; Legislation ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Public Officials ; Public Procurement ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Regulation ; Small Scale Enterprises ; State ; State Intervention ; States ; Transparency
    Abstract: April 2000 - In a new approach to measuring typically subjective variables, BEEPS - the 1999 Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey, the transition economies component of the World Business Environment Survey - quantitatively assesses governance from the perspective of about 3,000 firms in 20 countries. Unbundling the measurement of governance and corruption empirically suggests the importance of grand corruption in some countries, manifested in state capture by the corporate sector - through the purchase of decrees and legislation - and by graft in procurement. As a symptom of fundamental institutional weaknesses, corruption needs to be viewed within a broader governance framework. It thrives where the state is unable to reign over its bureaucracy, to protect property and contractual rights, or to provide institutions that support the rule of law. Furthermore, governance failures at the national level cannot be isolated from the interface between the corporate and state sectors, in particular from the heretofore underemphasized influence that firms may exert on the state. Under certain conditions, corporate strategies may exacerbate misgovernance at the national level. An in-depth empirical assessment of the links between corporate behavior and national governance can thus provide particular insights. The 1999 Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) - the transition economies component of the ongoing World Business Environment Survey - assesses in detail the various dimensions of governance from the perspective of about 3,000 firms in 20 countries. After introducing the survey framework and measurement approach, Hellman, Jones, Kaufmann, and Schankerman present the survey results, focusing on governance, corruption, and state capture. By unbundling governance into its many dimensions, BEEPS permits an in-depth empirical assessment. The authors pay special attention to certain forms of grand corruption, notably state capture by parts of the corporate sector - that is, the propensity of firms to shape the underlying rules of the game by purchasing decrees, legislation, and influence at the central bank, which is found to be prevalent in a number of transition economies. The survey also measures other dimensions of grand corruption, including those associated with public procurement, and quantifies the more traditional (pettier) forms of corruption. Cross-country surveys may suffer from bias if firms tend to systematically over- or underestimate the extent of problems within their country. The authors provide a new test for this potential bias, finding little evidence of country perception bias in BEEPS. This paper - a joint product of Governance, Regulation, and Finance, World Bank Institute, and the Chief Economist's Office, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development - is part of a larger program to measure governance and corruption worldwide. A companion working paper that econometrically analyzes the effects of state capture is forthcoming. For further details, visit www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance. The authors may be contacted at dkaufmannworldbank.org or hellmanj@ebrd.com
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  • 85
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    Trade Negotiations in the Presence of Network Externalities (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kubota, Keiko Trade Negotiations in the Presence of Network Externalities
    Keywords: Consumers ; Costs ; Deregulation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies Of Scale ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign Competition ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Government Regulations ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Network Externalities ; Payments ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Telecommunications ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; WTO ; Welfare ; Consumers ; Costs ; Deregulation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies Of Scale ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign Competition ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Government Regulations ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Network Externalities ; Payments ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Telecommunications ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; WTO ; Welfare
    Abstract: April 2000 - With technology-related goods and services, the presence of network externalities affects a country's willingness to trade. To achieve efficiency gains through worldwide standardization and mutually beneficial trade arrangements, it is important to arrive at multilateral trade agreements before regional blocs form. Network externalities exist when the benefit a consumer derives from a good or service depends on the number of other consumers using the same good or service (as happens, for example, with telecommunications, television broadcasting standards, and many other technology-related goods and services). National monopolies, regulated and endorsed by sovereign governments, tended to produce network externalities in the past: most countries had telephone monopolies, often state-owned, before deregulation. Whether to allow foreign competition in such industries becomes a pressing issue when national boundaries begin to blur as technology advances and as previously untraded goods and services become tradable. Despite obvious gains from trade in such newly tradable sectors, governments often keep trade-prohibiting measures. With analog high definition television (HDTV) transmission standards, for example, regulations and politics kept Europe and Japan from cooperating, so each invested heavily to develop its system in an attempt to have its own standard adopted by the rest of the world. Kubota analyzes how the presence of network externalities affects a country's willingness to trade. In her model, governments decide whether or not to allow international trade. When trading is permitted, the superior standard drives out all others in the trading area. She shows that even when there are efficiency gains from worldwide standardization, global free trade may not prevail. The technology leader is generally eager to trade, but countries with less advanced technology often choose to form inefficient regional blocs or not to trade at all. Once such regional networks are established, global efficiency-enhancing free trade becomes even harder to achieve than it would have been in their absence. Transfer payments between countries reduce or eliminate such inefficiency and facilitate the achievement of efficient trade in products. To achieve mutually beneficial trade arrangements, it is important to arrive at multilateral agreements before regional blocs form. This paper is a product of Trade, Development Research Group. The author may be contacted at kkubotaworldbank.org
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  • 86
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    Algorithms for Purchasing AIDS Vaccines (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bishai, David Algorithms for Purchasing AIDS Vaccines
    Keywords: AIDS HIV ; Bereavement ; Children ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Drug Users ; Epidemiology ; Families ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hepatitis B ; Hygiene ; Influenza ; Morbidity ; Patient ; Patients ; People ; Public Health ; Risk Groups ; Sex Workers ; Strategy ; Vaccination ; Victims ; Workers ; AIDS HIV ; Bereavement ; Children ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Drug Users ; Epidemiology ; Families ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hepatitis B ; Hygiene ; Influenza ; Morbidity ; Patient ; Patients ; People ; Public Health ; Risk Groups ; Sex Workers ; Strategy ; Vaccination ; Victims ; Workers
    Abstract: April 2000 - Demand for AIDS vaccines varies by level of risk and by national wealth. At-risk individuals in poor countries suffer on both counts. Providing funds to develop and distribute AIDS vaccines should be a global concern. Bishai, Lin, and Kiyonga delineate two different algorithms for the purchase of AIDS vaccines, to show how differences in policy objectives can greatly affect projections of the number of courses of vaccine that will be needed. They consider a hypothetical vaccine costing
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  • 87
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    Globalization and Firms' Financing Choices : Evidence from Emerging Economies (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (74 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schmukler, Sergio Globalization and Firms' Financing Choices
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Bond Markets ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt Maturity ; Debt-Equity ; Economic Development ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Liberalization ; Financial Markets ; Financial Structure ; Financial Systems ; Globalization ; International Bond ; International Financial Markets ; International Markets ; Maturity Structure ; Private Sector Development ; Share ; World Financial Markets ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Bond Markets ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt Maturity ; Debt-Equity ; Economic Development ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Liberalization ; Financial Markets ; Financial Structure ; Financial Systems ; Globalization ; International Bond ; International Financial Markets ; International Markets ; Maturity Structure ; Private Sector Development ; Share ; World Financial Markets
    Abstract: April 2000 - Debt-equity ratios do not tend to increase after financial liberalization, but there is a shift from long-term to short-term debt. Globalization has uneven effects for firms with and without access to international capital markets. Countries with deeper domestic financial markets are less affected by financial liberalization. Schmukler and Vesperoni investigate whether integration with global markets affects the financing choices of firms from East Asia and Latin America. Using firm-level data for the 1980s and 1990s, they study how leverage ratios, the structure of debt maturity, and sources of financing change when economies are liberalized and when firms gain access to international equity and bond markets. The evidence shows that integration with world financial markets has uneven effects. On the one hand, debt maturity for the average firm shortens when countries undertake financial liberalization. On the other hand, domestic firms that actually participate in international markets get better financing opportunities and extend their debt maturity. Moreover, firms in economies with deeper domestic financial systems are affected less by financial liberalization. Finally, they show that leverage ratios increase during times of crisis. In an appendix, they analyze the previously unstudied case of Argentina, which experienced sharp financial liberalization and was hit hard by all recent global crises. This paper - a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Reseach Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand financial development and financial integration. The authors may be contacted at sschmuklerworldbank.org or vesperon@wam.umd.edu
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  • 88
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    How Urban Concentration Affects Economic Growth (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Henderson, Vernon How Urban Concentration Affects Economic Growth
    Keywords: Capital ; Consumers ; Costs ; Development ; Economic Efficiency ; Economic Geography ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies Of Scale ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; GDP Per Capita ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrialization ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Benefits ; Markets ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Telecommunications ; Transactions Costs ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development Policies and Strategies ; Urban Housing and Land ; Capital ; Consumers ; Costs ; Development ; Economic Efficiency ; Economic Geography ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies Of Scale ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; GDP Per Capita ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrialization ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Benefits ; Markets ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Telecommunications ; Transactions Costs ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development Policies and Strategies ; Urban Housing and Land
    Abstract: April 2000 - If urban overconcentration really is an issue, it ought to affect economic growth rates in a robust, consistent fashion. And it does. Not only is there an optimal degree of urban concentration that varies with country income, but departures from optimal concentration result in substantial growth losses. Overconcentrated countries can reduce concentration by investing in interregional transport infrastructure - in particular, increasing the density of road networks. Henderson explores the issue of urban overconcentration econometrically, using data from a panel of 80 to 100 countries every 5 years from 1960 to 1995. He finds the following: · At any level of development there is indeed a best degree of national urban concentration. It increases sharply as income rises, up to a per capita income of about
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  • 89
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    Improving Russia's Policy on Foreign Direct Investment (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Drebentsov, Vladimir Improving Russia's Policy on Foreign Direct Investment
    Keywords: Barriers ; Corporate Governance ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Domestic Market ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Enforcement ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investment ; Foreign Investor ; Foreign Investors ; Global Market ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investor ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources ; Outputs ; Price ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax ; Technology Transfers ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Transition Countries ; Barriers ; Corporate Governance ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Domestic Market ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Enforcement ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investment ; Foreign Investor ; Foreign Investors ; Global Market ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investor ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources ; Outputs ; Price ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax ; Technology Transfers ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Transition Countries
    Abstract: May 2000 - Russia gets relatively little foreign direct investment and almost none of the newer, more efficient kind, involving state-of-the-art technology and world-class competitive production linked to dynamic global or regional markets. Why? And what should be done about it? Foreign direct investment brings host countries capital, productive facilities, and technology transfers as well as employment, new job skills, and management expertise. It is important to the Russian Federation, where incentives for competition are limited and incentives to becoming efficient are blunted by interregional barriers to trade, weak creditor rights, and administrative barriers to new entrants. Bergsman, Broadman, and Drebentsov argue that the old policy paradigm of foreign direct investment (established before World War II and prevalent in the 1950s and 1960s) still governs Russia. In this paradigm there are only two reasons for foreign direct investment: access to inputs for production and access to markets for outputs. Such kinds of foreign direct investment, although beneficial, are often based on generating exports that exploit cheap labor or natural resources or are aimed at penetrating protected local markets, not necessarily at world standards for price and quality. They contend that Russia should phase out high tariffs and nontariff protection for the domestic market, most tax preferences for foreign investors (which don't increase foreign direct investment but do reduce fiscal revenues), and many restrictions on foreign direct investment. They recommend that Russia switch to a modern approach to foreign direct investment by: · Amending the newly enacted foreign direct investment law so that it will grant nondiscriminatory national treatment to foreign investors for both right of establishment and post-establishment operations, abolish conditions (such as local content restrictions) inconsistent with the World Trade Organization agreement on trade-related investment measures (TRIMs), and make investor-state dispute resolution mechanisms more efficient (giving foreign investors the chance to seek neutral binding international arbitration, for example). · Strengthening enforcement of property rights. · Simplifying registration procedures for foreign investors, to make them transparent and rules-based. · Extending guarantee schemes covering basic noncommercial risks. This paper - a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Regional Office - is part of a larger effort in the region to assist the Russian authorities in preparing for accession to the World Trade Organization. The authors may be contacted at hbroadmanworldbank.org or vdrebentsov@worldbank.org
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  • 90
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    Sex Workers and the Cost of Safe Sex : The Compensating Differential for Condom Use in Calcutta (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lokshin, Michael Sex Workers and the Cost of Safe Sex
    Keywords: AIDS HIV ; Adolescent Health ; Aids ; Aids Crisis ; Commercial Sex ; Commercial Sex Workers ; Condom Use ; Condoms ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heterosexual Sex ; High Risk Of Infection ; High-Risk ; Infections ; National Aids Control ; Population Policies ; Risk Behavior ; Safe Sex ; Sex ; Sex Partners ; Sex Practices ; Sex Workers ; Sexual Partners ; Young Adults ; AIDS HIV ; Adolescent Health ; Aids ; Aids Crisis ; Commercial Sex ; Commercial Sex Workers ; Condom Use ; Condoms ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heterosexual Sex ; High Risk Of Infection ; High-Risk ; Infections ; National Aids Control ; Population Policies ; Risk Behavior ; Safe Sex ; Sex ; Sex Partners ; Sex Practices ; Sex Workers ; Sexual Partners ; Young Adults
    Abstract: May 2000 - Prostitution is often called the world's oldest profession, yet economists almost never study it. The practice of safe sex by commercial sex workers is considered central to preventing the transmission of AIDS in developing countries - yet sex workers in Calcutta who regularly use condoms suffer a 79 percent loss in their average earnings per sex act. The practice of safe sex by commercial sex workers is considered central to preventing the transmission of AIDS in developing countries. Rao, Gupta, and Jana estimate the compensating differential for condom use among sex workers in Calcutta, based on results from a survey conducted in 1993. If, as suggested by anecdotal evidence, this loss in income is large, it would indicate the existence of strong disincentives for practicing safe sex. To identify the relationship between condom use and the average price per sex act, they follow an instrumental variable approach, exploiting an intervention program focused on providing information about the AIDS virus and about safe sex practices. The program, instituted in 1992, was not systematically administered. Using this method, they found that sex workers who always use condoms face a loss of 79 percent in the average earnings per sex act. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the behavior underlying HIV/AIDS transmission. Vijayendra Rao may be contacted at vraoworldbank.org
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  • 91
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    Social Transfers and Social Assistance : An Empirical Analysis Using Latvian Household Survey Data (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Milanovic, Branko Social Transfers and Social Assistance
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Budget ; Household Per Capita Income ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Insurance ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Poor Individuals ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Assessments ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Assistance ; Targeting ; Transfers ; Transfers In Kind ; Transition Economies ; Unemployment ; Cash Transfers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Budget ; Household Per Capita Income ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Insurance ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Poor Individuals ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Assessments ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Assistance ; Targeting ; Transfers ; Transfers In Kind ; Transition Economies ; Unemployment
    Abstract: April 2000 - In Latvia, only 1.5 percent of households receive social assistance, which for those households represents 20 percent of income. The allocation of social assistance is unequal. Urban households outside the capital (Riga) and those headed by male adults are systematically discriminated against. Because social assistance is locally financed, poor households in different parts of the country are treated unequally. Milanovic assesses the performance of Latvia's system of social transfers, in three ways: First, he analyzes the incidence (who receives transfers) of pensions, family allowances, unemployment benefits, and social assistance. Per capita analysis shows pensions tending to be pro-rich and families allowances pro-poor (a finding typical in poverty analyses). Introducing an equivalence scale alters the results and shows all individual cash transfers performing about the same: mildly pro-poor. Next, he examines the performance of social assistance, which is, by definition, directed to the poor. He shows that Latvia's current system is concentrated - meaning that social assistance is disbursed to few households (only 1.5 percent of all households receive it) but among those that do receive it, it represents a relatively high share (20 percent) of income. Households that are systematically discriminated against in the allocation of social assistance are urban households living outside the capital (Riga) and those headed by male adults. Third, he looks at the regional allocation of social assistance. The results confirm earlier findings of large horizontal inequalities - that people with the same income from different parts of the country are treated unequally, because the existing system is based on local financing of social assistance. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of the Latvia Poverty Assistance Report (February 2000). The author may be contacted at bmilanovicworldbank.org
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  • 92
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    Ownership and Performance of Lithuanian Enterprises (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Grigorian, A. David Ownership and Performance of Lithuanian Enterprises
    Keywords: Central Planning ; Debt Markets ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprise Performance ; Enterprise Restructuring ; Enterprises ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Literacy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Competition ; Microfinance ; Operational Efficiency ; Ownership Of Enterprises ; Performance Indicators ; Political Economy ; Private Firms ; Private Owners ; Private Ownership ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Privatization ; Privatization Process ; Privatization Program ; Profit Maximization ; Share Ownership ; State Firms ; State Owned Enterprise Reform ; State Ownership ; State Property ; Central Planning ; Debt Markets ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprise Performance ; Enterprise Restructuring ; Enterprises ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Literacy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Competition ; Microfinance ; Operational Efficiency ; Ownership Of Enterprises ; Performance Indicators ; Political Economy ; Private Firms ; Private Owners ; Private Ownership ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Privatization ; Privatization Process ; Privatization Program ; Profit Maximization ; Share Ownership ; State Firms ; State Owned Enterprise Reform ; State Ownership ; State Property
    Abstract: May 2000 - Does private ownership improve on corporate performance in a developing institutional environment? In Lithuania commercial transfer of state property to private owners has significantly improved enterprises' revenue and export performance. Grigorian presents some evidence of improved corporate performance in Lithuania for the period 1995-97. His question: Were these improvements in any way caused by privatization and changes in the environment in which enterprises operate? He presents evidence of correlation between ownership and enterprise performance as measured by increased revenues and improved export performance. Controlling for preselection bias increases the magnitude and significance of private share ownership, which indicates negative selection bias at privatization. On the other hand, (expected) subsidies seem to contribute negatively to enterprise performance. However, the study finds no clear evidence of the effect of market competition on performance indicators in the short run. Grigorian's is the first study to analyze the consequences of commercial (as opposed to mass) privatization in Central and Eastern European countries. This paper - a product of the Private and Financial Sectors Development Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to study enterprise restructuring in transition. The author may be contacted at dgrigorianworldbank.org
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  • 93
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    Terror as a Bargaining Instrument : A Case Study of Dowry Violence in Rural India (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Rao, Vijayendra Terror as a Bargaining Instrument
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Benef Children ; Divorce ; Domestic Violence ; Families ; Family ; Females ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home ; House ; Husband ; Husbands ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; Marriages ; Sanctions ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Wedding ; Wife ; Will ; Wives ; Woman ; Women ; Adolescent Health ; Benef Children ; Divorce ; Domestic Violence ; Families ; Family ; Females ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home ; House ; Husband ; Husbands ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; Marriages ; Sanctions ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Wedding ; Wife ; Will ; Wives ; Woman ; Women
    Abstract: May 2000 - Some aspects of violent behavior are linked to economic incentives and deserve more attention from economists. In India, for example, domestic violence is used as a bargaining instrument, to extract larger dowries from a wife's family, after the marriage has taken place. Bloch and Rao examine how domestic violence may be used as a bargaining instrument, to extract larger dowries from a spouse's family. The phrase dowry violence refers not to the dowry paid at the time of the wedding, but to additional payments demanded by the groom's family after the marriage. The additional dowry is often paid to stop the husband from systematically beating the wife. Bloch and Rao base their case study of three villages in southern India on qualitative and survey data. Based on the ethnographic evidence, they develop a noncooper-ative bargaining and signaling model of dowries and domestic violence. They test the predictions from those models on survey data. They find that women whose families pay smaller dowries suffer increased risk of marital violence. So do women who come from richer families (from whom resources can more easily be extracted). Larger dowries - as well as greater satisfaction with the marriage (in the form of more male children) - reduce the probability of violence. In India marriage is almost never a matter of choice for women, but is driven almost entirely by social norms and parental preferences. Providing opportunities for women outside of marriage and the marriage market would significantly improve their well-being by allowing them to leave an abusive husband, or find a way of bribing him to stop the abuse, or present a credible threat, which has the same effect. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to examine crime and violence in developing countries. Vijayendra Rao may be contacted at vraoworldbank.org
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  • 94
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    What Can We Learn about Country Performance from Conditional Comparisons across Countries? (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin What Can We Learn about Country Performance from Conditional Comparisons across Countries?
    Keywords: Crime and Society ; Developing Countries ; Development Assistance ; Development Policy ; Dissemination ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Care ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Human Development ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Knowledge ; Level Of Poverty ; Life Expectancy ; Policy Discussions ; Policy Implications ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Practitioners ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Development ; Social Policies ; Social Services ; Crime and Society ; Developing Countries ; Development Assistance ; Development Policy ; Dissemination ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Care ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Human Development ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Knowledge ; Level Of Poverty ; Life Expectancy ; Policy Discussions ; Policy Implications ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Practitioners ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Development ; Social Policies ; Social Services
    Abstract: May 2000 - Existing methods for assessing latent country or institutional performance can yield deceptive results. There have been many attempts to infer latent performance attributes of governments (or other institutions) from conditional comparisons that control for observed variables. Success in doing so could greatly improve government performance. Ravallion critically reviews the econometric foundations of the methods used. He argues that latent heterogeneity remains a fundamental but unresolved problem. Locating a benchmark for measuring performance adds a further problem. Current methods do not yield a consistent estimate of even the mean latent performance attribute. An assessment of country performance by these methods could well be wildly wrong. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to assess and improve methods for monitoring and assessing country performance. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Policies for Poor Areas (RPO 681-39). The author may be contacted at mravallionworldbank.org
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  • 95
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    Greed and Grievance in Civil War (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Collier, Paul Greed and Grievance in Civil War
    Keywords: Civil War ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Crime ; Diasporas ; Economic Theory Of Rebellion ; Ethnic Majority ; Extortion ; Greed-Rebellion ; Grievance Model ; Grievance Models ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Political Analysis ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Predatory Rebellion ; Protest Movement ; Protest Movements ; Rebel Movements ; Rebel Organization ; Rebel Organizations ; Rebellion ; Rebellions ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Civil War ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Crime ; Diasporas ; Economic Theory Of Rebellion ; Ethnic Majority ; Extortion ; Greed-Rebellion ; Grievance Model ; Grievance Models ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Political Analysis ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Predatory Rebellion ; Protest Movement ; Protest Movements ; Rebel Movements ; Rebel Organization ; Rebel Organizations ; Rebellion ; Rebellions ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Abstract: May 2000 - Of the 27 major armed conflicts that occurred in 1999, all but two took place within national boundaries. As an impediment to development, internal rebellion especially hurts the world's poorest countries. What motivates civil wars? Greed or grievance? Collier and Hoeffler compare two contrasting motivations for rebellion: greed and grievance. Most rebellions are ostensibly in pursuit of a cause, supported by a narrative of grievance. But since grievance assuagement through rebellion is a public good that a government will not supply, economists predict such rebellions would be rare. Empirically, many rebellions appear to be linked to the capture of resources (such as diamonds in Angola and Sierra Leone, drugs in Colombia, and timber in Cambodia). Collier and Hoeffler set up a simple rational choice model of greed-rebellion and contrast its predictions with those of a simple grievance model. Some countries return to conflict repeatedly. Are they conflict-prone or is there a feedback effect whereby conflict generates grievance, which in turn generates further conflict? The authors show why such a feedback effect might be present in both greed-motivated and grievance rebellions. The authors' results contrast with conventional beliefs about the causes of conflict. A stylized version of conventional beliefs would be that grievance begets conflict, which begets grievance, which begets further conflict. With such a model, the only point at which to intervene is to reduce the level of objective grievance. Collier and Hoeffler's model suggests that what actually happens is that opportunities for predation (controlling primary commodity exports) cause conflict and the grievances this generates induce dias-poras to finance further conflict. The point of policy intervention here is to reduce the absolute and relative attraction of primary commodity predation and to reduce the ability of diasporas to fund rebel movements. This paper - a product of the Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study civil war and criminal violence. For more on this effort, go to www.worldbank.org/research/conflict. Paul Collier may be contacted at pcollierworldbank.org
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  • 96
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    Multilateral Trade Liberalization and Political Disintegration : Implications for the Evolution of Free Trade Areas and Customs Unions (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schiff, Maurice Multilateral Trade Liberalization and Political Disintegration
    Keywords: Andean Pact ; Bloc Welfare ; Customs Union Formation ; Customs Unions ; Economic Dominance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; External Tariff ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; Free Trade Area ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Size ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral System ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Open Regionalism ; Preferential Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Integration ; Regionalism ; Rules of Origin ; Tariffs ; Trade ; Trade Diversion ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Andean Pact ; Bloc Welfare ; Customs Union Formation ; Customs Unions ; Economic Dominance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; External Tariff ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; Free Trade Area ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Size ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral System ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Open Regionalism ; Preferential Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Integration ; Regionalism ; Rules of Origin ; Tariffs ; Trade ; Trade Diversion ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: May 2000 - Two theories are combined to explain why free trade areas (FTAs) have proliferated more than customs unions (CUs) have, and why FTAs are found more in North-South agreements and CUs in South-South agreements. Schiff combines two theories - one about how multilateral trade liberalization affects regional integration, the other about how it affects political disintegration - to explain why the ratio of free trade areas to customs unions has increased over time, and why it is larger in North-South than in South-South agreements. Ethier (1998, 1999) argues that multilateral trade liberalization led to the recent wave of regional integration arrangements. Alesina and others (1997), in discussing the number and size of countries, argue that multilateral trade liberalization leads to political disintegration, with an increase in the number of countries. Combining the two arguments, Schiff hypothesizes that as multilateral trade liberalization proceeds and the number of regional integration arrangements increases, the ratio of free trade areas to customs unions also increases. The same arguments are also used to show why that ratio is larger in North-South than in South-South agreements. The data, which show that ratio increasing in the 1990s and larger for North-South agreements, are consistent with the hypotheses. Finally, a number of voluntary and involuntary customs unions are examined where weaker members lose and conflict does or does not take place, and where free trade agreements are superior. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study regional integration. The author may be contacted at mschiffworldbank.org
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  • 97
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    Would Collective Action Clauses Raise Borrowing Costs? : An Update and Additional Results (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (22 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Eichengreen, Barry Would Collective Action Clauses Raise Borrowing Costs?
    Keywords: Borrowers ; Borrowing Costs ; Collective Action ; Collective Action Clauses ; Credit Ratings ; Crisis Country ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt Restructuring ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Foreign Investors ; Holding ; International Financial Institutions ; International Financial System ; Investors ; Lenders ; Lending ; Moral Hazard ; Private Sector Development ; Borrowers ; Borrowing Costs ; Collective Action ; Collective Action Clauses ; Credit Ratings ; Crisis Country ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt Restructuring ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Foreign Investors ; Holding ; International Financial Institutions ; International Financial System ; Investors ; Lenders ; Lending ; Moral Hazard ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: June 2000 - Collective action clauses raise borrowing costs for low-rated borrowers and lower them for high-rated borrowers. This result holds for all developing country bonds and also for the subset of sovereign bond issuers. It is easy to say that the International Monetary Fund should not resort to financial rescue for countries in crisis; this is hard to do when there is no alternative. That is where collective action clauses come in. Collective action clauses are designed to facilitate debt restructuring by the principals - borrowers and lenders - with minimal intervention by international financial institutions. Despite much discussion of this option, there has been little action. Issuers of bonds fear that collective action clauses would raise borrowing costs. Eichengreen and Mody update earlier findings about the impact of collective action clauses on borrowing costs. It has been argued that only in the past year or so have investors focused on the presence of these provisions and that, given the international financial institutions' newfound resolve to bail in investors, they now regard these clauses with trepidation. Extending their data to 1999, Eichengreen and Mody find no evidence of such changes but rather the same pattern as before: Collective action clauses raise the costs of borrowing for low-rated issuers but reduce them for issuers with good credit ratings. Their results hold both for the full set of bonds and for bonds issued only by sovereigns. They argue that these results should reassure those who regard collective action clauses as an important element in the campaign to strengthen international financial architecture. This paper - a product of the Development Prospects Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze international capital flows. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Pricing of Bonds and Bank Loans in the Market for Developing Country Debt. The authors may be contacted at eichengrecon.berkeley.edu or amody@worldbank.org
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  • 98
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    Gender, Poverty, and Nonfarm Employment in Ghana and Uganda (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Newman, Constance Gender, Poverty, and Nonfarm Employment in Ghana and Uganda
    Keywords: Agricultural Output ; Cash Crops ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Income Diversification ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; Income ; Income Shares ; Income-Generating Activities ; Inequality ; Law and Development ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Levels ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Economy ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural Residents ; Agricultural Output ; Cash Crops ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Income Diversification ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; Income ; Income Shares ; Income-Generating Activities ; Inequality ; Law and Development ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Levels ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Economy ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural Residents
    Abstract: June 2000 - For women in Ghana and Uganda, nonfarm activities play an important role in yielding the lowest - and the most rapidly declining - rural poverty rates. In both countries rural poverty declined fastest for female heads of household engaged in nonfarm work (which tended to be a secondary activity). But patterns vary between the two countries. Newman and Canagarajah provide evidence that women's nonfarm activities help reduce poverty in two economically and culturally different countries, Ghana and Uganda. In both countries rural poverty rates were lowest - and fell most rapidly - for female heads of household engaged in nonfarm activities. Participation in nonfarm activities increased more rapidly for women, especially married women and female heads of household, than for men. Women were more likely than men to combine agriculture and nonfarm activities. In Ghana it was nonfarm activities (for which income data are available) that provided the highest average incomes and the highest shares of income. Bivariate probit analysis of participation shows that in Uganda female heads of household and in Ghana women in general are significantly more likely than men to participate in nonfarm activities and less likely to participate in agriculture. This paper - a joint product of Rural Development, Development Research Group, and the Social Protection Team, Human Development Network- is part of a larger effort in the Bank to discuss gender, employment, and poverty linkages. The authors may be contacted at cnewman1worldbank.orgor scanagarajah@worldbank.org
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  • 99
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    Seeds of Corruption : Do Market Institutions Matter? (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Recanatini, Francesca Seeds of Corruption
    Keywords: Accountability ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corruption ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Debt Markets ; Discretion ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Fight Against Corruption ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Reforms ; Government ; Government Officials ; Governments ; Investigation ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; National Governance ; Organization ; Policies ; Policy ; Political Economy ; Politicians ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Services ; Transparent Mechanism ; Accountability ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corruption ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Debt Markets ; Discretion ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Fight Against Corruption ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Reforms ; Government ; Government Officials ; Governments ; Investigation ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; National Governance ; Organization ; Policies ; Policy ; Political Economy ; Politicians ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Services ; Transparent Mechanism
    Abstract: June 2000 - Economists in the field of industrial organization, antitrust, and regulation have long recognized certain factors as potent determinants of opportunistic behavior, corruption, and capture of government officials. Only now are these relationships becoming conventional wisdom among specialists in economies in transition. Ten years into the transition, corruption is so pervasive that it could jeopardize the best-intentioned reform efforts. Broadman and Recanatini present an analytical framework for examining the role market institutions play in rent-seeking and illicit behavior. Using recently available data on the incidence of corruption and on institutional development, they provide preliminary evidence on the link between the development of market institutions and incentives for corruption. Virtually all of the indicators they examine appear to be important, but three are statistically significant: · The intensity of barriers to the entry of new business. · The effectiveness of the legal system. · The efficacy and competitiveness of services provided by infrastructure monopolies. The main lesson emerging from their analysis: a well established system of market institutions - clear and transparent rules, fully functioning checks and balances (including strong enforcement mechanisms), and a robust competitive environment - reduces opportunities for rent-seeking and hence incentives for corruption. Both the design and effective implementation of such measures are important if a market system is to be effective. It is not enough, for example, to enact first-rate laws if they are not enforced. The local political economy greatly affects whether a given policy reform will curtail corruption. Especially important are the following factors in the political economy: · The credibility of the government's commitment to carrying out announced reforms. · The degree to which government officials are captured by the entities they regulate or oversee. · The stability of the government itself. · The political power of entrenched vested interests. Economists in the field of industrial organization, antitrust, and regulation have long recognized these factors as potent determinants of opportunistic behavior, corruption, and capture of government officials. Only now are they becoming conventional wisdom among specialists in economies in transition. This paper - a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to analyze the determinants of corruption and develop remedies. The authors may be contacted at hbroadmanworldbank.org or frecanatini@worldbank.org
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  • 100
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    Trade Policies for Electronic Commerce (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mattoo, Aaditya Trade Policies for Electronic Commerce
    Keywords: Commodities ; Cross-Border Trade ; Customs ; Customs Duties ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electronic Commerce ; Emerging Markets ; European Union ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Services ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Importing Country ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; National Treatment ; Preferential Trading Arrangements ; Preferential Treatment ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Recourse ; Tariff Reductions ; Trade ; Trade Diversion ; Trade Law ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade Regime ; Trade and Services ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; World Trade Organization ; Commodities ; Cross-Border Trade ; Customs ; Customs Duties ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electronic Commerce ; Emerging Markets ; European Union ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Services ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Importing Country ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; National Treatment ; Preferential Trading Arrangements ; Preferential Treatment ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Recourse ; Tariff Reductions ; Trade ; Trade Diversion ; Trade Law ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade Regime ; Trade and Services ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: June 2000 - Members of the World Trade Organization have decided provisionally to exempt electronic delivery of products from customs duties. There is growing support for the decision to be made permanent. Is this desirable? Some countries in the World Trade Organization initially opposed WTO's decision to exempt electronic delivery of products from customs duties, out of concern for the revenue consequences. Others supported the decision as a means of securing open trading conditions. Mattoo and Schuknecht argue that neither the inhibitions nor the enthusiasm are fully justified. First, even if all delivery of digitizable media products moved online - an unlikely prospect - the revenue loss for most countries would be small. More important, however, the prohibition of customs duties does not ensure continued open access for electronically delivered products and may even prompt recourse to inferior instruments of protection. Barrier-free electronic commerce would be more effectively secured by deepening and widening the limited cross-border trade commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and by clarifying and strengthening certain GATS disciplines. This paper-a product of Trade, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to improve trade policy for goods and services. It is part of a larger project on trade in services supported in part by the United Kingdom's Department for International Development. Aaditya Mattoo may be contacted at amattooworldbank.org
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