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  • English  (466)
  • 2005-2009  (466)
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  • 2005-2009  (466)
  • 1990-1994
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264035720
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Governance of innovation systems ; Vol. 3: Case studies in cross-sectoral policy
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Innovationsförderung ; Technologiepolitik
    Abstract: This book provides lessons from case studies in policy governance for the information society and sustainable development. It highlights important lessons from these policy areas for the governance of innovation policy, and illustrates mechanisms and practices for better co-ordination and integration across policy areas. Companion volumes to this edition are: Governance of Innovation Systems – Volume 1: Synthesis Report Governance of Innovation Systems – Volume 2: Case Studies in Innovation Policy
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789264007604
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: This Territorial Review of Busan, Korea examines the regions trends and capacities, assesses its regional competitiveness, and makes recommendations for policy improvements.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264010666
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (412 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pisa 2003 data analysis manual, SPSS® users
    RVK:
    Keywords: Schüler ; Bildungswesen ; Bildungsverhalten ; Bildungsniveau ; Softwareentwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Erhebungstechnik ; Education ; Economics ; PISA-Studie
    Abstract: This publication provides all the information required to understand the PISA 2003 educational performance database and perform analyses in accordance with the complex methodologies used to collect and process the data. It enables researchers to both reproduce the initial results and to undertake further analyses. The publication includes introductory chapters explaining the statistical theories and concepts required to analyse the PISA data, including full chapters on how to apply replicate weights and undertake analyses using plausible values; worked examples providing full syntax in SPSS®; and a comprehensive description of the OECD PISA 2003 international database. The PISA 2003 database includes micro-level data on student educational performance for 41 countries collected in 2003, together with students’ responses to the PISA 2003 questionnaires and the test questions. A similar manual is available for SAS users.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264013896
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364 p.)
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Migrations, transferts de fonds et développement
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Migration, remittances and development
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Rücküberweisungen ; Entwicklung ; Finanzsektor ; Entwicklungsländer ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Electronic books ; Konferenzschrift ; Migration ; Kapitalanlage ; Regionalentwicklung
    Abstract: This publication presents the current situation with regard to the magnitude and economic impact of migrants’ remittances to their countries of origin. In 2004, remittances exceeded official development aid in several emigration countries: they totalled USD 126 billion according to IMF estimates. The book surveys the channels used to collect these funds; the role of banking systems and other financial institutions; the introduction of new technologies and their impact on fund collection; how the funds are transferred; and how to reduce the costs. Focus is also placed on the different ways in which migrants themselves participate -- together with non-governmental organisations, host countries and sending countries -- to open up new avenues for policies on development aid and co-development. The direct role that migrants can play at the local level is highlighted. Several countries and regions are illustrated: Southern European countries, Mexico, Turkey, North African and sub-Saharan African countries, the Philippines and some Latin American countries.
    Description / Table of Contents: TABLE OF CONTENTS; Executive Summary; Introduction: International Migrant Remittances and their Role in Development; Part I. FINANCIAL FLOWS GENERATED BY EMIGRATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; Chapter 1. Migrant Remittances and their Impact on Development in the Home Economies: The Case of Africa; Chapter 2. The Remittances of Moroccan Emigrants and their Usage; Chapter 3. Mexico: International Migration, Remittances and Development; Chapter 4. Migration, Remittances and their Impact on Economic Development in Turkey
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 5. Migration Policies, Remittances and Economic Development in the Philippines; Part II. REMITTANCES AND FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS; Chapter 6. Principal Channels and Costs of Remittances: The Case of Turkey; Chapter 7. Western Union and the World Market for Remittances; Chapter 8. The MoneySend and MasterCard™ Services; Annex to Part II. Financial Infrastructures and Remittance via the Banking System and other Channels: The Cases of Portugal, Morocco, Latin America and the Caribbean; Part III. MACROECONOMIC IMPACT OF REMITTANCES
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 9. What is the Macroeconomic Impact of International Remittances on the Home Country?; Chapter 10. Macroeconomic Impact of Remittances; Chapter 11. Emigrants' Remittances - A Potentially Important Development Tool: The Case of Italy; Chapter 12. Remittances and Development: The Case of Greece; Chapter 13. Do International Migration and Remittances Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries?; Part IV. RECENT INITIATIVES TO CHANNEL REMITTANCES TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT; Chapter 14. Social Learning as a Productive Project: The Tres por Uno (Three for One) Experience at Zacatecas, Mexico
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 15. Migration, Remittances and Economic Initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa; Chapter 16. "Migration and Development": A Non-governmental Organisation Involved in Co-development; Part V. REMITTANCES AND PROMOTION OF DEVELOPMENT: SOME PROPOSALS; Chapter 17. Incorporating Insights from Migration Research into Policy on Remittances; Chapter 18. Turning Remittances into Investments; Chapter 19. Motivating Migrants for Social and Economic Development in Mali and Senegal; Chapter 20. The Support of Non-governmental Organisations in the Collection of Remittances
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 21. Some Lessons from the Agence Française de Développement in the Field of Co-development; Conclusions;
    Description / Table of Contents: TABLE OF CONTENTS; Executive Summary; Introduction: International Migrant Remittances and their Role in Development; Part I. FINANCIAL FLOWS GENERATED BY EMIGRATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; Chapter 1. Migrant Remittances and their Impact on Development in the Home Economies: The Case of Africa; Chapter 2. The Remittances of Moroccan Emigrants and their Usage; Chapter 3. Mexico: International Migration, Remittances and Development; Chapter 4. Migration, Remittances and their Impact on Economic Development in Turkey
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 5. Migration Policies, Remittances and Economic Development in the PhilippinesPart II. REMITTANCES AND FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS; Chapter 6. Principal Channels and Costs of Remittances: The Case of Turkey; Chapter 7. Western Union and the World Market for Remittances; Chapter 8. The MoneySend and MasterCard™ Services; Annex to Part II. Financial Infrastructures and Remittance via the Banking System and other Channels: The Cases of Portugal, Morocco, Latin America and the Caribbean; Part III. MACROECONOMIC IMPACT OF REMITTANCES
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 9. What is the Macroeconomic Impact of International Remittances on the Home Country?Chapter 10. Macroeconomic Impact of Remittances; Chapter 11. Emigrants' Remittances - A Potentially Important Development Tool: The Case of Italy; Chapter 12. Remittances and Development: The Case of Greece; Chapter 13. Do International Migration and Remittances Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries?; Part IV. RECENT INITIATIVES TO CHANNEL REMITTANCES TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT; Chapter 14. Social Learning as a Productive Project: The Tres por Uno (Three for One) Experience at Zacatecas, Mexico
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 15. Migration, Remittances and Economic Initiatives in Sub-Saharan AfricaChapter 16. "Migration and Development": A Non-governmental Organisation Involved in Co-development; Part V. REMITTANCES AND PROMOTION OF DEVELOPMENT: SOME PROPOSALS; Chapter 17. Incorporating Insights from Migration Research into Policy on Remittances; Chapter 18. Turning Remittances into Investments; Chapter 19. Motivating Migrants for Social and Economic Development in Mali and Senegal; Chapter 20. The Support of Non-governmental Organisations in the Collection of Remittances
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 21. Some Lessons from the Agence Française de Développement in the Field of Co-developmentConclusions;
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction: International Migrant Remittances and their Role in Development / Thomas Straubhaar and Florin P. Vădeanpt. 1. Financial flows generated by emigration and their impact on regional development -- 1. Migrant Remittances and their Impact on Development in the Home Economies : The Case of Africa / Flore Gubert -- 2. The Remittances of Moroccan Emigrants and their Usage / Bachir Hamdouch -- 3. Mexico : International Migration, Remittances and Development / Rodolfo Garcia Zamora -- 4. Migration, Remittances and their Impact on Economic Development in Turkey / Ahmet Içduygu -- 5. Migration Policies, Remittances and Economic Development in the Philippines / Carmelita Dimzon -- pt. 2. Remittances and financial infrastructure : challenges and prospects -- 6. Principal Channels and Costs of Remittances: The Case of Turkey / Elif Köksal and Thomas Liebig -- 7. Western Union and the World Market for Remittances / Khalid Fellahi and Susana de Lima -- 8. The MoneySend and MasterCard Services / Olivier Denis -- Annex to Part II. Financial Infrastructures and Remittance via the Banking System and other Channels: The Cases of Portugal, Morocco, Latin America and the Caribbean / José Nascimento Ribeiro ... [et al.] -- pt. 3. Macroeconomic impact of remittances -- 9. What is the Macroeconomic Impact of International Remittances on the Home Country? / Jackline Wahba -- 10. Macroeconomic Impact of Remittances / Sena Eken -- 11. Emigrants' Remittances-- A Potentially Important Development Tool : The Case of Italy / Ricardo Settimo -- 12. Remittances and Development: The Case of Greece / Nicholas Glytsos -- 13. Do International Migration and Remittances Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries? / Richard Adams and John Page -- pt. 4. Recent initiatives to channel remittances towards development -- 14. Social Learning as a Productive Project : The Tres por Uno (Three for One) Experience at Zacatecas, Mexico / Natasha Iskander -- 15. Migration, Remittances and Economic Initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa / Babacar Sall -- 16. "Migration and Development" : A Non-governmental Organisation Involved in Co-development / Nadia Bentaleb and Jamal Lahoussein -- pt. 5. Remittances and promotion of development : some proposals -- 17. Incorporating Insights from Migration Research into Policy on Remittances / Jorgen Carling -- 18. Turning Remittances into Investments / Daniela Bobeva -- 19. Motivating Migrants for Social and Economic Development in Mali and Senegal / Mireille Raunet -- 20. The Support of Non-governmental Organisations in the Collection of Remittances / Jacques Ould Aoudia -- 21. Some Lessons from the Agence Française de Développement in the Field of Co-development / Guillaume Cruse -- Conclusions / Berglind Asgeirsdottir.
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789264010390
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (336 p.)
    DDC: 374
    RVK:
    Keywords: OECD ; Erwachsener ; Schreib- und Lesefähigkeit ; Lebenslanges Lernen ; OECD ; Erwachsener ; Schreib- und Lesefähigkeit ; Lebenslanges Lernen
    Note: Weitere Ausgabe: Apprentissage et réussite : Premiers résultats de l'Enquête sur la littératie et les compétences des adultes
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789264098084
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Déclaration de Paris sur l'efficacité de l'aide au développement
    Keywords: Vereinte Nationen ; Kreditgeber ; Weltwirtschaft ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungszusammenarbeit ; Internationale Kooperation ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Staatensystem ; Internationale Organisation ; Internationale Konferenz ; Hilfe ; Entwicklungsmodell ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer
    Abstract: Beyond its principles on effective aid, the Paris Declaration lays out a practical, action-oriented roadmap to improve the quality of aid and its impact on development by 2010. It puts in place a series of specific implementation measures and establishes an international monitoring system to ensure that donors and recipients hold each other accountable for their commitments – a feature that is unique among international agreements.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789264010642
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (404 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. PISA 2003 data analysis manual
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als PISA 2003 data analysis manual, SAS® users
    Keywords: Programme for International Student Assessment ; Schüler ; Bildungswesen ; Bildungsverhalten ; Bildungsniveau ; Softwareentwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Erhebungstechnik ; Educational evaluation ; Educational tests and measurements ; Education ; Economics ; PISA-Studie
    Abstract: This publication provides all the information required to understand the PISA 2003 educational performance database and perform analyses in accordance with the complex methodologies used to collect and process the data. It enables researchers to both reproduce the initial results and to undertake further analyses. The publication includes introductory chapters explaining the statistical theories and concepts required to analyse the PISA data, including full chapters on how to apply replicate weights and undertake analyses using plausible values; worked examples providing full syntax in SAS®; and a comprehensive description of the OECD PISA 2003 international database. The PISA 2003 database includes micro-level data on student educational performance for 41 countries collected in 2003, together with students’ responses to the PISA 2003 questionnaires and the test questions. A similar manual is available for SPSS users.
    Description / Table of Contents: Foreword; Table of Contents; Users' guide; Chapter 1 - The OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment; Chapter 2 - Sample Weights; Chapter 3 - Replicate Weights; Chapter 4 - The Rasch Model; Chapter 5 - Plausible Values; Chapter 6 - Computation of Standard Errors; Chapter 7 - Analyses with Plausible Values; Chapter 8 - Use of Profi ciency Levels; Chapter 9 - Analyses with School Level Variables; Chapter 10 - Standard Error on a Difference; Chapter 11 - OECD Average and OECD Total; Chapter 12 - Trends; Chapter 13 - Multilevel Analyses; Chapter 14 - Other Statistical Issues
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 15 - SAS® Macros; Appendices; References;
    Description / Table of Contents: Foreword; Table of Contents; Users' guide; Chapter 1 - The OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment; Chapter 2 - Sample Weights; Chapter 3 - Replicate Weights; Chapter 4 - The Rasch Model; Chapter 5 - Plausible Values; Chapter 6 - Computation of Standard Errors; Chapter 7 - Analyses with Plausible Values; Chapter 8 - Use of Profi ciency Levels; Chapter 9 - Analyses with School Level Variables; Chapter 10 - Standard Error on a Difference; Chapter 11 - OECD Average and OECD Total; Chapter 12 - Trends; Chapter 13 - Multilevel Analyses; Chapter 14 - Other Statistical Issues
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 15 - SAS® MacrosAppendices; References;
    Note: At head of title: Programme for International Student Assessment , Includes bibliographical references (p. 401-402)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264009592
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (195 p.)
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Parallel Title: Print version United States
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Keese, Mark Ageing and employment policies: United States
    DDC: 331.398
    RVK:
    Keywords: Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Ältere Menschen ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; USA ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Electronic books ; USA ; Entwicklungshilfe ; USA ; Entwicklungsländer
    Abstract: In the face of rapid population ageing and the trend towards early retirement, there is a need to promote better employment opportunities for older people. Much has been said about the need for reform of old-age pensions and early retirement schemes but this may not be sufficient to raise employment rates for older people significantly or to reduce the future risk of labour shortages
    Description / Table of Contents: Preliminaries; FOREWORD; TABLE OF CONTENTS; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS; INTRODUCTION; Chapter 1 THE CHALLENGE AHEAD; Chapter 2 A PROFILE OF OLDER WORKERS; Chapter 3 SUSTAINING SOCIAL SECURITY AND ENHANCING EMPLOYMENT; Chapter 4 REMOVING BARRIERS TO RETENTION AND HIRING; Chapter 5 BETTER ACCESS TO BETTER JOBS; Chapter 6 ENSURING POLICIES ARE COMPREHENSIVE AND COHERENT; BIBLIOGRAPHY;
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264012554
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (226 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Review of Agricultural Policies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brooks, Jonathan Brazil
    Keywords: Landwirtschaft ; Branchenentwicklung ; Agrarpolitik ; Agraraußenhandel ; Ländliche Armut ; Brasilien ; Agriculture and Food ; Brazil ; Brasilien ; Agrarpolitik
    Abstract: This Review measures the level and composition of support to Brazilian agriculture, and evaluates the effectiveness of current measures in attaining their objectives. The study finds that Brazil provides much lower support to its agricultural sector than most OECD countries. However, a large and increasing share of that support is provided in the form of credit subsidies; support which could be more productively oriented to areas such as research and extension, training, and the development of rural infrastructure. A greater focus on such long-term investments could help Brazil to address the two major challenges confronting its agricultural sector: the need to sustain improvements in international competitiveness, and at the same time draw poor smallholders into the development process. At the international level, the report finds that, having substantially reformed its own agricultural policies, the main source of future benefits to Brazil will be reforms in other countries, where access to OECD country markets is the most important issue. Yet while trade liberalisation offers important benefits for the majority of households, those gains need to be placed in the context of the broader opportunities and adjustment pressures confronting both commercial farmers and smallholders.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282103463
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (115 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2004
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This brochure describes the activities of the ECMT during 2004. It also sets out the main documents approved by Ministers in Ljubljana and presents: the major events of the year, the latest trends in transport, the activities of the ECMT Working groups, and JTRC activities. It includes an organigramme and staff directory.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264065895
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p)
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Digital content and digital delivery of content and information are becoming increasingly ubiquitous, driven by the expanding technological capabilities and performance of delivery platforms, the rapid uptake of broadband technologies and improved performance of hardware and software. Network convergence and widespread diffusion of high-speed broadband has shifted attention towards broadband content and applications that promise new business opportunities, growth and employment.
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9789264017597
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mise en œuvre de la Convention anti-corruption de l'OCDE ; Rapport sur le Luxembourg 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mise en œuvre de la Convention anti-corruption de l'OCDE : Rapport sur le Luxembourg 2003
    Keywords: Governance ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: This report surveys the legal provisions and the institutions in place in Luxembourg to combat bribery of foreign public officials and evaluates their effectiveness. It examines the mechanisms introduced in both the public and private sectors to prevent and detect acts of bribery of foreign public officials. It also reviews the effectiveness of mechanisms for investigating and prosecuting the offence of bribery of foreign public officials and related offences such as fraud and money-laundering. The report concludes with specific recommendations regarding prevention and detection, as well as prosecution and punishment. Key legal provisions to deter, prevent and fight corruption as submitted by Luxembourg to the review process are also included.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789264012660
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: This OECD Territorial Review examines how Seoul – a city of 10.3 million people at the core of a capital region of 22.5 million people – is striving to upgrade its positioning from a gigantic national capital towards a 'world city' and a business hub in Northeast Asia. This quest for international competitiveness fits within a complex national agenda that gives priority to balanced development across the country, notably via the central government’s project to relocate administrative functions outside Seoul.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2005/07
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'école nationale irlandaise de navigation
    Keywords: Education ; Ireland
    Abstract: The new National Maritime College of Ireland is regarded as the country’s most exciting and innovative development in maritime training and education and is the first tertiary institution to be built and operated under the government’s Public Private Partnership (PPP) model of procurement. The project is the outcome of a partnership between Cork Institute of Technology and the Irish Naval Service to deliver maritime training. Its building design reflects the studies’ sea-related theme, and the facilities allow the National Maritime College to meet the latest education requirements in the field. The college, in Ringaskiddy, County Cork, accepted its first cohort of students on 11 October 2004.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2005/14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Un projet scolaire de rénovation urbaine en Italie
    Keywords: Education ; Italy
    Abstract: The restoration of an historic school building in Battipaglia, Italy, will provide new public facilities and is hoped to boost urban renewal. The municipality of Battipaglia, in the province of Salerno, held an architectural competition for renovating the E. De Amicis Primary School and the surrounding area. The winning project, submitted by a group of Italian architects headed by Alfredo Amati, offers four main points of interest.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.431
    Keywords: Economics ; Denmark
    Abstract: This paper discusses ways of strengthening the competitive environment in order to help boost productivity performance in various sectors of the Danish economy. It looks at a number of indicators of the strength of competition — including price levels, industrial concentration and product market regulation — and it discusses the appropriateness of the competition legislation framework. The paper then focuses on the large public sector, which has been slow to open up to competition, partly because of regulatory restrictions but also because some local governments are too small to handle tenders and provide an attractive market for private providers. The paper also looks at the process of liberalising network industries and at various regulations that still impede effective competition in a number of other sectors, including construction, housing, distribution and professional services.
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 79 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.29
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This is the 2005 edition of a Net Social Expenditure paper that contains information on net (after tax) public and private social expenditure. These indicators supplement the detailed historical information on gross (before tax) publicly mandated social expenditure in the OECD Social Expenditure Database by accounting for the varying roles of voluntary private social spending and the tax system on social policy across OECD countries. Government intervention through the tax system affects social spending as governments levy direct taxes and social security contributions on cash transfers, and indirect taxes on goods and services bought by benefit recipients. In addition, governments may award tax advantages similar to cash benefits and/or grant tax concessions aiming to stimulate the provision of private social benefits. Through compulsion and tax relief public policy contributes to private pension plans, and such arrangements are generally considered within the social domain. This document refines the methodological framework previously developed per earlier editions of net social expenditure and presents indicators based on a common questionnaire for twenty-three OECD countries for which information on taxation of benefits in 2001 is now available: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Slovak Republic, Sweden, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. Accounting for the impact of the tax system and private social expenditure leads to a greater similarity in social expenditure to GDP ratios across countries and to a reassessment of the magnitude of welfare states. Usually, Denmark and Sweden are seen as the biggest social spenders. After accounting for the impact of taxation social expenditure to GDP ratios appear highest in France, Germany and Sweden.
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2005/06
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; India
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, an inventory is made of biotechnology data collection in India. This will include an assessment of how the need for biotechnology related statistics is being addressed, mainly in terms of patent data, commercialisation of genetically modified organisms, R&D allocations for biotechnology and industry statistics. In general, limited efforts have been made by different Indian agencies to collect statistics on biotechnology. One of the reasons for this scarcity of statistics is a missing consensus in India on a definition of biotechnology. However, initiatives are underway to address this and to establish a measurement framework. A second objective of this document is to present a broad overview of the status of biotechnology in India, with a focus on the agricultural and the health sector. First the funding and research programmes of various institutions are discussed, followed by an overview of human resources development and training possibilities in the country. A third section discusses capital venture funding and the role of financial institutions, while the last two sections look at initiatives by state governments and the policy regulations in place.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2005/03
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Emerging market companies make up 3.8 per cent of the FT500, the 500 largest global traded companies1 and 4.6 per cent of the Dow Jones Global Index of 2,500 companies. OECD statistics show that, while the bulk of international investment flows originate in the OECD, non-OECD countries are increasingly important sources of investment flows. This paper presents a fact finding study of the...
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.444
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: The Maastricht criteria for accession to the euro area can be difficult for any economy to achieve, not least because of the challenges posed by the “impossible trinity”, which suggests that it is not possible to target both a stable exchange rate and stable inflation at the same time as maintaining free capital mobility. But for poorer economies which are catching up to the living standards of the wealthier EMU members, the challenges are magnified. This is because economies with very high productivity growth may have larger Balassa-Samuelson effects, resulting in higher steady state inflation rates as well as gradually appreciating equilibrium real exchange rates. While some nominal appreciation is permitted during ERM-II membership, the rules do not make it easy to signal the magnitude of expected appreciation. This may lead to poorly anchored exchange rates, making the catching-up economies more vulnerable to the challenges of the impossible trinity. Moreover, countries that have recently introduced fully-funded pension pillars which involve high transition costs, may find it difficult to meet the Maastricht criteria for government finances. It is unclear whether recent changes to the Stability and Growth Pact will alleviate the short-term fiscal pressure on countries that have improved the long-term sustainability of their government finances at the cost of short-term deterioration to their fiscal deficits. The example of Slovakia is used to illustrate these points, and a number of policy guidelines are proposed to minimise the risks. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of the Slovak Republic (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/slovakia).
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2005/01
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les TIC et la gestion des patrimoines immobiliers éducatifs
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: An international PEB seminar on “Information and Communications Technology and Educational Property Management” was held in Montreal, Canada, from 31 October to 3 November 2004. The aim of this seminar was to examine how information and communications technology (ICT) can be incorporated into educational property management by investigating three issues: how ICT can make educational spaces more functional and comfortable in a sustainable development perspective, how it can improve the security and protection of facilities and, lastly, how it can optimise their technical and administrative management. The participants had the opportunity to see the theories presented in each field illustrated concretely by visiting innovative institutions in Montreal and its suburbs. A brief summary of these visits is provided below.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.96
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of ICT skills and employment across OECD economies and analyses some of the impacts on economic performance. It presents a new approach to capturing the diffusion of ICTs in the economy.
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2005/01
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Synergies entre les échanges de services environnementaux et les échanges de biens environnementaux
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper examines the synergistic relationships between trade in environmental services and trade in environmental goods. It forms part of a series of OECD studies that analyse various issues related to Paragraph 31(iii) of the World Trade Organization’s 2001 Doha Development Agenda, which mandates negotiations at the WTO on “the reduction or, as appropriate, elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers to environmental goods and services.” For the purpose of this study, environmental services are defined as wastewater management services, solid-waste management services, sanitation and similar services and other environmental services. Services related to the collection, purification and distribution of water are also discussed in the paper. After describing the nature of each environmental service, the paper identifies broad categories of goods used in the performance of those services, and notes that for some goods environmental services are what is driving growth in their markets. The analysis then draws on case studies of actual business-to-business exports of environmental services, mainly from OECD countries to developing countries, to form general insights into the kinds of environmental goods used by service providers, and how these goods are procured. The case studies provide qualitative evidence that many of the goods included on either the APEC or the OECD lists of environmental goods are used in the performance of environmental services. These include, in particular, items for holding, conveying, treating and filtering liquids, and instruments for monitoring and measuring. Many of these goods are procured from local suppliers, if not initially then over time as local demand for the associated services develops. The benefits to the businesses that engage environmental-service providers are many, allowing them to concentrate on their core activities, and to shift some of the liability of meeting environmental regulations to other companies. Local employment is also generated. The general implication of this study for developing economies is that the potential benefits to simultaneously liberalising trade in environmental services and in environmental goods are likely to be much greater than liberalising trade in only one or the other.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.438
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: Structural reforms in labour and product markets are required in a number of euro-area countries. A question in this regard, which is the topic of this paper, is whether belonging to the euro area tends to help or hinder structural reform. The paper first reviews the theoretical arguments and the existing empirical literature – in both cases finding conclusions that point in opposite directions. Next, the paper uses an OECD database on labour market reform developed recently and an update of OECD indicators of product market regulation to compare progress in labour and product market reform over the decade since 1993 between euro-area countries and other OECD countries. Overall, euro-area countries appear to have made relatively good progress in structural reform but it is much less clear from the descriptive evidence whether progress can be ascribed to membership of Economic and Monetary Union. To explore further the role of monetary regime for structural reform, the paper undertakes an econometric examination of the likelihood that countries undertake reform in five specific areas of labour and product market policies. Based on pooled cross-country/time series Probit regressions covering 21 countries and the period 1985-2003, it is found that structural reform is strengthened by high unemployment, crisis as reflected in a large output gap, healthy public finances, reforms in other policy fields and small country size. Further, countries that pursue fixed exchange-rate regimes or participate in monetary union, and therefore have little or no monetary autonomy, appear to undertake less structural reform – with the effect possibly being concentrated on large countries.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264017573
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mise en œuvre de la Convention anti-corruption de l'OCDE ; Rapport sur le Canada 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mise en œuvre de la Convention anti-corruption de l'OCDE : Rapport sur le Canada 2003
    Keywords: Governance ; Canada
    Abstract: This report surveys the legal provisions and the institutions in place in Canada to combat bribery of foreign public officials and evaluates their effectiveness. It examines the mechanisms introduced in both the public and private sectors to prevent and detect acts of bribery of foreign public officials. It also reviews the effectiveness of mechanisms for investigating and prosecuting the offence of bribery of foreign public officials and related offences such as fraud and money-laundering. The report concludes with specific recommendations regarding prevention and detection, as well as prosecution and punishment. Key legal provisions to deter, prevent and fight corruption as submitted by Canada to the review process are also included.
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.416
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: Revamping fiscal relations across levels of government is of paramount importance in supporting fiscal consolidation and public sector effectiveness. This paper analyses a number of problems, including regulations that limit local governments’ ability to innovate and respond to local citizens’ preferences, the inefficient system of intergovernmental grants, the complex structure of local taxes and fiscal rules which are too lenient to secure fiscal discipline. The paper concludes that the grant system should be reformed to promote local governments’ incentives to introduce innovations so as to better respond to needs at lower cost. Barriers to the effective use of sub-national governments’ taxing powers should be removed while efforts should be made to keep the tax system as simple and neutral as possible. Existing fiscal rules and market instruments should be hardened. This would require that the central government state clearly that it will not intervene as a lender of last ...
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.90
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The digital divide touches all regions and economies of the world and threatens to slow progress towards the goal of an all-inclusive information society. Policy makers are faced with the divide’s daunting complexity but have a range of policy tools that have proven effective in expanding access throughout the world. Of these tools, regulatory reform has had perhaps the largest impact in both developed and developing economies alike.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789264017634
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mise en œuvre de la Convention anti-corruption de l'OCDE ; Rapport sur la France 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mise en œuvre de la Convention anti-corruption de l'OCDE : Rapport sur la France 2003
    Keywords: Governance ; France
    Abstract: This report surveys the legal provisions and the institutions in place in France to combat bribery of foreign public officials and evaluates their effectiveness. It examines the mechanisms introduced in both the public and private sectors to prevent and detect acts of bribery of foreign public officials. It also reviews the effectiveness of mechanisms for investigating and prosecuting the offence of bribery of foreign public officials and related offences such as fraud and money-laundering. The report concludes with specific recommendations regarding prevention and detection, as well as prosecution and punishment. Key legal provisions to deter, prevent and fight corruption as submitted by France to the review process are also included.
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.419
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes trends in product market regulation in OECD countries over the period 1998 to 2003. The analysis is based on summary indicators of product market regulation that measure the degree to which policies promote or inhibit competition. The results suggest that regulatory impediments to competition have declined in all OECD countries in recent years. Regulation has also become more homogenous across the OECD as countries with relatively restrictive policies have, in some areas, moved towards the regulatory environment of the more liberalized countries. Within some countries product market policies have become more consistent across different regulatory provisions, although relatively restrictive countries still tend to have a more heterogeneous approach to competition. In general, domestic barriers to competition tend to be higher in countries that have higher barriers to foreign trade and investment, and high levels of state control and barriers to competition ...
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 139 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.17
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.17
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper presents the new findings from the on-going work of the OECD project on trade preference erosion. Following a review of the recent literature, the paper develops two main types of analysis. First, a detailed statistical analysis is undertaken drawing on the trade preferences database developed by the Secretariat and covering the Quad countries and Australia. This includes a presentation of the structure of tariff regimes in these key developed countries and identification of countries and sectors that are most reliant on tariff preferences. The second analytical approach uses the standard model and database of the Global Trade Analysis Project to simulate trade liberalisation scenarios that would entail preference erosion. While highlighting a number of cases of preference reliance, the paper underscores the advantages of multilateral liberalisation. Globally and for a majority of developing regions, liberalisation by preference-granting countries will result in positive welfare gains, notwithstanding the effects of preference erosion. In a comparatively small number of cases, however, the analysis points to a risk of net welfare losses under the scenarios modelled here.
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 77 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.465
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Against a background of mounting demands for spending on services provided by sub-central governments, this paper examines how fiscal rules can help to ensure that pressure on resources is minimised and available resources are used efficiently. Drawing on questionnaire responses and other sources, this paper gives a detailed picture of fiscal rules for sub-central governments in place among a number of OECD countries. The paper examines the rationales for using fiscal rules, the various impacts fiscal rules can have, the factors making for effective implementation and the interactions between the various types of rule. It then constructs a number of synthetic sub-indicators designed to assess the extent to which sub-central government fiscal frameworks exhibit favourable characteristics for the achievement of fiscal objectives. It concludes with the construction of a composite indicator based on the combined impacts in the different areas of fiscal policy.
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2005/09
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper presents a preliminary set of European and international citation data tables designed to enable researchers to become familiar with the subject and undertake a range of analyses. It addresses analytical and statistical issues such as why citations from international searches and European searches should be combined; the calculation of citation lags; use of International Patent Classification (IPC) codes for grouping patents according to technology; treatment of references to Non-Patent Literature (NPL); and the notion that many publications, from different patenting authorities, covering the same invention can be cited. Differences between US and European citations are also discussed.
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 2006 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2005/01
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transparence et participation de tierces parties aux procédures de règlement des différends entre investisseurs et états
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The present document surveys the issues related to transparency and third party participation in investor-state dispute settlement procedures. Section I examines the way in which the current rules apply to these issues. Section II describes the steps taken to improve the transparency of the system at the governmental level, by the arbitral Tribunals and the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Section III examines the perceived advantages as well as the challenges of additional transparency. The last section sums up.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.457
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper uses panel regressions to investigate the effects of innovation policies and framework factors on business R&D intensity and patenting for a sample of 20 OECD countries over the period 1982- 2001. Both sets of factors are found to matter; the main determinants of innovativeness appear to be the availability of scientists and engineers, research conducted in the public sector (including universities), business-academic links, the degree of product market competition, a high level of financial development and access to foreign inventions. The effect of direct public financial support for business R&D is generally positive but modest, though it may larger for cash-constrained firms. Intellectual property rights appear to increase patenting significantly, but have little impact on R&D spending. Finally, the paper takes a closer look at the labour market for researchers, estimating jointly equations for employment and wages. Although the supply of scientists and engineers is eventually responsive to wage differentials, both with other professions and across countries, the evidence suggests that it may difficult to raise significantly the real amount of domestic R&D in the short run because the supply of researchers is relatively inelastic.
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.87
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Compétences et emploi dans le domaine des TIC
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report, part of the 2004 OECD IT Outlook, is the first in a series looking at the distribution of ICT skilled employment in the economy, various ways in which ICT skills needs can be satisfied, and the role of ICT-skilled employment in international services sourcing, or offshoring.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.436
    Keywords: Economics ; Spain
    Abstract: In about two decades, Spain was transformed from one of the most centralised countries to one of the most decentralised. Spending functions were devolved rapidly. The regions have exercised their discretionary powers quite extensively and innovative policies have been implemented. But devolution was also accompanied by a hike in public employment and pressures on public spending, reflecting duplication in resources and poor co-ordination across and between government levels. The recent devolution of taxing powers could raise the accountability of the regions and, thus, cost-consciousness, although their effective use has been limited. Securing fiscal discipline would require better information on sub-national governments’ policies and outcomes so as to allow citizens to press for improved performance. The financing system of the regions also needs to be reformed to ensure sustainability in the face of changing demographics, while the fiscal rules need to be upgraded to avoid recourse to off-budget operations. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of Spain (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/spain).
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.456
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Innovation is a broad topic, about which much has been written. Almost every kind of public policy has either a direct or an indirect impact on factors that affect innovative activity. The purpose of this paper is to draw out the key implications from selected studies concerning a small number of science-related policies that are widely employed in order to deal with perceived market failures in the innovation process. The main issues considered are fiscal incentives for private R&D, the role of public research organisations, the regulation of intellectual property, the availability of finance, and the supply of skilled human resources for science and technology. Two central themes developed in the paper are the need for accurate evaluation of all these policies, since each may have costs as well as benefits, and the likely enhancement of the wider social benefits from innovation if knowledge is able to diffuse freely, and if potential beneficiaries have sufficient absorptive capacity to be able to understand and use new knowledge productively.
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 15 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2005/02
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (the “Guidelines”) are one of many intergovernmental instruments that seek to promote economic, social and environmental progress. The OECD Guidelines do this by establishing concepts and principles for responsible business conduct that help “to ensure that the operation of [multinational enterprises] is in harmony with government policies, to strengthen the basis of mutual confidence between enterprises and the societies in which they operate, to help improve the foreign investment climate and to enhance the contribution to sustainable development...
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.94
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The services sector now accounts for over 70% of total employment and value added in OECD economies. It also accounts for almost all employment growth in the OECD area. But despite its growing weight, productivity growth in services has been slow in many OECD countries and the share of the working-age population employed in services remains low in many countries.
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.91
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Services are increasingly tradable, mainly as a result of rapid technological advances, in particular in information and communication technologies, and continuing liberalisation of trade in services. This has led to the relatively new phenomenon of global services sourcing or offshoring. This report analyses evidence from both trade and employment data.
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2005/04
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le centre éducatif intelligent en Italie
    Keywords: Education ; Italy
    Abstract: The Intelligent Educational Training Station has been developed in Italy to meet emerging school building needs. The project, for schools from the primary to upper secondary level, proposes flexible architecture for an “intelligent school” network, and was developed by CISEM, the Centre for Educational Innovation and Experimentation of Milan.
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 7 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Insights no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'assurance maladie privée dans les pays en développement : une solution pour les pauvres ?
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The financing of health care is a major challenge for developing countries, especially since deficiencies in national health systems specifically harm the poor. Innovative financing mechanisms, such as private health insurance, offer benefits and risks. Their implementation requires caution on the part of policy makers who need to consider adequate regulation in order to optimise health outcomes.
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 13 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2005/10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concevoir les environnements d'apprentissage du XXIe siècle
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: What is involved in creating learning environments for the 21st century? How can school facilities serve as tools for teaching and meet the needs of students in the future? What components are required to design effective schools, and how does architecture relate to the purposes of schooling? These are some of the questions addressed at the seminar on “Creating 21st Century Learning Environments” organised by the United Kingdom’s Department for Education and Skills and the OECD Programme on Educational Building (PEB). The answers provided by four people with first-hand experience in building schools are summarised here. A development and management professional explains how the school building can serve as a three-dimensional learning tool. A school principal describes how his recently-built public school in New Zealand was designed to meet the learning needs of 21st century students. A building planner presents what he considers the essential components for developing effective facilities for tomorrow, supported by his own experience in planning schools. Finally, the director of an architectural firm defines the common purposes of secondary schooling and their relation to design.
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9789264008588
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Évaluation économique des chaussées à longue durée de vie ; Phase 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Economic evaluation of long-life pavements
    DDC: 388.1/1
    RVK:
    Keywords: Straßenbau ; Baustoff ; Transport ; Straßenbaustoff ; Straßenoberbau ; Langlebigkeit ; Bewertung
    Abstract: With maintenance costs accounting for a large proportion of road budgets, this report assesses the economic and technical feasibility of innovative wearing courses for long life road pavements. While having higher initial costs, such wearing courses have the potential to dramatically reduce recurrent road maintenance requirements and user costs and could also reduce overall costs significantly, under circumstances outlined in the report.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264013315
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p.)
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Garantir le développement ? ; L'impact des garanties financières
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Winpenny, James T., 1941 - Guaranteeing development?
    DDC: 332.673
    RVK:
    Keywords: Entwicklungsprojekt ; Entwicklungsbank ; Bankgarantie ; Finanzmarkt ; Entwicklungsländer ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; India ; Mexico ; South Africa ; Entwicklungsländer ; Projektfinanzierung ; Garantie ; Exportgarantie ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung
    Abstract: This volume tests the relevance and usefulness of guarantees to public and private actors in developing countries, especially for funding development projects. Not to be confused with export credit guarantees usually accorded to nationals with the aim of stimulating exports and overseas investment, development guarantees are destined for actors in emerging or developing economies where risk is a deterrent to lending or investment. The presence of guarantees from multilateral or bilateral agencies can encourage financial flows either to increase or to go where they otherwise might not. In this way, they can have a positive effect on sovereign ratings as well as their immediate direct effect on the local development environment. As a bonus, this study finds, development guarantees can help stimulate and stabilise local capital markets, thus providing future benefits for both public and private investors. “A timely book, throwing urgently-needed light on this little-understood topic, which could be a vital key to economic progress in developing countries. With my deep congratulations to the author.” --Michel Camdessus, Honorary Governor of the Banque de France,formerly Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund)
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264013742
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les réglementations environnementales et l'accès au marché
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Environmental requirements and market access
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Regulierung ; Export ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Konferenzschrift ; Entwicklungsländer ; Export ; Regulierung ; Umweltschutz
    Abstract: Investigating over twenty cases where exports from developing countries faced new environmental requirements, this OECD report examines how environmental requirements can be trade barriers for developing countries. These case studies, covering a diverse number of products and exporting countries, trace a number of environmental regulations, standards and labelling schemes, from conception through implementation. In so doing, they highlight the difference that sensitivity to potential trade effects can make when designing environmental regulations and standards. They also show that timely technical assistance has played a crucial role in helping exporters from developing countries adjust to new environmental requirements without suffering adverse trade effects.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264018044
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Education and Training Policy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le rôle crucial des enseignants ; Attirer, former et retenir des enseignants de qualité
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Stärkere Professionalisierung des Lehrerberufs; Wie gute Lehrer gewonnen, gefördert und gehalten werden können
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Política de educación y formación ; Los docentes son importantes ; Atraer, formar y conservar a los docentes eficientes
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Teachers Matter (Hungarian version); Attracting, Developing and Retaining Effective Teachers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Teachers Matter (Japanese version); Attracting, Developing and Retaining Effective Teachers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Professores são importantes; Atraindo, desenvolvendo e retendo professores eficazes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Teachers matter
    DDC: 370.711
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Lehrkräfte ; Anforderungsprofil ; Dienstleistungsqualität ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Unterrichtsvorbereitung ; Lehrerverhalten
    Abstract: Teachers Matter provides a comprehensive, international analysis of trends and developments in the teacher workforce in 25 countries around the world; research on attracting, developing and retaining effective teachers; innovative and successful policies and practices that countries have implemented; and teacher policy options for countries to consider. While documenting many areas of concern about teachers and teaching, the report also provides positive examples of where policies are making a difference. It spotlights countries where teachers’ social standing is high, and where there are more qualified applicants than vacant posts. Even in countries where shortages have been a concern, there are recent signs of increased interest in teaching, and policy initiatives appear to be taking effect. At a time when many countries are facing an ageing teaching workforce and having trouble attracting new recruits, this book provides insights into how governments can successfully deal with these issues.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264013216
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.12
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'imposition des familles actives ; Une analyse de la répartition
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation
    Abstract: Taxing Working Families provides insights into how income taxes and social security contributions affect the distribution of income between different types of families in OECD countries. Certain generally available cash benefits for families – regarded as negative taxes – are also taken into account. The study concentrates on the effects of these taxes on the distribution of income between different types of working households, looking at three dimensions of inequality: vertical inequality between households at different income levels, horizontal inequality between households with different numbers of children and the tax treatment of one-earner versus two-earner households.
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.26
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La cohérence des politiques des pays de l'OCDE à l'égard de l'Asie de l'Est : Enjeux pour le développement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: OECD countries face at least five major challenges for promoting policies that are consistent with their development goals: . ensuring security and political stability; . anticipating the impacts of their macroeconomic policies on developing-country growth; . increasing both market access and capacity building for developing economies; . supporting governance structures that help maintain financial stability; . improving aid effectiveness.
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 72 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.242
    Keywords: Development ; India
    Abstract: This study analyses the impact of democratic decentralisation on the chances of socially excluded groups to participate in newly created local governance institutions – Panchayati Raj Institutions – in three Indian states. This institutional reform included a quota for the disadvantaged – women and lower castes – to ensure their effective participation. The comparative analysis on the determinants of participation of these groups and the poor vis-à-vis other groups across the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh yields highly interesting results, relevant beyond the Indian context. First, the outcomes of decentralisation on participation are different across states and between different marginalised groups. While in Kerala socially disadvantaged groups and the poor are represented more than other groups at the Panchayat level, in Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh the socially disadvantaged groups are as represented as the others whereas the poor continue to be largely ...
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2005/10
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: We examine the dynamics of knowledge production for a panel of 19 OECD countries. A new and unique data set is used to proxy the domestic flows of “new-to-the-world” knowledge and ideas. We rigorously address the cross-country heterogeneity in the production of knowledge and the endogeneous nature of this process. The parameters of the knowledge production function point to large cross-country differences. Domestic and foreign stocks of knowledge and ideas have a net positive effect on the production (flows) of new ideas. Countries with a low domestic knowledge base appear to improve their TFP considerably through the accumulation of knowledge. This effect is very modest for countries that already have a sizeable domestic knowledge base. We find ample evidence of duplicate R&D but no support for endogenous growth. Given the heterogeneous nature of knowledge production across OECD countries, R&D policy will need to be adapted to the specific nature of each country; a one-size-fits-all approach will not be effective.
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 73 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.429
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In 1994, the OECD published a set of recommendations -- known as the OECD Jobs Strategy -- to deal with high and persistent unemployment that affected many member countries. These recommendations are currently being reassessed by the OECD and this paper contributes to this process. It provides a detailed description of labour market reforms in member countries over the past ten years, together with a short overview of changes in macroeconomic policies and reforms affecting product markets. It attempts to rank countries according with their past reform efforts, using an aggregate reform intensity indicator, and analyses the link, though in a very preliminary way, between reforms and labour market performance. Overall, there is little evidence of a link between initial conditions and subsequent reform efforts, with some countries taking only modest measures despite a poor starting point, while others carrying out ambitious programs even though their initial conditions were already relatively favourable. Over the past decade, member countries have employed very diverse reform strategies, from comprehensive reforms package (Denmark, Finland and the Netherlands) -- as recommended in the initial Jobs Strategy -- to reforms more narrowly targeted on specific fields where deep action was undertaken (France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Ireland). The intensity of reforms has differed markedly across policy fields, with more action being undertaken in areas that are more widely accepted by the population, such as active labour market policies and cuts of labour taxes. Please note that annexes are available on the Economics Department Website at: www.oecd.org/eco/Working_Papers.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.88
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The main policy directions derived from the analysis are to foster appropriate business environments for e-business and ICT uptake, and target programmes to overcome market failures to the extent that they are needed in particular areas.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 6 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Insights no.5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Décentralisation et réduction de la pauvreté
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Decentralisation has become a key issue in development policy in the past two decades. Whereas the advantages and risks of transferring power and resources to local tiers of government have been debated for quite some time, it is only very recently that the linkages between decentralization and poverty reduction have been addressed. This Policy Insight highlights key determinants for a pro-poor decentralisation process and discusses major lessons learnt for donors.
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 101 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.420
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the channels through which ageing will shape the main economic factors that in turn affect potential growth; identifies current policy settings that may in fact amplify the adverse impact of demographic trends; and sets out policy reforms that will work to temper the effects of ageing on growth. The paper begins with a brief discussion of demographic issues. The analysis first focuses on the impact of these trends on the future level and structure of consumption, which may affect aggregate saving and the structure of the economy, respectively. Then, it explores the main channels through which ageing affects the supply side of the economy following a production function approach: capital markets, labour markets and productivity. The empirical analysis focuses on a subset of large OECD countries with differing ageing patterns and generosity of pension systems. Using a simple general equilibrium overlapping generations model and considering alternative reform scenarios, some illustrative simulations are presented decomposing the effects of ageing on potential GDP per capita growth and economic convergence within OECD countries.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.428
    Keywords: Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: With population ageing setting in sooner and more forcefully than in other OECD countries, Finland needs to reorder its fiscal priorities so as to ensure fiscal sustainability. That will require considerable reform as public spending currently expands vigorously. While GDP growth has slowed from the exceptionally rapid pace of the late 1990s, public consumption has continued to grow fast, as new obligations by central government and popular demand led municipalities to expand service provision. After some consolidation in 2003, local government spending has accelerated again and the deficit has widened to ¾ per cent of GDP in 2004 for the municipalities considered as a whole – despite still larger transfers from central government. At the same time, the tax burden is high, especially on labour. Ensuring the sustainability of public finances over the long term, while maintaining the essential parts of the welfare society will only be possible by i) raising the effectiveness of public spending, ii) reforming the financing of municipalities to encourage better control of spending and limit future rises in municipal income taxation and iii) rebalancing the mix between public and private provision and funding of services. This working paper discusses ways in which progress could be made on such a policy agenda. It relates to the 2004 OECD Economic Survey of Finland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/finland) updating the Survey’s analysis by incorporating data for 2004 and recent developments.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.23
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Some people make great claims about the advantages to be gained from greater reliance on the private sector for the provision of social protection. Many of the claims for great macroeconomic advantages do not stand up to scrutiny. However, there is some reason to hope that private provision might promote microeconomic efficiency and services which are more responsive to consumer preferences than those provided by a single monopoly public sector provider. Drawing on examples from recent OECD country experiences with private health insurance, care for children and the elderly, and private pension provision, three main conclusions can be drawn. First, opening provision to a diversity of providers has often promoted more choice and innovation. Second, however, efficiency gains have often been limited. This is due to a number of inter-related reasons: (a) Individualisation of packages of services is expensive. (b) In order to ensure adequate coverage of the ...
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: 134 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.102
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report is a major information resource on governments’ effective efforts to date to foster a shift in culture as called for in the OECD Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems and Networks: Towards a Culture of Security.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.426
    Keywords: Economics ; Iceland
    Abstract: This paper discusses the current state of product market competition in Iceland, including the legal and regulatory framework, and suggests directions for further improvement. Given the size of the economy, efficiency considerations dictate high concentration in many markets, and preventing abuse of market dominance is therefore a challenging task. Changes to competition law since the early 1990s have strengthened competitive forces in many sectors of the economy, and proposed amendments to that law would further improve market surveillance. The changes in the regulatory framework for telecommunications have helped vigorous competition to develop in most segments, but there remain problems in pricing of access to the local loop. In the still publicly owned electricity sector, however, competition in generation and sales is so far virtually non-existent despite new legislation. Other policies discussed include agricultural support, policies towards foreign direct investment, and public procurement and provision of publicly funded services.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.415
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: It has been argued that one solution to global current account imbalances is for countries with current account surpluses to undertake structural reforms. This would raise their potential growth, which is assumed to put downward pressure on the current account position. This paper takes a closer look at how such structural reforms in labour markets, product markets, and financial markets could be expected to affect current accounts. It also tests empirically, using pooled time-series techniques (that control for the influence of relative cyclical positions, government fiscal balances and the real exchange rate), whether or not reforms in these areas would have any significant relationship with current accounts. The overall finding is that indicators of structural reforms do have a significant relationship with the current account but the contribution of these variables to explain current account positions is quite limited ...
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9264008748
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Issues in Insurance no.9
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: Policy issues in insurance
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T. Assurance du risque terroriste dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Terrorism risk insurance in OECD countries
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Terrorism risk insurance in OECD countries
    DDC: 368.125
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Terrorismus ; Risiko ; Versicherung ; OECD-Staaten ; Versicherungsschutz ; Internationaler Terrorismus ; Risikoanalyse
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9264013210
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.12
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T. Tiraferri, Angela; L'imposition des familles actives - une analyse de la répartition
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Tiraferri, Angela; Taxing working families
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'imposition des familles actives : Une analyse de la répartition
    RVK:
    Keywords: Einkommensteuer ; Internationaler Vergleich
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9264011196
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Issues in Insurance no.10
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: Policy issues in insurance
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Reforming the insurance market in Russia
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T. ;La réforme du marché d'assurance en Russie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme du marché d'assurance en Russie
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Reforming the insurance market in Russia
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Versicherungsmarkt ; Versicherungsrecht ; Regulierung ; Russland ; Russland ; Versicherungsmarkt
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9264013148
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Radioactive waste management
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Engineered barrier systems (EBS) in the context of the entire safety case
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264108806
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: This 2004 edition of the International Energy Agency's periodic review of Luxembourg's energy policies and programmes provides a comprehensive overview of Luxembourg's policies related to energy markets, energy efficiency, and environmental impacts of energy usage. Separate chapters examine developments regarding, oil, natural gas, and electricity and renewables. The report finds substantial progress in opening markets to competition, fuel diversification, energy independence, and stability of electricity supply, and discusses the challenges Luxembourg will face in meeting its Kyoto commitments.
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.28
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper estimates the welfare and distributional impact of two types of welfare reform in the 15 (pre-enlargement) member countries of the European Union. The reforms are revenue neutral and financed by an overall and uniform increase in marginal tax rates on earnings. The first reform distributes the additional tax revenue uniformly to everybody (traditional welfare) while the second reform distributes tax proceeds uniformly to workers only (in-work benefit). We build a simple model of labour supply encompassing responses to taxes and transfers along both the intensive and extensive margin. We then use EUROMOD to describe current welfare and tax systems in European Union countries and use calibrated labour supply elasticities along the intensive and extensive margins to analyze the effects of the two welfare reforms. We quantify the equity-efficiency trade-off for a range of elasticity parameters. In most countries, because of large existing welfare programmes with high phase-out rates, the uniform redistribution policy is undesirable unless the redistributive tastes of the government are extreme. The inwork benefit reform, on the other hand, is desirable in a very wide set of cases. We discuss the practical policy implications for European welfare policy.
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.439
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: France belongs to the group of OECD countries with relatively high tax levels. In recent years French governments have been increasingly aware that the tax system may have negative effects on growth and employment and some reforms have been introduced to reduce tax distortions. There has, however, been no grand reform design and it is also not clear in which direction it should go. This paper describes the main characteristics and the developments of the French tax system and examines some of its economic distortions and complexities. A future tax reform agenda could focus on the following five elements: First, reduce labour tax distortions by further reductions in social security contributions for low paid workers and reducing the withdrawal rate for in-work benefits, financing these either by increasing the Contribution Sociale Généralisée (CSG) or value added tax. Second, simplify the personal income tax, widening its base to permit lower top rates, and introducing deduction at source. Consider merging it with the CSG if this can be done in an administratively efficient way. Third, reduce capital tax distortions by cutting the corporate tax rate and widening the tax base by reducing the number of special incentives for certain kinds of activity, and also reduce the bias in favour of debt finance. Fourth, increase the role of “green” taxes because of the efficiency gains they offer –- though not as significant sources of revenue. Fifth, improve, and reduce the costs of, tax administration by progressively merging tax administrations where possible. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of France (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/france).
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.97
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Mobile content is increasingly available over mobile platforms and mobile networks. Most common applications are music and games. This study analyses development of mobile digital content value chains and business models, drivers of mobile content dissemination and identifies policy issues.
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.425
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: This paper assesses Brazil’s regulatory framework and agencies for several network industries (electricity, oil and gas, and water and sanitation). Private investment can be encouraged by tackling regulatory uncertainty in many areas. To this end, recent initiatives include a new regulatory model for the electricity sector, and new draft legislation on the role and structure of the regulatory agencies (currently in Congress). The overall approach to regulatory reform in network industries, particularly in electricity, is well thought out but the risk of regulatory failure should not be underestimated. Implementation will be the ultimate test of reform in this area. In natural gas, the dominance of Petrobras, the national oil company, throughout the industry has often been perceived as an obstacle to its development. Private investment in water and sanitation is constrained by a lack of clarity over the assignment of regulatory powers across different levels of government. These reforms are consistent with the government’s agenda for growth, focusing on meeting the challenge of improving the business environment. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of Brazil (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/brazil).
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.30
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: One of the key institutional outcomes of China’s economic reforms has been to create a new role for employers that is separate from the state, and allows enterprises to concentrate on their business. To protect workers, the government has set up public institutions for many social and administrative functions that until recently pertained to work units (danwei), or did not exist. This paper focuses on three such functions for which the 1994 Labour Law makes the government responsible: employment services, labour inspection and social insurance.
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2005/02
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This report examines factors that have proven helpful in achieving the successful transfer of environmentally sound technologies (EST) to developing countries. It provides an overview of the main issues lying behind trade-related aspects of EST transfers. It then briefly examines the main channels for the transfer of such technologies and the factors which are relevant to technology transfer in general, and to EST transfer in particular. It concludes with a summary of conditions for successful EST transfers which seem to be particularly relevant in the context of trade. These include government regulation and marketbased instruments, trade-related policies and practices, intellectual property rights, capacity, and financing. The report is based on the extensive literature dealing with technology transfer in general, and EST transfer specifically, and on empirical work summarised in a range of case studies.
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.21
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.21
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper examines the economic impact of trade facilitation and in particular the link between trade facilitation and trade flows, government revenue and foreign direct investment. It is part of a series of studies that analyse various aspects of trade facilitation and the objective is to contribute to discussions in the WTO Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation (NGTF) and elsewhere in the trade policy community. The paper finds that improved and simplified customs procedures would have a significant positive impact on trade flows. It further shows that a large number of mostly developing countries have managed to boost government revenue by implementing customs modernisation programmes that result in more efficient collection of trade taxes. In addition, the paper demonstrates that facilitated cross-border movement of goods would have a positive effect on the ability of a country to attract foreign direct investment and better integrate in international production supply chains.
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.20
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.20
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper presents additional findings from the on-going work of the OECD project on trade preference erosion. The purpose was to assess in more detail the situation of those preference-reliant countries seen as being most at risk of experiencing negative welfare effects from preference erosion as a consequence of multilateral tariff liberalisation (building on Lippoldt and Kowalski, 2005). Based on a selection criterion, 7 developing countries were chosen for inclusion in the present study: Bangladesh, Madagascar, Morocco, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. Using the standard GTAP database and model, the paper considers a scenario of multilateral tariff liberalisation involving a 50% linear reduction in the ad-valorem equivalent measure of protection. Whereas most developing regions experienced welfare gains as a consequence of such a scenario, the selected countries were found to be at risk of modest welfare losses, most of which were associated with tariff liberalisation by European Union countries (EU-15). Where negative welfare impacts occurred in the selected developing countries, they tended to be driven primarily by terms of trade losses (especially by negative export price effects). In line with the modest size of the estimated welfare losses, the overall impact in terms of structural adjustment -- as measured by an index of structural change -- tended to be relatively modest. For three of the seven developing countries, welfare losses primarily associated with the EU-15 tariff liberalisation are estimated to be more than fully offset by greater gains arising from improved market access in other sectors and markets.
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.470
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: With inputs of labour and capital slowing, sustaining high growth rates in Korea will increasingly depend on total factor productivity gains, which are in turn driven to a large extent by innovation. While a number of Korean firms are at the world technology frontier in areas such as ICT, the diffusion of technology to lagging sectors is a priority to sustain growth. This paper recommends policies to improve the science and technology system by upgrading the R&D framework, in part through closer linkages between firms, universities and the government, and enhanced intellectual property right protection. Strengthened competition, particularly in the service sector, is needed to promote the diffusion of new technologies. Innovation also requires policies to ensure the supply of high-quality human capital through reforms of tertiary education. This requires a restructuring of the university system through increased competition and deregulation, as well as additional financial resources to improve quality. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/korea).
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 Seiten) , Diagramme , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.4
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: For many years the school system in the United States has measured success by the number of dollars spent, computers and textbooks purchased, and programs created. Moreover, the measures of success have not focused on academic achievement. Since 1965, American taxpayers have spent more than $321 billion in federal funds on kindergarten through 12th grade public education, yet the average reading scores for 17-year-olds have not improved since the 1970s, according to the U.S. Department of Education.1 In an era where standards, testing and accountability are at the forefront of debate in the education community, parents, educators, administrators, legislators and stakeholders require an objective way of ascertaining the progress of public schools throughout the United States...
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 87 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.427
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: What policy reforms are most urgently needed to remove obstacles to output and employment growth in service sectors and to enhance economies’ ability to adjust to structural change as a result of changing trade patterns? This paper reviews the impact of the structural policy framework conditions on the development of the service sector and economies' adjustment capacities. The paper builds on and summarises a vast body of previous work and briefly reviews policy recommendations given to countries in various surveillance processes in the OECD.
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.437
    Keywords: Economics ; New Zealand
    Abstract: The paper examines the current state of competition in a number of sectors that are important for the economy. Because of the country’s small size and isolation, the analysis focuses on barriers to entry, investment and external trade, rather than some standard indicators of competition stance. The competition law and institutions are generally well-conceived, although high-profile litigation about mergers and market-power problems hasstretched their capacities and until recently, diverted attention from enforcement against price fixing. Overall, markets appear to function well in New Zealand, but progress towards liberalisation seems recently to have lost momentum. In particular, improvement could be made in three main areas: in the energy sector, lifting current barriers to investment and developing forward markets are necessary to ensure the economy will be able to cope with long-term challenges; in telecommunications markets, concerns have been mounting regarding high prices and slow deployment of broadband; and in the public sector, there is scope for further use of private delivery for public services and reducing state ownership, especially in potentially competitive markets. Some adjustments to the regulatory framework and policies in a number of other sectors would also be beneficial. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of New Zealand (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/nz).
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.92
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report presents an overview of OECD member country frameworks for consumer dispute resolution and redress. Part I focuses on the different mechanisms that have been put in place to respond to the varying nature and characteristics of consumer disputes including: internal complaints handling processes; payment cardholder protections; alternative dispute resolution; small claims courts; private collective action lawsuits; legal actions by consumer associations; and government obtained redress. Part II examines the impediments to ensuring that monetary judgments for consumers in cross-border cases ultimately result in compensation to consumers. The report aims to identify the elements of effective domestic frameworks for consumer dispute resolution and redress, examine how these frameworks can better address cross-border cases, and consider how increased international cooperation could improve the effectiveness of judicial remedies across-borders.
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 6 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Insights no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Énergie et pauvreté en Afrique
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Access to energy is essential for economic, social and political development. Despite its enormous potential in fossil and renewable energy sources, Africa suffers from major energy deficits. The continent’s resources are underexploited or exported in raw form or wasted in the course of extraction or transport. As a result, supplies available for local populations are largely insufficient and energy consumption is essentially reliant on biomass.
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.452
    Keywords: Economics ; Greece
    Abstract: This Working Paper looks at structural policies which would improve Greece’s long-term economic performance and help speed economic and social convergence with average European Union member countries. It focuses on a number of key areas which are particularly important for rapid growth as they offer substantial scope for catching up with international best practice. These areas are: getting more people into work through higher flexibility in the labour market and more effective labour market policies; competition policy reform; the liberalisation of product markets, in particular the energy, telecommunication and transport sectors; policies to foster entrepreneurship; and financial market reform, including the implementation of a better corporate governance regime. A number of Annexes provide additional information on the reform of the energy markets (electricity, gas, oil), the telecommunications sector, maritime transport and financial markets. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of Greece (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Greece)
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 131 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.100
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Unauthorised sharing of copyrighted works and new commercial digital delivery possibilities have thus far been a disruptive technology for the music industry. Still, the outlook for the music market in 2005 is positive due to rapidly increasing sales of (mobile) digital music services.
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 8 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Insights no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les OMD, le contribuable et l'efficacité de l'aide
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: MDGs and new aid-effectiveness targets are an opprtunity for donors to explain what they do before growing scepticism erodes taxpayer support for aid.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Insights no.3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gouvernance d'entreprise : un défi pour le développement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The quality of local corporate governance is critically important for the success of long-tem development efforts throughout the developing world today.
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2005/08
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This study uses new information to determine the role of foreign affiliates in productivity growth. The study has three aims. Firstly, the study quantifies the contribution of foreign affiliates to productivity growth in OECD countries using a growth accounting approach. Secondly, the analysis shows how much of this contribution derives from an increase in the employment share of foreign affiliates in the host country relative to an increase in the productivity of existing foreign affiliates. Thirdly, the study compares the presence of foreign affiliates across OECD countries. The information is derived by matching three OECD data sources: the STAN database for industrial analysis, the AFA (Activities of Foreign Affiliates) and FATS (Foreign Affiliates in Trade and Services) databases. Despite its limitations, this combined database provides longitudinal industry level information on both the presence and the productivity of foreign affiliates in OECD countries. The analysis confirms that foreign affiliates can make an important contribution to productivity growth. The contribution is larger in the manufacturing sector. In the services sector and in low-tech manufacturing sectors, the largest component of the contribution of foreign affiliates is due to the increased employment share of foreign affiliates. In medium- and high-tech sectors, the contribution is mainly driven by stronger productivity growth of existing foreign affiliates. In the United States the contribution is consistently driven by stronger productivity growth of existing foreign affiliates in both the manufacturing and the services sectors.
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789264010765
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.)
    Series Statement: Fighting Corruption in Transition Economies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fighting Corruption in Transition Economies; Azerbaijan (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fighting Corruption in Transition Economies: Azerbaijan (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fighting corruption in transition economies: Azerbaijan
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Korruption ; Aserbaidschan ; Governance ; Azerbaijan ; Azerbaijan Economic conditions ; 1991- ; Aserbaidschan ; Korruption ; Bekämpfung
    Abstract: This book presents the outcomes of a review of legal and institutional frameworks for fighting corruption in Azerbaijan, which was carried out in the framework of the Anti-Corruption Network for Transition Economies based at the OECD. The review examined national anti-corruption policy and institutions currently in place in Azerbaijan, national anti-corruption legislation, and preventive measures to ensure the integrity of civil service and effective financial control. This publication contains the recommendations as well as the full text of the self-assessment report provided by the government of Azerbaijan.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.243
    Keywords: Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This paper analyses the impact of changes in social institutions, i.e. in the informal and formal social security system, on income inequality in China. This study uses an inequality decomposition analysis approach comparing household survey data for 1988 with 1995. Since 1992 was a decisive year for accelerating to increase the role of market mechanism in China, comparing these two periods shows significant changes in social institutions and their impacts on income inequality. It provides meaningful implications for inequality issues in the present China. In a first step the paper looks at the impact of changes in the family based social security system on income inequality. Secondly, the paper investigates the contribution of current social security system reforms as a potential tool to cope with increasing inequality. Three main results emerge from the analysis: first, the family based social security is losing its importance mainly through the changes in employment pattern in a household. This change has a significant impact on income inequality. Second, this study shows that the introduction of new formal social security system helped to equalise the distribution of retired household members’ income in urban areas. Third, however, these changes have only benefited a restricted number of persons. Benefits for rural migrants are low and most of the rural population has still no access to the new system. Important steps forward will be to raise the fund-pooling level, and to include nonfarming workers into the new system.
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.424
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: For many years, Brazil lagged behind other middle-income countries in terms of school enrolment rates. But since 1998 policies have aimed at bridging this gap, in particular, with the implementation of FUNDEF, a fund for financing sub-national spending on primary and lower-secondary education. Using state- and municipality-level data during 1991-2002, this paper shows that FUNDEF played a key role in the increase in enrolment rates over the period, particularly in small municipalities, which rely more heavily on transfers from higher levels of government as a source of revenue. These findings underscore the importance of FUNDEF in eliminating supply constraints to the improvement of education attainment. Enrolment rates are now nearly universal for primary and lower-secondary education. Emphasis should therefore be placed on policies to improve the quality of services and to remove supply constraints to the expansion of enrolment in upper-secondary and tertiary education.
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  • 88
    ISBN: 9789264017610
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mise en œuvre de la Convention anti-corruption de l'OCDE ; Rapport sur la Norvège 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mise en œuvre de la Convention anti-corruption de l'OCDE : Rapport sur la Norvège 2003
    Keywords: Governance ; Norway
    Abstract: This report surveys the legal provisions and the institutions in place in Norway to combat bribery of foreign public officials and evaluates their effectiveness. It examines the mechanisms introduced in both the public and private sectors to prevent and detect acts of bribery of foreign public officials. It also reviews the effectiveness of mechanisms for investigating and prosecuting the offence of bribery of foreign public officials and related offences such as fraud and money-laundering. The report concludes with specific recommendations regarding prevention and detection, as well as prosecution and punishment. Key legal provisions to deter, prevent and fight corruption as submitted by Norway to the review process are also included.
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.422
    Keywords: Economics ; Netherlands
    Abstract: This paper assesses what role product market competition and reforms may have played in the performance of the Dutch economy over the past decade, and discusses what further product market reforms might contribute to enhancing growth. In general, competitive pressures appear to be relatively strong in the Netherlands, particularly in the traded goods sector. Competition in product markets has been strengthened through the creation of a competition authority (NMa) and the Competition, Deregulation and Legislative Quality project (MDW). A planned reduction in the administrative burden will also help to strengthen competition, by reducing barriers to business start-ups and the expansion of small businesses, as well as lowering business costs. However, competitive pressures and productivity growth are weaker in the Dutch services sector. Planning restrictions are inhibiting competition and productivity growth in the retail sector and there is considerable scope to eliminate practices that restrict competition in professional services, even though both are relatively liberalised in the Netherlands. Reforms in electricity, gas and telecoms are recent and market power on the part of incumbent firms remains a concern. Competitive pressures in these industries could be increased by enhancing the powers of the regulators and eliminating barriers to entry.
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 7 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Insights no.4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cohérence des politiques des pays OCDE : la preuve par l'Asie de l'Est
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The East Asian development experience is still not well understood – especially the region’s clustered, sequential development process and neighbourhood effects linking economies at different levels of industrial development. Until now, the development impact of OECD-country policies had never been analysed systematically from this perspective. How have different policy vectors transmitted by OECD countries, notably in the areas of trade, investment and aid, contributed to the development of the region?
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 93 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.27
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This report tries to explain observed changes in fertility rates across OECD countries, with an emphasis on socio-economic considerations. It aims to extend the understanding of fertility-related behaviours in different ways: first, by explaining recent developments in fertility rates and their relationships to other social drivers; second, by developing and testing new and expanded models to explain the cross-country variation in fertility rates due to labour markets, social and fiscal policies, and individual characteristics; third, by exploring which polices, through their effects on particular variables at micro and macro levels, have the biggest effect on fertility rates.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.472
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: We estimate the employment effects of product market reforms aimed at increasing competitive pressures and easing government controls in a sample of OECD countries over the past two decades. We control for several labour market policies and institutions that are thought to influence equilibrium employment rates, and check whether there are interactions between these policies and product market reforms. We find cross-country evidence that some labour and product market policies may be complementary and adjust for this in regressions. Consistent with the implications of the imperfect competition/bargaining model of Blanchard and Giavazzi (2003), our estimates suggest that restrictive regulations have curbed employment rates significantly in countries where no product market reforms were implemented. These effects appear to have been magnified by the interaction of such regulations with labour market settings that provide a strong bargaining power to insiders, suggesting that rent sharing tends to depress employment. The implication is that significant employment gains can be obtained by deregulating product markets in overly regulated countries. Moreover, these employment gains are likely to be higher in countries that have rigid labour markets.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.246
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The aim of this Working Paper is to broaden the debate on “pro-poor growth”. An exclusive focus on the income dimension of poverty has neglected the non-income dimensions. After an examination of prominent views on the linkages between economic growth, inequality, and poverty reduction this paper discusses the proper definition and measurement of pro-poor growth. Bolivia serves as a case study to illustrate the usefulness of applying the analytical toolbox for pro-poor growth to non-income dimensions of poverty and offers some important new insights about differences in the evolution of both poverty dimensions. Growth in Bolivia has been more pro-poor in the non-income than in the income dimension. The analysis furthermore shows that extending use of the pro-poor growth toolbox to non-income dimensions of poverty greatly improves our understanding of the trends in non-income indicators. Such understanding is pivotal for a careful assessment of the linkages between income and nonincome poverty along the entire income distribution. It is equally important for poverty monitoring and for defining policy interventions. It also allows deeper analysis of the relative merits of economic growth, compared to direct intervention aimed at improving non-income dimensions of poverty.
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789264010376
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p.)
    Series Statement: Radiation Protection
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Occupational exposure management at nuclear power plants
    DDC: 363.119621483
    Keywords: Kernkraftwerk ; Nukleare Sicherheit ; Strahlenschutz ; Arbeitsschutz ; OECD-Staaten ; Nuclear Energy ; France ; Konferenzschrift ; Kernkraftwerk ; Radioaktive Strahlung ; Mitarbeiter
    Abstract: The Information System on Occupational Exposure (ISOE) has become a unique, worldwide programme on the protection of workers at nuclear power plants. It includes a vast network for exchanging experience in the area of occupational exposure management as well as the world's largest database on occupational exposure from nuclear power plants. Each year, an ISOE international symposium offers a forum for radiation protection professionals from the nuclear industry, operating organisations and regulatory authorities to exchange information on practical experience with occupational radiation exposure issues in nuclear power plants. These proceedings summarise the presentations made at the 4 ISOE European Symposium on Occupational Exposure Management at Nuclear Power Plants, held in March 2004 in Lyon, France.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264014626
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (305 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Au-delà des tarifs ; Le rôle des obstacles non tarifaires dans le commerce mondial
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Looking beyond tariffs
    RVK:
    Keywords: Nichttarifäre Handelshemmnisse ; Welt ; Trade ; Außenhandel ; Handelshemmnis
    Abstract: The studies in this volume review concerns that exporters and governments have raised about market access. This publication analyses where and why certain non-tariff measures are being applied to traded goods that are covered by multilateral rules and disciplines, and how they continue to represent challenges for exporters and policy makers. The specific measures examined are prohibitions and quotas, non-automatic import licensing schemes, customs fees and charges and export restrictions. By drawing together available recent data and other information, this volume expands the knowledge base of policy makers, negotiators and anyone interested in learning about the use of these measures across countries, applicable international trade rules and remaining market access issues.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264015852
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (138 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The OECD Health Project
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les soins de longue durée pour les personnes âgées
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Long-term Care for Older People; (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD Long-term care for older people
    RVK:
    Keywords: Ältere Menschen ; Häusliche Pflege ; Dienstleistungsqualität ; Sozialpolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Altenhilfe ; Altenarbeit
    Abstract: This study reports on the latest trends in long-term care policies in nineteen OECD countries: Australia, Austria, Canada, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Mexico, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It studies lessons learned from countries that undertook major reforms over the past decade. Trends in expenditure, financing and the number of care recipients are analysed based on new data on cross-country differences. Special attention is given to experience with programmes that provide consumers of services with a choice of care options, including cash to family caregivers. Concise country profiles of long-term care systems and an overview on demography and living situations of older persons make this complex policy field more accessible.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264010154
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Promouvoir le développement dans une économie mondialisée ; Pour des politiques cohérentes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fostering development in a global economy
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Globalisierung ; Internationale Konjunktur ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Welt ; Development ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Globalisierung ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung
    Abstract: What does policy coherence for development mean? Increasing global integration through trade, capital and labour mobility brings increasing mutual responsibilities and mutual policy repercussions. These realities call for greater coherence between the various OECD country policies that shape and impact today’s rapidly evolving global economy. The essays in this volume address controversial policy issues affecting development today, ranging from increasing capital flows, financial regulation and socially responsible investment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. This collection represents an important contribution to the knowledge of the effects of interdependence and policy coherence on the relationship between OECD countries and the developing world.
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  • 98
    ISBN: 9789264013148
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The Integration Group for the Safety Case (IGSC) of the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) is co-sponsoring a project with the European Commission to develop a greater understanding of how to achieve the necessary integration for successful design, construction, testing, modelling and performance assessment of engineered barrier systems (EBS). These proceedings include the main findings and presented papers from the second workshop of the EC-NEA EBS project, which covered inter alia research and development work on pre- and post-closure processes; thermal management; thermal, hydraulic, mechanical and chemical process models; and repository design. The workshop was hosted by the US Department of Energy in Las Vegas, USA, on 14-17 September 2004.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.418
    Keywords: Economics ; Turkey
    Abstract: Fiscal imbalances were a main cause for chronic high inflation and macroeconomic instability before the 2000/2001 crisis. Fiscal consolidation is the cornerstone of post-crisis stabilization. It has been quite successful over the past three years as sizeable primary surpluses have been sustained and the fall in interest rates has reduced the interest cost of public debt. Fiscal targets have been achieved chiefly by raising revenues which has increased the tax burden; greater emphasis should now be placed on the control of public expenditure. At the same time, core public services such as education, justice, infrastructure and rural development will need to be upgraded. Social security costs may also rise with the planned shift to universal health insurance, and the ambitious administrative decentralization project could cause upward pressure on local spending. Far-reaching rationalization of public expenditures is therefore required to meet the quantitative fiscal targets while ...
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2005/13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les terrains scolaires en Autriche
    Keywords: Education ; Austria
    Abstract: The Austrian Institute for School and Sport Facilities (ÖISS), responsible for providing the country with guidelines, information and consultation in the field of school building, places special emphasis on school grounds. The ÖISS works to raise awareness of the importance of school grounds not only for physical activities and recreation, but also for learning, communication and the environment.
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