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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (401)
  • 2015-2019  (401)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (401)
  • Paris
  • Science and Technology  (293)
  • Trade
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (401)
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Years
Year
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  • 101
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The race for excellence in scientific publishing
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 102
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
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  • 103
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 05
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Multinationales Unternehmen ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Auslandsinvestition ; Außenhandel ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Because of their numerous and large activities across different countries, Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) are believed to be central and dominant actors in the global economy. In addition, it has been argued that the growing fragmentation of production within global value chains (GVCs) in the past decades is largely driven by MNEs. It is remarkable then that despite their acclaimed importance, empirical evidence on MNEs is not widely available and largely incomplete, with data only available for a subset of OECD economies. Based on the new OECD analytical AMNE database including information on MNEs across 43 industries and countries on a bilateral basis, this paper derives new insights on the importance of MNEs today. As the new database also allows the linking with the OECD TiVA database, the new evidence additionally discusses in detail the trade and investment nexus within GVCs and suggests that MNEs’ role in GVCs goes beyond trade and investment policy.
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  • 104
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 09
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Computerunterstützung ; Informationstechnik ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Fachkräfte ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper sheds light on the extent to which different types of skills are rewarded as industries go digital. It relies on information from the OECD Survey of Adult Skills on labour market participation and workers’ skills for 31 countries as well as on a novel OECD index on the digital penetration of industries. It investigates how cognitive and non-cognitive skills are rewarded in digital vs. less digital intensive industries and assesses the extent to which skills bundles matter. The results indicate that digital intensive industries especially reward workers having relatively higher levels of self-organisation and advanced numeracy skills. Moreover, for workers in digital intensive industries, bundles of skills are particularly important: workers endowed with a high level of numeracy skills receive an additional wage premium, if they also show high levels of self-organisation or managing and communication skills.
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  • 105
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 12
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Gentechnik ; Medizinische Behandlung ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Technologiepolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Gene editing aims to modify the genetic sequence at a precise genomic location. Recent breakthroughs in gene editing techniques such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system have ushered in a new era for gene editing and health innovation. The purpose of the Expert Meeting (6-7 July 2017, Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Berlin, Germany) was to explore the core scientific, legal, regulatory and societal challenges facing the responsible development and use of gene editing in somatic cells for advanced therapies. Experts noted that the trajectory of gene editing in research and development and the uptake of future therapies in the clinical setting remain unclear due to uncertainties in the scientific, regulatory, and economic landscapes. Many policy issues are also raised in the context of other emerging technologies. Governance must cope with a moving technical frontier and some level of uncertainty around risks and benefits.
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  • 106
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 14 (June 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Productivity ; firms ; global value chains ; centrality ; network analysis ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses “centrality” metrics to reflect the changing structure of Global Value Chains (GVCs), contrasting central hubs and peripheral countries and sectors, and examine how these changes impact firm productivity. Using cross-country firm-level data from ORBIS, the paper finds that changing position within GVCs can play a role in the catch up of firms, but the results are heterogeneous across firms and countries. Firstly, becoming more central is associated with faster productivity growth of smaller firms, nonfrontier businesses, and of firms in smaller economies and in post-2004 EU member countries. And these correlations weaken with firm size and with proximity to the frontier, such that when one ignores firm heterogeneity and only considers average effects, there is no correlation for the average firms in the data. Secondly, the (centrality weighted) average productivity of buyers matters for the productivity of firms in our data overall, however this is particularly true for firms in large economies, for non-frontier and for smaller firms. The policy environment, such as flexible labour markets, better access to finance, stronger contract enforcement and simplified export procedures, appears to be important in translating the changing structure of GVCs into faster productivity growth of these non-frontier firms.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 107
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 108
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La course à l’excellence dans la publication scientifique
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 109
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Il faut soutenir la révolution scientifique africaine
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Development ; Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 110
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
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  • 111
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe It’s time to foster Africa’s science revolution
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Development ; Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 112
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 269 (April 2018)
    Keywords: Unternehmenspublizität ; Online-Marketing ; Verhaltensökonomik ; Verbraucherpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report looks at how behavioural insights can be used to improve online information disclosures for consumers. The report is the latest contribution to work by the OECD’s Committee on Consumer Policy on improving consumer policy with behavioural insights. Behavioural insights incorporate findings from economics, psychology, neuroscience and marketing to better understand how individuals and businesses actually behave in the marketplace. While the role of information disclosure policies is clear in empowering consumers to make informed decisions when shopping online, findings from behavioural insights raise questions about the usefulness of certain forms of information disclosure. This report looks at these concerns and the subsequent policy implications.
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  • 113
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
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  • 114
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 215
    Keywords: Nichttarifäre Handelshemmnisse ; Regulierung ; Ökonometrie ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A novel econometric method is used to estimate trade effects of non-tariff measures (NTMs) for roughly 5 000 traded goods and 80 countries. It explicitly distinguishes several types of measures and ascertains their distinct effects on trade volumes and prices. The latter feature allows disentangling trade-cost effects associated with non-tariff measures from possible demand-enhancing effects that come from reducing information asymmetries and strengthening consumer confidence in imported products. The volume-based estimates yield information on how NTMs ultimately affect trade: the trade cost associated with NTMs, as captured by the ad valorem estimates, often reduces trade volumes, as expected, but not always. In a number of cases, in particular in the sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) area, trade is found to expand, even though trade costs rise. This is likely explained by closer regulatory environments between the countries examined, but the trade-enhancing features of such measures merit further study.
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  • 115
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 266 (March 2018)
    Keywords: Online-Handel ; Internationale Geschäftsbeziehungen ; Verbraucherschutz ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines information on consumer protection enforcement authorities of OECD member and non-member countries, especially on the ability of these authorities to co-operate across borders. It is based on questionnaire responses from 31 countries, supplemented by additional research. It has been prepared to support a review of the 2003 OECD Recommendation of the Council concerning Guidelines for Protecting Consumers from Fraudulent and Deceptive Commercial Practices across Borders. It will also inform work to implement the 2016 OECD Recommendation of the Council on Consumer Protection in E-Commerce, which contains updated provisions on enforcement co-operation.
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  • 116
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 11
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Neurowissenschaften ; Gesundheitspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Addressing the effects of population ageing, including the increase in mental illnesses and neurological disorders, remains a top priority for many countries and is reflected at the highest levels of international dialogue. Governments, funders, and companies around the world are making unprecedented investments in brain research and the development of neurotechnologies. Advances in brain science and neurotechnology present major opportunities for health innovation and societal benefits, but also raise difficult questions at the intersection of science, society and economy. This report provides a summary of the main discussion points emerging from the Expert Consultation on “Neurotechnology and Society”, held on 14-15 September 2017, in Washington D.C., United States. Meeting participants acknowledged the increasingly international enterprise of neurotechnological innovation. Recommendations for addressing pressing ethical, legal, social, economic and cultural challenges may be beneficial to ensure responsible advancement of emerging neurotechnologies. Consideration of these issues should span laboratory, clinical, and industry settings.
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  • 117
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 07
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Open Access ; Wissenschaft ; Forschungskooperation ; Definition ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Digitalisation is fundamentally changing science and the paper lays out some of the opportunities, risks and major policy challenges associated with these changes. More specifically, the paper lays out a conceptual framework for open science. This framework incorporates access to data and information, as well as civil society engagement, in the different stages of the scientific research process. It is not meant to be prescriptive but should help different communities to decide on their own priorities within the open science space and to better visualise how these priorities link to different stage of the scientific process and to different actors. Such a framework can be useful also in considering how best to incentivise and measure different aspects of open science.
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  • 118
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 213
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; GATS ; Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Handelsabkommen ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Internationaler Markteintritt ; WTO-Recht ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper looks at market access and national treatment commitments for services in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and in 95 regional trade agreements (RTAs) involving the countries that are covered in the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI). The objective is to quantify the impact of legal bindings on trade in services that result from a reduction in the uncertainty faced by exporters. Bilateral bindings indices are created for five broad service sectors (professional services, computer services, telecoms, financial services and transport services). They indicate how close the sector is from a fully bound regime with no possibility to introduce any new trade barrier, by comparing commitments with the actual trade regime. These bilateral indices are then tested over the period 2000-2014 in a structural gravity model. Despite differences across sectors, the results confirm that the legal bindings typically found in services trade agreements tend to have a positive impact on exports even if no actual liberalisation takes place.
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  • 119
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 214
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Markteintritt ; Agrarsubvention ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Einkommensverteilung ; Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Handelsabkommen ; CGE-Modell ; Asien ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: What can further market integration contribute to growth and employment? A series of hypothetical trade reform scenarios explores what countries at different levels of development can expect to gain from reforming tariffs, non-tariff barriers, trade facilitation and domestic support to agriculture. Simulations of multilateral and regional trade agreements with the OECD METRO model show that positive effects are higher when more countries participate in trade integration because it broadens market opportunities, widens the range of products at lower prices, and reduces trade diversion. Smaller economies especially benefit. Firms in these economies can better specialise in international production networks as they have access to larger and more differentiated markets and also benefit from enhanced market access on the products they already produce. While trade integration boosts demand and lifts wages and factor returns, the required production adjustments also leads to reallocation of workers between sectors. The analysis highlights some of the distributional implications and emphasises the need for labour force adjustment policies to accompany trade integration.
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  • 120
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 268 (April 2018)
    Keywords: Gebäudemanagement ; Internet der Dinge ; Verbraucherpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The “smart home” looks set to be the arena in which many people will utilise consumer-facing Internet of Things (IoT) technologies for the first time. A new generation of familiar household devices and appliances (e.g. washing machines) are becoming “smart” through the addition of sensors, software and Internet connections. They are entering the home alongside innovative IoT era devices (e.g. smart speakers) – often integrating with them to form smart residential systems (e.g. relating to energy, entertainment and home security). This report outlines the key consumer benefits and risks associated with Internet of Things (IoT) devices in the “smart home”. The benefits include convenience, customisation and control. However, there are potential risks for smart home residents such as data privacy and cybersecurity threats, limitations on interoperability, the need for lifetime product support, complex supply chains and liability regimes, and product safety.
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  • 121
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 13
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 1994 - 2012 ; Dienstleistungsgesellschaft ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Lohn ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The literature has established two robust stylised facts: (i) the existence of a firm size-wage premium; and (ii) a positive relationship between firm size and productivity. However, the existing evidence is mainly based on manufacturing data only. With manufacturing nowadays accounting for a small share of the economy, whether productivity, size, and wages are closely linked, and how tight this link is across sectors, is still an open question. Using a unique micro-aggregated dataset covering the whole economy in 17 countries over 1994-2012, this paper compares these relationships across sectors. While the size-wage and size-productivity premia are significantly weaker in market services compared to manufacturing, the link between wages and productivity is stronger. The combination of these results suggests that, in a service economy the “size-wage premium” becomes more a “productivity-wage premium”. These results have first-order policy implications for both workers and firms.
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  • 122
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade and environment working papers 2018, 02
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report aims to test whether the inclusion of environmental provisions in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) has contributed to the improvement of environmental quality among the Parties to these agreements through empirical modelling and analysis. Three indicators are considered as a proxy for environmental quality: concentrations of suspended particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx). The analysis identifies a statistically significant and positive relationship between membership in RTAs, either with or without environmental provisions, and improved environmental quality for two out of three pollutants investigated. However, the extent to which RTAs with environmental provisions makes an additional difference on emissions in comparison to those without environmental provisions could not be concluded with enough statistical certainty under the current empirical framework. Future analysis could benefit from better information on the channels of effects and the further developed environmental indicators on both policy and output.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 123
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Roboter ; Automatisierte Produktion ; Produktionsorganisation ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Increased robot use, fuelled by price declines and the increased dexterity of these machines, is expected to affect existing/future production technologies and the organisation of production within GVCs. In order to safeguard their competitiveness in an increasingly digitalised global economy, governments across OECD and emerging economies are implementing a range of policy measures/programmes to support the investment in and use of robotics. This paper assesses the extent to which robotics impact the organisation of production through offshoring and backshoring. The results indicate that the use of industrial robots in developed economies appears to be slowing the offshoring rates, although it is not yet prompting firms to bring jobs back home. However, the effect is very recent, especially in labour-intensive sectors, and not yet apparent in developing countries. The findings suggest the rate of global value chain expansion may be slower than in the past.
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  • 124
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 10
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Mark-up Pricing ; Marktmacht ; Digitalisierung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the evolution of firm mark-ups across 26 countries for the period 2001-14. It also discusses and investigates empirically how this can be related to the degree of digital transformation in sectors. Four main facts emerge: i) mark-ups are increasing over the period, on average across country; ii) this result is driven by firms at the top of the mark-up distribution, while the bottom half of the distribution exhibits a flat trend over time; (iii) mark-ups are higher in digital-intensive sectors than in less-digitally intensive sectors; (iv) mark-up differentials between digitally-intensive and less-digitally-intensive sectors have increased significantly over time.
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  • 125
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade and environment working papers 2018, 03
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The transition towards a more resource efficient and circular economy has broad linkages with international trade through the emergence of global value chains as well as trade in second-hand goods, end-of-life products, secondary materials and waste. Despite of the potential linkages between trade and the circular economy, the existing research on this issue is limited to date. For this reason, this paper highlights the potential interaction of international trade and the circular economy in order to map out potential issues to address and to guide further research areas to explore on this topic. The paper first briefly introduces the circular economy concept and how trade can come into play, second highlights the various ways in which trade and the circular economy can potentially interact with one another, and third briefly concludes with potential ways forward and next steps.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 126
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 13 (June 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Zombie Firms ; Resource Allocation ; Labor Productivity ; Firm Dynamics ; Insolvency Frameworks ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Productivity growth is slowing down among OECD countries, coupled with increased misallocation of resources. A recent strand of literature focuses on the role of non-viable firms (“zombie firms”) to explain these developments. Using a rich firm-level dataset for one of the OECD countries with the largest drop in barriers to firm exit and restructure, we assess the role of zombies on firm dynamics, both in the extensive and intensive margins. We confirm the results on the high prevalence of zombie firms, significantly less productive than their healthy counterparts and thus dragging aggregate productivity down. Moreover, while we find evidence of positive selection within zombies, with the most productive restructuring and the least productive exiting, we also show that the zombies' productivity threshold for exit is much lower than that of nonzombies, allowing them to stay in the market, distorting competition and sinking resources. Zombie prevalence curbs the growth of viable firms, in particular the most productive, harming the intra-sectoral resource reallocation. We show that a reduction in exit and restructuring barriers promotes a more effective exit channel and fosters the restructuring of the most productive. These results highlight the role of public policy in addressing zombies' prevalence, fostering a more efficient resource allocation and enabling productivity growth.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 127
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 01
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Biotechnologie ; Nanotechnologie ; Forschungsstatistik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Agreement on a harmonised application of clear statistical definitions of technologies is pertinent to the delineation of technology fields both with regard to each other and within the context of wider economic developments. Biotechnology and nanotechnology are both enabling technologies, which find applications and give rise to innovations in many industry sectors, contributing to determine wide ranges of economic and societal impact. This document revises the OECD's statistical definition of biotechnology, which had last been reviewed in 2008, and proposes the adoption of a statistical definition of nanotechnology in the same format. The statistical definitions proposed in this document are indicative rather than exhaustive and are expected to change over time as biotechnology and nanotechnology activities evolve.
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  • 128
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 04
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Gentechnik ; Technologiepolitik ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Gene editing techniques represent a major advance in the field of biotechnological research and application, promising significant benefits across the domains of human health, sustainability and the economy. There is broad agreement that gene editing techniques go beyond incremental advances of past biotechnologies. However, harnessing the potential of gene editing techniques will require meeting significant policy challenges in arenas of governance, ethics, and public engagement. This report summarises the discussions of a group of international experts of science, technology and policy, as well as policymakers at a dedicated workshop entitled “Gene editing in an international context: scientific, economic and social issues across sectors” in Ottawa, Canada on 29-30 September 2016.
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  • 129
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 08
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Biotechnologie ; Nanotechnologie ; Technologiepolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This “Trend-Analysis of Science, Technology and Innovation Policies for BNCTs” aims to analyse policies pertaining to nanotechnology and biotechnology over the past years with regard to their directionality and technology-specificity. The analysis provides some evidence that technology-push policies are favoured for young technology fields, while application-pull policies tend to be applied to more mature fields. In technology-specific policies, the percentage of pure application-pull policies is much lower than that observed for general STI policies. Most individual STI policies are technology-specific in their title or description. Most general STI policies also mention a specific technology and are thus applicable to both the field of general STI and the field of the respective technology. In the case of biotechnology, nanotechnology and ICT, by contrast, at least one third of the policies are unique to the respective field, and only up to a quarter are shared with any other technology field.
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  • 130
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 11 (February 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Multinational enterprises ; labor productivity ; human capital ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Israel ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: We examine the impact of multinational enterprises (MNEs) on labor productivity in two ways: 1) creating high-paying jobs; and 2) improving employees’ human capital. Our analysis is based on a unique database that matches workers to companies, for the 450 largest companies in Israel, during the years 2005-2010. The main challenge in dentifying the impact of MNEs on labor productivity stems from their tendency to cherry-pick workers. This study offers an innovative solution to this selection bias by constructing a sample of employees who have all worked at MNEs at some point. We find that, on average, current employment at a MNE is associated with a wage premium of 8.3%. Moreover, past work experience at a MNE has a positive 1.6% impact on wages. Although economically significant, the results are relatively modest compared to those reported in the literature. In addition, we differentiate MNEs according to size and brand recognition, and find that the impact on wages is larger for leading MNEs. These results were found to be stable with respect to changes in the sample and in specifications.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 131
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 12 (February 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: global value chains ; international trade ; centrality ; network analysis ; input-outputtables ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses “centrality” metrics to reflect position with Global Value Chains (GVCs). Central sectors reflect those that are highly connected (both directly and indirectly) and influential within globalproduction networks, whereas peripheral sectors exhibit weak linkages and are less influential. Applying these metrics to OECD ICIO data, reveals there have been profound changes in the structure of GVCs over the period 1995-2011. Whilst some activities remain clustered around the same key hubs as was the case at the start of the period (e.g. motor vehicles), for others there have been dramatic changes in the geography of economic activity (e.g. IT manufacturing), whereas other activities have become more influential for value chains almost universally (e.g. IT services). Several emerging economies and their industries have become more central to global production networks. We find this is particularly true of most peripheral industries of Eastern European countries, with their growing importance coinciding with the timing of their EU accession. Asian value chains have also undergone substantial reorganisation. In particular, the centrality of Japanese industries has fallen from an initial position of being the key hub within Asian value chains and the bulk of this fall does not appear to be due to the decline in size of the Japanese economy over this period. This is in contrast with trends in foreign value added content of exports of these Japanese industries, which increased over the same time period, illustrating that the centrality measure does not seem to simply reflect features captured by existing GVC metrics.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 132
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade and environment working papers 2018, 01
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report assesses the progress of the implementation of environmental provisions in RTAs. It focuses on the extent to which governments have complied with the environmental commitments made in the trade agreements to which they are a Party. The report takes a two track approach. First, a review of implementation and evaluation reports associated with environmental provisions in such agreements is performed. Second, a survey of government officials, trade negotiators and other experts is carried out.
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  • 133
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 211
    Keywords: Multinationales Unternehmen ; Betriebliche Statistik ; Wertschöpfung ; Unternehmensstatistik ; OECD-Staaten ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In order to better understand the interdependencies between trade and investment in global value chains (GVCs), the OECD has developed a new dataset on the Activities of Multinational Enterprises (AMNE). This dataset starts from official AMNE statistics and combines the information with Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables to provide new insights on the trade-investment nexus in GVCs. This dataset allows the contribution of domestic firms, multinational enterprises (MNEs) and their foreign affiliates to global trade and production to be assessed. This paper details the methodology that was used to create the data, as well as the main assumptions and challenges in the work.
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  • 134
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 267 (March 2018)
    Keywords: Internet der Dinge ; Produktsicherheit ; Verbraucherpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In addition to offering greater product choice and convenience to consumers, the IoT is expected to revolutionise the way product design, manufacturing, and product delivery processes are monitored, analysed and improved, including remotely. This report describes current and emerging IoT developments that may have implications for consumer product safety policy design and enforcement. It describes the opportunities afforded by the IoT to enhance the quality of products, help prevent consumer product safety hazards or damage, and to create better ways to manage safety in the supply chain and the marketplace. The report also draws attention to the potential for the IoT to give rise to new safety risks, and questions about whether existing liability and product safety regulatory regimes are adequate.
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  • 135
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 14
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Vereinte Nationen ; 2001 - 2015 ; Industrie ; Klassifikation ; Digitalisierung ; Industrie 4.0 ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study proposes a taxonomy of sectors according to the extent to which they have gone digital. The taxonomy accounts for some of the key facets of the digital transformation, and recognises that sectors differ in their development and adoption of the most advanced “digital” technologies, in the human capital needed to embed them in production and in the extent to which digital tools are used to deal with clients and suppliers. The indicators used to classify 36 ISIC revision 4 sectors over the period 2001-15 are: share of ICT tangible and intangible (i.e. software) investment; share of purchases of intermediate ICT goods and services; stock of robots per hundreds of employees; share of ICT specialists in total employment; and the share of turnover from online sales. The study further proposes an overall summary indicator of the digital transformation in sectors which encompasses all the considered dimensions.
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  • 136
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 217
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Digitalisierung ; Online-Handel ; Gravitationsmodell ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper aims to provide policy makers with a broad overview of the issues that the digital transformation raises for trade with a view to informing how these might be reflected in trade policy design. It discusses how digitalisation has changed international trade and provides estimates of the impact of increased digital connectivity on trade. It shows that digitalisation is particularly important for trade in more complex manufactures and digitally deliverable services; that it helps parties better exploit benefits from trade agreements; and that it gives rise to new complementarities between goods and services. The paper also discusses some trade-related regulatory challenges. Engaging in digital trade in goods means paying attention to a broader range of supporting services, such as logistics or e-payments. Similarly, the ability to engage in trade in services, particularly those that are digitally delivered, is also, in part, affected by market access in ICT goods. The paper argues that making the most out of the digital transformation for trade requires approaching market openness more holistically, thinking about measures affecting goods, services and digital connectivity more jointly, and about measures affecting the full value chain, including the enablers of digital trade and tackling all these through greater international cooperation.
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  • 137
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 212
    Keywords: Multinationales Unternehmen ; Internationale Produktion ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Betriebliche Statistik ; Wertschöpfung ; Input-Output-Analyse ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Using the OECD analytical AMNE database, this paper provides new evidence on the services activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and discusses the relationship between cross-border trade in services and the production of services through foreign affiliates (“mode 3” trade in services in the General Agreement on Trade in Services). An econometric analysis indicates that policies restricting trade in services (as captured in the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index) are associated with a lower output of foreign affiliates not only in services industries but also in the manufacturing sector. Moreover, services trade restrictions also impact the choice of firms when it comes to engaging in exports or in foreign direct investment to serve foreign markets. Overall, the results in this paper demonstrate the intertwined nature of manufacturing and services activities in global value chains.
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  • 138
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 15 (September 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Firm level productivity ; labour productivity ; multifactor productivity ; productivity distribution ; productivity dispersion ; MultiProd ; productivity frontier ; resource allocation ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Ireland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Productivity is the ultimate driver of sustainable increases in living standards. While Ireland is a high productivity country, it has not been immune from the global productivity slowdown, with the pace of growth on a downward trend throughout the 2000s. Little research has been carried out as to the determinants behind the productivity slowdown in Ireland, and even less so with microdata. To fill the gap, we use a firm-level panel dataset based on production surveys from Ireland’s national statistics office, together with the OECD MultiProd model, in order to identify productivity patterns and trends distributed by percentile, sector, ownership, as well as measures of the efficiency of resource allocation. Our results show a widening of the productivity gap between the most and least productive firms, with the majority of firms experiencing a decline in productivity since the mid-2000s, and also confirm that aggregate results are driven by the impact of foreign dominated sectors, with foreign firms typically larger and more productive. These results are significant in terms of enterprise policy and featured prominently in the OECD’s 2018 Economic Survey of Ireland.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 139
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 265 (February 2018)
    Keywords: Digitale Spaltung ; Ländlicher Raum ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This document examines recent policy and technology approaches to bridging the digital divide in rural and remote areas in OECD countries. First, it discusses issues related to assessing broadband gaps, defining speeds and establishing national targets. Second, it describes policies being implemented to improve both access and uptake, such as fostering competition, promoting national, rural and community-led broadband initiatives, supporting open access policies and reducing deployment costs. Finally, it briefly reviews technological developments that are likely to influence the provision of services in underserved areas. Experience in OECD countries with fibre optics, coaxial cable, copper, fixed and mobile wireless, satellites and hybrid approaches, as well as with emerging technologies, are used to illustrate some of the technological trends discussed. This document also includes a summary of common challenges and good practices to bring improved communication services to individuals and communities in rural and remote areas.
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  • 140
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 216
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Auftrag ; Regulierung ; Öffentliche Güter ; Außenhandel ; WTO-Recht ; Asien ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD developed a taxonomy of measures affecting government procurement which provides a classification system for different GP measures, policies and procedures, which can impact cross-border government procurement. This project aims to further assist countries in assessing their procurement regimes by mapping the taxonomy against international good practices. The project maps the taxonomy against both the WTO Government Procurement Agreement and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement (2011). It further tests this methodology with data collection in four ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Viet Nam).
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  • 141
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264288744
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (250 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Innovation, agricultural productivity and sustainability in Estonia
    Keywords: Agrartechnik ; Ernährungsindustrie ; Innovation ; Agrarproduktion ; Produktivität ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Estland ; Agriculture and Food ; Science and Technology ; Estonia
    Abstract: Estonian agriculture has undergone significant growth and structural change since the 1990s in a policy and regulatory environment that has been mostly supportive of investment. The implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy has contributed to the modernisation of the country's agriculture, leading to high productivity growth with relatively limited environmental pressure. High educational levels and strong public research institutions have also provided a fertile environment for innovation in Estonia, although Estonian agri-food companies struggle to participate in food and agricultural research activities. Attracting and retaining people in the agriculture sector at a time of growing labour and skills shortages in rural areas is an increasing challenge. Further innovation and adaptation will be needed to sustain and expand agriculture and food in Estonia.
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  • 142
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264291867
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (132 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Government Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Revisión del Gobierno Digital en Colombia : Hacia un Sector Público Impulsado por el Ciudadano
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Digital government review of Colombia
    Keywords: E-Government ; Kolumbien ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Colombia ; Kolumbien ; E-Government ; Bürgerbeteiligung
    Abstract: This review analyses the shift from e-government to digital government in Colombia. It looks at the governance framework for digital government, the use of digital platforms and open data to engage and collaborate with citizens, conditions for a data-driven public sector, and policy coherence in a context of significant regional disparities. It provides concrete policy recommendations on how digital technologies and data can be harnessed for citizen-driven policy making and public service delivery.
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  • 143
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264305847
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (264 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Government Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Rapport sur les données ouvertes publiques : Encourager la maturité des politiques de données ouvertes pour un impact durable
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Open government data report
    Keywords: E-Government ; Daten ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; OECD ; Open Data ; Regierung ; E-Government ; Geschichte 2013-2017
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of the state of open data policies across OECD member and partner countries, based on data collected through the OECD Open Government Data survey (2013, 2014, 2016/17), country reviews and comparative analysis. The report analyses open data policies using an analytical framework that is in line with the OECD OUR data Index and the International Open Data Charter. It assesses governments’ efforts to enhance the availability, accessibility and re-use of open government data. It makes the case that beyond countries’ commitment to open up good quality government data, the creation of public value requires engaging user communities from the entire ecosystem, such as journalists, civil society organisations, entrepreneurs, major tech private companies and academia. The report also underlines how open data policies are elements of broader digital transformations, and how public sector data policies require interaction with other public sector agendas such as open government, innovation, employment, integrity, public budgeting, sustainable development, urban mobility and transport. It stresses the relevance of measuring open data impacts in order to support the business case for open government data.
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  • 144
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264291652
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (244 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Governance frameworks to counter illicit trade
    Keywords: Illegaler Handel ; Regulierung ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; Welt ; BRICS-Staaten ; Governance ; Trade ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Russian Federation ; South Africa ; Schwarzhandel ; Fälschung ; Marktregelung
    Abstract: This report examines governance frameworks to counter illicit trade. It looks at the adequacy and effectiveness of sanctions and penalties applicable, the steps parties engaged in illicit trade take to lower the risk of detection - for example through small shipments - and the use of free trade zones as hubs for managing trade in illicit products. It also identifies gaps in enforcement that may need to be addressed. The report provides an overview of selected enforcement issues in BRICS economies (Brazil, China, India, the Russian Federation and South Africa).
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  • 145
    ISBN: 9789264306509
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Strengthening governance and reducing corruption risks to tackle illegal wildlife trade
    Keywords: Wildtierschutz ; Illegaler Handel ; Anti-Korruption ; Südliches Afrika ; Ostafrika ; Governance ; Trade
    Abstract: In countries affected by the illegal wildlife trade, corruption is a key enabler and facilitator. Failure to address this corruption, and the institutional and governance gaps that allow it to take place, make tackling the illegal wildlife trade a significant challenge. This report provides a structured analysis of how corruption facilitates wildlife crime based on research in four source and transit countries in East and Southern Africa. It offers a series of specific recommendations targeted at national governments, donors, and intergovernmental organisations to address the issues of corruption and the illegal wildlife trade.
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  • 146
    ISBN: 9789264611344 , 9789264382022 , 9789264307858
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Misuse of small parcels for trade in counterfeit goods
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Außenhandel ; Postmarkt ; Welt ; Governance ; Trade ; Außenhandel
    Abstract: This study examines the potential for the misuse of small parcels for trade in counterfeit and pirated goods. It presents the legal and economic contexts of the operation of express and postal services. It also looks at the available data on volumes of small consignments, via postal and courier streams, in the context of seizures of counterfeit and pirated goods. Furthermore it analyses the links between the observed dynamics in markets for small parcels and the available information on misuse of this service by traffickers in counterfeit and pirated goods.
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  • 147
    ISBN: 9789264304529
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (648 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe 跨国企业与税务机关 转让定价指南 2017
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Çok Uluslu İşletmeler ve Vergi İdareleri için OECD Transfer Fiyatlandırması Rehberi 2017
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Principes de l'OCDE applicables en matière de prix de transfert à l'intention des entreprises multinationales et des administrations fiscales 2017
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2017
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Směrnice OECD o převodních cenách pro nadnárodní podniky a daňové správy 2017
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Directrices de la OCDE aplicables en materia de precios de transferencia a empresas multinacionales y administraciones tributarias 2017
    Keywords: Taxation ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Die OECD-Verrechnungspreisleitlinien für multinationale Unternehmen und Steuerverwaltungen erörtern die Anwendung des Fremdvergleichsgrundsatzes, der den internationalen Konsens bei der Verrechnungspreisbestimmung darstellt, d.h. der Bewertung grenzüberschreitender Geschäftsvorfälle zwischen verbundenen Unternehmen für Steuerzwecke. Angesichts der entscheidenden Rolle, die multinationale Unternehmen in der Weltwirtschaft spielen, ist die Verrechnungspreisbestimmung sowohl für die Steuerverwaltungen als auch für die Steuerpflichtigen weiterhin von größter Bedeutung. Die Staaten müssen sicherstellen, dass die steuerpflichtigen Gewinne multinationaler Unternehmen nicht künstlich in andere Steuerhoheitsgebiete verlagert werden und dass die von multinationalen Unternehmen in ihrem Steuerhoheitsgebiet ausgewiesene Besteuerungsgrundlage der dort ausgeübten wirtschaftlichen Tätigkeit entspricht. Für die Steuerpflichtigen ist es entscheidend, die Risiken einer wirtschaftlichen Doppelbesteuerung zu begrenzen, die sich aus Uneinigkeiten zwischen zwei Staaten über die Bestimmung der fremdvergleichskonformen Vergütung für ihre grenzüberschreitenden Geschäftsvorfälle mit verbundenen Unternehmen ergeben können. Diese Ausgabe der OECD-Verrechnungspreisleitlinien von 2017 enthält die umfassenden, 2016 erfolgten Überarbeitungen aufgrund der Klarstellungen und Änderungen, die in den 2015 verabschiedeten BEPS-Berichten zu den Aktionspunkten 8-10, Gewährleistung der Übereinstimmung zwischen Verrechnungspreisergebnissen und Wertschöpfung, und zu Aktionspunkt 13, Verrechnungspreisdokumentation und länderbezogene Berichterstattung, vereinbart wurden. Sie umfasst zudem die 2013 angenommenen überarbeiteten Leitlinien zu Safe-Harbour-Regelungen, die anerkennen, dass gut konzipierte Safe-Harbour-Regelungen Befolgungsaufwand verringern helfen und den Steuerpflichtigen mehr Sicherheit bieten können. Des Weiteren wurden im übrigen Text dieser Ausgabe der OECD-Verrechnungspreisleitlinien Änderungen zur Verbesserung der Gesamtkohärenz vorgenommen. Die OECD-Verrechnungspreisleitlinien wurden 1995 in ihrer ursprünglichen Fassung vom Rat der OECD angenommen.
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  • 148
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264301016
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (164 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Improving markets for recycled plastics
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Kunststoff ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Umweltpolitik ; Welt ; Environment ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Welt ; Kunststoff ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Recycling ; Umweltpolitik ; Welt ; Kunststoff ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Recycling ; Umweltpolitik
    Abstract: Plastics have become one of the most prolific materials on the planet: in 2015 we produced about 380 million tonnes of plastics globally, up from 2 million tonnes in the 1950s. Yet today only 15% of this plastic waste is collected and recycled into secondary plastics globally each year. This report looks at why this is the case and what we can do about it, as the pervasiveness of plastics is becoming an urgent public health and planetary problem. Not only is the diffusion of waste plastics into the wider environment creating hugely negative impacts, but plastics production emits approximately 400 million tonnes of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions annually as a result of the energy used in their production, transport, and final waste treatment. Improved plastics collection and recycling represents a promising solution to these concerns.
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  • 149
    ISBN: 9789264291638
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (476 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Manual de Frascati 2015 : Guía para la recopilación y presentación de información sobre la investigación y el desarrollo experimental
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Frascati vadovas 2015: Mokslinių tyrimų ir eksperimentinės plėtros duomenų rinkimo bei teikimo rekomendacijos
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Podręcznik Frascati 2015: Zalecenia dotyczące pozyskiwania i prezentowania danych z zakresu działalności badawczej i rozwojowej, Pomiar działalności naukowo-technicznej i innowacyjnej
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Manuel de Frascati 2015 : Lignes directrices pour le recueil et la communication des données sur la recherche et le développement expérimental
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Als international anerkanntes Standardwerk zur Methodik der Erhebung und Verwendung von FuE-Statistiken ist das Frascati-Handbuch der OECD ein wesentliches Instrument für Statistiker und wissenschafts- und innovationspolitische Entscheidungsträger weltweit. Es umfasst Definitionen der grundlegenden Konzepte, Leitlinien für die Datenerhebung und Klassifikationen für die Erfassung von FuE-Statistiken. Diese aktualisierte Ausgabe des Handbuchs enthält überarbeitete Leitlinien, die den jüngsten Veränderungen bei der Durchführung und Finanzierung von FuE sowie der verstärkten Nutzung von FuE-Statistiken und -Definitionen Rechnung tragen. Darüber hinaus bietet die vorliegende Ausgabe neue Kapitel zu den praktischen Aspekten der Erhebung von FuE-Daten in verschiedenen Sektoren ebenso wie neue Leitlinien für die Erfassung verschiedener Aspekte der staatlichen FuE-Förderung, wie z.B. Steueranreize.
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  • 150
    ISBN: 9789264292147
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (136 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Digital Government Review of Colombia: Towards a Citizen-Driven Public Sector
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Colombia
    Abstract: El presente e estudio analiza la transición del gobierno electrónico al gobierno digital en Colombia. Se estudia el marco de gobernanza del gobierno digital, el uso de las plataformas digitales y de los datos abiertos para lograr el compromiso y la colaboración con los ciudadanos, las condiciones necesarias para un sector público impulsado por los datos, y la coherencia de las políticas en un contexto de diferencias territoriales significativas. Asimismo, se proporcionan recomendaciones de política concretas sobre el modo en que las tecnologías digitales y los datos pueden ser utilizados a fin de generar políticas y servicios impulsados por el ciudadano.
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  • 151
    ISBN: 9789264311084 , 9789264311091 , 9789264307155
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (148 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Promoting the Digital Transformation of African Portuguese-Speaking Countries and Timor-Leste
    Keywords: Governance ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Timor-Leste
    Abstract: As administrações públicas dos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa e Timor-Leste (PALOP-TL) fizeram progressos significativos na mobilização de tecnologias digitais para a promoção da eficiência interna, simplificação de procedimentos e melhoria da prestação de serviços públicos. No entanto, o total aproveitamento dessas tecnologias para estimular o crescimento, a produtividade e emprego, assim como para assegurar a prestação de serviços públicos, requer uma transição profunda de abordagens centradas na promoção da eficiência para abordagens assentes na iniciativa dos cidadãos. O presente estudo comparado da transformação digital dos sectores públicos em Angola, Cabo Verde, Guiné-Bissau, Moçambique, São Tomé e Príncipe e Timor-Leste analisa os progressos no desenvolvimento do governo digital e propõe a adoção de estratégias que possibilitem políticas e abordagens de governo digital mais eficazes, colaborativas e sustentáveis na região PALOP-TL. As recomendações formuladas abordam três domínios centrais: soluções digitais para o exercício de funções essenciais de governo, bases para um governo digital e serviços digitais para cidadãos e empresas.
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  • 152
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Title: 经合组织 - 粮农组织 农业展望 2018-2027
    ISBN: 9789264310971
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (211 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OCDE-FAO Perspectivas Agrícolas 2018-2027
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2018-2027
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Perspectives agricoles de l'OCDE et de la FAO 2018-2027
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Prospettive agricole OCSE-FAO 2018-2027
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade
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  • 153
    ISBN: 9789264280816 , 9789264280793 , 9789264303737
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (492 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The Next Production Revolution: Implications for Governments and Business
    Keywords: Employment ; Environment ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Cette publication examine les possibilités et les défis que présentent pour les entreprises et les pouvoirs publics les technologies qui préparent l’avènement de la « prochaine révolution de la production », à savoir diverses technologies numériques (p. ex., l’internet des objets et la robotique avancée), les biotechnologies industrielles, l’impression 3D, les nouveaux matériaux et les nanotechnologies. Certaines de ces technologies sont déjà présentes dans les processus de production, d’autres seront accessibles sous peu. Mais toutes se développent rapidement. À mesure qu’elles transformeront les activités de production et de distribution des biens et services, elles auront une influence considérable sur la productivité, les compétences, la distribution des revenus, le bien-être et l’environnement. Mieux les pouvoirs publics et les entreprises sauront appréhender cette transformation prochaine de la production, mieux ils seront à même d’en maîtriser les risques et d’en concrétiser les avantages.
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  • 154
    ISBN: 9789264293083
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (207 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tax challenges arising from digitalisation - interim report 2018
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Steuerpolitik ; Steuerwirkung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Internationale Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Welt ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation ; Science and Technology ; OECD ; G-20-Staaten ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuerpolitik ; Digitalisierung
    Abstract: This interim report of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS is a follow-up to the work delivered in 2015 under Action 1 of the BEPS Project on addressing the tax challenges of the digital economy. It sets out the Inclusive Framework’s agreed direction of work on digitalisation and the international tax rules through to 2020. It describes how digitalisation is also affecting other areas of the tax system, providing tax authorities with new tools that are translating into improvements in taxpayer services, improving the efficiency of tax collection and detecting tax evasion.
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  • 155
    ISBN: 9789264301627
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Series Statement: Projet OCDE/G20 sur l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Keywords: Taxation ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Endiguer l’érosion de la base d’imposition et le transfert de bénéfices (BEPS) est une priorité absolue pour les pouvoirs publics des pays du monde entier. En 2013, les pays de l’OCDE et du G20 ont adopté un Plan d’action en 15 points, à l’élaboration duquel ils ont œuvré de concert et sur un pied d’égalité, pour lutter contre l’érosion de la base d’imposition et le transfert de bénéfices. Le projet BEPS réalisé sous l’égide de l’OCDE et du G20, vise à assurer aux États des recettes budgétaires face à une fiscalité en phase avec l’évolution des activités économiques et la création de valeur, mais aussi à créer, dans le domaine de la fiscalité internationale, un ensemble unique de règles faisant l’objet d’un consensus pour combattre l’érosion de la base d’imposition et le transfert de bénéfices, et partant, à protéger l’assiette imposable tout en offrant aux contribuables une prévisibilité et une certitude accrues. En 2016, l’OCDE et le G20 ont créé le Cadre inclusif sur le BEPS pour permettre aux pays et aux juridictions intéressés d’œuvrer avec les pays membres de l’OCDE et du G20 au développement de normes concernant les questions relatives au BEPS tout en veillant à la mise en œuvre du paquet BEPS de manière cohérente. Plus de 100 pays et juridictions ont rejoint le Cadre inclusif. Ce rapport intérimaire réalisé sous l’égide du Cadre inclusif sur le BEPS de l’OCDE et du G20 s’inscrit dans la continuité des travaux ayant abouti au Rapport de 2015 sur l’Action 1 du projet BEPS consacré aux défis fiscaux posés par l’économie numérique. Il présente un état des lieux concernant l’orientation convenue des travaux du Cadre inclusif sur la numérisation de l’économie et les règles fiscales internationales d’ici 2020. Le rapport décrit également les répercussions de la transformation numérique sur d’autres aspects du système fiscal, en mettant à disposition des autorités fiscales de nouveaux outils, ce qui se matérialise par une amélioration des services proposés aux contribuables, de l’efficacité du prélèvement de l’impôt, et de la détection de l’évasion fiscale.
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  • 156
    ISBN: 9789264307131 , 9789264311107 , 9789264311114
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (136 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Government Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Promovendo a Transformação Digital dos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa e Timor-Leste (PALOP-TL)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Promoting the digital transformation of African Portuguese-speaking countries and Timor-Leste
    Keywords: E-Government ; Digitalisierung ; Lusofones Afrika ; Timor Leste ; Governance ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Timor-Leste ; Afrika ; Portugiesisches Sprachgebiet ; Timor ; E-Government ; Digitalisierung
    Abstract: The public sectors of African Portuguese-speaking countries and Timor-Leste (PALOP-TL) have made significant progress in mobilising digital technologies to promote internal efficiency, simplify government procedures and improve the delivery of public services. Nevertheless, fully harnessing these technologies to improve growth, opportunities for income and employment, and public service delivery requires a more profound shift from efficiency-driven to citizen-driven approaches. This cross-country review of the digital transformation of the public sectors in Angola, Cabo Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe and Timor-Leste reviews progress towards digital government and suggests strategies for enabling more effective, collaborative and sustainable digital government policies and approaches in PALOP-TL countries. These recommendations address three main areas: digital solutions for the delivery of core government functions, foundations for a digital government transformation, and digital services for citizens and businesses.
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  • 157
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264307742 , 9789264307759 , 9789264305366
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (100 Seiten)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The economic effects of public stockholding policies for rice in Asia
    Keywords: Ernährungssicherung ; Reis ; Reispolitik ; Agrarproduktion ; Asien ; Agriculture and Food ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Economics ; Trade ; Asien ; Agrarproduktion ; Lebensmittelversorgung ; Reis
    Abstract: This report examines how public stockholding policies related to rice in Asia can influence domestic and international markets. Following a review of the working of rice public stockholding programmes in eight Asian countries (Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, the Philippines and Thailand), the report examines the impacts of these programmes over the medium term (2018-2030) and analyses how these impacts would change should the selected countries collectively set their public stocks to either a low or high level. Results show that the strongest impacts would occur during the three-year transition period when countries adjust their public stocks to the new levels, but that there would also be structural impacts over the medium term, although at a lower intensity, on procurement, domestic and international prices, availability, private stock levels, and public expenditure. In the event of a global production shock, the model projects that the immediate impact on prices and availability would be less severe under the high public stock scenario, but that recovery would be faster and public expenditure lower when countries hold smaller public stocks.
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  • 158
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264277571 , 9789264300323 , 9789264300316
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trade facilitation and the global economy
    Keywords: Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Globalisierung ; Welt ; Entwicklungsländer ; Schwellenländer ; Development ; Trade
    Abstract: In a globalised world, where goods cross borders many times as intermediate and as final products, trade facilitation is essential to lowering overall trade costs and increasing economic welfare, in particular for developing and emerging economies. Facilitation efforts undertaken by various countries around the world also show that the benefits of such measures clearly compensate the costs and challenges posed by their implementation.
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  • 159
    ISBN: 9789264307650 , 9789264307667 , 9789264304413
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Scientific advice during crises
    Keywords: Beratung ; Wissenschaftler ; Krisenmanagement ; Welt ; Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report looks at how scientific advice can best support crisis management during transnational crises, such as those provoked by natural hazards or pandemics. Scientific advice has an important role to play in all phases of the crisis management cycle - preparedness, response and recovery. It can be particularly valuable during the sense-making period when a crisis occurs and develops. However, this value is dependent on the quality and timeliness of the advice and most importantly its relevance to the decisions that crisis managers and policy-makers have to make during a crisis. Generating rigorous scientific advice requires access to relevant data, information and expertise, across scientific disciplines and across borders. Ensuring this advice is useful requires effective connections between scientific advisory processes and crisis management mechanisms, including at the international level.
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  • 160
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264305762 , 9789264307797 , 9789264307780
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (152 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Review of International Regulatory Co-operation of Mexico
    Keywords: Governance ; Trade ; Mexico
    Abstract: La cooperación regulatoria internacional (CRI) representa una valiosa oportunidad para que los países, y en especial los órganos reguladores a nivel nacional, contemplen los efectos de sus acciones más allá de las fronteras nacionales, enriquezcan la base documental para la toma de decisiones, aprendan de la experiencia de sus pares y elaboren estrategias conjuntas para afrontar retos transfronterizos. En este informe se presenta la primera evaluación realizada por la OCDE sobre las prácticas de cooperación regulatoria internacional de un país. En muchos aspectos relacionados a las políticas, prácticas e instituciones nacionales de México resulta palpable su activa labor para aprovechar los frutos de la globalización. Por un lado, México ha hecho esfuerzos unilaterales para incluir consideraciones de carácter internacional en su regulación nacional, tanto a través de sus disciplinas de mejora regulatoria, como con la obligación legal de tomar en cuenta los estándares internacionales en el desarrollo de regulaciones técnicas. Por otro lado, el gobierno mexicano y los distintos reguladores también cooperan ampliamente en temas regulatorios de manera bilateral, regional y multilateral. A partir de un análisis de las políticas y prácticas existentes en materia de CRI y de su debida comparación con otros países de la OCDE, este informe identifica tres grandes áreas de mejora: la creación de una visión integral y estratégica de cooperación regulatoria internacional, la mejora de la base de información sobre las herramientas de CRI disponibles y sus beneficios, y el fortalecimiento de la puesta en marcha eficaz de las iniciativas de CRI.
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  • 161
    ISBN: 9789264298729
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (132 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Government Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Revue du gouvernement numérique du Maroc : Jeter les bases de la transformation numérique du secteur public au Maroc
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Digital government review of Morocco
    Keywords: E-Government ; Öffentlicher Sektor ; Internet ; Marokko ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Morocco
    Abstract: Morocco aims to become a major industrial hub in Africa. To do so, it is taking steps to transform its administration and ensure the sustainable growth of its emerging digital economy and society. This review analyses the efforts under way to integrate digital technologies in the public sector, and provides policy advice to support the Kingdom of Morocco in implementing a strategic digital government policy.
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  • 162
    ISBN: 9789264304161 , 9789264306653 , 9789264306646
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: SME Policy Index
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا المتوسطية 2018: التقييم المرحلي للإصلاحات المتعلقة بالمشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Politiques en faveur des PME : Moyen-Orient méditerranéen et Afrique du Nord 2018 : Évaluation intermédiaire des principales réformes en faveur des PME
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The Mediterranean Middle East and North Africa 2018
    Keywords: 2018 ; KMU ; Mittelstandspolitik ; MENA-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Development ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; MENA-Region ; Mittelstandspolitik ; Reform
    Abstract: This report provides an in-depth analysis of major reforms undertaken between 2014 and 2018 to promote micro, small and medium-sized enterprise development in Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority and Tunisia. The report focuses on five strategic areas for SME policy making: SME definitions, statistics and institutions; improving business environments for SMEs and entrepreneurs; fostering access to finance; nurturing start-ups and SME growth; and the development of entrepreneurial human capital. The report aims to showcase good practices and to point to areas where more efforts are needed. It provides valuable guidance for governments, private sector organisations, multilateral bodies and other stakeholders to intensify their efforts to support SMEs as essential vehicles for jobs and competitiveness. This is particularly relevant in a region striving to boost economic diversification, employment creation and the inclusion of youth and women in the economy. The report is the result of a process of close collaboration among governments, the OECD, the European Training Foundation and the European Commission.
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  • 163
    ISBN: 9789264310438
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (212 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Projekt Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Tax Challenges Arising from Digitalisation – Interim Report 2018: Inclusive Framework on BEPS
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les défis fiscaux soulevés par la numérisation de l'économie – rapport intérimaire 2018 : Cadre inclusif sur le BEPS
    Keywords: Taxation ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Die Bekämpfung von Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting – BEPS) ist Staaten weltweit ein zentrales Anliegen. 2013 verabschiedeten die OECD- und G20-Staaten in gleichberechtigter Zusammenarbeit einen 15-Punkte-Aktionsplan gegen Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung. Zusätzlich zur Sicherung der Steuereinnahmen durch eine an Wirtschaftstätigkeit und Wertschöpfung ausgerichtete Besteuerung besteht das Ziel des BEPS-Projekts von OECD und G20 darin, einheitliche und konsensbasierte internationale Steuervorschriften zur Bekämpfung von Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung zu schaffen, um das Steuersubstrat zu schützen und den Steuerpflichtigen zugleich mehr Rechts- und Planungssicherheit zu bieten. 2016 richteten OECD und G20 das Inclusive Framework on BEPS ein, um interessierten Staaten und Gebieten die Möglichkeit zu bieten, zusammen mit den OECD- und G20-Mitgliedern Standards für BEPS-Fragen zu erarbeiten und die Umsetzung des BEPS-Pakets insgesamt zu prüfen und zu begleiten. Über 110 Staaten und Gebiete sind dem Inclusive Framework beigetreten. Dieser Zwischenbericht des Inclusive Framework on BEPS von OECD und G20 ist Teil der Folgearbeiten zu den 2015 vorgelegten Arbeiten an Aktionspunkt 1 des BEPS-Projekts zu den Herausforderungen der Besteuerung der digitalen Wirtschaft. Er erläutert die im Rahmen des Inclusive Framework vereinbarte Ausrichtung der Arbeiten, die bis 2020 zu den Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf die internationalen Steuerregeln durchgeführt werden sollen. Außerdem beschreibt er, wie sich die Digitalisierung auf andere Bereiche des Steuersystems auswirkt und den Steuerbehörden neue Möglichkeiten eröffnet, die Serviceleistungen für die Steuerpflichtigen zu verbessern, die Steuererhebung effizienter zu gestalten und Steuerhinterziehung aufzudecken.
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  • 164
    ISBN: 9789264307636 , 9789264311343 , 9789264311336
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (144 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Government Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Digital government review of Brazil
    Keywords: E-Government ; Digitalisierung ; Brasilien ; Governance ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Brazil ; Brasilien ; E-Government ; Digitalisierung
    Abstract: Like most OECD countries, Brazil has been taking steps towards digital government to ensure that public policies and services are more inclusive, convenient and designed to meet citizens’ needs. This report takes stock of the progress made by the Brazilian government, based on good practices and principles in OECD countries, and provides recommendations to help Brazil drive its digital transformation of the public sector.
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  • 165
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264292345
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 Online-Ressource)
    Parallel Title: Available in another form
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Meeting policy challenges for a sustainable bioeconomy
    Keywords: Bioenergie ; Biotechnologie ; Biotechnologie-Industrie ; Gentechnisch erzeugtes Produkt ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Energy ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This publication investigates key aspects surrounding the sustainability of bioeconomy development: the use of biomass as feedstock for future production; the design and building of biorefineries for the manufacture of a range of fuels, chemicals and materials, and also for electricity generation; and the use of biotechnologies such as synthetic biology, metabolic engineering and gene editing. Today more than 50 countries have a dedicated bioeconomy strategy or related policies. While the bioeconomy is consistent with sustainability policy (examples are the circular economy, the UN Sustainable Development Goals, green growth, re-industrialisation, rural regeneration, climate change mitigation), synergies must be ensured to avoid over-exploitation of natural resources and conflicting global needs.
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  • 166
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264303911 , 9789264304826 , 9789264304819
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (184 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Australian services trade in the global economy
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Australien ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Trade ; Australia
    Abstract: This book presents an in depth analysis of the contribution of services to the Australian economy, the regulatory environment of the services sector and its performance in an international context. The analysis highlights the importance of co-ordinated domestic policy action, priorities for promoting behind-the-border regulatory reforms in strategic international markets, and the benefits of an ambitious bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral trade policy agenda that contributes to rules-based certainty and predictability in services trade globally.
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  • 167
    ISBN: 9789264307612 , 9789264308305 , 9789264308299
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (192 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا المتوسطية 2018: التقييم المرحلي للإصلاحات المتعلقة بالمشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The Mediterranean Middle East and North Africa 2018: Interim Assessment of Key SME Reforms
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Development ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Ce rapport présente une analyse approfondie des principales réformes entreprises entre 2014 et 2018 pour promouvoir le développement des très petites, petites et moyennes entreprises dans huit économies du Sud du Bassin méditerranéen (Algérie, Égypte, Israël, Jordanie, Liban, Maroc, Autorité Palestinienne et Tunisie). Le rapport se concentre sur cinq domaines stratégiques pour l’élaboration des politiques en faveur des PME : les définitions des PME, les statistiques et les institutions, mais aussi comment améliorer l'environnement des affaires pour les PME et les entrepreneurs, favoriser l'accès au financement et soutenir les start-ups et la croissance des PME, sans oublier bien sûr le développement du capital humain entrepreneurial. Le rapport vise à présenter des bonnes pratiques et à indiquer les domaines dans lesquels des efforts supplémentaires sont nécessaires. Il fournit des conseils précieux aux gouvernements, aux organisations du secteur privé, aux organismes multilatéraux et aux autres parties prenantes. Il s’agit de redoubler d’efforts afin de soutenir les PME, qui sont autant de vecteurs essentiels de l’emploi et de la compétitivité. Cela est particulièrement pertinent dans une région qui s'efforce de stimuler la diversification économique, la création d'emplois et l'inclusion des jeunes et des femmes dans l'économie. Ce rapport est le fruit d’une collaboration étroite entre les gouvernements, l'OCDE, la Fondation européenne pour la formation et la Commission européenne.
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  • 168
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264292932
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L'articulation entre productivité et inclusivité
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The productivity-inclusiveness nexus
    Keywords: Produktivität ; Einkommensverteilung ; Verteilungsgerechtigkeit ; Soziale Integration ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Economic development ; Production (Economic theory) ; OECD countries ; Produktivität
    Abstract: Historically low productivity gains and record high inequality are major challenges for policy makers around the world. Both concerns have been exacerbated by the global financial crisis but took roots well before and reflect fundamental challenges with the way our economies function. This report proposes a new comprehensive approach to promote better productivity performance and reduce inequalities. It not only gathers the most recent empirical evidence on the main factors behind slowing productivity gains and rising or persisting inequalities but also suggests possible common foundations and linkages between these two trends. It stresses the risk of a vicious cycle setting in, where individuals with fewer skills and poorer access to opportunities are confined to unproductive and often precarious jobs. This reduces aggregate productivity and widens inequality. The report focuses on how to expand the productive assets of an economy by investing in the skills of its people and providing an environment where all firms have a fair chance to succeed, including in lagging regions. It draws preliminary conclusions on the type of policy packages that are needed and on their implications for policy making. It also sets an agenda for future research to deepen empirical evidence and make concrete country-specific policy recommendations.
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  • 169
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264309470
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (216 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Austria
    Abstract: Over the past two decades, Austria has become one of the most R&D intensive economies among OECD countries and in the world, dedicating 3.1% of its GDP on R&D in 2016, the second highest figure in the European Union. To fully harness this R&D capacity, Austrian innovation policy needs to put a stronger emphasis on efficiency in transforming R&D inputs into impacts. To achieve higher impacts, Austria also needs to steer its research and innovation system towards leadership excellence in global markets. This requires enhanced international attractiveness for top-level researchers and talent, and a conducive environment for highly innovative enterprises. Austria could also benefit from strengthening R&D and innovation to support key transitions, such as digitalisation and Industry 4.0, and to tackle key societal challenges. The STI policy mix and governance arrangements should be adapted accordingly.
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  • 170
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264085299 , 9789264307162 , 9789264307179
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (192 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Innovation, agricultural productivity and sustainability in China
    Keywords: Innovation ; Agrartechnik ; Umwelttechnik ; Agrarproduktion ; Produktivität ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; China ; Agriculture and Food ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: The expansion of agricultural production in China has been remarkable, but at the expense of the sustainable use of its natural resources. To counter this, as well as to face problems due to rising labour costs and a rapidly ageing rural population, agricultural production must concentrate on a smaller number of more productive farms. It is in this light that this report reviews recent policy developments to assess whether they have been conducive to productivity growth and environmental sustainability. It finds that the conditions for structural change and innovation at the farm level in China could be further improved by securing the long-term stability of land rights as well as reducing transaction costs. Greater policy coherence with agri-environmental policy objectives could also be achieved through stricter enforcement of environmental regulations. Finally, the agricultural innovation system could play a greater role by placing the focus on public agricultural R&D in areas such as the environment and resource conservation, and in other areas which do not attract much private sector investment.
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  • 171
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264307599 , 9789264311398 , 9789264311404
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (224 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Stemming the superbug tide
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Antibiotika ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Gesundheitsökonomik ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Amtliche Publikation ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Antibiotikum
    Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a large and growing problem with the potential for enormous health and economic consequences, globally. As such, AMR has become a central issue at the top of the public health agenda of OECD countries and beyond. In this report, OECD used advanced techniques, including machine learning, ensemble modelling and a microsimulation model, to provide support for policy action in the human health sector. AMR rates are high and are projected to grow further, particularly for second- and third-line antibiotics, and if no effective action is taken this is forecasted to produce a significant health and economic burden in OECD and EU28 countries. This burden can be addressed by implementing effective public health initiatives. This report reviews policies currently in place in high-income countries and identifies a set of ‘best buys’ to tackle AMR that, if scaled up at the national level, would provide an affordable and cost-effective instrument in the fight against AMR.
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  • 172
    ISBN: 9789264303379 , 9789264303362 , 9789264302334
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (296 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Agricultural policies in India
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Indien ; Agriculture and Food ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Trade ; India
    Abstract: This report assesses the performance of agricultural and food policy in India and calculates a set of policy indicators providing a comprehensive picture of agricultural support. These indicators, developed by the OECD, are already used regularly in the analysis of the agriculture and food sector in 51 OECD countries and emerging economies and are now available for India for the first time. Government intervention in India is found to provide both negative and positive support to agriculture, with market and trade interventions often depressing prices, while subsidies to fertilisers, water, power and other inputs incentivise their use. This reveals the inherent difficulty in attempting to secure remunerative prices and higher incomes for farmers, while at the same time keeping food prices low for consumers. The report also points to policy-induced pressures on natural resources such as water and soil. Detailed recommendations are offered which, if implemented, have the potential to improve farmers' welfare, reduce environmental damage, alleviate some of the pressure on scarce resources, better prepare the sector for climate change, improve food and nutrition security for the poor, improve domestic market functioning and position India to participate more fully in agro-food global value chains.
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  • 173
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264085268
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (188 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Innovation, agricultural productivity and sustainability in Sweden
    Keywords: Landwirtschaft ; Produktivität ; Agrarproduktion ; Agrartechnik ; Innovation ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Schweden ; Agriculture and Food ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Sweden
    Abstract: Agricultural innovation in Sweden has sought to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of the agri-food sector by ensuring a high level of environmental and animal welfare standards, while raising the productivity and financial viability of farms. The policies enacted to date have contributed to a high level of consumer confidence in the quality and methods of food production, but challenges remain. These include adapting new technologies that will further strengthen the high environmental, animal welfare and food standards within a more balanced regional and open trading system. In view of the high production costs in Sweden, there is a need to continue with structural adjustments and better targeted investments in the agri-food sector, as well as to improve the level of interactions between research institutions and farmers to ensure that innovative techniques are adopted by all participants.
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  • 174
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264302259
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (196 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD reviews of digital transformation
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Schweden ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Sweden
    Abstract: OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation: Going Digital in Sweden analyses recent developments of the digital economy in the country, reviews policies related to digitalisation and makes recommendations to increase policy coherence in this area. The report examines recent developments in infrastructures for the digital economy, telecom markets and related regulations and policies in Sweden. It reviews trends in the use of digital technologies by individuals, businesses and the government, and examines policies to foster diffusion. Digital security policies are discussed with a view to assess its strengths and limitations. The report also examines opportunities and challenges raised by digitalisation in key areas and analyses policy responses to these changes. The areas covered range from global value chains and innovation to jobs, skills and work in the digital economy. The report reconsiders these policies in relation to their coherence among different domains and in order to foster synergies across government ministries, levels and institutions, based on the policy framework of the OECD-wide "Going Digital: Making the Transformation Work for Growth and Well-being" project.
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  • 175
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264297005 , 9789264282490 , 9789264282483
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (376 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe 2017 OECD 디지털경젗 젂망
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2017
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Perspectivas de la OCDE sobre la Economía Digital 2017
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: La publication biennale des Perspectives de l’économie numérique de l’OCDE examine et décrypte les évolutions et les opportunités et défis qui se font jour dans l’économie numérique. Elle met en lumière la manière dont les pays membres et les économies partenaires de l’OCDE tirent parti des technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC) et de l’internet pour atteindre leurs objectifs d’action publique. Données comparatives à l’appui, elle signale les pratiques réglementaires et les lignes d’action dont les décideurs peuvent s’inspirer pour optimiser le potentiel de l’économie numérique au service de l’innovation et de la croissance inclusive.
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  • 176
    ISBN: 9789264299917
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (148 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Digital Government Review of Morocco: Laying the Foundations for the Digital Transformation of the Public Sector in Morocco
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Morocco
    Abstract: Le Maroc vis à devenir un important centre industriel au niveau de l’Afrique. Pour ce faire, le pays prend des mesures pour transformer son administration et assurer la croissance durable de son économie et société numériques émergentes. Cette revue analyse les efforts en cours pour intégrer les technologies numériques dans le secteur public, et fournit des conseils politiques pour soutenir le Royaume du Maroc dans la mise en œuvre d'une politique gouvernementale stratégique numérique.
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  • 177
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264297968 , 9789264286061 , 9789264292017
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD companion to the inventory of support measures for fossil fuels 2018
    Keywords: Fossile Energie ; Subvention ; Wirtschaftsförderung ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: This report is concerned with policies that directly support the production or consumption of fossil fuels in OECD countries and in a selection of partner economies. It provides a useful complement to the online OECD database that identifies and estimates direct budgetary transfers and tax expenditures benefitting fossil fuels, and from which it derives summary results and indicators on support to fossil fuels, as well as policy recommendations. This report emphasises the problems that fossil-fuel subsidies cause in the context of broader policy efforts to mitigate greenhouse-gas emissions, and reviews the various reform initiatives that have already been taken at the international level (G-20, APEC, etc.). In addition, it presents methods for combining the IEA and OECD support estimates and for measuring the support element of government credit assistance.
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  • 178
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264293021
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The Productivity-Inclusiveness Nexus
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Ce rapport sur L’articulation entre productivité et inclusivité rassemble les toutes dernières évidences empiriques sur les principaux facteurs du ralentissement des gains de productivité et des fortes inégalités ; il suggère de possibles liens et fondements communs à ces deux tendances ; il dégage de premières conclusions sur les ensembles de mesures à mettre en œuvre et sur les implications qui en découlent pour l’élaboration des politiques ; en outre il propose des domaines précis qui pourraient faire l’objet de recherches plus approfondies. Le principal message de ce rapport est un appel aux responsables de l’action publique afin qu’ils adoptent une approche plus globale et plus inclusive de la croissance de la productivité visant à développer tous les actifs productifs d’une économie en développant les compétences, en mettant en place un environnement où toutes les entreprises peuvent prospérer et en investissant dans les régions à la traîne. L’objectif premier de cette approche est d’élargir la base productive de l’économie de façon à générer à terme des gains de productivité solides et durables auxquels chacun soit en mesure de contribuer tout en s’assurant par ailleurs que chacun, dans la société, puisse en bénéficier et voir s’améliorer son niveau de vie et ses perspectives. Pour ce faire, il faudra établir un cadre d’action complet qui tienne compte de l’ensemble des interactions entre inégalités et productivité, et du jeu de ces interactions au sein des pays, et entre les régions, les entreprises et les individus. Un tel cadre peut aider les responsables de l’action publique à mettre en place des mesures ex ante et ex post visant à promouvoir les synergies, et à gérer les situations dans lesquelles les politiques à l’appui de la productivité ont un impact sur les inégalités.
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  • 179
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264288072 , 9789264288065
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (116 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Services Trade Policies and the Global Economy
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Trade
    Abstract: Ce livre synthétise les travaux récents de l'OCDE analysant les politiques commerciales et quantifiant leurs impacts sur les importations et les exportations, la performance des secteurs manufacturiers et des services, et comment les restrictions au commerce des services influencent les décisions et les résultats des entreprises internationales. Basé sur l'indice de restrictivité des échanges de services (IRES) de l'OCDE - un outil sans équivalent fondé sur des preuves qui fournit des instantanés de la réglementation des services dans 22 secteurs dans 44 pays (représentant plus de 80% du commerce mondial des services) – l’analyse souligne l'ampleur, la nature et l'impact des coûts engendrés par les politiques commerciales restrictives sur les services. Les nouvelles preuves découvertes visent à informer les décideurs des politiques commerciales et le secteur privé sur les effets probables de réformes réglementaires unilatérales ou concertées et à aider à prioriser l'action politique.
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  • 180
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264305748 , 9789264306400 , 9789264306417
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (136 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Estudio de cooperación regulatoria internacional de México
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Review of international regulatory co-operation of Mexico
    Keywords: Regulierung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Mexiko ; Governance ; Trade ; Mexico
    Abstract: International regulatory co-operation (IRC) represents an important opportunity for countries, and in particular domestic regulators, to consider the impacts of their regulations beyond their borders, expand the evidence for decision-making, learn from the experience of their peers, and develop concerted approaches to challenges that transcend borders. This report provides the first OECD assessment of a country’s IRC framework and practices. Mexico’s active efforts to embrace globalisation are reflected in many aspects of its domestic policies, practices and institutions. On one hand, it has undertaken unilateral efforts to embed international considerations in its domestic rule-making through regulatory improvement disciplines and with the consideration of international standards in the drafting of technical regulations. On the other hand, the Mexican government and individual regulators also engage extensively in co-operative efforts on regulatory matters, at the bilateral, regional and multilateral level. Based on the overview of Mexico’s practices and comparison with other OECD countries, the review recommends three areas for improvement: designing a horizontal government-wide strategy for IRC, enhancing information about the tools and benefits of IRC, and offering the necessary tools to support systematic implementation of IRC.
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  • 181
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264293137 , 9789264300637 , 9789264300644
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (188 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Productivity and jobs in a globalised world
    Keywords: Regionalpolitik ; Produktivität ; Regionaler Arbeitsmarkt ; Globalisierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Trade
    Abstract: This report looks at how regional policies can support productivity growth and jobs. While there has been a remarkable decline in inequality in OECD countries, inequality among regions within certain countries has increased over the same time period. Regions that narrowed productivity gaps tended to benefit from economically vibrant tradable sectors and integration with well-functioning cities. This report considers in detail the role of the tradable sector as a driver of productivity growth and its relationship with employment. It addresses the possible risks of a growing tradable sector and how diversification is central to strengthening regional economic resilience. It considers how regions integrate global value chains and highlights the role of regional and policy links in fostering productivity growth and job creation. It asks what policies can help better anticipate or cushion shocks from trade in specific regions and, more generally, what strategies and framework conditions are conducive for regional productivity and employment growth.
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  • 182
    Language: Italian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The evaluation of the Italian “Start-up Act”
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Italy
    Abstract: Il presente rapporto fornisce una valutazione indipendente e approfondita dell’impatto economico e sociale del quadro d’intervento italiano per le imprese startup innovative, noto anche come “Startup Act”, introdotto inizialmente dal Decreto-legge 179 del 2012. La policy mira a creare un ambiente più favorevole alle piccole startup innovative attraverso una serie di strumenti complementari, tra cui figurano una modalità di costituzione rapida e gratuita, una procedura di fallimento semplificata, incentivi fiscali per gli investimenti in equity e un sistema pubblico di garanzia per l’accesso al credito bancario. Sebbene il rapporto si concentri unicamente sull’Italia, lo “Startup Act” può essere considerato come un “laboratorio” di grande utilità per l’elaborazione di policy a sostegno dell’imprenditorialità innovativa in tutti i Paesi membri dell’OCSE. La valutazione sottolinea che l’impatto dello “Startup Act” sulle imprese beneficiarie è stato complessivamente positivo, ma che sono necessarie azioni complementari in altre aree di policy per realizzare appieno il potenziale delle startup innovative italiane.
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  • 183
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2017, 07
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Datenbank ; Patent ; Crunchbase ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This note describes a procedure to match companies and individuals listed in Crunchbase, a new database on innovative start-ups and companies, with patent applicants and inventors reported in PATSTAT, the worldwide intellectual property database maintained by the European Patent Office. Given that neither administrative nor other unique identifiers are available in either of the two databases, the matching is based on a “fuzzy” procedure that exploits the available overlapping information across the two databases. A general overview of the resulting database completes the note.
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  • 184
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 09 (September 2017)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Structural Reforms ; Product Markets ; Total Factor Productivity ; Growth ; Exit Rates ; ResourceAllocation ; Resilience ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper assesses the impact of product market deregulation in upstream sectors on the productivity growth of firms in downstream sectors (i.e. those firms using the output of the reformed sectors as inputs in their production process). Relying on a firm level database for the period 2004-2014 covering all Portuguese firms, we show that reforms bring productivity gains already in the short-run and that are sustained in the long-run. The effects are more positive for those further away from the technological frontier and are also heterogeneous across sectors. In addition, reforms potentiate the exit of the least productive firms, improving the resource allocation in the economy by a process of selection – for the least productive, only those that have scope to catch-up with the frontier are able to remain. Finally, we show that the adoption of product market reforms in upstream sectors leads to a more resilient economy, better equipped to face adverse shocks.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 185
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 109 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 207
    Keywords: Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Kfz-Industrie ; Transportgewerbe ; Wertschöpfung ; Strukturwandel ; Systemtransformation ; Entwicklungsländer ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Integration into Global value chains (GVCs) provides opportunities for economic growth and development. However, the nature and extent of these opportunities differ across countries and sectors, and participation in GVCs can support processes of economic transformation in a variety of ways depending on the type of GVC. This paper explores some of the linkages between GVC participation and economic transformation at the sectoral level, with a view to assisting countries in assessing the various policy options for maximising their comparative advantages and their benefits from GVC participation. Three aspects of the relationship between GVC participation – defined as the use of foreign intermediates and integration into international production networks – and economic transformation are explored: i) sectoral differences in upgrading dynamics; ii) the role of services; and iii) resilience to external shocks. A range of qualitative and empirical approaches are used to explore and test the robustness of the relationship for three sectors presenting different characteristics in terms of their trade dynamics and links with economic transformation: mining and quarrying; motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers; and transport and storage services.
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  • 186
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 76 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 263 (November 2017)
    Keywords: Share Economy ; Digitale Plattform ; Vertrauen ; Marktforschung ; Science and Technology ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Trust is a key component in peer platform markets (PPMs). In 2016, the OECD’s Committee on Consumer Policy (CCP) produced a report on Protecting consumers in peer platform markets: Exploring the issues. The 2016 report examined a number of the mechanisms that peer platforms have themselves developed to help engender trust in and use of their services (e.g. initiatives such as ratings and reviews) and raised a set of questions for further research and reflection. In order to understand better the role and drivers of consumer trust in PPMs, the CCP conducted an online survey of 10 000 consumers across ten OECD member countries. This report discusses the findings of that survey.
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  • 187
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2017, 06
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Forschung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper looks at the Frascati Manual (FM) framework for Research and Development (R&D) statistics and the System of National Accounts (SNA) framework of comprehensive economic accounts - giving an overview of their shared history and analysing similarities and differences in their approaches to measuring R&D following a fundamental change of the treatment of R&D in the 2008 SNA. The working paper also highlights the various actions taken in the 2015 revision of the FM which respond to National Accounts data needs and thereby aims to provide a common platform for collaboration and dialogue between FM and SNA practitioners. Finally, the FM and SNA R&D statistics are presented and their conceptual, data, and coverage underpinnings compared, helping to elucidate issues that need to be communicated to users so that they can better understand and interpret these related but different R&D statistics.
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  • 188
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 198
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Auftrag ; Regulierung ; Öffentliche Güter ; Handelsabkommen ; Außenhandel ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper develops a taxonomy of government procurement (GP) measures to provide a basis for further analysis. It aims to undertake a more comprehensive, albeit not exhaustive, collection of GP barriers across countries, and to develop a classification system of GP measures to facilitate further data collection and analysis. The output is a taxonomy of different GP measures, policies and procedures which can impact cross-border public procurement.
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  • 189
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 200
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Gravitationsmodell ; Handelshemmnisse ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Estimates for ad valorem tariff equivalents of services trade restrictions for cross-border trade in six services sectors are presented in this paper. These equivalents are found to be very big in several service sectors with estimates ranging as high as 2000% when trade flows are relatively inelastic, as opposed to between 20% and 300% in most other sectors. The results indicate that trade costs may even increase less than proportionally as the degree of services trade restrictiveness rises. In addition, the paper shows that services trade liberalisation has the largest effect on trade flows in smaller markets. The estimates presented in this Paper are based on a gravity framework using data on both bilateral trade flows and on the value of domestic production. Production values are used to construct measures for the domestic consumption of domestic services in each country, which enables country-specific trade restrictions to be identified, while controlling for multilateral resistance using fixed effects.
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  • 190
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 204
    Keywords: Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Exportbeschränkung ; Exportsteuer ; Wertschöpfung ; Komparativer Vorteil ; Strukturbruch ; Außenhandel ; Mangan ; Gabun ; Blei ; Südafrika ; Kupfer ; Sambia ; Chrom ; Simbabwe ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Governments may decide to control the export of unprocessed raw materials hoping that this will promote local downstream industries. There is scant empirical examination of the actual outcomes of such policies put in place. This paper describes use of export control measures by four minerals-rich African countries and looks for effects on activities downstream from the extractive sector that may be attributed to these measures. The measures studied are export taxes, non-automatic export licensing requirements and outright export bans. The industries are manganese in Gabon, lead in South Africa, copper in Zambia and chromite in Zimbabwe. For the empirical analysis the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index is calculated tracking over 20 years the relative global performance of the local mining and processing industries, for the specific minerals studied. The effect of the restrictive measures is investigated by way of identifying structural breaks in the level of the RCA index, for both the raw mineral and related processed products. The results suggest that use of export restrictions as a tool for stimulating local mineral processing does not pay off. There was no improvement in the revealed comparative advantage of processed products presumed to benefit from export controls on the raw material. Moreover, the measures may have undermined the overall performance of the industries in some of the cases studied because the relative export performance of the mined minerals deteriorated.
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  • 191
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade and environment working papers 2017, 03
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report investigates the implications of regionalism for the interaction between trade and climate policy. It examines the implications of regional climate governance for international trade and conversely the implications of regional trade governance for climate change action. Regional approaches to climate change governance are discussed with a specific focus on the rise of “climate clubs” and their implications for international trade. Moreover, regional trade agreements and their current environmental provisions related to climate change are also examined. Building on these analyses, this report explores the various ways in which regional trade agreements could address climate change objectives, and draws lessons from recent developments in regional trade governance for the further evolution of such agreements.
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  • 192
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Nano bodies
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 193
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 194
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Re-booting government as a bridge to the digital age
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 195
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics ; Trade
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  • 196
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 205
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Online-Handel ; Digitalisierung ; Digitale Plattform ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the definition, measurement, and policy implications of digital trade, proposing a tentative typology of digital trade that can be used to unpack transactions and analyse the issues. Digitalisation is changing what and how we trade: from digital delivery to greater physical trade enabled by digital connectivity. Online platforms mean more small packages crossing borders, while new technologies are changing how services are produced and delivered. Underpinning digital trade is the movement of data: data is a means of production, an asset that can itself be traded, and the means through which some services are traded and GVCs are organised. While there is no single definition of digital trade, there is a growing consensus that it encompasses digitally enabled transactions in trade in goods and services which can be either digitally or physically delivered involving consumers, firms and governments. Unpacking trade transactions along these lines using a tentative typology can help in understanding and identifying issues. For example, measuring digital trade poses challenges ranging from identifying transactions that are digitally enabled to the sectoral classification of services in a transaction, and efforts are underway to better reflect digital trade in trade statistics. For trade policy, the increased bundling of goods and services raises issues about which trade rules (GATT or GATS) apply; trade facilitation is ever more critical for just-in-time delivery and GVCs; and the role of data flows in enabling digital trade may require further attention, along with how to ensure that the gains from digital trade are inclusive, within and across countries.
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  • 197
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade ; Korea, Republic of
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  • 198
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 199
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 208
    Keywords: 2000 - 2014 ; Dienstleistungssektor ; Wertschöpfung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Komparativer Vorteil ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Within global value chains (GVCs), services and manufacturing activities are intertwined. This report further investigates the role played by services in GVCs by looking at patterns of specialisation in 23 services industries over the period 2000-2014. Relying on the concept of revealed comparative advantage, it highlights that all countries have a comparative advantage in specific services industries, either in services within manufacturing value chains or in services exported as final products to consumers. A value-added approach is important to analyse the specialisation in services. In addition, there are tangible productivity gains out of this specialisation, as well as gains in terms of employment. Finally, empirical results suggest that services trade restrictiveness negatively affects bilateral flows of service value-added within GVCs. Both domestic reforms and the reduction of barriers in partner countries can benefit services sectors and the activities that rely on services inputs.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 200
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 79 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 210
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Wirtschaftsdaten ; Ausländische Tochtergesellschaft ; Regulierung ; Wettbewerb ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Belgien ; Finnland ; Deutschland ; Italien ; Japan ; Schweden ; Großbritannien ; USA ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents evidence on how services trade restrictions influence the decisions and performance of firms engaged in international markets, drawing on micro-data from Belgium, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It first describes the patterns of services exports and affiliate sales at the firm level, uncovering a number of stylised facts about the firms engaged in international trade in services, their choices of modes of supply and the links between services trade and manufacturing activities. The report then relates these outcomes to services trade policy barriers in destination markets as measured by the OECD STRI. It demonstrates that complex and restrictive regulatory environments limit the volume of services that firms are able to trade as well as the number of firms that engage with those markets. Hence services trade restrictions reflect not only ad valorem trade costs, but also fixed and sunk costs. Such barriers do not affect all firms equally. Restrictive services trade regulations disproportionately discourage SMEs. Size, productivity and previous exporting experience appear to be decisive factors in dealing with at-the-border and behind-the-border trade barriers. Finally, the cost of regulatory compliance is lower for foreign-owned firms with headquarters located in the export destination country and for firms that trade bundles of services and manufacturing products, than it is for pure services exporters.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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