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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Beverly Hills, Calif. :Sage Publications, ; Vol. 1 (June 1969)- .
    ISSN: 0013-9165 (Print) , 1552-390X (Digital)
    Language: English
    Pages: online resource (volumes : , illustrations)
    Dates of Publication: Vol. 1 (June 1969)- .
    Uniform Title: Environment and behavior [digital].
    DDC: 304
    Keywords: Human ecology Periodicals. ; Human behavior. ; Ecology. ; Behavior ; Environment ; Ecology ; Écologie humaine Périodiques. ; Comportement humain. ; Écologie. ; human behavior. ; ecology. ; Human behavior ; Ecology ; Human ecology ; Fulltext. ; Internet Resources. ; Periodicals. ; Periodicals
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Natural Resources Management ; Social Accountability ; Social Development
    Abstract: The purpose of this report is to raise awareness and initiate a discussion on the need for sovereign sustainability reporting. The proposed sovereign climate and nature reporting framework would assist sovereigns looking to attract investment by enabling them to produce comprehensive, regular, standardized, and, eventually, forward-looking disclosures of their climate- and nature related risks and opportunities. Sovereign reporting would help meet the needs of investors who are increasingly requesting such disclosures for all asset classes in their portfolios so that they can measure portfolio alignment with the Paris Agreement. This report discusses five fundamental questions regarding sovereign climate and nature reporting: (a) why is a sovereign reporting framework needed;(b) what is required to develop a reporting framework for sovereigns; (c) how is materiality important in driving a reporting framework for sovereigns; (d) what is the potential for unintended consequences; and (e) what are the recommended next steps to develop and implement a reporting framework for sovereigns Sovereign reporting needs its own approach and framework. A customized approach suited to the specifics of sovereign reporting is recommended. This could build on the core elements and underlying principles of existing corporate-focused frameworks such as the Taskforce for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD). Other frameworks such as context-based performance accounting and reporting frameworks and environmental economic approaches could also be drawn upon, such as the UN System for Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA) framework. Annex A to this report presents a draft example of a sovereign climate and nature risk and opportunities reporting framework as a starting point for discussion (noting that it is not intended as a fully developed template or blueprint)
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Behrer, Arnold Patrick Current Benefits of Wildfire Smoke for Yields in the US Midwest May Dissipate by 2050
    Keywords: Air Quality and Clean Air ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change and Health ; Climate Change Impacts ; Cloud Formation ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Exposure To Smoke ; Global Land Carbon Sink ; Impact Of Climate Change ; Impact On Yield ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Meteorological Variables ; Pollution Management and Control ; Science of Climate Change ; Severe Drought
    Abstract: Wildfires throughout western North America produce smoke plumes that can stretch across the agricultural regions of the American Midwest. Climate change is likely to increase the number and size of these fires and subsequent smoke plumes. These smoke plumes change direct, diffuse, and total sunlight during the crop growing season and consequently influence yields of both corn and soybeans. The analysis in this paper uses a twelve-year panel of county-level yields from all counties east of the 100th meridian combined with measures of exposure to smoke plumes of low and high density during the growing season. It shows that low-density plumes enhance yields, likely by increasing in the fraction of diffuse light, while high-density plumes decrease yields. Because there are more low-density plumes today, the net effect is a slight increase in yields on average. As climate change makes wildfires larger and more frequent, the overall impact of smoke on yields is expected to be substantially more negative
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Economic Recovery ; Environment ; Insurance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The South African financial system has weathered the shock of COVID-19 but faces growing risks emanating from a weak macroeconomic outlook. The pandemic crisis hit South Africa hard, with nonresident capital outflows accelerating and the domestic and global slowdown precipitating a6.4 percent GDP contraction in 2020. A brief period of liquidity stress was managed with new central bank facilities and a lowering of liquidity requirements; and banks proved resilient thanks to sound capital and liquidity buffers. Asset management and pension assets saw falling valuations, but redemption pressures quickly dissipated as markets stabilized. The intensification of the sovereign financial system nexus emerging from the crisis poses risks going forward, and a resurgence of the pandemic could deteriorate asset quality. Banks are resilient in the FSAP's baseline; however, amedium-term adverse stress scenario would cause a significant decline in capital although most banks would remain sufficiently capitalized. Under stress, banks could face some liquidity gaps, particularly at very short maturities, highlighting the importance of continued close monitoring. The impact of COVID-19 on insurers has thus far been contained, but prudential rules should be strengthened to ensure the measure of capital is sufficiently robust
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Keywords: Environment ; Groundwater ; Health ; Natural Resources ; Sanitation ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water ; Water Economics ; Water Policy and Governance ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Management ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: This is a companion volume to "Seeing the Invisible: A Strategic Report on Groundwater Quality," which explains why groundwater quality is so important to managers of development programs in the World Bank and elsewhere. Its purpose is to provide managers and their teams with practical guidance on how to set up and manage a groundwater quality monitoring program. It provides a logical, step-by-step approach that can be tailored to, and grow with, the capacity to implement such a program. The guiding principle is that monitoring is the fundamental activity that shapes our identification of issues, the framing of problems, the design of solutions, and the measurement of the effectiveness of those solutions. Monitoring is often seen as simple and undervalued, but monitoring of groundwater quality, and its interpretation, is technically demanding. On the other hand, it is also extremely rewarding
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Pollution Management and Control ; Waste Management
    Abstract: Plastics have been a development driver for decades but have turned into a development problem due to their omnipresence in the environment. Marine litter and plastic pollution have attracted much attention and commitments from governments and the private sector alike in the past few years. Policies to curb plastic pollution have had limited success in many developing countries because of various markets and policy failures. This report aims to support policymakers in their efforts to address plastic pollution. By examining the economic and financial implications of plastic management, the report provides key recommendations on how to create a comprehensive approach to addressing plastic pollution and to help policymakers make informed decisions for plastic pollution management. Overall, the report concludes that the effectiveness of policies to address plastics pollution can be substantially improved through careful design, implementation and evaluation. The report is structured in five chapters: Chapter 1 presents the drivers of plastic pollution and market failures that led to it; Chapter 2 presents the key building blocks of the policy process; Chapter 3 focuses on the process of setting targets and how the Estimator contributes to it; Chapter 4 deep dives on choosing policy instruments, and how the PPS can support policymakers in this choice; and Chapter 5 brings together results and lessons from this work
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Carbon Policy and Trading ; Energy ; Energy and Environment ; Energy Subsidies ; Energy Trade ; Environment ; Oil and Gas ; Renewable Energy
    Abstract: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries were characterized by a robust economic rebound from the pandemic in 2021 and the beginning of 2022 as well as a partial restoration of external and fiscal positions following deep plunges in 2020. The war in Ukraine is projected to provide a windfall for the GCC; it has also placed energy security at the forefront of major importers' agenda, which could accelerate the global green growth transition. The faster and bolder efforts to decarbonize the global economy, which the war in Ukraine is likely to speed up, implies that it is critical to invest the windfall in the GCC's economic and environment transition. GCC countries are facing limits to the oil economy on which they have flourished for the last seventy years. GCC countries face twin challenges of (i) how to move to a more sustainable growth model that is less dependent on oil and downstream petroleum sectors and that can provide valuable jobs for their inhabitants while (ii) managing the transition to a global low-carbon economic environment that could see oil revenues greatly reduced within the next few decades. The current situation has sometimes been portrayed as a threat to the GCC or at the very least as a trade-off between faster growth and climate sustainability. However, this special focus section reframes the discussion by focusing on the opportunities for the region to restructure energy subsidies. to become renewable-energy powerhouses, and the importance of getting prices right for an enabling environment that can place the private sector at the forefront of the new growth model. The section also highlights the fiscal space that can be created by re-thinking energy subsidies and provides a political economy sensitive approach to addressing the concerns of households and industry. Linking the expected savings to investments in renewables and incentives for increased entrepreneurship and innovative sectors could represent a solution to one of the GCC's greatest challenges, producing high income jobs for its youth
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Environment ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Tourism and Ecotourism ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: Nepal is endowed with a wealth of natural resources including snow-capped mountains, abundant rivers, sub-tropical forests, significant biodiversity and wildlife, and pristine, diverse landscapes. A part of the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot, the country is recognized for its high endemicity and intact forest habitats. Over 45 percent of tourists to Nepal visit these protected areas, which play a significant role in driving tourism, and contribute to the country's economy. Visitors, however, predominantly visit only four parks, and thus, there is much potential for protected areas in Nepal to further contribute to development goals while maintaining the country's rich biodiversity asset base. This combination of protected areas and rich biodiversity is equally a major tourism asset in an industry which attracts eight billion visitors a year to protected areas. The potential of Nepal's protected area network, and its contribution to the country's economic development is yet to be fully realized. This situation mirrors that of many countries in which governments value protected areas in conservation strategies but overlook them in economic development plans. This oversight is of great concern, as countries, globally, struggle to contain unprecedented biodiversity losses while trying to address development setbacks inflicted by COVID-19. This study therefore sets out to strengthen the economic case for the government of Nepal to promote sustainable and inclusive tourism in its protected areas by estimating the direct and indirect benefits to local economies from protected area tourism
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Waste Disposal and Utilization ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: The rising production and consumption of plastic combined with mismanagement of plastic waste is leading to significant pollution of marine and coastal areas. Addressing plastic waste on islands is crucial because of their roles as both receptors and contributors. While there is no single solution to turn the tide on plastic pollution for small and remote islands, a combination of technologies and other upstream and downstream solutions can help these communities effectively manage plastic waste, safeguarding their valuable ecosystems and livelihoods. New innovative technologies to treat plastic waste only work effectively in specific island contexts with viability impacted by many different aspects including the volumes and type of plastic waste, existing solid waste management systems, infrastructure, and community awareness. In addition to treatment technologies, other solutions need to be considered such as reducing the plastic input to islands upstream, before it becomes plastic waste, as well as sorting and then transporting plastic waste to a viable recycling market. This study combines a global assessment of plastic waste management on islands with a review of existing technologies and their viability in island contexts to develop the Technology Options for Plastic waste for Island Contexts (TOPIC) Toolbox which was then piloted on five islands in Malaysia. The TOPIC Toolbox supports island decision-makers in identifying technologies and a potential mix of technologies and other solutions to treat plastic waste for their island
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Development
    Abstract: Small island developing states (SIDS) are among the most exposed, vulnerable countries in the world to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change. SIDS are already experiencing significant economic and social losses from climate change impacts. Extreme weather events such as flooding and hurricanes significantly affect the transport sector, with damage from such events accounting for a large percentage of total infrastructure damage costs. The need for climate adaptation is recognized in SIDS' nationally determined contributions to the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The World Bank supports its clients in implementing nationally determined contribution objectives and actions. The World Bank's programmatic technical assistance, Resilient Transport in Small Island Developing States, implemented with the aim of enhancing the resilience of the transport sector in SIDS, was delivered in three phases. The objective of this report is to help practitioners integrate climate resilience considerations into transport asset management and thus enhance climate resilience in the transport sector of SIDS (Phases 2 and 3 of the technical assistance). The report starts by introducing the topic of natural hazards and climate change in SIDS and how they affect the transport sector. The report describes how governments can develop resilient transport asset management systems (TAMS) and then summarizes the activities implemented in four SIDS, Cape Verde in Africa, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in the Caribbean, and Solomon Islands and Vanuatu in the Pacific,and shares lessons learned to improve the approach and framework. Finally, the report introduces an online training course on resilient TAMS and the i-Knowledge platform
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Risk Management
    Abstract: Biodiversity loss will be an increasingly important source of risk and opportunity for the insurance sector. The significant degradation of ecosystems has the potential to materially impact global finance, economies, and societies alike. Understanding the physical and transition risks associated with biodiversity loss and working to mitigate the damage to biodiversity will be a key aspect of meeting the targets set by the Paris Agreement. Insurance companies will be impacted by biodiversity risks in several ways: as underwriters, as investors, and as corporate citizens. Insurers will be impacted both by changes in climate and biodiversity and by transition risks affecting the risks they insure or the investments they make. Insurance can promote investment in biodiversity in three ways: (i) asset protection, (ii) liability reduction, and (iii) facilitation of capital inflow from the financial markets. Ideally, efforts to protect biodiversity will include a combination of instruments, not only insurance. Insurers, as investors, can contribute directly to the preservation of biodiversity by channeling capital towards biodiversity-positive investments, but the opportunities to do so are still limited. The G20 Sustainable Finance Roadmap (G20 SFWG, 2021) highlighted the need to integrate nature and biodiversity in future work on sustainable finance. The financial materiality of underestimating or inaccurately pricing biodiversity-related risks could pose a threat to the solvency of the insurance industry and lead to an increase in exclusions of uninsurable risks. Risk management can be enhanced by combining the results of both catastrophe and climate risk models, but more needs to be done to incorporate biodiversity risk. Combining ecological action with financial protection can make good economic and financial sense and help overcome the pricing issues associated with risks such as wildfire
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Energy ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Windpower
    Abstract: This roadmap provides strategic analysis of the offshore wind development potential in the Philippines, considering the opportunities and challenges under different, hypothetical growth scenarios. The goal is to provide evidence to support the Government of the Philippines in establishing policy, regulations, processes, and infrastructure to enable successful growth of this new industry. The roadmap was initiated by the World Bank country team in the Philippines under the umbrella of the World Bank Group's (WBG's) Offshore Wind Development Program-which aims to accelerate offshore wind development in emerging markets-and was funded by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) in partnership with the International Finance Corporation (IFC)
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kojima, Masami Household use of Bottled Gas for Cooking: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Bottled Cooking Gas ; Clean Energy Transition ; Clean Energy Universal Price Subsidy ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Drudgery ; Energy ; Energy Burden On Women ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Energy Resources Development ; Environment ; Fuel Stacking ; Fuels ; Gender ; Gender and Energy ; Household Air Pollution ; Household Energy ; LPG ; LPG Subsidy
    Abstract: Analysis of household energy use has tended to focus on primary energy sources for cooking, lighting, and heating. However, even those using clean primary energy sources are not necessarily free from household air pollution and the burden of biomass collection because of commonly practiced fuel stacking. This paper examines household energy use in 24 Sub-Saharan African countries with a focus on bottled cooking gas, which is expected to play a pivotal role in the attainment of universal access to clean household energy by 2030. The share of people using clean energy (electricity and gas) as the primary source exceeded half only in five countries, with liquefied petroleum gas dominating in three and electricity in two. As income rose, households shifted away from wood in every country, to clean energy in most countries and to charcoal in some. Of the 12 countries (nationally or in urban areas) in which at least one-fifth of the population used liquefied petroleum gas as their primary cooking fuel, more than three-fifths of primary liquefied petroleum gas users had abandoned polluting fuels in five countries. Within per capita expenditure quintiles, households who had abandoned all polluting fuels were consistently smaller than those who continued to use polluting fuels, mainly charcoal or kerosene, perhaps pointing to the ease of cooking for small families exclusively with liquefied petroleum gas and electricity. However, liquefied petroleum gas-using households in the top expenditure quintile who had not abandoned polluting fuels were on average smaller than those in the fourth quintile who had abandoned polluting fuels. These findings point to reasons for fuel stacking that seem to go beyond the question of affordability
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Beyer, Robert C. M Natural Disasters and Economic Dynamics: Evidence from the Kerala Floods
    Keywords: Aggregate Activity ; Economic Dynamics ; Economic Impact of Flood ; Environment ; Environmental Disaster Wage Impact ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Floods ; Household Behavior ; Natural Disaster Impact ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Market ; Spatial Analysis
    Abstract: Exceptionally high rainfall in the Indian state of Kerala caused major flooding in 2018. This paper estimates the short-run causal impact of the disaster on the economy, using a difference-in-difference approach. Monthly nighttime light intensity, a proxy for aggregate economic activity, suggests that activity declined for three months during the disaster but boomed subsequently. Automated teller machine transactions, a proxy for consumer demand, declined and credit disbursal increased, with households borrowing more for housing and less for consumption. In line with other results, both household income and expenditure declined during the floods. Despite a strong wage recovery after the floods, spending remained lower relative to the unaffected districts. The paper argues that increased labor demand due to reconstruction efforts increased wages after the floods and provides corroborating evidence: (i) rural labor markets tightened, (ii) poorer households benefited more, and (iii) wages increased most where government relief was strongest. The findings confirm the presence of interesting economic dynamics during and right after natural disasters that remain in the shadow when analyzed with annual data
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kalantzis, Fotios Green Investment by Firms: Finance or Climate Driven?
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Capital-Intensive Green Measures ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Energy ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environmental Benefit of Private Investment ; Green Investment Constraints ; Green Investment Strategies ; Green Management Practices ; Mitigation Strategies ; Non-Capital-Intensive Green Measures ; Pollution Management and Control
    Abstract: There is limited research on the determinants of firms' green investment strategies in developing regions despite their importance to meet global climate change targets. Understanding how changes in firm climate investment affect environmental performance is essential for policy makers and firms alike. Based on unique data from the joint European Bank for Reconstruction and Development-European Investment Bank-World Bank Group Enterprise Surveys, this paper empirically examines the role of access to finance and green management practices in firms' green investment strategies. Based on logistic regressions, the econometric analysis finds a positive influence of green management practices on the number of mitigation measures implemented. By contrast, firms that are financially constrained are less likely to pursue many mitigation measures. Finally, the results do not show significant differences in the impact of financial constraints on the type of green investment, but indicate that better green management practices lead to a higher likelihood of investing in both capital- and non-capital-intensive green measures
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: The five countries of Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger (the G5) in the Sahel region of Africa are among the least developed countries in the world. The now regular and growing climate shocks are causing large losses in outputs, reducing human capital accumulation, and leading to potentially devastating ecological and economic tipping points in the region. This World Bank country climate development report (CCDR) has examined the most critical actions and policy changes needed to accelerate the region's economic recovery, sustainable and inclusive development, and adaptation to the impacts of climate change. This report has three main messages. First, the opportunities for a resilient and lower-carbon development of the G5 countries are significant. They can reverse environmental degradation and maximize the benefits of climate action for the poor. Second, rapid, resilient, and inclusive growth is both the best form of adaptation to climate change and the best strategy for meeting development goals in an effective, sustainable, and productive manner. Third, the costs of inaction are far greater than the costs of action. Early and targeted action on policies and programs presented in this report can move the G5 Sahel countries towards a greener, more resilient, prosperous, and inclusive future
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Environment ; Gender ; Pollution Management and Control ; Waste Disposal and Utilization ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: Rapid economic growth and poor environmental management have Rwanda facing growing pollution problems, including solid waste and plastic pollution, among others. For years, Rwanda has sought to tackle plastic waste, and the country has been proactive in pursuing environmental management with ambitious policy measures. Since 2000 when the government of Rwanda introduced its Vision 2020, the nation has progressed in introducing waste management practices that included a structured approach to sustainable waste management. Rwanda's continued efforts include the ambitious adoption of legislative bans on the manufacture, importation, use and sale of polyethylene bags in 2008. The country recently took this effort further, with a ban on the manufacture, importation, use and sale of plastic bags and single-use plastic items. Rwandans embrace these policies through a culture where citizens work together to better their communities through collective actions or Umuganda, a practice (now enshrined in law) that requires residents to support the nation's cleanliness. Combined, these policies have led to the near eradication of polythene bags in Rwanda and an increase in affordable waste collection services for most urban populations, especially in Kigali. The purpose of this report is to review lessons learned from an ex-post analysis of the policies regarding plastic pollution management in Rwanda and provide evidence-based recommendations for policy improvements in the country
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kahn, Matthew E Will the Developing World's Growing Middle Class Support Low-Carbon Policies?
    Keywords: Carbon Footprint ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Energy ; Energy Consumption ; Environment ; Environmental Protection Policy ; Environmentalism ; Greenhouse Gas Reduction Policy ; International Co-Operation ; Middle-Class Consumption ; Sustainable Development
    Abstract: As billions of people in the developing world seek to increase their living standards, their aspirations pose a challenge to global efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions. The emerging middle class is buying and operating energy intensive durables ranging from vehicles to air conditioners to computers. Owners of these durables represent an interest group with a stake in opposing carbon pricing. The political economy of encouraging middle class support for carbon pricing hinges on offsetting its perceived negative income effects. Rising environmentalism in the developing world could also increase support for credible greenhouse gas reduction policy. This paper quantifies these effects by estimating Engel curves of durables ownership, comparing the grid's carbon intensity by nation, and studying the demographic correlates of support for prioritizing environmental protection
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Coal and Lignite ; Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: This report discusses the remarks delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the seventh ministerial meeting of the coalition of finance ministers for climate action. He discusses: many climate interventions and projects offer large global public good benefits but require substantial resources and compensations and may offer no financial returns. The challenge is how to incentivize these activities. As carbon markets scale, they may provide part of the flow of financial benefit to support projects that reduce carbon emissions. To address this part of the challenge, the Bank have prepared a concept note that presents pooling private sector contributions in support of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction projects into a financing platform in exchange for verified carbon credits. Globally, Finance Ministries also need to catalyze the private sector to help close the financing gap for investments in mitigation and adaptation
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Crop Yields ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Labor Market ; Temperature ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Assessment ; Water Resources Management
    Abstract: This Iran Economic Monitor (IEM) provides an update on key economic developments and policies as of Spring 2022. Iran's economy continued its gradual recovery in 2021-2022 following the rebound in domestic and external demand. Despite a more accommodative fiscal policy in 2021-2022, higher oil and tax revenues have improved the fiscal deficit-to-GDP ratio. GDP growth is projected to remain modest in the medium term, as the economy remains constrained by both global and domestic gr owth bottlenecks. A more favorable global oil market outlook is projected to improve Iran's fiscal and external balances. Iran's economic outlook is subject to significant risks. Consumer price inflation accelerated due to a combination of supply-push and demandpull factors, adding to pressures on the welfare of lower-income households. Addressing long-term development challenges, including impending climate change shocks, requires a comprehensive package of economic reforms complemented by adequate social protection measures
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Forestry ; Forestry Management ; Rural Development
    Abstract: This Country Forest Note offers an in-depth picture of the forest sector of Uzbekistan, viewed through a forest landscape lens, and provides guidance to help define goals and identify opportunities for the continued development of the sector. Despite a large number of current challenges, forest landscape management presents opportunities for sustainable development: increasing the forest area will provide additional benefits in terms of climate change. A holistic approach to soil degradation is required that includes improved livestock husbandry, soil management, and agricultural practices, all of which have a role to play. Leskhozes have a central role in transforming the forest sector and augmenting their capacity and skills needs to be an important consideration. Equally important is to encourage community participation through mahallas and create favorable conditions for private sector involvement. Strong government commitment and institutional and stakeholder buy-in and ownership are required to support the transition to more adaptive management in forestry. This transition is critical to address climate change issues, increased threats to forests, soil and water conservation, economic management of wood and non-wood forest products (NWFPs) from forested landscapes, and improvement of livelihoods of rural households
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development
    Abstract: Malaysia is one of the world's megadiverse countries, and many of its economic activities are directly or indirectly dependent on nature and its associated ecosystem services.' The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, with its far-reaching economic impacts, is a reminder of the link between human health and planetary health, given that most human infectious diseases are transmitted between species. In parallel to climate-related risks, nature-related risks can lead to economic and financial losses. Central banks have recently started to investigate biodiversity and other nature-related impacts and dependencies of financial systems. The NGFS, of which Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) is a member, has recommended several first actions that could be taken by financial sector regulators and supervisors to help build the foundations for more comprehensive measures. BNM, as part of its mandate to promote monetary and financial stability conducive to the sustainable growth of the Malaysian economy, has an interest in understanding nature-related financial risks to the financial sector. to the financial sector. A better understanding of nature-related financial risks is important for prudential supervision to identify and address any emerging risks in the loan books and investments of banks and other financial institutions. This report assesses the exposure of Malaysian banks to sectors and regions that are highly vulnerable to nature-related risks. This study makes use of both Malaysian and global data
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Burgi, Constantin Informal Emissions
    Keywords: Air Quality and Clean Air ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Emission Accounting ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Governance ; Environmental Regulation ; Environmental Risk ; Fossil Fuel Consumption ; Greenhouse Gas Emmissions ; Informal Commercial Emissions ; Informal Employers ; Informal Work ; Pollution Management and Control ; Environment
    Abstract: Environmental regulations and their enforcement play a critical role in reducing emissions and their devastating effects on humanity and the environment. However, many developing countries have large informal sectors-accounting for more than 70 percent of total employment, that operate outside government control. The presence of the informal sector could have detrimental consequences on the environment as informal firms do not comply with regulations, which could jeopardize the effectiveness of environmental policies. The paper uses reduced form equations to estimate the relationship between both CO2 and non-CO2 emissions per value added and the informal sector measured as the share of informal workers in total across countries. The estimates indicate that emissions per value added in the informal sector are higher as opposed to in the formal sector. At the sector level, higher informality is associated with lower CO2 emissions per value added only in manufacturing and other services sectors. In particular, a one percentage point increase in the share of informal workers in total sector employment reduces the CO2 emissions per value added by 1.44 percent in manufacturing and 1.773 percent in services. This implies that the magnitude of emissions per value added in the formal sector relative to the informal sector is ambiguous. Sector-specific estimations for non-CO2 emissions yield positive significant coefficients for agriculture, trade, mining, and utilities and a negative significant coefficient for manufacturing
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ofori Adofo, Josephine The Local Economic Effects of Natural Resources: Evidence from Ghana
    Keywords: Consumption and Poverty ; Economic Impacts of Oil Discovery ; Energy and Natural Resources ; Environment ; Equity and Development ; Inequity ; Jobs ; Local Labor Markets ; Natural Resources ; Natural Resources Management ; Natural Resources Management and Rural Issues ; Offshore Oil ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Energy
    Abstract: This paper estimates the welfare impacts of natural resources by analyzing Ghana's offshore oil discovery and subsequent production. It finds substantial increases in real income, but no effect on consumption and poverty. The income effects are stronger for skilled workers. Estimates of the effects of oil discovery on employment show that employment in general increased by 4 percentage points. The positive employment effects are largely concentrated in non-oil local sectors: manufacturing and construction. The findings do not show significant impacts on employment in the agriculture and service sectors where a large proportion of individuals below the poverty line are engaged. This largely explains why the oil discovery had no effect on poverty reduction, as it benefited the non-poor rather than the poor
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Tourism and Ecotourism
    Abstract: Small island developing states and small tourism-dependent coastal states have been the most gravely impacted by global climate and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic crises and are expected to face even greater economic and social challenges in the years to come. While information and research on sustainable and blue tourism in small island developing states (SIDS) does exist, it is hard to find, difficult to analyze, and challenging to turn into policy guidance. This guidance note is a synthesis of findings from a literature review of the inventory of blue tourism resources, consumer market research, and tourism trend monitoring undertaken by the World Bank global tourism team since the start of COVID-19
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Electric Power ; Energy ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Export Competitiveness ; General Manufacturing ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Direct current (DC) space-cooling fans are widely recognized for their superior energy efficiency and better overall performance compared to alternating current (AC) fans. In general, DC motors consume up to 70 percent less power than AC alternatives, and operate more quietly at a lower voltage. The energy efficiency advantage of DC fans is especially relevant for Pakistan, where electric fans are the prevalent technology for space cooling. Starting in 2018, the World Bank implemented several initiatives in collaboration with the fan industry and other stakeholders in Pakistan to address as a matter of urgency various issues that limit the domestic market and hold back the export of locally manufactured DC space-cooling fans. In the near term, support to DC fan manufacturing would directly impact the outcomes of off-grid electrification in Pakistan implemented through the World Bank and others development finance institutions, potentially incentivizing the purchase of more than 200,000 DC space-cooling fans. Moreover, improvements in the quality of Pakistani DC fans will increase the international competitiveness of local fan manufacturers and open up long-term export opportunities. This report provides an overview of the broad range of assistance delivered to the domestic fan manufacturing industry and describes the impact and outcomes of the various interventions. These range from international collaboration on research and development (Rand D), to setting and defining quality standards for DC fans that are International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) compliant, to building capacity in the private sector for technological improvements
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Employment and Unemployment ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Part of a three-region set of papers analyzing coal-related labor market challenges in Poland, this paper focuses on Lower Silesia. The findings call for a more territorial-oriented approach to brokering the coal transition, rather than a sectoral one. First, while the number of people directly and indirectly affected by coal mine closures in Lower Silesia (~5,500) is relatively small compared to the total regional labor force (lessthan1%), affected workers are heavily concentrated geographically. Second, workers in heavily affected municipalities have lower foundational (but better technical) skills than their regional and national counterparts, and already operate in lagging local economies. Third, while eager to work, discrete choice experiments about their job attribute preferences show that they are averse to both, commuting and relocating for work, even though less so than in Silesia and Wielkopolska, the two other regions. Together this suggests that there are important welfare and political economic benefits to adequate job creation locally. The paper further advances a data-driven viable-job-matching tool specifically tailored to the Polish labor market and illustrates how it could be used to assess the potential of local labor markets and future investments to absorb the coal-affected workers accounting for their skills profile, re/upskilling needs and job attribute preferences
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Energy ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Sector ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Renewable Energy ; Solar Energy ; Windpower
    Abstract: Vietnam has made remarkable economic progress over the past 30 years; however, growth was supported by increasing reliance on coal-based energy. The energy sector would continue the expansion of coal-based energy with the significant increase in the installed capacity of coal power plants under previous plans. Vietnam has committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 and gradually phasing out the use of coal for power generation. Selecting lower carbon pathways for the future growth of the energy sector requires the study of interdependencies of the power system through a robust analytical approach. The choice of decarbonization scenario should be based on a careful review of implications and opportunities at the sector level as well as more broadly at the level of the economy. Energy sector decarbonization would require the development of 'just transition' oriented policies and regulations to support the people, communities, and businesses. World Bank Group stands ready to provide comprehensive support for designing and implementing a low-carbon future for the energy sector
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Green Issues ; Social Capital ; Social Development
    Abstract: Poland's economic development story is one of success: since the early 1990s, the country has transitioned to a market economy, integrated into the European Union economy and global supply chains and sustained robust growth, avoiding the middle-income trap and increasing the resilience of its economy. Poland has sustained strong growth over the past three decades, making substantial advances in converging towards the European Union (EU-27) average per capita income, although there is still a considerable gap in both productivity and income convergence when compared with aspirational peers. Poland successfully transitioned to an EU-integrated market economy, moving from upper middle-income to high-income status in less than a decade and a half. Its economy underwent a deep structural transformation, supported by cost-competitiveness, and is now well-diversified and more resilient to shocks. Long-term growth has been supported by increased total factor productivity (TFP), grounded in efficiency gains, although capital accumulation has remained the main contributor to growth. While capital deepening did occur, investments in Information Communication and Technology (ICT) and in intangible assets that have high growth potential lagged those of peers. A skilled labor force has contributed more to growth in the case of Poland than it did in peer countries. The COVID-19 pandemic, however, has resulted in important learning losses, as observed throughout the world, and together with reversals in education reforms in recent years could weigh down on labor quality and productivity in the future.COVID-19
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: This report focuses on promoting low-carbon rice production systems in Vietnam. There are many sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within the agricultural sector in Vietnam, including along value chains and within the whole agri-food context. However, because rice production is so important to the country and to emission reductions in agriculture, this report focuses on known actions that can be rapidly upscaled, along with other complementary actions to reduce GHG emissions from rice production systems. The report covers emission reduction pathways in rice. This report assesses agronomic and other options that offer technically and economically feasible pathways to promote low-carbon rice. Some options have been piloted in Vietnam and require significant upscaling at the farm-level. This report considers challenges and practical actions and policy reforms to address these challenges for Vietnam's low-carbon transition (LCT) in rice
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Air Quality and Clean Air ; Economic Costs ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pollution Management and Control ; Water Pollution ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Treatment and Quality
    Abstract: Pollution and environmental degradation often worsen as countries develop and industrialize. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis suggests that, initially, economic growth increases pollution up to a certain income threshold, and then it begins to decrease pollution. Pollution reduction is not inevitable, however. As one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa, Ethiopia has been facing natural resource depletion and pollution problems which threaten to slow or impede development gains. The country must actively improve its pollution management practices and mitigate the impact of pollution on its economy, public health, and the natural environment as much as possible. This report aims to identify, diagnose, and evaluate air, water, and solid waste pollution issues facing Ethiopia and advise governments on developing and prioritizing pollution management interventions through a long-term perspective. It assesses the impacts of pollution problems and estimates the economic costs of pollution in selected study cities, which provide an economic basis for prioritizing and recommending pollution management interventions and programs. The report concludes that, with a good understanding and public awareness of pollution problems, strong political will, and sound strategies for pollution management, Ethiopia may bend the EKC and avoid the "pollute first, clean up later" development path that industrialized countries have taken-creating the chance for a cleaner environment, a healthier population, and a stronger and sustainable development progress
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Air Pollution ; Climate Change Economics ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Protection ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Sustainability ; Water Supply
    Abstract: This report is an extended Country Environmental Assessment that identifies key issues and priorities for action as Uzbekistan transitions to a sustainable and inclusive market economy. Land degradation, water stress, and air pollution from particulate matter are the main environmental issues, with additional socio-economic risks to the country from its high energy and carbon intensity and the impact of climate change on vulnerable communities. The report analyzes strategies for greening the economic transition, including resource efficiency and landscape restoration, the low-carbon transition, resilience against natural disasters and climate change, urban air quality and sustainable cities, green employment and public institutions, and green finance. Additional follow-up studies to inform detailed policy formulation and action include distributional analysis, adaptation strategy and planning, a Long-Term Decarbonization Strategy, and Climate Change Institutional Assessment, among others
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Employment and Unemployment ; Environment ; Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This note is one of two designed to serve as a resource for policy makers and practitioners aiming to introduce or scale up economic inclusion programs in urban and peri-urban areas. The first note explores the potential of economic inclusion programs to promote the social and economic inclusion of the urban poor and vulnerable. It lays out a framework for such programming based on the current landscape and evidence and points to the central role economic inclusion programs can play in meeting the urban jobs challenge, facilitating a Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recovery, and building inclusive cities. This note addresses the question of how to operationalize these programs. It shows that a rethink is needed about the ways in which programs are designed and delivered to fit the needs and lifestyles of the urban poor. The emerging experience from a growing pipeline yields some important operational insights, but several questions remain to be answered in coming years, as programs continue to evolve and customize to the urban context
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ferreira Filho, Joaquim Bento De Souza A Macroeconomic Perspective of Structural Deforestation in Brazil's Legal Amazon
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change Mitigation ; CO2 Emissions ; Deforestation ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Policy ; Environmental Sustainability ; Forestry ; Forestry Management ; Green Growth ; Land Use Patters ; Macroeconomics and Growth ; Rural Development ; Structural Policy AD Reform
    Abstract: Despite policy efforts in recent decades, deforestation remains a pervasive phenomenon in Brazil. Yet deforestation is not only affected by forest governance. It is also driven by global demand for commodities and the relative competitiveness of agriculture, which in turn depends on macroeconomic factors impacting product and factor prices. These macroeconomic mechanisms remain largely unexplored. This paper explores the role of economic productivity in shaping deforestation. It uses an economic model with an empirically founded land use extension to study the macro-structural drivers of land use patterns in Brazil's Legal Amazon. It demonstrates that productivity gains in the Legal Amazon's agriculture sector increase deforestation, while such gains in non-land intensive sectors (such as manufacturing) reduce deforestation by attenuating the relative competitiveness of agriculture. Higher productivity in other parts of Brazil also reduces incentives for forest conversion in the Legal Amazon. The paper points to the economic forces that forest protection efforts need to counter, while calling for complementary structural reforms to overcome "Brazilian disease" in the longer-term: addressing the legacy of import substitution industrialization and moving up the value chain will shift economic drivers beyond commodities, thus also reconciling development with standing forests
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Environment ; Equity and Development ; Green Issues ; Poverty and Policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Recession
    Abstract: Transcript of the remarks delivered by President David Malpass at the 2022 World Bank Group annual meetings media roundtable. He outlines the most urgent current crises facing development, and answers questions from participants
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Transport ; Ghg Emissions ; Green Transition ; Pricing Policy ; Rail ; Taxing Measures ; Decarbonization
    Abstract: Railways support green development. Governments in developing countries seek to provide transport infrastructure and services to enable inclusive economic development. Transport decarbonization is critical for mitigating climate change through near-term actions and long-term transitions. Railways have an important role in reducing transport emissions, while also supporting economic development and increased mobility. Structured around the avoid-shift-improve framework, this report provides a systematic review of potential contributions that railways can make to development and climate goals
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Resilience ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Development
    Abstract: The Argentina Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) explores opportunities and identifies trade-offs for aligning Argentina's growth and poverty reduction policies with its commitments on, and its ability to withstand, climate change. It assesses how the country can: reduce its vulnerability to climate shocks through targeted public and private investments and adequation of social protection. The report also shows how Argentina can seize the benefits of a global decarbonization path to sustain a more robust economic growth through further development of Argentina's potential for renewable energy, energy efficiency actions, the lithium value chain, as well as climate-smart agriculture (and land use) options. Given Argentina's context, this CCDR focuses on win-win policies and investments, which have large co-benefits or can contribute to raising the country's growth while helping to adapt the economy, also considering how human capital actions can accompany a just transition
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Calice, Pietro An Exploration of Climate-Related Financial Risks for Credit Guarantee Schemes in Europe
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Credit Guarantee ; Energy Price Shock ; Environment ; Financial Stability ; Fossil Fuel Subsidies ; Fossil Fuel Transition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Physical Risk ; Public Sector Development ; Transition Risk
    Abstract: This paper assesses the vulnerability of credit guarantee schemes to the physical and transition risks related to climate change. Based on unique sectoral and spatial data from 29 European credit guarantee schemes linked to a range of vulnerability metrics, the paper identifies guarantees-at-risk, builds a transition risk score to rank sectors at risk, and conducts a stylized stress test to assess potential financial losses that credit guarantee schemes could incur under adverse climate-related scenarios. The results show that about one-third of credit guarantee schemes' guarantee portfolios is toward sectors that have high exposure to a disorderly energy transition. European credit guarantee schemes are also exposed to a broad range of climate-related physical risks, especially wildfires, coastal floods, and river floods, with 24-31 percent of outstanding guarantees toward sectors that have elevated exposure to climate change and weather variability. Finally, for transition and physical risk scenarios, the annual expected loss on the guarantee portfolio could increase by EUR 181 million and EUR 128 million, respectively. The results suggest that credit guarantee schemes could start integrating climate-related financial risks into their risk management frameworks
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ul Haq, Imtiaz Structural Loopholes in Sustainability-Linked Bonds
    Keywords: Bond Grade Issuers ; Bonds ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Green Issues ; Greenwashing ; International Financial Markets ; Late Date Penalty ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Sustainability ; Securities Markets Policy and Regulation ; Sustainability Performance Targets ; Sustainability-Linked Bonds
    Abstract: Sustainability-Linked Bonds-an innovative debt product that incorporates incentivized sustainability targets-are becoming increasingly popular to encourage issuers to improve their sustainability performance. However, existing Sustainability-Linked Bond structures allow issuers to weaken the link between sustainability and financial outcomes, rendering Sustainability-Linked Bonds less effective. This paper examines two potential structural loopholes on this front: late target dates and call options. The results show that Sustainability-Linked Bonds with coupon step-up penalties, which constitute the majority and benefit most from such features, are more likely to have later target dates and call options embedded. Larger penalties are associated with a greater likelihood of late target dates but not call options, which instead tend to be favored primarily by speculative grade issuers. The paper also provides evidence that issuers with high carbon dioxide emissions are more likely to resort to such structural loopholes. These findings suggest that Sustainability-Linked Bonds, despite incentivized targets, may be prone to greenwashing
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Environment ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Transport is a priority action area under the World Bank's Climate Change Action Plan. Climate action in the transport sector is essential as the sector emits approximately 24 percent of the global total of energy-related carbon emissions and, without aggressive measures, the World Bank expects emissions from transport to grow 60 percent by 2050. This EIN was guided by the overall question: How has the World Bank been approaching transport decarbonization To answer this question, the note uses existing evidence from the self-evaluation system of the World Bank, including Implementation Completion and Results Reports prepared by the project teams and the associated Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) validations, relevant information from other project documents, literature from policy and academic sources, advisory services and analytics, country strategies, and existing IEG evaluations. This systematic review provided the basis for four main insights into the current patterns of World Bank work on transport decarbonization and the identification of a range of potential actions to exploit opportunities for decarbonization: (i) The World Bank has steadily increased the number of projects with decarbonization content, especially in low income countries, and has recently put together a strong knowledge base on transport decarbonization. (ii) Nevertheless, transport decarbonization in World Bank lending remains timid against the needed contributions to the Climate Change Action Plan. (iii) Country-specific decarbonization diagnostics and analytical work has been limited, and transport decarbonization seldom makes it onto the World Bank's strategic country agenda. (iv) The World Bank has rarely measured transport decarbonization directly
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water and Sanitation Program
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Environment ; Monitoring and Evaluation in Water Supply and Sanitation ; Population Growth ; Water Economics ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Management ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: The sustainable development goal for water and sanitation - to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all is a lofty one. Worldwide, 2.4 billion people remain without access to improved sanitation, and nearly 0.7 billion remain without access to improved drinking water sources. Those who have access to water supply and sanitation (WSS) services often must cope with intermittent water supply, sewerage system overflows, and poor customer service. Poor service frequently stems from a vicious cycle of dysfunctional political environments and inefficient practices. Global forces - including climate change, water scarcity, population growth, and rapid urbanization - exacerbate these challenges to providing high-quality, sustainable WSS service delivery. Therefore, WSS utilities require a new approach to planning and sequencing reforms to provide WSS services in a sustainable manner. The utility of the future (UoF) program provides this new approach, building on an extensive body of knowledge on utility performance improvement. This methodological document provides a practical guide to implementing the UoF program. Reflecting the program's practical nature, this document and the accompanying UoF toolkit are intended to be living documents. As the implementation of the program evolves, and new best practices and zoom-in lenses emerge, lessons learned, and new developments will inform updates to the methodology and toolkit. Chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two defines the UoF concept, determinants of success, and the analytical basis of the program. Chapter three presents the methodology developed to guide the process of becoming a UoF
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Environment ; Environmental Information Systems ; Information and Communication Technologies
    Abstract: The Kyoto Protocol has provided a common framework for greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting through its internationally governed market-based approaches. On the other hand, the Paris Agreement is not calling for the establishment of one centrally coordinated or interlinked emissions trading architecture. The discussions at COP25 on Article 6.2 only suggest that each participating Party shall have, or have access to, a registry for tracking purposes. While this market infrastructure will need to reflect the diversity of instruments and market transactions, as well as differences in country capacities, a certain degree of standardization is likely to be required if the countries intend to use international market mechanisms or cooperate by connecting their national registries to those of other jurisdictions. Striking the right balance between these two purposes - that is, creating a registry that is both nationally appropriate and internationally compatible - will be one of the biggest challenges. That said, future developments regarding infrastructure design in the Paris framework will benefit greatly from already existing infrastructure, as well as knowledge and experience that have been gained over the years. This approach paper aims to reach a common understanding on what market infrastructure may be needed at the national and international level to meet transparency and integrity requirements of Article 6, as well as to store, track, and transact units at different stages of a carbon asset's life cycle. Different options will be explored to assess how the market infrastructure at the national and international level could be developed under different scenarios
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Carbon Policy and Trading ; Environment ; Industry ; Transport
    Abstract: The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is currently considering developing market-based measures to meet the objectives of its Initial Strategy on the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Ships (Initial IMO GHG Strategy). While market-based measures are to reduce GHG emissions from international shipping as a matter of priority, some types of market-based measures, e.g. carbon levies or a cap-and-trade scheme without free distribution of emissions allowances, can raise significant revenues-thereby enabling an additional set of actions. Strategically using these revenues also appears more favorable than applying exemptions to address important equity considerations. Hence, the study investigates the unique potential of revenue-raising market-based measures to enable an effective and equitable energy transition and explores three questions: What could carbon revenues from international shipping be used for, who could be the recipients of such revenues, and how can adequate management of carbon revenues from international shipping be imagined? The study considers seven main revenue use options, of which some revenue uses appear more aligned with guiding principles of the Initial IMO GHG Strategy and other key desirable features (e.g., ability to deliver greater climate and development outcomes) than others. The analysis also suggests that splitting carbon revenues between the shipping sector and the use outside the sector could be a viable way forward. As primary recipients of carbon revenues, governments appear to be most suitable given the often blurred links between companies and countries in international shipping. However, to maximize climate and development outcomes, a share of carbon revenues may also be channeled to the private sector, including the shipping industry. The report stresses that expertise and experience from existing climate finance funds and international development organizations offering trustee services could be leveraged to inform and operationalize the management of carbon revenues from international shipping and to minimize transaction costs
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: General Economy, Macroeconomics, and Growth Study
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience ; Sustainability
    Abstract: The world has witnessed unparalleled economic progress in the last three decades. But success is not preordained, and several headwinds threaten this hard fought progress. Inequality is leaving many people and subgroups behind and excluding them from enjoying the benefits of this great economic expansion. More recently, the world has awakened to the reality of a new type of risk. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) struck at a time when the world was healthier and wealthier than ever before. There is little disagreement over the need to enable a recovery that is fairer, safer, and more sustainable. This report describes how these ambitious objectives can be achieved by providing evidence based tools and information to guide countries to spend better and improve policies. It is in this context that this document presents policy guidance to identify and diagnose key development challenges and develop solutions to help countries build better
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Carbon Emissions ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Export Competitiveness ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: The Twenty-sixth United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) was held in early November 2021 in Glasgow, Scotland, at which Vietnam's Prime Minister, Pham Minh Chinh, pledged once again that Vietnam would be part of the global climate change solution. The country aims to increase the share of clean energy in its total primary energy supply to at least 20 percent by 2030 and 30 percent by 2045 and has pledged to phase out coal-fueled power generation and made a commitment to reach net zero emissions by 2050. Trade can be a central part of the solution to climate change Vietnam is experiencing and will have to deal with in years to come. Green trade or cleaner trade, trade in environmental or environmentally friendly goods can help Vietnam achieve not only its climate commitments but also its development ambition to become a high-income economy by 2045 as set out in the 2021-2030 Social Economic Development Strategy (SEDS). This edition of Taking Stock reviews the recent developments in the Vietnamese economy and discusses the economy's short- to medium-term prospects, highlighting domestic and external risks associated to the COVID-19 pandemic. The second part of the report elaborates on how Vietnam can harness the impacts of climate change on its trade sector, address challenges and take advantage of new opportunities
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Emissions ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Decentralization ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance ; Local Government ; National Governance ; Natural Disasters ; Public Sector Development ; Solar Energy
    Abstract: International and domestic efforts to respond to the severe global challenge of climate change are on the rise and evolving. Despite the importance of action from multiple levels of government, public sector reforms to address climate change and to promote decentralization and or intergovernmental relations tend to be designed and managed separately. Intergovernmental relations have administrative, fiscal, and political dimensions. This paper focuses on climate action at the subnational government level through administrative decentralization and intergovernmental collaboration. The Paris Agreement acknowledges the climate change-decentralization connection, noting a need for the engagement of all levels of government and various actors. The bottom line is that the appropriate mix of subnational climate actions will vary because climate change needs and feasible responses, as well as intergovernmental structures and the nature and degree of decentralization, differ across countries. The paper is organized as follows: section one gives introduction. Sections two and three, respectively, provide concise summaries of basic climate change issues and policies and the principles and practices of decentralization and intergovernmental relations. Section four covers the intersection of climate change action and decentralization. Section five reviews administrative decentralization for climate change action. Section six presents illustrative cases drawn from secondary materials to illustrate how selected administrative functions are used in specific situations and the types of interactions among them. Section seven concludes with some synthetic observations and offers general guidance on assessing the prospects for enhancing and supporting subnational administrative action on climate change
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Environment ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: Following the conclusion of the North-East Nigeria Recovery and Stabilization Programme (NENRSP) in June 2018, the UK Government agreed to support the continuation and scaling up of World Bank (WB)-executed post-RPBA (Recovery and Peace Building Assessment) work through the second phase of Governance Partnership Facility (GPF)-funded activity. This second phase of activity is entitled 'Enabling Sustained Recovery in the Northeast' (ENSURE). ENSURE, which focuses on the states of Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe, and on Federal Government institutions mandated to oversee recovery in the northeast, is implemented in close coordination with a second WB-executed project (financed through a European Union Trust Fund) that seeks to promote recovery-related financial governance reforms (including coordination) in Borno State. The ENSURE program is to operationalize and support the Government of Nigeria's (GoN) implementation of the Recovery Strategy and Framework, as defined by the North-East (NE) Nigeria RPBA and Buhari Plan; and to identify practical recommendations for ongoing and future GoN and development partner operations and collaboration, including the Multi-sector Crisis Response Project (MCRP)
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Environment ; Health Care Services Industry ; Natural Disasters ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: This report provides a selected analysis of Vanuatu's economy and public finances, emphasizing the lens of disaster resilience. It draws upon the analysis and tools from two core World Bank diagnostic products, the Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) and Public Expenditure Review (PER) while bringing the depth and breadth of the analysis to scale with country context and key constraints. In terms of the economic analysis, the report first examines the country's recent economic performance, followed by an analysis of the agriculture sector, labor mobility, and the tourism sector. In terms of public expenditure analysis, the report first discusses overall fiscal trends and prospects, after which the overarching Public Financial Management (PFM) framework is analyzed. The report concludes with an analysis of public spending in the education and health sectors
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Iimi, Atsushi Estimating the Demand for Informal Public Transport: Evidence from Antananarivo, Madagascar
    Keywords: Demand Analysis ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Informal Public Transport ; Informal Transportation ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Pollution Management and Control ; Population Growth ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Traffic Congestion ; Transport Globl Knowledge and Expertise ; Urban Environment ; Urban Infrastructure ; Urban Mobility ; Urban Transport ; Urban Transportation
    Abstract: Informal public transport has been growing rapidly in many developing countries. Because urban infrastructure development tends to lag rapid population growth, informal public transport often meets the growing gap between demand and supply in urban mobility. Despite the rich literature primarily focused on formal transport modes, the informal transport sector is relatively unknown. This paper analyzes the demand behavior in the "informal" minibus sector in Antananarivo, Madagascar, taking advantage of a recent user survey of thousands of people. It finds that the demand for informal public transport is generally inelastic. Essentially, people have no other choice. While the time elasticity is estimated at -0.02 to -0.05, the price elasticity is -0.05 to -0.06 for short-distance travelers, who may have alternative choices, such as motorcycle taxi or walking. Unlike formal public transportation, the demand also increases with income. Regardless of income level, everyone uses minibuses. The estimated demand functions indicate that people prefer safety and more flexibility in transit. The paper shows that combining these improvements and fare adjustments, the informal transport sector can contribute to increasing people's mobility and reducing traffic congestion in the city
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Keywords: Environment ; Public Health ; Sanitation ; Wastewater ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Treatment and Quality ; Water Use
    Abstract: Small towns in low- and middle-income countries are growing rapidly and struggling to meet the increased demands of wastewater collection and treatment. To avert public health crises and continued environmental degradation, small towns are actively seeking safely managed sanitation solutions, appropriate for their scale, institutional capacity, financial resources, and overarching needs. This document is designed to provide a guide of small-town wastewater treatment processes in order to assist engineers, managers and other stakeholders responsible for wastewater service provision in identifying and selecting appropriate wastewater treatment processes for small towns. This guide is part of a World Bank suite of tools and other material to support World Bank teams and their government counterparts in the planning, design, and implementation of sanitation projects in urbanizing areas. Addressing the specific context of small towns, the format of this guide begins with an introduction of key concepts for a decision maker to understand and then applies a suggested five-step approach to exploring appropriate wastewater treatment technologies, culminating with case studies from three regions applying this approach. It delves into the unique considerations for small-town wastewater treatment and the exploration of corresponding technologies. Before demonstrating the application of the approach, the guide also navigates: (a) factors external to the technologies that define the characteristics and environment of a given small town and that will affect technology choice; and (b) technology-specific information that will ultimately influence decision making. Before embarking on the formal planning and design process, the user is highly encouraged to become familiar with the guide methodology in its entirety while drawing on the principles of the Citywide Inclusive Sanitation approach
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Keywords: Environment ; Groundwater ; Sanitation ; Urban Planning ; Water ; Water Economics ; Water Pricing and Subsidies ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Management ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: This report describes why, and how, groundwater quality is vital to human health, agriculture, industry and the environment. In turn, this explains why it is so important to World Bank staff and clients, as well as diverse managers and administrators in countries and economies at all stages of development
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Dams and Reservoirs ; Environment ; Rural Water ; Water Economics ; Water Education ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Management ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions
    Abstract: This first World Bank report on drought in Angola aims to provide a practical approach and actionable measures to support the government of Angola in its paradigm shift toward drought and climate resilience. To provide a clear picture of the problem and its solutions, the report focuses on understanding the structural causes of water access vulnerability across the region, informing the prioritization of investments and the selection of water supply solutions at the community level, and providing a strategy for the water sector to build resilience to droughts and climate variability, which is also likely to intensify with global warming. This study finds four main causes of drought vulnerability in the South. These are: (1) a lack of information about the state of water points and deficient knowledge about the potential of water resources; (2) insufficient investments in water resources at the community level; (3) a lack of efficient mechanisms to repair, maintain, and guarantee the functionality of infrastructure at the community level; and (4) limited institutional capacity at various levels to prepare for, mitigate, and respond to droughts
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Partnership for Market Readiness Technical Papers
    Keywords: Air Quality and Clean Air ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Energy Policy ; Environment ; Global Warming ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: Emissions trading continues to expand as a flexible policy response to climate change. Its implementation raises complex governance challenges, however, and calls for robust institutional, regulatory and procedural frameworks. Unlike aspects of technical design and implementation, the governance of emissions trading systems (ETSs) has found less extensive treatment in the available knowledge base. However, existing systems offer valuable insights into the successful governance of emissions trading from the initial establishment and routine operation of an ETS to the review of its performance and the management of change. This report draws on such experiences to provide guidance on the governance of an ETS across all stages of its evolution
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change and Health ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Environment ; Gender ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Science and Technology Development ; Science of Climate Change
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Disaster Management ; Environment ; Equity and Development ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience
    Abstract: This country economic memorandum aims to support Niger's efforts to walk on a path conducive to a resilient and sustainable economic growth. It does so by attempting to answer the following five questions, each of which constitutes a separate chapter: (i) what were the salient structural characteristics of Niger's growth performance in the last 20 years; (ii) what are the margins to accelerate growth in the medium to long term; (iii) how can technology be a vehicle for private sector development; (iv) how can the country's large natural resource endowments be managed in a transparent way that benefits the whole population; and (v) how can the current disaster management framework be strengthened to increase resilience to natural shocks
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Sector Development ; Public-Private Partnerships
    Abstract: The time for action to build a better future and green recovery has never been stronger as we navigate the uncertainty of a world attempting to manage its way out of a triple crisis: debt sustainability, climate change, and pandemic. The fiscal constraints of governments across the globe open the door to new opportunities and challenges to crowd in private sector solutions, innovation, and finance to create new solutions and pathways to meet Paris Agreement goals on climate change. Participation of the private sector in climate-smart investments and infrastructure is critical and public-private partnerships (PPPs) are among the key solutions. PPPs are critical because the public sector alone will not be able to fill in the infrastructure gap without mobilizing private sector expertise, innovative thinking, investment capacity, and finance. PPPs can be a challenge though, because climate change creates uncertainty and it is hard to play with uncertain moving pieces within the framework of PPPs, which require a certain degree of predictability to attract investment and finance. This toolkit aims to address this precise challenge by embedding a climate lens and approach into upstream PPP advisory work and structuring. If structured correctly, PPPs can increase climate resilience offering innovative solutions to address both mitigation and adaptation challenges. PPPs are able to provide well-informed and well-balanced risk allocation between partners offering long-term visibility and stability for the duration of a contract (often 25 or 30 years, sometimes even more), compensating climate change uncertainty through contractual predictability
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Dams and Reservoirs ; Environment ; International Waters ; River Basin Management ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Management
    Abstract: This Completion Report summarizes cumulative results and outcomes for the South Asia Water Initiative (SAWI) Phase 2 (from 2013-2021). SAWI's objective was to increase regional cooperation in the management of the major Himalayan river systems in South Asia to deliver sustainable, fair, and inclusive development and climate resilience. Four interlinked pathways supported the outcomes: (i) building confidence and trust among the countries - mainly by convening regional technical dialogues; (ii) generating new technical knowledge, including in partnership with others, for national programs to use and to help shift stakeholder perceptions; (iii) building capacity of key institutions and stakeholders by exposing them to regional collaboration efforts elsewhere and training them in the use of new tools and technologies to strengthen water resource management; and (iv) scoping and leveraging investments, most notably World Bank investments so that these new approaches could be embedded and taken to scale
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Environment ; Pollution Management and Control
    Abstract: Marine plastic pollution is threatening the potential of the blue economy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Recognizing the urgent need to address this problem, the governments of Morocco and Tunisia decided to partner with the World Bank to address marine plastic pollution by taking circular economy approaches. Reducing marine plastic pollution makes socioeconomic sense. This report summarizes the experiences of Morocco and Tunisia to address marine plastic pollution and liberate their coastlines from plastics (Littoral Sans Plastique (LISP)) with the first phase of technical assistance by the Bank
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Letta, Marco Understanding the Climate Change-Migration Nexus through the Lens of Household Surveys: An Empirical Review to Assess Data Gaps
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Impact ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Environment ; Household Survey ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Integrated Surveys On Agriculture ; Migration ; Migration Data Gaps ; Migration Microdata ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS)
    Abstract: Over the past two decades, the causal relationship between climate change and migration has gained increasing prominence on the international political agenda. Despite recent advances in both conceptual frameworks and applied techniques, the empirical evidence does not provide clear-cut conclusions, mainly due to the intrinsic complexity of the phenomena of interest, the irreducible heterogeneity of the transmission mechanisms, some common misconceptions, and, in particular, the paucity of adequate data. This data-oriented review first summarizes the findings of the most recent empirical literature and identifies the main insights as well as the most important mediating channels and contextual factors. Then, it discusses open issues and assesses the main data gaps that currently prevent more robust quantifications. Finally, the paper highlights opportunities for exploring these research questions, exploiting the potential of the existing multi-topic and multi-purpose household survey data sets, such as those produced by the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study. The paper focuses on the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture program to discuss potential improvements for integrating standard household surveys with additional modules and data sources
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ferrazzi, Matteo Small and Medium Enterprises in Emerging Economies: The Achilles' Heel of Corporate ESG Responsibility Practices?
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Corporate Responsibility ; Environment ; Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) Standards ; Environmental, Social, and Governance Responsibility Composite Indicator ; Equity ; Equity and Development ; Femaleworkforce Participation ; Governance ; Green Growth ; Green Issues ; Index Aggregation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) ; Sustainable Growth ; World Bank Enterprise Survey
    Abstract: The information contained in the Enterprise Survey'administered by the World Bank (WB), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and the European Investment Bank (EIB)-is used to build a firm-level "Corporate Environmental, Social, and Governance Responsibility" composite indicator. The novelty of the indicator, compared with the corporate social responsibility scores and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores already available, is due to its unique coverage, namely, a large number of private sector small and medium-size enterprises in selected emerging economies (more than 40 economies covered by the Enterprise Survey). The composite indicator summarizes information on private sector actions on environmental, social, and governance factors. The analysis shows that the actions of private sector small and medium-size enterprises in emerging economies to foster sustainability and green growth significantly lag in the transition to a more sustainable business environment, and large gaps persist. Among emerging economies, those in the Middle East and North Africa-which deserve special attention due to the urgent need to green their growth model-are among the worst performers. Larger companies in the Middle East and North Africa show better environmental, social, and governance performance than small and medium-size enterprises in other areas; but smaller firms in the Middle East and North Africa show extremely weak performance in many aspects, even if controlling for the relative level of economic development. The weakness of environmental, social, and governance practices among firms in the Middle East and North Africa is due to the social (with large gaps in female participation in the workforce and management) and environmental topics. This calls for urgent policy action to address such weaknesses and exploit the full potential of the region
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Air Pollution ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: Like most countries in the world, Vietnam is increasingly seeing its development affected by climate change. With a coastline of 3,260 kilometers that includes major cities and production sites, Vietnam is highly exposed to sea-level rise. Climate change impacts on the Vietnamese economy and national welfare are already significant-about 3.2 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020-and they are expected to escalate rapidly even if greater efforts are made to mitigate future climate change around the world. Vietnam has historically had very low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but over the past two decades, it has seen some of the fastest emissions growth rates in the world. From 2000 to 2015, as GDP per capita increased from USD 390 to USD 2,000, per capita emissions more than quadrupled. Vietnam's GHG emissions are associated with toxic air pollution in many of its cities today, with implications for health and labor productivity. At the UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November 2021 (COP26), the Prime Minister made several commitments, including an ambitious target of reducing emissions to net zero by 2050. Vietnam's increased attention to climate change and the environment reflects the growing economic costs of resource depletion and climate impacts, which have already started to harm trade and investment- two key drivers of the nation's robust growth and job creation in recent decades. Vietnam now faces critical questions about how to respond to climate change: How intensively should it work to adapt to previous and predicted damages caused by climate change, given the uncertainty of global mitigation efforts? How much will it cost to reduce GHG emissions? How can the private sector be mobilized to help achieve Vietnam's climate goals? Are there trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation investments? Are there trade-offs between economic growth, poverty reduction, and climate action, and how can they be managed? Which sectors and regions should be prioritized? What are the distributional implications of a low-carbon, climate-resilient growth path? The Vietnam Country and Climate Development Report (CCDR) investigates these questions. One of the first in a series of country-level diagnostics produced by the World Bank Group (WBG) under its 2021-2025 Climate Change Action Plan, the CCDR examines the adaptation and mitigation challenges faced by Vietnam. It pays special attention to policy trade-offs and provides recommendations to help policy makers prioritize among a range of options, recognizing uncertainties about future climate change impacts and the availability of technology and financing
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Energy ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Kyoto Protocol
    Abstract: International carbon markets under the Paris Agreement are significantly different from those under the Kyoto Protocol. Under the Kyoto Protocol, only developed countries had greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets, and the protocol defined how carbon units could be traded across countries under international market mechanisms, such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). By contrast, under the Paris Agreement both developed and developing countries are required to submit GHG mitigation goals as part of their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). The purpose of this technical report is to illustrate the need for digital monitoring, reporting, and verification (D-MRV) systems to underpin future carbon markets under the goals of the Paris Agreement by discussing the available technologies and barriers to their adoption. It includes guidelines, tools, and lessons learned to promote the use of these systems and emerging technologies. Section 1 of the report makes the case for transitioning from a conventional monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) system to a D-MRV system. It also examines the resources needed to develop and implement a D-MRV system, and what an enabling policy and regulatory environment for D-MRV systems might look like. Finally, it suggests a tool for assessing whether a parameter can beneficially be monitored and reported under a D-MRV system.Section 2 offers case studies from across the world demonstrating how D-MRV systems can be used to monitor, report, and verify mitigation actions and greenhouse gas inventories linked to forestry and land-use projects, household and rural renewable energy projects, and even waste-to-energy projects. The case studies include lessons learned and best practices for developing, implementing, and managing a D-MRV system
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy-Environment Review
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: Integrating climate and development is a pillar of the World Bank Group's Climate Change Action Plan 2021-25. To advance its implementation, the Bank Group has launched a new, core diagnostic tool: the Country Climate and Development Report, a new, core diagnostic tool that analyzes how a country's development goals can be achieved in the context of adapting to and mitigating against climate change. These reports will reflect the country's climate commitments and identify ways to support their implementation through public and private sector solutions. They will capture the centrality of people in policies on climate change adaptation and mitigation, assessing how climate risks affect people, and ways in which governments can build resilience and address poverty, distributional and job impact of climate change and climate action. The Turkiye Country Climate and Development Report explores how climate action, in line with the country's mitigation goal of achieving net zero emissions by 2053 as well as its adaptation and resilience needs, interact with its growth and development path and contribute to achieving the country's development objectives, help seize opportunities offered by green technologies, protect the economy against longer-term risks such as large-scale disasters or carbon lock-in as the world transitions towards zero-carbon technologies, and support a just and inclusive transition for all
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Conflict and Development ; Covid-19 ; Debt ; Environment ; Inflation ; International Migration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the 2022 Ibrahim Governance Forum on May 25, 2022. He spoke about the world is facing a dangerous period of overlapping crises of the COVID-19 pandemic, inflation, debt, and Russia's invasion of Ukraine. He explanied that Africa is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of the overlapping crises. He spoke about climate interventions and projects offer large global public good benefits, but many require substantial external funding as well as a comprehensive policy framework. He emphasized the importance of strong governance and sound institutions to confronting climate challenges in Africa, the area which is at the core of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation's work. He highlighted that the Ibrahim Index of African governance is vital in understanding the overall trajectory of governance in Africa and informing decision-making processes, including in response to climate change. He said that building a more climate-resilient Africa does not mean slowing down development or the progress toward achieving SDG7. He concluded by saying that various steps will be essential in Africa's transition from subsistence farming to productive economic activity in agriculture, services, industry, and public sectors
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Electric Power ; Energy ; Environment ; Food Security ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at Spring Meetings 2022 Opening Press Conference on April 20, 2022. He said that the World Bank Group has been acting fast in the face of the crises: first the COVID-19 surge financing in over the last two years, which was one of the fastest and largest in our history; and now putting money into Ukraine and have moved quickly both to commitments and disbursements, including nearly 1.5 billion dollars that he announced in Poland last week. He mentioned that the World Bank is working actively on climate, through their Climate Change Action Plan and the formation of Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs), which will identify the high priority items country by country, in their efforts to mitigate and to adapt to climate change. He insisted that one of the solutions for the world is to recognize that markets are forward looking. He mentioned that as interest rates rise, the debt pressures are mounting on developing countries, and we need to move urgently towards solutions. He hopes and expects that many countries will step forward with individual solutions to alleviate the food crisis and the fertilizer crisis. He explained the efforts to support people within Mexico, and the World Bank is interested in working with governmental entities on that. He spoke about Nigeria has huge opportunity because of its natural resources and because of its people, and could see its growth accelerate with improvements in policy. He insisted that there needs to be substantial investment in the backbone of the global electricity system in terms of baseload and grid in order to get through to the other side of this energy crisis. He did a joint statement with IMF, with WTO, and with the World Food Program late the week before stating these views, that it's important that the world increase supply and not close markets, not fragment markets, as we move through this crisis. He hopes, as we look at the resolution to the current crisis, one of the key steps will be for the central banks and the fiscal authorities to use their tools to improve the allocation, to allow an allocation of capital that goes more towards small businesses, new businesses, and developing countries
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Environment ; Equity and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at Fragility Forum 2022, Development and Peace in Uncertain Times on March 7, 2022. He said that there are no words to express the horror of the Ukrainian people, and the World Bank Group is doing everything it can to assist Ukraine and the region. He spoke about the largest refugee flow in Europe since WW2. He explained that they are assessing the consequences and how the WBG can respond, both in eastern Europe and in fragile countries around the world. He was hoping this fragility forum will confront challenges and provide new ideas on how the international community can more effectively help people facing conflict and fragility. He mentioned the following: (i) first, we are living in a world where protracted armed conflict keeps increasing, as we have seen in the Middle East and Africa, where immensely destructive impacts are reversing decades of progress in development; (ii) second, the pandemic has hit societies that are already in turmoil, food systems that are already impacted by climate change, and populations already displaced by conflict; (iii) third, climate change is a threat multiplier, placing major strain on economies and societies, particularly in fragile settings; and (iv) equally worrying are the new acute and destabilizing political crises, including coups d'etats, as well as the unfreezing of old conflicts and the emergence of new inter-state wars. He highlighted that the World Bank Group has been active in fragile settings from our very inception and the support to countries affected by fragile, conflict, and violence (FCV) has deepened over the last decade. He spoke about their current FCV strategy provides a basis for differentiating their response at every stage of fragility and conflict as follows: helping prevent or mitigate risks in fragile environments; ensuring that they remain engaged in active crises and conflicts; and working to ensure sustainable recovery in post-crisis transitions. He hopes that the discussions during the Forum will help deepen our understanding of challenges related to fragility and set the concrete actions and priorities for the international community, for governments, and for people working to reverse the alarming trends we are seeing now
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Legal Framework ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Social Risk Management ; Urban Development
    Abstract: National systems for environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) are designed to improve the environmental and social performance of projects and support countries' sustainable development strategies. The objectives of this Literature Review are to identify trends, findings and gaps in global literature focused on national systems for ESIA. The Review analyzes global ESIA literature to inform the World Bank's response to Borrower country requests for assistance in strengthening national systems for ESIA, provide input to broader World Bank country strategies and identify priority areas for future World Bank engagement. The Review concludes with recommendations for how the World Bank Group can support Borrower countries, in partnership with civil society, proponents and the public, in efforts to strengthen national systems for ESIA. This review focuses on literature related to national systems for ESIA as opposed to individual ESIA reports. A national system for ESIA is defined by the Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) as: (i) the regulatory environment, (ii) the capacity of organizations within that environment and (iii) the quality of a set of core functions necessary for effective ESIA. In this way, national systems extend beyond a single ESIA report or process and encompass both the assessment of environmental and social impacts as well as the implementation of processes to manage and monitor these impacts. It visualizes how national systems for ESIA are rooted in goals and principles and involve a range of relevant actors and standards which are incorporated into the scope of this review
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Environment ; Forestry ; Forestry Management ; Gender ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rural Development
    Abstract: Forests and terrestrial ecosystems play a primary environmental role in climate-change mitigation and adaptation. In many developing countries, forests provide ecosystem services and support the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people, mainly the poorest and most vulnerable in rural areas. The sustainable management of natural resources can reduce poverty and enhance shared prosperity at the local level. As countries develop Natural Resource Management (NRM) and forest management, it is crucial to ensure that these processes include women in productive, income-generating activities. Men and women access, use, and manage forests differently, as seen in the gendered nature of activities such as gathering forest products, hunting, wood harvesting, and mineral collection. Furthermore, there are persistent gender gaps in access to services, inputs (including credit and financing), markets, value-addition activities, land tenure, representation, and agency. The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and the World Bank (WB) have outlined a program aimed at promoting gender equality in REDD+ and foresty strategies and implementation. The FCPF is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society, and Indigenous Peoples (IPs) focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, forest carbon stock conservation, sustainable forest management, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries, activities commonly referred to as REDD+. This document aims to help task teams and practitioners identify and diagnose factors contributing to gender gaps in sustainable forest projects in FCPF countries by providing nine people-centered research tools based in the behavioral sciences. Such gaps can be rooted in gender norms, roles, and beliefs, attentional limitations, and procedural hassles, among others
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Coastal Areas ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Natural Resources Management
    Abstract: Inclusive and environmentally sound sustainable development requires managing natural resources that societies depend on for the long term. In the context of marine and coastal resources which provide an important source of income for large numbers of households and revenue for countries, this implies balancing the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of the use of the natural resources in marine and coastal areas. The term "blue economy" is increasingly being used to describe this balanced approach. For coastal countries such as Vietnam, the importance of its marine economy is well known. The country has used the goods and services provided by the natural assets in its near-shore and coastal areas - including fisheries, mangroves, wetlands, lagoons, and sandy beaches - for tourism, production of seafood, and controlling climate events that cause erosion and weathering. This report focuses on testing a practical approach to assess and value natural assets in select coastal areas of Vietnam. The content of the report was developed in close coordination with the provinces where the work was conducted and involved collection of primary data (during the time of COVID). The intention of this report is to provide practical example of the type of data that can be collected and compiled to estimate the extent and value of key natural assets and inform decision making
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Alimi, Omoniyi Babatunde The Impact of Gas Flaring on Child Health in Nigeria
    Keywords: Air Quality and Clean Air ; Demographic Health Survey Data ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Early Childhood Development ; Energy ; Environment ; Environmental Hazard ; Environmental Regulation ; Gas Flaring ; Gas Production Regulation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Infant and Child Health ; Oil and Gas ; Oil and Gas Production ; Satellite-Detected Health Data ; Stunting ; Education
    Abstract: Burning off the gas coming out of oil wells-gas flaring-is a common practice in oil-producing developing countries. This economically wasteful and environmentally damaging process occurs because infrastructure has been built with a focus on oil production rather than gas capture and because weak regulations and limited environmental monitoring make flaring an attractive choice for oil producers. Moreover, gas flaring is harmful to human health, especially because of pollutants. This research focuses on Nigeria, where over 10 percent of all gas produced is flared and about 2 million people in the Niger Delta live within four kilometres of a gas flare. While several studies from developed countries examine relationships between gas flaring and human (especially infant) health, a lack of data limits what research is possible in developing countries. This paper uses infant health data from Demographic Health Surveys, and satellite-detected data on gas flaring to examine the effects of flaring on disease incidence and infant mortality in oil-producing regions of Nigeria. The findings show a strong positive association between gas flaring and the incidence of respiratory diseases and fever among children younger than five years. The study contributes to the literature measuring the wider cost to society of oil and gas production and adds to a growing body of work using satellite data to understand well-being in places where conventional data sources are unavailable or unreliable
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Natural Disasters ; Urban Development ; Vulnerable Groups
    Abstract: Disasters caused by natural hazards are increasingly threatening the lives and livelihoods of the world's poor and disaster-vulnerable populations. Climate change is further exacerbating the negative impacts of disasters caused by natural hazards. Investing in disaster risk reduction (DRR) has strong economic and social benefits and is essential for achieving climate change adaptation. IEG's evaluation shows that the World Bank is successfully supporting clients to increasingly take up DRR actions through strategic and comprehensive country engagement. The World Bank has developed an extensive portfolio of DRR activities, tripling its support over FY10-20. It focuses its DRR work on countries with the most serious natural hazards, uses synergistic pillars of DRR engagement, and increasingly mainstreams DRR into sector operations. Support for DRR in IDA, small island developing states, and IDA-FCV countries has been comprehensive. The Bank has also shifted from post-disaster response toward pre-disaster risk reduction. The Bank has shown that it is able to overcome political and financial constraints to DRR client uptake by engaging the right decision makers using rigorous evidence and by building on disaster reconstruction efforts. Analytical work that quantified risks, assessed costs and benefits and communicates impacts has highly influenced DRR uptake. However, there are gaps in coverage for some regions, sectors, and hazards that require attention. There are DRR coverage gaps in Europe and Central Asia and the Middle East and North Africa for all serious hazards. Also, while the World Bank is conducting analytical work on the needs of disaster vulnerable groups, there has been slow progress on incorporating their needs into operations. There are also missed opportunities to use conflict-sensitive approaches to mitigate conflict risks and pursue peace-building. Also, the Bank's frequent inability to demonstrate the effects of its DRR activities on reduced exposure and vulnerability has consequences on its ability to make a development case for risk reduction. Most DRR operations are not providing sufficient information to establish the level of DRR being achieved, inhibiting an understanding of how DRR contributes to development impacts, such as reduced economic loss and mortality. IEG offers the World Bank four recommendations to improve their performance on disaster risk reduction: (i) Incorporate DRR activities in regions and sectors and for hazards that exhibit significant coverage gaps. (ii) Identify and measure the effects of DRR activities on exposure and vulnerability to strengthen the development case for clients facing serious disaster risks. (iii) Integrate the needs of populations disproportionately vulnerable to disasters caused by natural hazards into DRR project targeting and design, implementation, and results reporting. (iv) In countries affected by serious natural hazards and fragility and conflict risks, identify and assess the ways in which hazards and conflict interrelate and use this to inform country engagement and project design
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment
    Abstract: This study delivers evidence of the main causes of premature deaths from air pollution in Almaty and Nur-Sultan, two major cities in Kazakhstan, and offers guidance on cost-effective solutions to prevent them while making the cities better prepared for a low-carbon future. The report provides high-level roadmaps for integrated air quality management and climate change mitigation in Almaty and Nur-Sultan to maximize synergies and manage tradeoffs. It proposes sequencing of actions until 2030 to save lives from poor air quality while facilitating the process of long-term phasing out of fossil fuels. Moreover, the report analyzes the need for policy reforms to incentivize the adoption of the proposed cost-effective integrated measures by private economic actors. This report does not analyze implementation modalities for the identified technical abatement measures or for specific fiscal policy instruments. It also does not address long-term decarbonization needs beyond 2030 but recognizes that reprioritizing policy actions slightly to maximize climate benefits may require some additional air quality management actions to address the unacceptably high burden that exposure to PM2.5 currently places on public health
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Business Environment ; COVID-19 ; Environment ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Resilience
    Abstract: This Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD) comes at a challenging yet opportune juncture for Fiji to rebuild a more diverse and resilient economy amid the lingering impacts of COVID-19. Fiji recorded its strongest period of gross domestic product (GDP) growth (since achieving independence in 1970) in the decade leading up to COVID-19, underpinned by rising productivity and investment, improved political stability, and a booming tourism sector. However, the shocks of COVID-19 and a series of natural disasters, Tropical Cyclone (TC) Harold and TC Yasa, have been devastating for Fiji's economy, bringing widespread production disruptions and job losses. The increasing frequency of these weather events has also complicated Fiji's economic development strategy and plans. Fiji's real GDP declined by 15.2 percent in 2020 and is estimated to have contracted a further 4.0 percent in 2021, with the long-term ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy yet to be fully seen. These shocks have also exacerbated some of Fiji's long-standing structural vulnerabilities, including the economy being vulnerable to repeated climate-related shocks, its lack of sectoral diversification, and sluggish private sector job growth (particularly among youth and women). In this context, the CPSD approach for Fiji to 'build back better' revolves around four key interrelated pillars: (1) unlocking new sectoral sources of growth beyond tourism; (2) strengthening economic and climate resilience; (3) leveraging Fiji's potential as an economic hub in the Pacific region; and (4) creating inclusive employment opportunities
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Early Child and Children's Health ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Environment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Primary Education ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: The annual report looks back at the past fiscal year and explores how IEG's reports increasingly inform policy and decision making
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Pollution Management and Control ; Sanitation
    Abstract: Production and consumption of various plastics have continued to expand due to their light weight, durability, and low production cost. Thailand still lacks a specific action plan and mechanism to address marine plastic debris. To this end, the Thai government requested assistance from the World Bank in developing an action plan that comprehensively prevents and reduces waste generation from all known sources and consolidates future actions by every relevant sector. Thailand's draft action plan on marine plastic debris 2023-2027 provides a framework for actions by relevant sectors in supporting the roadmap on plastic waste management 2018-2030
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Climate and Meteorology ; Developing Countries ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Hydrology ; Natural Disasters ; Science and Technology Development ; Sustainability ; Urban Development ; Water Resources
    Abstract: Over the past 20 years, developing countries have invested in upgrading hydrological and meteorological networks, often with the assistance of development partners. In most of these projects, the share of the investment in the modernization of networks has been between 40 and 50 percent of the total project costs. The objectives of these initiatives have been to create reliable analyses, numerical predictions, and forecasts to inform early action, response, and planning across the whole of society. In some countries, monitoring networks have been sustained and improved over the decades. But in others, maintaining them operationally has remained elusive, resulting not only in inoperable or poorly maintained observational infrastructure and systems but also in a failure to realize the intended benefits. Why did some succeed where others did not That is a question that this report tries to answer by exploring the underpinnings of the successes and the possibilities of replicating these successes elsewhere, and thereby contribute to the body of knowledge on observation networks. This report aims to facilitate the development of more strategic and viable roadmaps for investments in weather and climate observation networks where those investments are likely to be substantial in the coming decades, as countries improve resilience to natural hazards and economies transform in response to climate change challenge
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Porcher, Charly A Model of Amazon Deforestation, Trade and Labor Market Dynamics
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Amazon Deforestation ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environmental Sustainabilty ; Green Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Growth ; Manufacturing and Environmental Sustainability ; Rural Development ; Skills Training ; Spacial Equalibrium Model of Deforestation ; Structural Policy and Reform ; Sustainable Land Management
    Abstract: This paper develops a dynamic spatial equlibrium model of Amazon deforestation, accounting for trade and labor markets dynamics. It uses this model to study the impact of local sectoral shocks and policies on deforestation. Conditional on the assumptions on key parameters, the analysis suggests the following: 1) an increase in external commodity demand increases deforestation; 2) agricultural productivity gains within the Amazon region likely increase deforestation (but reduce deforestation in the rest of the world) 3) manufacturing productivity in urban centers in the Amazon region decreases deforestation, especially if manufacturing firms have short rural value chains and if complemented by investments in education and training and measures to attract skills; 4) reducing transport costs increases deforestation unless it sufficiently supports higher export competitiveness of urban production; and 5) industrial policy focused on raising urban productivity, especially in sectors with short rural value chains, can reduce deforestation. The paper then discusses how policies aimed at increasing local sectoral productivity in the Amazon region could complement other measures specifically aimed at protecting the forest. Among such measures are incentivizing governments to designate undesignated public forests, enforcing forest protection laws (command and control), incentivizing afforestation, and creating alternative livelihoods for farmers in rural and urban areas
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Behrer, A. Patrick Higher Levels of No-Till Agriculture Associated with Lower PM2.5 in the Corn Belt
    Keywords: Agriculture Emissions ; Agriculture Policy ; Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Carbon Mitigation ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Carbon Reduction ; Carbon Sequestration ; Conservation Agriculture ; Environment ; No-Till ; Particulate Air Pollution ; Pollution Management and Control ; Remote Sensing ; Rural Development ; Soil Management Practices ; Sustainable Agriculture ; Sustainable Land Management
    Abstract: No-till approaches to agricultural soil management have been encouraged as a means of reducing soil erosion, reducing water pollution, and increasing carbon sequestration. An understudied additional benefit of no-till approaches may be improvements in local air quality due to reductions in both machinery use and dust emissions. This paper leverages recent advances in remote sensing and air pollution modeling to examine this question at a landscape scale. Combining data on daily fine particulate matter levels with satellite measures of no-till uptake since 2005, the paper shows a strong association between increasing adoption of no-till agricultural practices and reductions in county average fine particulate matter pollution over more than 28 million hectares of cropland in the U.S. Corn Belt. The reduction in local pollution implies substantial monetary benefits from reductions in mortality that are roughly one-fourth as large as the carbon benefits. The benefits of mortality reductions are also, by themselves, nearly equal to the current monetary costs of subsidizing no-till practices
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Van Der Ploeg, Frederick Radical Climate Policies
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Climate Policy Interventions ; Emission Reduction ; Environment ; Learning by Doing ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiple Equilibria ; Peer Effects ; Political Economy ; Political Tipping Point ; Public Sector Development ; Radical Policies ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Tipping Point ; Strategic Complementarities ; Strategic Environmental Policy ; Transformative Environmental Policy
    Abstract: In the presence of strategic complementarities stemming from peer effects in demand or from technological spill-overs, propagation and amplification mechanisms increase the effectiveness of climate policies. This suggests that climate goals can be met with smaller policy interventions. However, if there are multiple equilibria, radical and more ambitious climate policies are needed to shift the economy from a high-emissions to a low-emissions path. Once the radical shift has taken place the transformative policies can be withdrawn. More generally, such policies can set in motion social, technological, and political tipping points. The rationale for such policies is strengthened due to key households, corporations and institutions being at the centre of networks, and thus radical climate policies should identify those agents and leverage them. The proposals offer a complementary perspective to scholars that have emphasised insights from the literature on early warning signals to advocate sensitive intervention points to get more effective and more transformative climate policies
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; High-Income Countries ; Low-Income Countries ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle-Income Countries ; Regulations ; Resilience
    Abstract: Climate change poses a major threat to long-term development objectives, especially poverty reduction, and accelerated emission reductions are needed, particularly in high-income and other high-emitting countries. Reducing emissions can be done without comprising development: taken together, CCDR low-carbon development strategies reduce emissions by 70%, without significant impact on growth, provided that policies are well designed and financing is available. Financing needs average 1.4 percent of GDP, a manageable amount with appropriate private sector involvement. But in lower-income countries, financing needs can exceed 5 percent, which will require more support from high-income countries, including increased concessional resources
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Energy ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Renewable Energy
    Abstract: The World Bank Group's Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs) are new core diagnostic reports that integrate climate change and development considerations. The CCDR for Kazakhstan identifies ways that Kazakhstan can achieve its development objectives while fostering the transition to a more green, resilient, and inclusive development pathway. It sets out policy reforms and investments needed to build resilience to climate change impacts and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while creating a more diversified, competitive and sustainable economy
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Electricity ; Environment ; Fiscal Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Development
    Abstract: This Country Climate and Development Report aims to support Malawi's efforts to achieve its development goals within a changing climate by quantifying the impacts of climate change on the economy and highlighting key policies and interventions that are needed to strengthen climate resilience. The analysis includes climate modeling across multiple scenarios to account for the inherent uncertainty in climate projections; and sector-by-sector analysis and assessment of economywide impacts to identify the biggest impacts. It examines Malawi's current policy landscape and identifies needed reforms; considers how Malawi can best protect its most vulnerable households; and considers how the country can finance its ambitious development and climate agenda, including the key role of the private sector. The analysis shows that climate change will impose large costs on the economy and on already vulnerable households. If Malawi stays on its current low-growth development trajectory, climate change could reduce GDP by 3-9 percent in 2030, 6-20 percent in 2040, and 8-16 percent by 2050). The analysis also clearly demonstrates that development, as set out in Malawi's Vision 2063, provides a strong basis for strengthening resilience to climate impacts. If Malawi was to accelerate implementation of policies and programs envisioned in the Vision 2063 the development trajectory would shift to a higher growth path and climate change impacts would be significantly reduced. But the Vision 2063 development path will not be enough and building greater resilience to climate change will require doing different things and doing things differently. With additional adaptation measures, the analysis shows that not only is the impact of climate change on GDP much smaller, GDP is higher with climate change and adaptation when compared to the counterfactual with no climate impacts; losses range from -1 to 3 percent in 2030 and 2040, and 1 to 4 percent in 2050
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Cash Transfers ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Environment ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: In the business of making policies, decisions are based on experience and guided by political concerns. However, in the business of delivering policies, the machinery of government is often taxed by delays and inefficiencies, and constrained by insufficient resources, management tools, and just-in-time information. The result is that governments operate well below the efficiency frontier. For most of our history, research has been disconnected from policy and has moved slowly to build knowledge relevant to designing policies. The authors introduce some of the principles that govern this young institution in the chapters that follow, each designed to exemplify the value of doing better research for doing better development. In these chapters, they present four overarching ideas that they have worked into development practice. Overall, Development Impact Evaluation (DIME's) approach is to inform the path of development through a capacities-based and iterative process of evidence-informed adaptive policy change. To do so, DIME has developed and implemented a model of co-production with agencies on the ground that transfers capacity and know-how to partners, enables them to make mid-course corrections and motivates the scale-up of more successful policy instruments to achieve policy outcomes and optimize development impact. Finally, DIME invests in public goods to improve the quality and reproducibility of development research around the world
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mancheno, Alejandra Gijon Wave Reduction by Mangroves during Cyclones in Bangladesh: Implementing Nature-Based Solutions for Coastal Resilience
    Keywords: Coastal Resilience ; Energy Attenuation ; Environment ; Environmental Engineering ; Forestry ; Mangrove Stability ; Wave Energy Balance ; Wave Energy Dissipation ; Wave Reduction
    Abstract: This paper investigates how mangrove foreshores can be integrated into embankment designs in Bangladesh. The effect of mangroves on surges has already been studied for the design conditions of Bangladesh. However, the impact of wave attenuation by mangroves on embankment designs is not known. A model is thus developed to estimate the wave height reduction by a mangrove forest, and how such wave attenuation would influence the design of a landward embankment. Model simulations suggest that mangrove belts with a width between 100 and 1,000 meters (perpendicular to the coast) could provide wave attenuation rates between 7 and 55 percent (compared to a situation without mangroves) at potential afforestation sites identified in previous studies. Such wave attenuation rates would reduce the embankment height by 0.09?0.30 meters, diminish the slope revetment thickness by 13?46 percent, and decrease the wave shear stresses at the embankment toe up to 25?70 percent. Relatively wider mangrove belts not only cause a larger reduction of the embankment design requirements, but also host larger biodiversity and are more resilient against pests and extreme events. The model results are highly sensitive to the mangrove properties, and collecting data on the local mangrove species is recommended to reduce uncertainty in the predictions. Moreover, the results also suggest that trees older than 10?20 years might collapse during storms. Expanding the mangrove stability model, including other pioneer species in the analysis, and exploring the option of canopy pruning are thus advised to ensure the integrity of any future afforestation efforts. Overall, this paper provides a methodology that could be applied to design nature-based solutions in Bangladesh
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The objective of this paper is to develop guidance for host countries on assessing and choosing their approach to participation in Cooperative Approaches of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. The main audience is government officials in charge of Article 6 in potential host countries. Decisions on Article 6 engagement for host countries could happen on three levels: (i) High-level ("strategic"): the overall decision on whether to participate. This answers the question, "under what conditions would it be beneficial to participate in Article 6?"; (ii) Mid-level ("tactical"): the overall decision on how to participate. This would address key considerations for host countries once they have decided to participate in Article 6, both to minimize risks and to maximize opportunities (for example, using international versus domestic standards, bilateral versus multi-lateral cooperation, detailed approaches to minimizing overselling risks)?"; (iii) Low-level ("operational/technical"): the choices on implementing the various strategic and tactical decisions. This answers the question, "what specific tools, practices and steps are necessary to participate?" (for example, choice of registry, detailed project cycle, requirements to ensure environmental integrity, options for reporting). This paper addresses the first two levels only, while the operational decisions will be addressed in other Article 6 Approach Papers and related guidance. After presenting some fundamental concepts related to Article 6 in section 2, sections 3 and 4 explain the considerations for the strategic and tactical decisions about participation in Article 6. Section 5 then focuses on the chronological process and steps to make these decisions. This paper builds on and references other Article 6 Approach Papers, Partnership for Market Readiness (PMR) work on developing Article 6 participation guidance for selected countries, and the experience of the Carbon Initiative for Development (Ci-Dev)'s Standardized Crediting Framework
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Environment ; Kyoto Protocol ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: Carbon markets under the Paris Agreement are expected to differ substantially from those that emerged under the Kyoto Protocol. Unlike the top-down approach of markets created by the Kyoto Protocol, such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), international carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement are expected to have bottom-up linkages that could create an opportunity for new and innovative approaches. While the Kyoto Protocol only required Annex I (or developed) countries to meet specific climate targets, the Paris Agreement created a new paradigm for all countries, both developed and developing, to voluntarily adopt individual targets, articulated in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This means that a greater level of preparation is needed to ensure that traded assets are aligned with NDCs and accompanied by robust accounting. Ghana is one of early movers in the space. The Government has signed bilateral cooperation agreements with the Government of Switzerland and with the Swedish Energy Agency to develop projects under Article 6 and is preparing institutional arrangements and country processes for transacting Article 6 units
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agricultural Subsidies ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; International Food Policy Research Institute ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: The report finds that repurposing a portion of government spending on agriculture each year to develop and disseminate more emission-efficient technologies for crops and livestock could reduce overall emissions from agriculture by more than 40 percent. Meanwhile, millions of hectares of land could be restored to natural habitats. The economic payoffs to this type of repurposing would be large. Redirecting about USD 70 billion a year, equivalent to one percent of global agricultural output, would yield a net benefit of over USD 2 trillion in 20 years
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Computable General Equilibrium ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Global Warming ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Policymakers in developing countries face multiple challenges related to climate change. To provide policymakers with reliable recommendations on a variety of climate related policies, the WBG has a diverse and complementary set of models. The analytics range from evaluating the aggregate, sectoral, and welfare effects of mitigation measures to assessing country-specific adaptation needs, considering the impacts of extreme weather events as well as gradual global warming. Key indicators include macroeconomic outcomes, sectoral indicators, co-benefits and poverty and distributional issues. This report summarizes the range of climate and development issues addressed by each model in the WBG suite, revealing both strengths and limitations of individual models, as well as the complementarity among models
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hallegatte, Stephane Macroeconomic Consequences of Natural Disasters: A Modeling Proposal and Application to Floods and Earthquakes in Turkey
    Keywords: Damage To Infrastructure ; Environment ; Impact Of Climate ; Inflation ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Productivity Of Capital ; Monetary Policy ; Natural Disaster ; Trade and Investment
    Abstract: Turkey is vulnerable to natural disasters that can generate substantial damages to public and private sector infrastructure capital. Earthquakes and floods are the most frequent hazards today, and flood risks are expected to increase with climate change. To ensure stability and growth and minimize the welfare impact of these disasters, these shocks need to be managed and accounted for in macro-fiscal and monetary policy. To support this process, the World Bank Macrostructural Model is adapted to assess the macroeconomic effects of natural (geophysical or climate-related) disasters. The macroeconomic model is extended on several fronts: (1) a distinction is made between infrastructure and non-infrastructure capital, with complementary or substitutability between the two categories; (2) the production function is adjusted to account for short-term complementarity across capital assets; (3) the reconstruction process is modeled in a way that accounts for post-disaster constraints, with distinct processes for the reconstruction of public and private assets. The results show that destroyed infrastructure capital makes the remaining non-infrastructure capital less productive, which means that disasters reduce the total stock of capital, but also its productivity. The welfare impact of a disaster-proxied by the discounted consumption loss-is found to increase non-linearly with direct asset losses. Macroeconomic responses reduce the welfare impact of minor disasters but magnify it when direct asset losses exceed the economy's absorption capacity. The welfare impact also depends on the pre-existing economic situation, the ability of the economy to reallocate resources toward reconstruction, and the response of the monetary policy. Appropriate macro-fiscal and monetary policies offer cost-effective opportunities to mitigate the welfare impact of major disasters
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change and Health ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector ; Financial Structures ; Natural Disasters ; Risk Management ; Science of Climate Change
    Abstract: Climate change has become a main concern of ministries of finance, central banks, and financial regulators. In response, a suite of scenarios and tools have been developed tthe potential scale of climate risks and underprice investments in resilience. This is particularly important for emerging markets and developing economies where exposure to physical climate risks is already high and is expected to further increase with climate change. The paper identifies five areas, or risk drivers, that make a material contribution to physical climate risks to the financial sector and that are not consistently included in current scenarios and tools: (1) extreme weather events; (2) uncertainties in climate models; (3) compound scenarios; (4) indirect economic impacts of shocks; and (5) feedback between the real economy and the financial sector. We derive a framework for generating scenarios to assess acute physical climate-related financial risks, which is inspired by the "Realistic Disaster Scenarios" that are used in risk management and supervision in the insurance sector. The framework is illustrated through an application of the EIRIN macroeconomic model. This framework aims to complement recent work by the Network of Central Banks and Supervisors for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) and the Financial Stability Board (FSB) to inform ministries of finance, central banks, financial regulators, and financial institutions on climate financial risk assessments, both for micro- and macroprudential risk management, and to incorporate climate risks into wider financial decision making and disclosures.o assess the financial risks from physical climate shocks (for example, hurricanes, droughts, wildfires, flooding). However, those scenarios do not fully capture such shocks, which could lead financial institutions to underestimate
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: City Development Strategies ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Natural Disasters ; Rural Development ; Sustainable Land Management ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development ; Water Resources Management
    Abstract: Uzbekistan has a unique opportunity to make early investments to 'green' its ambitious economic and market transition. A greener economic growth model in Uzbekistan, based on the sustainable and efficient use of natural and energy resources, would minimize pollution, reduce climate and environmental impacts, and strengthen resilience to natural disasters and climate change. It would allow the country to overcome limits to growth under its present development pattern by capturing the dynamics between transformative technology and natural capital, delivering growth and create jobs while improving sustainability, resilience, and inclusion. A greener growth model could also help strengthen Uzbekistan's economic competitiveness in a more climate- and environmentally aware global marketplace. Green growth involves economy-wide changes that call for strong policy coordination and an institutional and regulatory framework that cuts across sectors. Strong political commitment is key to managing sectoral tradeoffs and sustaining action over successive governments. It must be supported by objective technical advice, adequate data and analytics, knowledgeable staff in government, catalyzing finance, engaging the private sector, and a low-emission development strategy
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jeong, Dahyeon Cash and In-Kind Transfers in Humanitarian Settings: A Review of Evidence and Knowledge Gaps
    Keywords: Cash and In-Kind Transfers ; Conflict and Development ; Conflict Assistance ; Crisis-Affected Populations ; Disaster Management ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Human Development Policy ; Humanitarian Assistance Interventions ; Humanitarian Interventions ; Natural Disaster Response ; Natural Disasters ; Social Cohesion ; Social Protection Policy Response ; Social Protections and Assistance
    Abstract: Over the past decade, humanitarian assistance and social protection have increasingly emerged as a policy response tool to support crisis-affected populations facing conflict or natural disasters. This paper conducts a descriptive literature review on the evidence base of non-contributory humanitarian assistance interventions in low-and-middle income countries. It uses evidence from 21 experimental or quasi-experimental studies to understand the effects on five outcome domains: (i) basic needs, (ii) financial outcomes, (iii) gender, (iv) human development, and (v) social cohesion. The findings show that gender, human development, and social cohesion are the least explored outcomes in humanitarian contexts. Moreover, evidence is scarce on the comparative performance of different modalities (for example, cash vs. in-kind), targeting mechanisms, cost-effectiveness of alternative interventions, heterogeneity analysis, and longer-term effects of interventions. The paper makes the case that there is a high dividend to be earned from conducting more impact evaluations in humanitarian settings
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Callejas, Jeronimo Welfare and Environmental Benefits of Electric Vehicle Tax Policies in Developing Countries: Evidence from Colombia
    Keywords: Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Decarbonizing ; Electric Vehicles ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Policy ; Gender ; Hybrid Vehicles ; Passenger Vehicle Emissions ; Vehicle Tax
    Abstract: Developing countries face a major challenge of decarbonizing their light-duty vehicle fleet and transitioning to the broad use of electric vehicles. However, there is little evidence on which policies can most effectively facilitate that transition in these countries, distinguished by relatively low-income consumers and highly concentrated markets that distort vehicle markups. This paper analyzes existing and proposed policies aiming to reduce emissions from new passenger vehicles in Colombia, which has used preferential sales taxes and import tariffs to stimulate hybrid and electric cars sales. Using highly detailed data on vehicle purchases and attributes, the paper estimates an equilibrium model of Colombia's market that includes a random-coefficients logit demand structure and endogenizes firms' markups. Using the model to simulate policies, the analysis finds that Colombia's sales tax and import tariffs have increased hybrid and electric vehicle market shares by 0.9 to 2.7 percentage points at welfare costs of USD 40-USD 48 per ton of carbon dioxide reduction. Potentially taxing carbon dioxide emissions rates of new vehicles would have roughly similar welfare costs. The high welfare costs of these policies arise from preexisting distortions caused by market power, which yields large private welfare costs of shifting from gasoline to hybrid and electric vehicles
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Carbon Taxes ; Energy ; Energy Markets ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; Environment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: In the post-pandemic world, EU member states will need to embrace two simultaneous challenges. These will include recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic and embracing the ambitions of the European Green Deal, which maps out broad policies aimed at achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 and reducing emissions by 55 percent by 2030. Compared to the emissions reduction achieved during 1990-2018 by the EU27 countries, the 2018-30 target is 50 percent more ambitious and is to be achieved in a third of the time. Meanwhile, the emissions reduction planned during 2030-50 will be even steeper. The transition in some EU countries will be particularly challenging, given their high energy intensity, significant dependence on fossil fuels for power generation and an increasing and environmentally unfriendly transport fleet. In addition, households will need to be supported in the transition, to avoid a substantial share of the population being adversely affected
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Environmental Protection ; Pollution Management and Control ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Waste Disposal and Utilization ; Water Pollution ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: Thailand, like many countries around the world, is in the midst of a significant plastic waste crisis. In 2019, the government of Thailand released the Roadmap for Plastic Waste Management 2018-2030 and is developing the National action plan on Marine plastic debris to alleviate the current impacts and avert future damage caused by marine plastic debris. While these efforts are critical steps toward reining in the country's plastic pollution problem, further insight is needed into where the plastic waste comes from and how it moves in the environment. This study aims to better understand how plastic waste travels from land-based sources to marine environments by analyzing the material flow of plastic waste in five high-priority catchments. The study presents the first large-scale assessment in Thailand to integrate national waste generation and waste management performance data with actual hydrological conditions to estimate how mismanaged plastic waste is carried and discharged into the marine environment. This report is designed to assess how much mismanaged plastic waste (MPW) is flowing into the Gulf of Thailand. In Chapter 2, the approach and methodology are presented and explained, and the various definitions used in the report are discussed. The results of the models are presented in Chapter 3. The solid waste management model results are provided first, followed by the results from the fate and transport models. Chapter 4 provides the final conclusions and recommendations, which offer priority lists and examples of recommended measures to reduce marine debris
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Disability ; Employment and Unemployment ; Environment ; Job Creation ; Labor Markets ; Natural Disasters ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: An effective and equitable social protection system can help Kosovo to promote human capital, foster productivity, and reduce poverty. Since its independence in 2008, the country has made considerable socioeconomic progress, benefiting from the support of the international community and its own diaspora. Kosovo's economic growth has not been sufficient to reduce the high rates of unemployment or create formal jobs. It stands out as the Western Balkan country with the lowest labor market outcomes, especially for women, and is one of the poorest countries in Europe and the poorest in the Western Balkans, secondly to Albania. The recent Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the vulnerability of the population to the negative effects of shocks, which are anticipated to become more frequent with climate change. And yet, in contrast with other Western Balkan countries, Kosovo's working-age population is on the rise and the country stands to benefit from the demographic dividend. Kosovo can respond to these challenges and harness opportunities by investing in human capital while promoting employment and protecting those vulnerable to shocks. A strong social protection system can play an important role in promoting these objectives. This note presents a situational analysis of the social protection system of Kosovo. It assesses the extent to which the social protection system fulfils its purpose and proposes areas for reform in the short-, medium-, and long-term. The note is based on analysis of administrative data, the most recent European Union Survey on Individual Living Conditions (EIJ-SILC) and Household Budget Survey (HBS), a review of relevant literature, and engagement with technical experts in the Ministry of Finance, Labor and Transfers (MFLT) and with select development partners. The situational analysis of the social protection system in Kosovo unfolds as follows. After the introduction, section 2 reviews the country's main poverty and labor market outcomes; Section 3 provides a brief overview of the social protection system; Section 4 looks at non-contributory cash transfers to support the poor, vulnerable and disabled; Section 5 examines social services; Section 6 analyzes pensions; Section 7 explores employment and active labor market programs; Section 8 reviews the social protection response to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic; and Section 9 concludes by identifying the knowledge gaps and main areas for reform
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Strand, Jon Prospects for Markets for Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes under the Paris Agreement
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Market ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Climate Finance ; Emmision Reduction ; Environment ; Forward Contracting ; Global Warming ; Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcome (ITMO) ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Nationally Determined Contributions ; Options Contracts ; Paris Agreement ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: The Paris Agreement provides for parties to use internationally transferred mitigation outcomes in implementing their Nationally Determined Contributions. This paper analyzes forward trading of these outcomes in the presence of two forms of uncertainty: (1) uncertainty about the fulfillment of Nationally Determined Contribution targets, and (2) uncertainty about the existence and functioning of the forward, options, and future spot markets markets for internationally transferred mitigation outcomes. When parties can sell and buy internationally transferred mitigation outcomes forward, access to call options for late purchases leads to correspondingly larger forward sales, or less current mitigation. Access to put options for late internationally transferred mitigation outcome sales does not affect forward trading outcomes but increases late sales for net sellers. Access to options markets is welfare enhancing for all parties, and call options help parties stay in compliance with their Nationally Determined Contributions at the Paris Agreement end point, 2030. The existence of internationally transferred mitigation outcome markets may be in peril, however, as banking beyond 2030 is not allowed. The availability and functioning of internationally transferred mitigation outcome markets can be enabled or improved by increased climate finance provided by donors. With no options markets, host countries will still sell internationally transferred mitigation outcomes forward, albeit less so, and rely on access to more expensive "backstop" mitigation for ex-post compliance with their Nationally Determined Contributions. Closed-form solutions are derived for trading and its welfare impacts in all the option contract alternatives, given that parties' uncertainties about fulfilling their commitments are uniformly distributed. The welfare impact of the availability of put and call option contracts is then strongly increasing in uncertainty, and in ex-post and forward outcome prices
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (74 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Adjognon, Guigonan Serge Incentivizing Social Learning for the Diffusion of Climate-Smart Agricultural Techniques
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agricultural Training ; Agriculture ; Cash Transfers ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Crop Productivity ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Environmental Conservation ; Land Management Benefits ; Land Management Incentives ; Land Use ; Land Use Training ; Peer-To-Peer Land Use Training ; Sustainable Agricultural Techniques ; Sustainable Land Management ; Unsustainable Land Use
    Abstract: Unsustainable land use is a key threat to both economic development and environmental conservation in developing countries. This study implemented a randomized controlled trial in arid Burkina Faso to test the effectiveness of financial incentives in stimulating the adoption of sustainable land management practices (SLMPs). It did so in the context of a so-called cascade training program, in which some farmers were trained in the implementation of sustainable land management practices, who were then asked to disseminate their newly acquired knowledge and expertise to other farmers in their social networks. The study finds that offering payments conditional on adoption improves both the transfer of information from the trained to the peer farmers, as well as the peer farmers' sustainable land management practices adoption rates. Offering financial incentives thus mitigates two of the most important barriers to the adoption of sustainable land management practices - the (perceived) lack of private benefits and insufficient diffusion of the technical implementation information from the trained farmers to their peers. Finally, the study documents that adoption of sustainable land management practices generates substantial increases in crop productivity and agricultural income already after one agricultural cycle
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Witajewski-Baltvilks, Jan Green Innovation and Economic Growth in a North-South Model
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Clean Technology Market ; Cross-Country Spillovers ; Directed Technological Change ; Endogenous Growth Model ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Green Growth ; Green Innovation ; Green R and D Subsidies ; Green Technology Market ; Greenhouse Effect ; Greenhouse Emissions ; North-South Model ; Private Sector Development ; Research and Development ; Science and Technology Development ; Science of Climate Change ; Technology Innovation ; Unilateral Climate Policy
    Abstract: If one region of the world switches its research effort from dirty to clean technologies, will other regions follow To investigate this question, this paper builds a North-South model that combines insights from directed technological change and quality-ladder endogenous growth models with business-stealing innovations. While North represents the region with climate ambitions, both regions have researchers choosing between clean and dirty applications, and the resulting technologies are traded. Three main results emerge: (i) In the long-run, if North's research and development (R and D) sector is large enough, researchers in South will follow the switch from dirty to clean R and D in North, motivated by the growing value of clean markets. (ii) If the two regions direct research effort toward different sectors and the outputs of the two sectors are gross substitutes, then the long-run growth rates in both regions are lower than if the global research effort were invested in one sector. (iii) If North's government induces its researchers to switch to clean R and D through clean technology subsidies, the welfare-maximizing choice for South is to ensure that all of its researchers switch too, unless the social discount rate is high. The last result is true even if South's R and D sector is large
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Transport ; Urban Development ; Urbanization
    Abstract: Across the developing world, countries are experiencing rapid growth in urbanization and motorization. While high motorization rates potentially meant hat more people will be able to claim the benefits of improved accessibility to goods and services as a consequence of enhanced mobility, there are questions about the sustainability of this future. Will countries be able to build and maintain infrastructure to accommodate increasing numbers of vehicles? Will the increasing number of vehicles and their characteristics support attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Will they put in jeopardy countries' ability to meet their climate commitments under their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)? From a development impact standpoint, the nature of a country's motor vehicle stock and how it grows affects three key and tangible outcomes. First, the quality of the motor vehicle stock affects road safety outcomes-that is, the number of people killed or seriously injured in motor vehicle crashes. The characteristics of vehicles and their fitness or roadworthiness can affect fatality and serious injury outcomes. Second, the quality of the motor vehicle fleet affects air quality, particularly in cities. Motor vehicles are a key source of harmful air pollution, including carbon monoxide (CO), fine particulates (PM2.5), sulfur oxides (SOx), and ozone precursors (oxides of nitrogen and various hydrocarbons), and the amount of these pollutants they emit is directly related to how the vehicle was built and how well it is maintained. Finally, the profile of the vehicle fleet-what is the size and weight of vehicles in the fleet, how big are their engines, what kind of power control technology do they use, and how did their manufacturers engineer the technology of the vehicle to balance power with efficiency-affects the (fossil) fuel consumption of the vehicle stock as a whole, and, consequently, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions profile of the road transport sector. This report presents the World Bank's Motorization Management (MM) framework, which is intended to support client countries in the development of policies and measures aimed at managing vehicle stocks in a proactive, phased, and systematic manner to make them safer, cleaner, and more fuel efficient. The MM framework reflects a series of policy considerations and programs that can be implemented to improve the quality of fuels and vehicles in a country's stock
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