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  • English  (141)
  • 2005-2009  (141)
  • 1965-1969
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (141)
  • Oxford : Oxford University Press
  • Trade  (141)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060265 , 9789264107137
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le commerce international ; Libre, équitable et ouvert ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Internationaler Handel; Frei, fair und offen?
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Love, Patrick International trade
    DDC: 382.1
    RVK:
    Keywords: Internationale Wirtschaft ; Welt ; Außenhandel ; Handelsvertrag ; Freihandel ; Fairer Handel ; Liberalisierung ; Economics ; Trade ; Erde ; Welthandel
    Abstract: International trade affects the price and availability of practically everything we buy. It also plays a role in many other domains, including jobs, the environment and the fight against poverty. OECD Insights: International Trade argues that prosperity has rarely, if ever, been achieved or sustained without trade. Trade alone, however, is not enough. Policies targeting employment, education, health and other issues are also needed to promote well-being and tackle the challenges of a globalised economy. "The OECD is a major source for insightful analyses of current trade issues. It also plays a role in disseminating skilfully the results of less accessible writings on trade. This short book is a valuable addition to the latter endeavour and should be on the shelf of policy makers." -Jagdish Bhagwati, Columbia University
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2009/01
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This document provides a second update on developments in the field of regional trade agreements and environment covering the period late 2007 to December 2008. It complements the 2007 publication “Environment and Regional Trade Agreements”, and the first update presented to the JWPTE in December 2007 (COM/TAD/ENV/JWPTE/RD(2007)40/FINAL). It is based on publicly available information and refers to agreements which have been signed by the Parties, though not all have entered into force yet. It also includes information on recent Trade Promotion Agreements (TPAs) which were not covered by the first study.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789264044814
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (454 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Globalisation and emerging economies
    DDC: 330.9172/4
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Internationale Wirtschaft ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Globalisierung ; Schwellenländer ; Brasilien ; Russland ; Indien ; Indonesien ; China ; Südafrika ; Trade ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Indonesia ; Russian Federation ; South Africa ; Schwellenländer ; Globalisierung ; Außenwirtschaft ; Schwellenländer ; Globalisierung ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Brasilien ; Russland ; Indien ; Indonesien ; China ; Südafrika ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Außenhandel ; Globalisierung
    Abstract: OECD countries still dominate the world economy, but their share of world trade dropped from 73% in 1992 to 64% in 2005, and some of the world’s most important economies are not members of the OECD. Foremost among these are the so-called BRIICS: Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa. This book analyses key elements of the trade performance of the BRIICS in relation to the rest of the world, focusing on trade and other policies influencing that performance. Developments in global trade policy are reviewed, notably the impact of preferential trade agreements on the multilateral system and patterns of world trade are described using both indices that reveal networks of trading relations and more standard modeling results. As well as the global analysis, the book also presents a separate chapter for each of the BRIICS, examining the key development and trade issues in each of the six countries over the past few years.
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2009/02
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: It is in every country's interest that the deployment of carbon-change-mitigation technologies (CCMTs) be accomplished at the lowest possible cost to society and that their diffusion be rapid. Reducing barriers to trade is one way to accomplish that, especially given that it is unlikely that every country will become proficient in the production of every CCMT. This study provides a preliminary assessment of the significance of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in a representative selection of CCMTs chosen from among those that have been identified by the IPCC and the IEA as having a large economic potential for mitigation, are globally traded, and can be easily adapted to national circumstances. Those examined in the report include: (a) technologies, such as gas-fired reciprocating engines, used in the co-production of both process (or district) heat and electric power (CHP); (b) technologies, such as pipes and meters, used in the production and delivery of heating and cooling at the scale of a city district (DHC); (c) technologies that harness solar energy to heat water or heat or cool the air in buildings (SHC); and (d) relatively energyefficient electric motors and related systems. The study finds that trade in CCMTs faces higher tariffs in some non-OECD countries than in OECD countries. Judging from information provided by exporters in response to a questionnaire, non-tariff measures are common, and in some countries are acting as barriers to trade. Overcoming some of the general measures that impede trade will take time. However, the problems that lax enforcement of intellectual property rights, cumbersome customs-clearance procedures and non-transparent government procurement create for trade in CCTMs should be regarded as providing additional reasons for importing countries to address these issues urgently. Finally, importers may need, at the same time, to examine their domestic policies in order to address behind-the-border impediments to the diffusion of CCMT technologies.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789264056954
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (238 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Surmonter les obstacles à la frontière ; Coûts et bénéfices de la facilitation des échanges
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Surmonter les obstacles à la frontière : Coûts et bénéfices de la facilitation des échanges
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Overcoming border bottlenecks
    DDC: 382
    RVK:
    Keywords: Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Trade ; Außenhandel ; Handelshemmnis ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse
    Abstract: International trade has grown rapidly in recent years, thanks in part to the progressive reduction of tariffs and quotas through successive rounds of multilateral trade liberalisation. However, this progress brings to light one of the remaining weak links of international trade, which prevents countries from drawing full benefits from the advantages of open global markets: border bottlenecks generated by inefficient, outdated and complex trade procedures and formalities. This book brings together six studies that examine to what extent and in which ways the costs of inefficient border processes influence trade and investment flows, how institutional and political factors affect the design and implementation of efficiency-enhancing measures, whether the expected benefits of these measures enough to justify the expenses of putting them in place, and whether the expenses involved are within the reach of developing and least developed countries, especially in light of other development priorities.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264045521
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (396 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die wirtschaftlichen Folgen von Produkt- und Markenpiraterie
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The economic impact of counterfeiting and piracy ; Phase I
    DDC: 364.133
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; TRIPS ; Markenrecht ; OECD-Staaten ; Piracy (Copyright) Economic aspects ; Product counterfeiting Economic aspects ; Trade ; OECD ; Produktpiraterie ; Markenrecht ; Industrie
    Abstract: This study develops and applies a rigorous methodology to estimate the incidence of counterfeit and pirated items in world trade. This methodology can be used in the future to refine the assessment as the quality and quantity of data improve. The study also provides an analysis of the market for counterfeit and pirated goods and the effects on various affected parties, ranging from the owners of the intellectual property rights, to consumers and governments. The study also provides a number of in-depth snapshots of different industry sectors, highlighting how those sectors are affected by counterfeiting and piracy, and how they are responding.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789264071872
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; République slovaque
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : République slovaque
    Keywords: Trade ; Slovak Republic
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264071650
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.24
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Japon
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Japon
    Keywords: Trade ; Japan
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264071896
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.12
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Slovénie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Slovénie
    Keywords: Trade ; Slovenia
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.66
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.66
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This study presents an exploratory analysis of export subsidies in the services field. It draws from a variety of sources in an effort to provide insights into the characteristics and use of these measures. The report, while not generating accurate measures of the extent and effects of export subsidies for services, provides evidence that these measures are used by many countries in the developed and developing worlds to support a wide range of services sectors. The analysis also indicates that broadly speaking the definitions contained in the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) are relevant for services. The most important types of export support appear to be direct tax incentives, particularly profit tax exemptions or reductions. Based on the detailed analysis of export subsidies for services, the study then discusses some possible elements of a definition of these measures.
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789264069367
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.31
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; France
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : France
    Keywords: Trade ; France
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9789264069428
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.28
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Hongkong, Chine
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Hongkong, Chine
    Keywords: Trade ; Hong Kong, China
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789264071773
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.18
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Norvège
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Norvège
    Keywords: Trade ; Norway
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789264069220
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.38
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Autriche
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Autriche
    Keywords: Trade ; Austria
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264072039
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (122 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Annexe I ; Arrangement relatif aux crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Annexe I : Arrangement relatif aux crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: The main purpose of the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits, referred to throughout this document as the Arrangement, is to provide a framework for the orderly use of officially supported export credits.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789264072060
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Annexe II ; Procédures de la Communauté économique européenne concernant les crédits à l'exportation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Annexe II : Procédures de la Communauté économique européenne concernant les crédits à l'exportation
    Keywords: Trade
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.68
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.68
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This study aims at exploring how recent developments in the retail sector affect trade in consumer goods. It focuses on three areas of development: i) internationalisation; ii) market structure; and iii) the growing market share of retailers? private labels. It distinguishes between food and non-food products as there are significant differences between the sourcing patterns of these two product categories. The gravity model is extended by integrating a retail intermediary sector, and a novel estimation technique (zero inflated Poisson) is proposed. It is found that the foreign operations of a retailer are positively related to imports from the host to the home country of the retailer. The rate of market concentration and the market share of private labels are both found to be negatively related to imports of food and positively related to imports of non-food consumer goods, but private labels tend to shift sourcing towards low-income countries. Lower tariffs yield a stronger import response in countries with a less concentrated retail sector, particularly for food items suggesting that competition policy and trade policy are complementary. In developing countries the entry of international retailers can have a positive impact on exports and product quality.
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789264071711
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.21
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Mexique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Mexique
    Keywords: Trade ; Mexico
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9789264069145
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.40
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Introduction
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Introduction
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: The export financing systems of 34 economies are described in this book; 29 are OECD countries and are Members of the OECD Working Party on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees (ECG) (Iceland is currently not an ECG Member). Except for Hungary, Mexico, Poland and Turkey, these OECD countries also constitute the Participants to the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits (the Arrangement); Hungary and Poland are Observers to the Group of Participants. The five non-member economies (Chinese Taipei; Hong Kong, China; Romania; Singapore; Slovenia) whose export financing systems are described in this book, are neither Members nor Observers to the ECG or to the Group of Participants. They have, however, undertaken to endeavour to comply with the guidelines of the Arrangement.
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.62
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.62
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper presents an empirical analysis of the influence of the strength of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on technology transfer to developing nations. The core contribution is to use regression analysis to examine the relationship between various measures of technology transfer and a set of indexes that quantify the strength of IPRs based on laws on the books, while controlling for other factors. For this purpose, the authors have assembled a data set covering a broad international panel of countries for an expanded time frame (1990-2005) in comparison with previous studies on IPRs by the Trade and Agriculture Directorate. Regression analysis is also used to assess the relationship between measures of local innovation and the IPR indexes. The study employs case study analysis of select countries - namely the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) - to complement the statistical analysis.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789264069329
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.33
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Danemark
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Danemark
    Keywords: Trade ; Denmark
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9789264069350
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.32
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Finlande
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Finlande
    Keywords: Trade ; Finland
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2008/01
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of work on trade and environment in the OECD since the creation, in 1991, of the Joint Session of Trade and Environment Experts, later re-named Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment, and summarises the main conclusions and policy recommendations arising from that work. It describes work done in three key periods: • From 1991 to 1995, starting with the establishment of the Joint Session of Trade and Environment Experts, up to the conclusion of the Uruguay Round and the creation of the World Trade Organisation and its Committee on Trade and Environment. • From 1995 to 2001, spanning discussions up to the adoption of the Doha Development Agenda (DDA), in which Ministers mandated negotiations on a range of topics related to trade and environment. • From 2001 to 2008, focussing on analytical work to support discussions under negotiation in the DDA at the WTO and exploring emerging issues outside of the DDA.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 90 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.65
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.65
    Keywords: Trade ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: This study describes the changing patterns of intermediate goods trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) in East Asia and investigates the impacts of international outsourcing on the Japanese and the Korean labour markets. The main findings of the paper are as follows. First, intra-regional trade in East Asia grew remarkably during the period 1990-2003. While overall trade with the rest of the world roughly doubled in this period, intra-regional trade in East Asia more than tripled. Second, the main factor behind increased intra-regional trade in East Asia was the trade in intermediate goods through outsourcing and the international fragmentation of production. Third, reflecting the fact that outsourcing to Asia (particularly to China) has a negative impact on the demand for workers with lower education and a positive impact on the demand for workers with higher education, relative wage shares of workers by educational attainment have changed substantially both in Japan and Korea. Fourth, our empirical analysis provides evidence of labour demand shift towards skilled labour in Japanese manufacturing as a result of outsourcing. For Korea, although the overall effects of outsourcing have been insignificant in Korea partly because a substantial part of Korean outsourcing remained directed towards Japan, our results imply that labour demand would shift away from less-skilled workers towards more-skilled workers if outsourcing to China increased and outsourcing to Japan decreased in the future.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264071735
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.20
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Pays-Bas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Pays-Bas
    Keywords: Trade ; Netherlands
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789264069244
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.37
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Belgique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Belgique
    Keywords: Trade ; Belgium
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789264071698
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.22
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Luxembourg
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Luxembourg
    Keywords: Trade ; Luxembourg
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789264071612
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.26
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Irlande
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Irlande
    Keywords: Trade ; Ireland
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789264071971
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Turquie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Turquie
    Keywords: Trade ; Turkey
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.80
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.80
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Foreign direct investment (FDI) represents an increasingly important dimension of international economic integration with global FDI flows growing faster than output over the past two decades. FDI is a particular form of investment, as it transfers knowledge as well as finance that may otherwise be unavailable in the domestic economy. This paper uses firm-level data to identify FDI spillovers across countries, sectors and time. The analysis suggests that knowledge-related spillovers from FDI vary considerably across sectors. Services industries enjoy the strongest productivity-enhancing effects of FDI, particularly through backward linkages. There is no strong evidence of horizontal productivity spillovers at the aggregate level. The results also indicate a significant and positive correlation between the degree of trade openness and output when measuring the impact of foreign presence in the domestic economy. A positive interaction is found between trade liberalisation and productivity spillovers. Thus, trade liberalisation can be seen as an important component of any reform package designed to help countries maximise the benefits of FDI.
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789264071933
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Suède
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Suède
    Keywords: Trade ; Sweden
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789264071858
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Singapour
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Singapour
    Keywords: Trade ; Singapore
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2008/02
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This document provides a checklist on environmental issues for negotiators of regional trade agreements (RTAs) in order to provide guidance to countries wishing to include environmental provisions in RTAs. The checklist draws on countries’ experience of negotiating and implementing environmental provisions of RTAs, which other countries may find useful when considering their own approaches to environmental issues in RTAs. The checklist is intended to provide a reference to assist discussion of environmental issues, when the inclusion of environmental provisions is considered appropriate, before, during and after negotiation of trade agreements. It is by no means prescriptive. As the number and variety of RTAs continues to increase, the checklist should be viewed as a ‘living document’ that could be modified and updated as countries gain new experience.
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789264071636
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.25
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Italie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Italie
    Keywords: Trade ; Italy
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789264071995
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.7
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Royaume-Uni
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Royaume-Uni
    Keywords: Trade ; United Kingdom
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9789264072015
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; États-Unis
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : États-Unis
    Keywords: Trade ; United States
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9789264072657
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Annexe V ; Recommandation de l'OCDE sur des approches communes concernant l'environnement et les crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public (adopté le 18 décembre 2003)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Annexe V : Recommandation de l'OCDE sur des approches communes concernant l'environnement et les crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public (adopté le 18 décembre 2003)
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Having regard to the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development of 14th December 1960 and, in particular, to Article 5 b) thereof.
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9789264071957
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.9
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Suisse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Suisse
    Keywords: Trade ; Switzerland
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  • 39
    ISBN: 9789264069268
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.36
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Canada
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Canada
    Keywords: Trade ; Canada
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9789264069381
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.30
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Allemagne
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Allemagne
    Keywords: Trade ; Germany
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789264071759
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.19
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Nouvelle-Zélande
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Nouvelle-Zélande
    Keywords: Trade ; New Zealand
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  • 42
    ISBN: 9789264071834
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Roumanie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Roumanie
    Keywords: Trade ; Romania
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  • 43
    ISBN: 9789264069305
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.34
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; République tchèque
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : République tchèque
    Keywords: Trade ; Czech Republic
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.63
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.63
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Faciliter les échanges et l'ajustement structurel Thai͏̈lande : l'expérience de pays non membres
    Keywords: Trade ; Thailand
    Abstract: This paper is the fourth of four country case studies which is a part of a broader research programme addressing trade and structural adjustment issues in non-member economies which was conducted as a follow-up to Trade and Structural Adjustment: Embracing Globalisation (OECD, 2005) which identified policies for successful trade-related structural adjustment. This paper studies the trade liberalisation experience of Thailand from the 1970s. The report consists of 6 main sections; Section 1 provides the introduction, while section 2 provides an overview of Thailand's growth experiences. Section 3 takes a closer look at the trade liberalisation and investment policies in Thailand: Thailand's initial trade regime and three phases of trade liberalisation: (1) initial tariff reforms (1982-84), (2) comprehensive tariff reform and its reversal with the Asian financial crisis (1993-), and (3) post crisis reforms (1999-) are studied. Section 4 looks at the changes in the investment and trade structure, while section 5 takes a closer look at structural adjustment in three sectors, the automotive and auto-parts sector, textile and clothing, and the telecom services sector. Section 6 concludes with lessons learnt. Thailand's experience confirms that a sound macroeconomic environment, sustainable public finances, a relatively stable political and economic environment, flexible labour markets and reliable infrastructure are crucial for economic growth. It provides an example of gradual trade liberalisation, and demonstrates the benefits of openness to international trade and foreign investment in correcting distortions in the economy.
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789264072589
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Annexe III ; Crédit à l'exportation et environnement - plan de travail
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Annexe III : Crédit à l'exportation et environnement - plan de travail
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Against the background of the Action Statement agreed by the Members of the OECD Working Party on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees at their 82nd Meeting in February 2000, the Members are committed to pursuing the following Work-Plan on the issue of export credits and the environment, without prejudice as to outcomes. The Work Plan comprises a list of topics (which is not exhaustive) to be addressed in the further discussions of the Working Group in accordance with the commitments in the Action Statement and to facilitate the fulfilment of the OECD Ministerial Mandate.
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.77
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.77
    Keywords: Trade ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: This paper is one of five case studies which is a part of a larger project looking at the various effects that trade and investment can have on innovation. This paper studies the effect of trade and investment liberalisation on Korea’s Information and communication technology (ICT) sector and finds that trade and investment have played a crucial role in innovation in the sector. In the initial stages of development, imported capital goods and components, joint ventures, licensing and Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) contracts were important sources of technology and exports were key to gain the necessary economies of scale for innovation. Free trade and investment policies in the 1990s and stronger protection of intellectual property rights have led to an increase in R&D and innovation and has led to the transformation of Korea into a knowledge based economy in the recent decade.
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.67
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.67
    Keywords: Trade ; Ecuador
    Abstract: This paper is the second of four country case studies which is a part of a broader research programme addressing trade and structural adjustment issues in non-member economies which was conducted as a follow-up to Trade and Structural Adjustment: Embracing Globalisation (OECD, 2005) which identified policies for successful trade-related structural adjustment. This paper studies the trade liberalisation experience of Ecuador from the 1970s onwards. The report consists of 5 main sections; Section 1 provides the introduction, while section 2 provides an overview of Ecuador?s economic reforms from the 1970s onwards until the 2000s. Section 3 looks at the structural changes in the economy and trade dynamics behind the changes. Section 4 takes a closer look at structural adjustment in four sectors, the cut-flowers, processed tuna, cereals, and textiles and clothing. Section 5 concludes with lessons learnt. Ecuador provides a case of a country whose trade liberalisation and other structural reforms have led to mixed results. While trade liberalisation has improved resource allocations, macroeconomic instability, incomplete reforms, weak institutions and relatively restrictive (but also highly informal) labour markets have made it difficult for Ecuador to reap the full benefits of trade liberalisation.
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9789264069282
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.35
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Taipei chinois
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Taipei chinois
    Keywords: Trade ; Chinese Taipei
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9789264069206
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.39
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Australie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Australie
    Keywords: Trade ; Australia
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9789264071810
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.16
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Portugal
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Portugal
    Keywords: Trade ; Portugal
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 86 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.69
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.69
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Faciliter les échanges et l'ajustement structurel : l'expérience de pays non membres
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper, together with five other background studies, is a part of a broader research programme addressing trade and structural adjustment issues in non-member economies which was conducted as a follow-up to Trade and Structural Adjustment: Embracing Globalisation (OECD, 2005) which identified policies for successful trade-related structural adjustment. This paper revisits and elaborates on specific parts of these policy recommendations with a view to reassessing their applicability to developing countries. The five background studies; a comparison study comparing East Asia and Latin America and four country case studies (Chile, Ecuador, the Philippines and Thailand), which were conducted as a part of this project, form the basis for the analysis, supplemented by existing literature. The report consists of 4 main sections; The first section provides an introduction and the second section provides an overview of the liberalisation experiences of the four countries. In the third section, some of the ?recommendations in OECD (2005) are revisited with a greater focus on developing countries, covering such issues as i) trade and investment policies, ii) macroeconomic policy, iii) social safety nets and labour market policies, iv) policies to facilitate export response, v) institutional frameworks and regulatory and competition environment, vi) role of multilateral cooperation and regional and bilateral initiatives, and vii) broad based approach to reforms. The fourth section concludes.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264044708
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (122 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Entreprendre pour le développement 2008 ; Promouvoir les échanges commerciaux agricoles en Afrique
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Business for development [2008]
    RVK:
    Keywords: Landwirtschaft ; Agraraußenhandel ; Agroindustrie ; Afrika ; Agriculture and Food ; Development ; Trade ; Afrika ; Landwirtschaft ; Afrika ; Agraraußenhandel ; Agrobusiness
    Abstract: The changing pattern of international agricultural trade has profound implications for Africa. The book’s authors discuss these trade flows, map the corporate landscape of agro-food, (including the emergent indigenous sector), and assess trends in international development co-operation in the corporate sector. Particular focus is given to “aid for trade” programmes that try to foster private-sector development and trade-capacity building. A final chapter, drawing lessons from five country case studies, provides evidence of the (in)effectiveness of government intervention and donor programmes to promote the marketing of African agriculture.
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.70
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.70
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Libéralisation des échanges et performances économiques : Comparaison en l' Asie de l'Est et l'Amérique latine,1970-2006
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper, together with four other country case studies, is a part of a broader research programme addressing trade and structural adjustment issues in non-member economies which was conducted as a follow-up to Trade and Structural Adjustment: Embracing Globalisation (OECD, 2005) which identified policies for successful trade-related structural adjustment. This paper studies the trade liberalisation and structural adjustment experiences and their outcomes in terms of economic and trade performance in East Asia and Latin America. The report consists of 5 main sections; After an introduction, Section A first looks at the growth performance and role of trade and FDI. Section B looks at trade related policy trends in the two regions while section C looks at some trade and foreign direct investment indicators. Section D compares the structural adjustment in the two regions and Section E concludes.
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.60
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.60
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: The report focuses on the complementarities between trade, investment and competition policies and analyses how policy coherence can be promoted in these three important areas that shape incentives for firms and individuals to be more productive and for markets to be more competitive. It also deals with the potential inconsistencies or tensions that may arise between trade, investment and competition reforms and how to ease them. It shows that specific policy goals can be achieved while maintaining an open and procompetitive environment. Overall, the analysis highlights the role of governments in providing the right incentives to facilitate the adjustment to the internationalisation of production and the important synergies between policies that can be exploited to promote growth. It is not only the case in contestable markets but also in the context of market failures where pro-competitive policies can address specific distortions and mitigate the adverse effects of reforms. The report includes the results of a survey collecting the experience of policymakers on complementarities between trade, investment and competition policies.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.64
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.64
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This study describes developments in international trade and OECD labour markets and analyses possible linkages between them. It depicts recent developments in offshoring, trade in tasks and the integration of large emerging economies into the world market. The labour market in major OECD countries has been characterised by rising employment relative to the total population and declining unemployment rates during the past decade. Job security has not changed greatly between 1995 and 2005, but the wage share of national income has declined in many OECD countries. The report does not find evidence of a linkage between import penetration and overall employment or unemployment, but relatively small effects on productivity and employment patterns are found. A shift towards sourcing of imports from emerging markets slightly improves labour productivity and reduces labour demand in the importcompeting sectors or activities. Offshoring of services has a relatively strong positive marginal impact on labour productivity, but the scale of offshoring is still modest. The labour market impact of offshoring is stronger in countries with high employment protection and high barriers to entrepreneurship. The study finally argues that offshoring is motivated by the need for flexibility and lower costs and helps firms remain competitive. Thus, offshoring may well relax the pressure to move the entire manufacturing production chain to low-cost countries.
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789264069404
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (11 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.29
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Grèce
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Grèce
    Keywords: Trade ; Greece
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9789264072602
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Annexe IV ; Déclaration d'action concernant la corruption et les crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Annexe IV : Déclaration d'action concernant la corruption et les crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public
    Keywords: Trade
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789264071599
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.27
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Hongrie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Hongrie
    Keywords: Trade ; Hungary
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789264071797
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.17
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Pologne
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Pologne
    Keywords: Trade ; Poland
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.61
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.61
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: The Nordic countries are characterized by relatively compressed wage structures, implying that the incentives to offshore activities intensive in low-skilled labour might be particularly strong in these countries. In this paper, we document the recent changes in measures of offshoring and find that there has been an overall increase since the mid 1990s but that the experience varies considerably across sectors. We also document the recent trends in wage-bill shares of workers with different levels of educational attainment. As in most industrialized countries, there has been an overall increase in the wage-bill share of highly educated workers, a development that is relatively uniform across sectors. In an econometric analysis we estimate the relationship between offshoring of intermediate input production and labour demand in Sweden, Finland and Norway, distinguishing between workers with different educational attainments. We only find weak relationships. In this sense, the results suggest that the gains from an increased specialisation due to fragmentation of production and the emergence of production networks involving low-wage countries are reaped without any large adverse effects on income distribution. For Sweden, we find that offshoring to low-income countries is associated with a shift in demand towards workers with a relatively high level of education. For Finland, however, it is rather offshoring to high-income countries that is associated with such a shift. Moreover, in the Swedish case the shift is away from workers with upper secondary education whereas in the Finnish case it is away from workers with lower secondary education.
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9789264071919
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Espagne
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Espagne
    Keywords: Trade ; Spain
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789264071674
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.23
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Corée
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Corée
    Keywords: Trade ; Korea, Republic of
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789282101476
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (235 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.134
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Accès au marché, commerce des services de transport et facilitation des échanges
    Keywords: Transport ; Trade
    Abstract: This ECMT Round Table, hosted by the Hellenic Institute of Transport in Thessaloniki, Greece, focused on regional integration in the context of multilateral trade liberalisation, the effects on market structure of liberalising trade in transport services, interaction of the liberalisation of trade in transport services and national competition policies, and demand for the coordination of international transport infrastructure policies, transport security, and logistics policies.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2007/01
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Importing "environmental" goods which are also used for other than environmental purposes and ensuring that they represent the most appropriate technology for a particular environmental problem are key concerns to be addressed in the approaches currently being discussed under paragraph 31(iii) of the Doha Agenda. By drawing lessons from experiences with WTO sectoral agreements such as the Agreements on Information Technology (ITA), Trade in Pharmaceutical Products and Trade in Civil Aircraft as well as relevant national schemes, this paper explores possible options to address these two issues.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789264006805
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les accords commerciaux régionaux
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Environment and regional trade agreements
    DDC: 382/.91
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Umweltabkommen ; Welt ; Commercial treaties ; International trade Environmental aspects ; Trade blocs ; Environment ; Trade ; Welthandel ; Liberalisierung ; Wirtschaftliche Integration ; Bilateraler Handel ; Handelsabkommen ; Umweltschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Internationale Kooperation
    Abstract: Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have increased significantly in number over the past few years. The number of RTAs which include environmental provisions is also increasing. However, these provisions, and the experience related to their negotiation and implementation, have not been examined in depth yet. This study contributes to filling this gap. It provides an overview of approaches to environmental issues in RTAs and summarises country experiences in their negotiation and practical application. Regional and bilateral trade arrangements are surveyed, including customs unions and free trade agreements. The study is based on the analysis of RTA texts, and on literature examining their actual implementation, as well as on first-hand comments and input from experts from both OECD and non-OECD countries.
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 81 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.54
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.54
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This report proposes an analysis of the mutually reinforcing relationship between trade, investment and competition policies and how together they impact trade in developing countries. An index of pro-competitive reforms is provided for 82 countries over the period 2001-2005. The index synthesises 13 indicators of the policy stance of countries with regard to trade, investment and competition. It is then used in quantitative analysis to determine the impact of barriers to competitive markets on trade. The results shows that there are substantial gains for developing countries in market and regulatory reforms in terms of higher trade flows and higher income per capita. Moreover, the paper further examines pro-competitive reforms in key services sectors and the extent to which trade agreements can promote them through the experience of the WTO telecoms Reference Paper. The analysis highlights that countries achieved a high degree of liberalisation in the telecoms sector and that regulatory principles of the Reference Paper were useful in promoting sound policies under domestic regulatory reforms of the sector.
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 82 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.50
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.50
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Relations entre l'investissement direct étranger, les échanges et la politique commerciale : Analyse économique appliquée au secteur alimentaire des pays de l'OCDE et études de cas au Ghana, au Mozambique, en Ouganda et en Tunisie
    Keywords: Trade ; Ghana ; Mozambique ; Tunisia ; Uganda
    Abstract: Through empirical analysis and case studies, this document explores the relationships amongst foreign direct investment (FDI), trade and trade-related policies in OECD and four African countries (Ghana, Mozambique, Tunisia and Uganda). In OECD countries, tariffs and market price support may have an effect on how FDI is distributed geographically. FDI may be used to avoid or "jump" tariffs. Also, investors in a home country may invest in a host country to exploit the preferential tariffs that the host has with a third country. Participation in a regional trading agreement or customs union, e.g. NAFTA or the EU, may create investment opportunities. Market price support to agriculture may encourage outward investment and discourage inward investment. In aggregate, FDI and trade appear to complement one another. The four case studies in Africa highlight the interactions amongst regulations, foreign investment and trade. For example, FDI is useful in helping the firm develop the resources to meet the standards of OECD markets. Investment promotion agencies and export processing zones appear to prepare countries to attract FDI. Preferential trading agreements like the Everything but Arms with EU and the African Growth Opportunity Act with the US may have an impact on trade and investment. Beyond trade policies, other policies and factors contribute substantially to the location and distribution of FDI. As seen amongst OECD countries, factors like the GDP of a country (i.e. market size) and cost of production and transport can have an effect on FDI. Another factor that influences FDI is the degree of market competitiveness. For the four African countries, the country risk and the level of infrastructure can influence the volume of FDI attracted.
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  • 68
    ISBN: 9789264037274
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Analysis carried out in this report indicates that international trade in counterfeit and pirated products could have been up to USD 200 billion in 2005. This total does not include domestically produced and consumed counterfeit and pirated products and the significant volume of pirated digital products being distributed via the Internet. If these items were added, the total magnitude of counterfeiting and piracy worldwide could well be several hundred billion dollars more. Counterfeiting and piracy are illicit businesses in which criminal networks thrive. The report shows that the items that they and other counterfeiters and pirates produce and distribute are often substandard and can even be dangerous, posing health and safety risks that range from mild to life-threatening. Economy-wide, counterfeiting and piracy undermine innovation, which is key to economic growth. The magnitude and effects of counterfeiting and piracy are of such significance that they compel strong and sustained action from governments, business and consumers. More effective enforcement is critical in this regard, as is the need to build public support to combat the counterfeiting and piracy. Increased co-operation between governments, and with industry, would be beneficial, as would better data collection.
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 67 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.52
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.52
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'extension des chaines d'approvisionnement internationales : Le rôle des économies émergentes dans la fourniture de services informatiques et de services aux entreprises
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Offshoring of business process services (BPS) and information technology services (ITS) – whether through international insourcing or international outsourcing – is transforming the way many companies do business. This paper looks at the expansion of international supply chains and the rise of China, the Czech Republic, India and the Philippines as exporters of BPS and ITS. It also analyses the nature of and factors behind this trade and identifies major business- and trade-related challenges arising. In this context it presents some of the labour market implications resulting from increasing trade between OECD and non-OECD economies. The analysis shows that the BPS and ITS sectors in the four emerging economies are very differently structured: Chinese and Czech companies are predominantly supplying their domestic markets while Indian and Philippine companies are focused mainly on supplying foreign markets. In terms of exports, they also supply different geographies: China is mainly exporting to Japan; the Czech Republic to the European Union; the Philippines to the United States; and India to the United States and UK. Several of the larger home-grown companies in the four countries are establishing significant presence in foreign markets, in particular in other emerging markets, to build capacity and leverage local comparative advantage. This highlights the fact that different geographies have different strengths and BPS and ITS-related FDI between emerging economies is likely to expand rapidly in the future. All four countries are facing supply side constraints. The low supply of senior personnel with industry-relevant experience in China, the Czech Republic and the Philippines acts as a break on growth. Many companies are also struggling to manage high levels of staff attrition and salary inflation. Regulatory restrictions are relatively few but still affect some companies. In the ITS sector, temporary movement of personnel can pose a significant challenge for home-grown exporters. The issue is most relevant for the Indian ITS sector that is dependent on sending professionals for longer visits to client premises. Slow and unpredictable procedures for issuing business visas and work permits, and quota limitations for work permits, give rise to operational challenges. In the BPS sector, and to a lesser extent in the ITS sector, data privacy and security legislation can have a negative effect on international outsourcing. But new regulations have also created entirely new business opportunities, including the medical transcription sector.
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.59
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.59
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Faciliter les échanges et l'ajustement structurel les Philippines
    Keywords: Trade ; Philippines
    Abstract: This paper is the second of four country case studies which is a part of a broader research programme addressing trade and structural adjustment issues in non-member economies which was conducted as a follow-up to Trade and Structural Adjustment: Embracing Globalisation (OECD, 2005) which identified policies for successful trade-related structural adjustment. This paper studies the trade liberalisation experience of the Philippines from the 1980s. The report consists of 7 main parts; Part 1 provides the introduction, part 2 looks at the economic policies in the Philippines from the 1970s, and part 3 takes a general look at the general structure of the economy. Part 4 takes a closer look at the trade liberalisation in the Philippines which was implemented in three phases, (1) initial trade reforms (1981-88), (2) second phase (1991-93) and (3) third phase (1994-96). Part 5 takes an overview of the structural adjustments which took place in manufacturing and agriculture, with Part 6 taking a closer look at four sectors, electronics, food processing, cement, and business process outsourcing sectors. Part 7 concludes with lessons learnt and opportunities and challenges for further liberalisation. Despite considerable liberalisation including in trade policy since the 1980s, the Philippines economy posted only lacklustre performance initially. After a growth period in the 1990s and the Asian crisis, it is only in the recent past that some of the reforms are starting to pay off. The importance of a stable political and macroecnomic environment, need for appropriate exchange rates, need for early elimination of quantitative restrictions in trade reform, early deregulation on FDI are some of the lessons learnt. While challenges remain, better results are expected in the future if complemented with further reforms.
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.58
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.58
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les approaches bilatérales et régionales adoptées pour réduire les obstacles techniques au commerce convergent-elles vers le système commercial multilatéral ?
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: As part of its work on regionalism, the OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate has completed a series of studies that compare rule-making provisions in regional trade agreements with those in the World Trade Organisation (e.g., in the area of services, investment and competition). This paper aims to complement existing studies, by examining legal provisions regarding "technical barriers to trade" (i.e., technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures) in selected bilateral and regional trade agreements, and their degree of similarity and convergence with the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, and with each other. The study reveals that most provisions regarding technical barriers to trade (TBT) included in bilateral and regional trade agreements converge towards the multilateral trading system. When implemented effectively, agreements seeking deeper economic integration and regulatory cooperation, in particular, can complement and strengthen the implementation the WTO Agreements on Technical Barriers to Trade by setting the pace for improved regulatory practices and TBT-related infrastructure in member countries (e.g., through regional consultation fora and joint standardisation and accreditation bodies). Some caveats however remain. When overlapping agreements promote different criteria for the harmonisation of standard-related measures and when bilateral or regional initiatives are conducted in isolation from international efforts and divert attention from multilateral trade and standards-related negotiations, new obstacles may arise both for regulators and businesses. Such constraints are further magnified for low income countries afflicted by administrative and technical capacity-related problems. To remedy these potential problems, the study proposes a number of policy recommendations.
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.48
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.48
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Evidence suggests that differences in regulatory requirements of individual economies may actually impede gains from trade liberalization, while a smooth functioning, transparent regulatory system can have positive effects on trade and investment flows. This has increasingly induced policy makers to pay closer attention to the complementarities and interconnectedness between domestic regulatory reform and market openness. This study focuses on identifying regulatory processes, tools and policies adopted in order to support market openness and improve trade and investment opportunities. Although the elaboration of a market openness assessment toolkit is still at early stages, a number of promising approaches do come out, even if a number of issues call for further attention and work, on which the trade policy community might wish to focus in the future.
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264028388
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mano visible de China en América Latina
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The visible hand of China in Latin America
    RVK:
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; Auslandsinvestition ; Lateinamerika ; China ; Außenhandel ; Emerging Market ; Integration ; Weltordnung ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Lateinamerika ; Aufsatzsammlung ; China ; Lateinamerika ; Außenhandel ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Emerging Market ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Abstract: Latin America is looking towards China and Asia -- and China and Asia are looking right back. This is a major shift: for the first time in its history, Latin America can benefit from not one but three major engines of world growth. Until the 1980s, the United States was the region’s major trade partner. In the 1990s, a second growth engine emerged with the European investment boom in Latin America. Now, at the dawn of the new century, the increasing global economic importance of Asia, and in particular China, potentially provides a third engine of growth. This book describes the opportunities and challenges that Latin American economies will face as Chinese importance in the world economy -- and in Latin America's traditional markets -- continues to grow.
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264031203
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Assistance technique liée au commerce ; Que nous apprennent les évaluations récentes ?
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lesser, Caroline Trade-related assistance
    RVK:
    Keywords: Internationale Finanzhilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Trade ; OECD ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Exportförderung ; Entwicklungsländer
    Abstract: This report draws on key findings and recommendations emerging from available donor evaluation reports, assesses factors that have contributed to the success (or failure) of past programmes, and provides guidance for enhancing the effectiveness and impact of future trade-related assistance. It provides a timely input to the ongoing discussions amongst the aid and trade communities on effectively designing and delivering “aid for trade” as a complement to the Doha Development Agenda.
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 111 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.51
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.51
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper presents improved approaches to measurement of services barriers by using alternative weighting methods and improved econometric specifications; the data include barriers affecting each mode of services supply and additional sector-specific regulatory variables. We provide an illustration of these improvements for banking, insurance, telecom (fixed and mobile), professional (engineering) and distribution services in selected countries in Africa, Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Middle East. We report sector-specific restrictiveness indices at aggregate and modal levels along with aggregate and modal tax equivalents. We also provide confidence intervals for each estimated tax equivalent to take into account the limitations in the estimation techniques. Indeed these limitations lead us to argue against a strict interpretation of the empirical results and in favor of a more flexible, qualitative interpretation, combined with rank ordering of countries for indicative purposes.
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 87 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.55
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.55
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les interactions entre le chapitre sur l'investissement et le chapitre sur les services dans une sélection d'accords commerciaux régionaux
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This report analyses the interactions between the investment and services chapters of 20 regional trade agreements. It classifies agreements into two broad categories of NAFTA-inspired and GATS-inspired agreements and identifies four major types of interaction between the investment and trade in services chapters. The report then looks at the implications of the services/investment interface for levels of investment protection and liberalisation.
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.56
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.56
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Faciliter les échanges et l'ajustement structurel Chili : expérience des économies non membres
    Keywords: Trade ; Chile
    Abstract: This paper is the first of four country case studies which is a part of a broader research programme addressing trade and structural adjustment issues in non-member economies which was conducted as a follow-up to Trade and Structural Adjustment: Embracing Globalisation (OECD, 2005) which identified policies for successful trade-related structural adjustment. This paper studies the trade liberalisation experience of Chile from 1973 onward. The report consists of 5 main parts; Part 1 provides the introduction, part 2 looks at the trade liberalisation in Chile which was implemented in three phases, (1) initial trade reforms (1973-84), (2) trade reform after a temporary policy reversal(1985-89) and (3) after 1990. Part 3 looks at the evolution and structure of exports and imports, and Part 4 looks at sectoral developments in the copper industry, agrofood industry, wood and wooden products industry and the textiles and clothing industry. Part 5 concludes with lessons learnt. The experience of Chile shows that trade reform has been essential for realigning the incentive structures in Chile. A stable macroeconomic environment, trade reform starting with the elimination of quantitative restrictions, introduction of flat tariffs, coherent exchange rate policy, sound institutional framework, rule of law, mild promotion of exports, use of foreign capital, and relatively flexible labour market policies have been important factors in Chili's successful trade liberalisation experience.
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789264027886
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (97 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réforme des politiques et des échanges agricoles ; Incidences sur les marchés mondiaux des produits de base
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réforme des politiques et des échanges agricoles : Incidences sur les marchés mondiaux des produits de base
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Liapis, Peter S. Agricultural policy and trade reform
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Internationale Handelspolitik ; Verteilungswirkung ; Welt ; Agriculture and state ; Commercial policy ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Industriestaaten ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agraraußenhandelspolitik ; Protektionismus ; Liberalisierung ; Agrarweltmarkt ; Preisänderung
    Abstract: The governments of most developed, and many developing, countries impose border measures—tariffs, tariff rate quotas and export subsidies—to boost the domestic market prices of agricultural commodities. In some OECD countries, governments also provide financial support to their agricultural sector through other means, such as direct budgetary payments, production quotas and marketing-loan programs. These interventions typically distort the allocation of resources, leading to sub-optimal production and consumption decisions. Widespread agricultural policy reform would undoubtedly improve the global allocation of resources. But, due to differential protection levels and policy instruments across commodities and among countries, reform can also produce a complex pattern of adjustments, some of which may appear to be counter-intuitive. Using a partial-equilibrium agricultural commodity model with rich policy detail, this study examines the market impacts of agricultural policy reform annually over a 10-year horizon. The study finds that the biggest impacts of agricultural policy reform would be on world dairy markets. Including the effect of non-agricultural liberalisation from a general-equilibrium model does not meaningfully alter results, suggesting that sectoral analysis in many cases is sufficient. Also in this series: Agricultural Policy and Trade Reform: Potential Effects at Global, National and Household Levels
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.57
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.57
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This study analyses the role that services trade liberalisation could play in fostering tourism growth in developing countries. The economic and social importance of tourism means that the industry is high on the list of development priorities in many developing countries and LDCs. In order to have a successful tourism export industry, effective linkages need to be established with many different sectors, most of which are other services. Trade and investment liberalisation at the national, regional and multilateral levels can be a means to complement national efforts to attain these goals. Sustainable tourism development, though, requires strong public sector management and support. Due consideration needs to be given to develop effective regulation, including competition policy and institutions, to avoid exceeding the carrying capacity of assets, and to strengthen national capacity in order to minimise financial leakages.
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.42
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.42
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Recent research at OECD provides new evidence that customs and administrative procedures have substantial effects on trade flows. Although customs and administrative procedures are necessary for the smooth application of trade and other policies, they can ?thicken? the borders between trading partners if the customs and administrative procedures are more stringent than necessary or...
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 70 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.47
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.47
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Focusing on consumer demands in OECD markets and voluntary initiatives taken in the private sector, this study investigates how consumers are informed about the social and environmental conditions under which products have been produced. Consumers of OECD increasingly attach importance to how companies they buy from conduct their business, and the voluntary adoption of CSR policies is spreading in the private sector. But how do consumers know...
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.49
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.49
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper argues that regulatory measures affect the fixed cost of entering a market as well as the variable costs of servicing that market. Moreover, differences in regulation among countries often imply that firms have to incur entry costs in every new market. Indicators of regulatory intensity and heterogeneity are introduced in a gravity model and their impact on market entry and subsequent trade flows estimated for total services, business services and financial services. It is found that regulatory heterogeneity has a relatively large negative impact on both market entry and subsequent trade flows. Further, regulatory barriers have a negative effect on the local services sectors’ export performance. Finally it is found that regulations that aims at correcting market failure can have a positive impact on trade. It is concluded that services trade liberalization and regulatory reforms are complementary in creating competitive services markets.
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.53
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.53
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Zones franches d'exportation : leur rôle passé et futur dans les échanges et le développement
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper studies export processing zones (EPZs) which have become increasingly popular as a policy tool for development and export-oriented growth, and can be found in 130 countries around the world. The report consists of four parts. Part I provides a broad overview on the current use of EPZs, including the evolution of EPZ policy, their objectives and how these are achieved, and the incentives commonly offered. It presents case studies from China, India and Russia illustrating new trends and policies. Part II then provides a review of the economic costs and benefits of EPZs with particular focus on their trade and employment implications. Part III presents an analysis of how common EPZ policies relate to trade rules. It reviews the relationship between EPZs and the WTO Agreements such as the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM), followed by a discussion of how EPZs are commonly treated in RTAs. Part IV concludes. EPZs are a sub-optimal policy from an economic point of view since it benefits the few and distorts resource allocation, but may be useful as a stepping stone to trade liberalisation on a national basis. Governments should consider all available policy options, and conduct a thorough cost/benefit analysis before implementation.
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9789264028685
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Liberalisation and universal access to basic services
    DDC: 354.728
    RVK:
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Telekommunikation ; Wasserversorgung ; Finanzdienstleistung ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Deregulierung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Konferenzschrift 2005 ; Entwicklungsländer ; Elektrizität ; Sanitäranlage ; Telekommunikation ; Wasserversorgung ; Liberalisierung ; Zugang ; Finanzdienstleistung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Öffentliche Aufgaben ; Deregulierung ; Daseinsvorsorge ; Schwellenländer ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Liberalisierung ; Daseinsvorsorge
    Abstract: Building on a recent groundbreaking OECD/World Bank seminar, this volume explores whether and how trade liberalisation can contribute to achieving universal service goals and the types of complementary policies required. It focuses on experiences in four sectors - telecommunications, water and sanitation, financial services, and electricity. The unique multi-sector perspective taken in this book, together with the national case studies, yield insights which can help countries promote their universal access goals. A horizontal assessment also helps determine how far the current services negotiations in the WTO, under the General Agreement on Trade in Services, can aid the attainment of universal service goals.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264025585
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (253 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Dynamiser les échanges ; Les enjeux du développement dans le système commercial multilatéral
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trading up
    RVK:
    Keywords: Weltwirtschaftsordnung ; Internationale Handelspolitik ; Welt ; Development ; Trade ; Entwicklungsländer ; Welthandel ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Liberalisierung
    Abstract: The prospect of further trade liberalisation sometimes attracts a noisy public discourse, particularly with respect to the possible implications for developing countries. This volume considers trade and development from an economic perspective, aiming to examine these emotive issues using empirical approaches and dispassionate analysis. What are the potential welfare impacts on developing countries from further liberalisation? What economic adjustments would such liberalisation entail? What policy options exist for developing countries seeking to seize on new market opportunities while responding to the associated structural challenges? Trading Up: Economic Perspectives on Development Issues in the Multilateral Trading System delivers new insights from the latest OECD and World Bank research on these questions and related topics.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264028609
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.)
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'aide au commerce ; Comment la rendre efficace
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Garcia, Martina Aid for trade
    DDC: 382.097172/4
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Trade ; OECD ; Außenhandel ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Förderungsprogramm
    Abstract: This book sets out how much aid OECD countries are already providing towards trade-related activities in developing countries and reviews the effectiveness of existing programmes. It argues that reinforcing mutual accountability at the local level, together with a global review mechanism, would enhance the impact of Aid for Trade.
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264024823
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Produits énergétiques et écologiques ; Les avantages de la libéralisation des échanges
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Environmental and energy products
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    RVK:
    Keywords: Handelsliberalisierung ; Natürliche Ressourcen ; Erneuerbare Energie ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Energietechnik ; Umweltverträgliches Produkt ; Welthandel ; Liberalisierung
    Abstract: This collection of studies is intended to help trade negotiators navigate through the international discussion over liberalising trade in environmental goods and services by exploring in greater depth three categories of environmental goods: environmentally preferable products, renewable-energy products and energy-efficient products. Its three chapters consider the scope and definition of each product category, examine tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, and explain the environmental effects of liberalising such goods. This book follows a previous volume, Trade that Benefits the Environment and Development: Opening Markets for Environmental Goods and Services, published in 2005,
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 135 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.41
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.41
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper is a follow-up study to Trade and Structural Adjustment: Embracing Globalisation (OECD 2005) which identified policies for successful trade-related structural adjustment. It draws further policy implications through the analysis of three sectors which were not specifically/fully covered in the initial report: agriculture (tobacco and coffee), telecommunications and...
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 9 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2006/03
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: One of the key challenges to ensuring adequate supplies of fresh water and sanitary wastewater systems is to build the capacity of various stakeholders to manage and deliver water and sanitation services. One element of such capacity building is technological and includes the wide deployment of water quality monitoring and analysis equipment. This report explores four cases in China, India, Malaysia, and Chinese Taipei, where water-quality monitoring and protection capacity has been improved through the use of imported water-quality monitoring equipment combined with indigenous implementation.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 70 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.28
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.28
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Significant progress has been made in quantifying the effects of non-tariff measures since OECD commissioned its last major review of this topic in 1997. This paper reviews the literature of NTMs and assesses the different methods available. Additionally, the paper develops a series of questions to help determine which method of analysis is best given the interests of the researchers or policy makers. Of the possible avenues of future research, the trade costs approach is offered. This approach has the potential of shedding new light on the interactions among various policies and practices by assessing which areas offer the greatest potential for gains, and improving the precision of available estimates.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264025066
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (127 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le coton en Afrique de l'Ouest ; Un enjeu économique et social
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cotton in West Africa
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Baumwollanbau ; Baumwollindustrie ; Baumwolle ; Außenhandel ; Westafrika ; Agriculture and Food ; Development ; Trade ; Westafrika ; Baumwollanbau ; Baumwollhandel
    Abstract: In West Africa, approximately 16 million people depend directly or indirectly on cotton cultivation. But subsidies in the developed world have suppressed cotton prices and have made it difficult for West African producers to compete. Compounding the problem, WTO negotiations on the problem have been suspended. This publication contends that the dialogue between developed and developing countries on this topic must continue. It sets out the regional stakes linked to the economic and social importance of cotton in West Africa. It retraces the consultation process on the West African cotton crisis with the aim of finding a negotiated solution acceptable to all parties. Also discussed are the challenges and the measures that need to be taken over the medium and long term in order to prevent this sub-sector’s sudden collapse.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264018082
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Trade
    Abstract: This study provides a number of case studies that illustrate how the international trade system has been exploited by criminal organisations. It also presents the results of a survey gathering information on the current practices of more than thirty countries in fighting money laundering. This information focuses on the ability of various government agencies to identify suspicious activities related to trade transactions, to share this information with domestic and foreign partner agencies, and to act on this information.
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.36
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.36
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: As countries turn more to regionalism as a means of forwarding co-operation on trade rules and other areas of policymaking, rules on investment are increasingly being incorporated into regional trade agreements (RTAs). We analyse the economic consequences of including investment provisions in trade agreements by creating an index of the extensiveness of investment provisions in RTAs and then using that index in a gravity model framework of trade and investment. The results indicate that investment provisions are positively associated with trade and, to an even greater extent, investment flows. Further, we observe an insignificant effect of bilateral investment treaties on investment flows, suggesting either that substantive investment provisions in RTAs impact trade and FDI flows more profoundly, or that the combination of substantive investment rules and provisions liberalising other parts of the economy jointly impact trade and investment more significantly. The report also includes case studies that confirm that the relationship between investment and other provisions in trade agreements is complex and depends on many factors.
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.26
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.26
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This report sets out the particular approach to special and differential treatment (SDT) in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). In particular, the report explores how the degree of flexibility afforded to all Members under the GATS shapes its approach to SDT. Further, the report analyses the current proposals for improving SDT provisions in the context of the GATS. Finally, some initial empirical evidence on the use and effectiveness of SDT provisions in the GATS is presented, both in terms of market access in sectors of export interest to developing countries and services-related technical assistance.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 10 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.32
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.32
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Annex D of the July 2004 Decision of the WTO General Council indicates that "the principle (of special and differential treatment for developing and least-developed countries) should extend beyond the granting of traditional transition periods for implementing commitments. In particular, the extent and the timing of entering into commitments shall be related to the implementation capacities of developing and least-developed Members." The objective of this study is to offer reflections on how special and differential treatment for trade facilitation may be shaped by the cost implications of measures included in the future agreement. It is based on findings of OECD work on the costs of trade facilitation measures, which confirms that different countries - even at an equivalent level of development - face different situations and present differing implementation capacities, and points to the relative complexity of implementation of the different measures proposed for inclusion in a future trade facilitation agreement.
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2006/01
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper, the second in a series, examines the implications of liberalising trade in three forms of renewable energy: biodiesel, solar-thermal water heaters, and geothermal energy systems. Eliminating tariffs on renewable energy and associated goods — which are 15% or higher on an ad valorem basis in many developing countries — would reduce a burden on consumers of energy, particularly people living in rural areas of developing countries, as it is in such areas that many renewable fuels and renewable-energy technologies are making, and are likely to make, their greatest contribution. Manufacturers located in OECD countries would benefit from increased trade in equipment, but so would a growing number of companies based in developing countries. In the case of biodiesel, developing countries have the potential to become major suppliers to OECD countries. For the maximum benefits of trade liberalisation in biodiesel, and solar-thermal and geothermal technologies, to be realised, however, additional reforms may be required in importing countries’ domestic policies, especially those affecting the pricing of liquid fuels, competition in the electricity sector, and protection of the environment.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.46
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.46
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This technical paper analyses the role of business services in selected OECD and non-OECD economies using recently published input-output tables for 32 countries in or close to the year 2000. Business services have long been recognised as important drivers in the global economy, and this study reinforces that view with a comprehensive, quantitative cross-country analysis of how the manufacturing and business services sectors interact in the production process. Our analysis suggests that...
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.31
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.31
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Dispositions relatives à la concurrence dans les accords commerciaux régionaux
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have grown dramatically in number and importance since the early 1990s and they increasingly include chapters and provisions encompassing competition issues. This study provides a taxonomy of the types of competition-related provisions contained in selected RTAs. It distinguishes different types of provisions addressing cooperation and coordination among competition agencies, as well as provisions directly addressing anticompetitive behaviour. It further contains information on dispute settlement, provisions concerning special and differential treatment and competition-specific clauses regarding non-discrimination, transparency, due-process, trade remedies and the exlusion of antidumping. The study also assesses the role and scope of competition provisions and distinguishes two families of agreements: those containing substantive provisions addressing anticompetitive behaviour and those focusing more on co-ordination and co-operation.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 86 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.40
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.40
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: The empirical analysis presented in this paper indicates that trade between developing countries (South-South trade) offers a wide scope for specialisation and efficiency gains. The first part of the paper takes an ex-post perspective and employs the gravity methodology to contribute to understanding past trends in world goods trade with a special focus on South-South trade. Analysis shows that far from experiencing a ?death of distance?, South-South trade is still severely...
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.29
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.29
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Services are the main drivers of economic growth in OECD countries and they are becoming increasingly innovative. This study analyses the role of open services markets in the transfer and diffusion of technology from developed countries to developing countries. It first explores how trade in services increases exposure to foreign technologies. The four modes of supply of services, as defined in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), are closely interlinked with the main channel of technology diffusion identified in the economic literature. The report then investigates how open services markets can reduce the cost of technology transfer and help to build better absorptive capacities in five sectors (business services, telecommunications, financial services, higher education and training, and logistics services). The last part of the study highlights the productivity gains from services trade liberalisation and the technological spillovers inside the receiving economy. The report shows that emphasis should be placed on services in the debate on trade and growth and that services liberalisation in key sectors, which facilitate the exchange of knowledge between foreign and domestic companies, can have a significant impact on technology diffusion.
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