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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (972)
  • 2015-2019  (972)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (972)
  • Paris
  • Education  (587)
  • Science and Technology  (293)
  • Trade
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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 227
    Keywords: Multinationales Unternehmen ; Auslandsinvestition ; Außenhandel ; Wertschöpfung ; Unternehmenskooperation ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Global value chains (GVCs) have sharpened the interdependencies between trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). Using a novel micro-level dataset covering about 27 000 corporate relationships of 147 multinational enterprises (MNEs) in 13 sectors, new evidence is provided on how firms organise their production globally by combining trade with investment, and on a range of non-equity, contract-based partnerships. The analysis leads to five stylised facts. First, MNE activities are a combination of trade, FDI and strategic partnerships. All firms rely on a mix of these different types of corporate relationships. Second, the configuration of trade, investment and strategic partnerships varies across sectors, firms and markets. The results highlight considerable firm-level heterogeneity within the same industry and across the different modes of entry. Third, investment performs various functions in GVCs. In addition to traditional forms of FDI such as “market-seeking” or “input-seeking”, investment “in capabilities” or “conglomerate” FDI also account for a relevant share of equity-based relationships. Fourth, support business functions emerge as key building blocks in GVCs, which suggests that policy reforms in transversal services sectors that support all GVCs should merit special attention. Fifth, GVCs display a clear geographical organisation. While domestic corporate relationships may lead to higher volumes of activities, in terms of the number of relationships MNEs have more partners abroad. Moreover, the large majority of GVC interactions take place within OECD countries. Overall, the complex and heterogeneous interlinkages observed in modern firm strategies highlight the importance of ensuring a level playing field for both trade and investment.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 220
    Keywords: Electronic Commerce ; Elektronischer Datenaustausch ; Grenze ; Datensicherheit ; Datenschutz ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The ubiquitous exchange of data across borders has given rise to a range of concerns by governments and citizens about some of the effects of so much information being collected and used, often without the knowledge of data subjects. This has led countries to condition or prohibit the transfer of data abroad, affecting trade in the process. This paper develops an indicative taxonomy of domestic approaches to cross-border data flow regulation and local storage requirements; it then surveys international instruments that address the question of international data transfers. The paper then examines the issues that data flow restrictions might raise for consumers and businesses. Against this backdrop, the paper highlights the challenge of finding balance between ensuring that important objectives, such as consumer privacy and security, are met while maintaining the benefits from free flows of data, including the benefits from increased and more inclusive digital trade.
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    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Going digital: Back to the future
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Science and AI: Don’t forget the human factor…
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Quels sont les Principes de l’OCDE sur l’IA ?
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Biais artificiels
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les travailleurs des plateformes en ligne sont-ils vraiment leur propre patron ?
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Finland leads the climate charge in the Arctic Council
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Trade ; Finland
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Education ; Economics ; Finland
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Experimental Finland
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Education ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Finland
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Three reasons why Finland can stay on top
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Education ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Finland
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  • 12
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Digital planet: How smart technologies can help us solve our climate and infrastructure challenges
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Le plastique n’est plus fantastique
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Finland
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe What are the OECD Principles on AI?
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 111 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 234
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report builds on the OECD’s longstanding work measuring government support in agriculture, fossil fuels, fisheries, and more recently in the aluminium value chain in order to estimate producer support and related market distortions in the semiconductor value chain. Results for 21 large firms operating across the semiconductor value chain indicate that total government support has exceeded USD 50 billion over the period 2014-18. Government support provided in the form of below-market debt and equity appears to be particularly large in the context of the semiconductor industry and concentrated in one jurisdiction. Other types of support identified include support for R&D and investment incentives, which benefitted all firms studied in this report. The report also discusses the implications that these findings have for trade rules, and in particular for subsidy disciplines in a context of growing government involvement in semiconductor production and poor transparency of support measures.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Trois atouts qui doivent permettre à la Finlande de garder une longueur d’avance
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Education ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Finland
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Are platform workers really their own boss?
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La transformation numérique, ou la métamorphose d’une chenille en papillon
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The secret to Finnish education: Trust
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Education ; Economics ; Finland
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Where are all the women in tech?
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La Finlande mène l’offensive contre le changement climatique au Conseil de l’Arctique
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Trade ; Finland
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Science et intelligence artificielle : n’oublions pas le facteur humain…
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Technologie : où sont les femmes ?
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La transformation numérique : Retour vers le futur
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 85 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 126
    Keywords: Agraraußenhandel ; Handelspräferenzen ; Nichttarifäre Handelshemmnisse ; WTO-Recht ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Preferential trading agreements are becoming a more common feature of the global agro food trading environment, a trend that has increased since the early 2000s. While they increasingly cover the majority of trade worldwide, there remains a question as to the extent to which their treatment of agriculture has changed over time, and whether the liberalising elements contained in these agreements are increasingly addressing distortions in world agro-food markets. This paper presents findings on the evolution of the treatment of agriculture within preferential trade agreements. Changes in various aspects of liberalisation achieved through these agreements have been explored, such as provisions related to market access, export competition and domestic support. The report finds that agriculture appears to be increasingly treated in a similar manner to other goods trade, with expansion in the scope of agreements extending to agriculture. Agreements are delivering reduced tariffs among members across the majority of agricultural commodities – however, heterogeneity of rules of origin between agreements is likely to be undermining these benefits. Reflecting multilateral rules, provisions related to Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures and Technical Barriers to Trade have become a standard feature of agreements. Overall, preferential trade agreements are strongly influenced by the multilateral framework.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 240 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 230
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a broad overview of some of the issues that digital trade raises for ASEAN countries and its MSMEs, including new opportunities that digitalisation presents for ASEAN firms to increase trade. However, it shows that adoption of relatively simple digital tools, such as webpages, remains relatively low, constraining the ability of ASEAN SMEs to engage in trade as exporters and importers. The paper argues that, to benefit from digital trade, policy makers need to consider issues related to accessing digital networks jointly with a range of old and new trade issues.
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 19 (October 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Productivity growth has declined in most advanced economies in the past two decades and there are signs that the pace of global value chain (GVC) integration has slowed in the post-crisis period. This paper explores the role of GVCs - international trade in intermediate inputs - for multi-factor productivity growth using a range of cross-country industry-level data sources. We find that greater participation in GVCs is associated with faster domestic productivity growth at the industry level. We estimate that if GVCs had continued to grow at their pre-crisis trend, productivity growth would have been around 1 percentage point faster over the subsequent five years in both manufacturing and services. We also find that the productivity-enhancing direction of trade differs between sectors. For manufacturing sectors, greater use of intermediate inputs from foreign sources (backward participation) is linked with faster productivity growth, reflecting the beneficial effects of having access to better quality or cheaper inputs. For services sectors, it is more the sales of intermediates (forward participation) that is associated with productivity gains, in line with the traditional role of services in foreign trade as providing inputs to other activities. Looking by partner country, GVC participation with higher productivity countries is particularly productivity enhancing. We also find that GVC integration spurs greater domestic innovation activity.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 121 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 218
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Wertschöpfung ; Metallmarkt ; Subvention ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report builds on the OECD’s longstanding work measuring government support in agriculture, fossil fuels, and fisheries in order to estimate support and related market distortions in the aluminium value chain. Results show that non-market forces, and government support in particular, appear to explain some of the recent increases in aluminium-smelting capacity. While government support is commonly found throughout the aluminium value chain, it is especially heavy in the People’s Republic of China and countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Looking across the whole value chain also shows subsidies upstream to confer significant support to downstream activities, such as the production of semi-fabricated products of aluminium. Overall, market distortions appear to be a genuine concern in the aluminium industry, and one that has implications for global competition and the design of trade rules disciplining government support.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Education ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Finland
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Observer Roundtable on Finland
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Education ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Finland
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Going digital and creating that butterfly
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Artificial Bias
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Planète numérique : les technologies intelligentes peuvent nous aider à faire face aux problèmes climatiques et d’infrastructures
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Science and Technology
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 223
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Handelshemmnisse ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents new data on regulatory barriers affecting services trade within the European Economic Area (EEA), covering 25 EEA countries, 22 sectors and five years (2014-2018). Following the methodology of the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI), qualitative information is scored and weighted to produce binary composite indices. The resulting intra-EEA STRIs reveal that services trade restrictiveness within the Single Market is considerably lower than the applied MFN regime of those EEA members. Moreover, they show that EEA members have achieved significant regulatory harmonisation through their integration process.
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 219
    Keywords: Internationaler Markteintritt ; Digitalisierung ; Elektronischer Datenaustausch ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The digital transformation has had a profound impact on international trade, lowering barriers to internationalisation and contributing to growing trade competitiveness, but at the same time making international trade transactions more complex. Distinctions between goods and services and between modes of delivery have become blurred, and trade today must not only to be faster and more reliable, but also meet a range of regulatory requirements that differ across markets, including those related to privacy, consumer protection and security. Against this backdrop, this paper suggests that new and more holistic approaches to market openness are needed for the 21st century. These should take into consideration issues that span goods, services and digital networks more jointly and involve more international dialogue between a range of stakeholders and policy communities. The paper then discusses how principles of good regulatory practice in relation to market openness – in particular, transparency, non-discrimination, interoperability and avoidance of unnecessary trade restrictiveness – can provide guidance when approaching some of these emerging challenges, with a view to helping inform policy makers as they consider rules for the digital age.
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 225
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Arbeitskräftepotenzial ; Arbeitsmarktintegration ; Befristete Beschäftigung ; Teilzeitarbeit ; Atypische Beschäftigung ; Trade ; European Union ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents new cross-country evidence on labour market transitions in sectors exposed to growing volumes of international trade, and the job characteristics of workers employed in these sectors. It shows that export growth is significantly associated with lower job loss risk. In commercial services sectors, exports offer over-proportional employment opportunities to those currently outside the workforce. Men and women are not always impacted identically. For example, involuntary part time employment amongst women falls with growing export volumes, while there is no such effect for men. These results show that the distributional effects of international trade are not limited to wage effects or net changes in employment numbers and highlight the need for a comprehensive assessment of trade implications for individual workers.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 18 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 232
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Digital transformation has enabled easier tradability of traditional services across borders and the emergence of new services that create value from data. But the benefits derived from digitalisation risk being derailed by existing and emerging trade barriers. The OECD Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (Digital STRI) is a new tool that identifies, catalogues, and quantifies cross-cutting barriers between 2014 and 2018 that affect trade in digitally-enabled services across all G20 countries. This index is comprised of a regulatory database of existing trade barriers based on publicly available laws and regulations, as well as composite indices that measure the trade restrictiveness of these policies. The Digital STRI shows that the regulatory environment is complex and diverse across G20 countries, and that there is scope to reduce trade barriers, particularly with respect to communications infrastructure and burdensome measures that affect cross-border data transfers. The Digital STRI can also map regulatory heterogeneity across the G20, and help monitor regulatory convergence, e.g. from regulatory cooperation in trade agreements.
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  • 41
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 73
    Series Statement: Decarbonising transport
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Postsektor ; Kurierdienst ; Motorrad ; Elektrofahrzeug ; Südkorea ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Korea, Republic of ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report evaluates the costs and benefits of replacing postal delivery motorcycles with electric vehicles in eight Korean cities. It compares operating costs, safety performance, and environmental impacts based on data collected from a field trial with both vehicle types. In addition to the economic analysis, qualitative aspects are also discussed based on the findings of a focus group study. The results from the pilot programme provide an evidence base for policy initiatives in the delivery sector in Korea and beyond.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The last (plastic) straw?
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Finland
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Education ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Finland
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 229
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in generating economic activity and employment in developing and developed countries. However, partly due to remaining at-the-border trade costs, SMEs continue to be less represented in international trade – as direct exporters or importers – than larger firms. Drawing on cross-country data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES), together with the OECD Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC), this paper looks at the relationship between the trade facilitation environment – as measured through the OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators (TFIs) – and various measures of international engagement of SMEs. While there are differentiated impacts across firm size for different trade facilitation areas, the analysis shows that firms of all sizes across both developed and developing economies benefit from improvements in the overall trade facilitation environment, helping them export and import. However, on aggregate, smaller firms benefit more from improvements in the overall trade facilitation environment relative to large firms. The analysis also suggests that some trade facilitation measures matter more in addressing fixed versus variable costs for SMEs and provides some guidance as to what trade facilitation policy reforms might be prioritised.
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 226
    Keywords: Outsourcing ; Auslandsverlagerung ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Strukturwandel ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: About 40% of employment in manufacturing is in services functions. This paper develops a measure of narrow outsourcing, matching services functions performed by workers inside manufacturing firms to the same services functions provided by outside suppliers. The measure allows us to analyse the competition that, say, workers at the IT services desk in manufacturing firms face from outside IT suppliers. Narrow outsourcing is entered into labour demand functions where labour is broken down on business functions using OECD data combined with the 2016 releases of the World Input Output Database (WIOD). On average, a one percentage point increase in narrow local outsourcing of services reduces manufacturing employment in the same services function by between 1.5% (R&D) and 3% (transport). The impact of offshoring on manufacturing labour demand is small on average, but depends strongly on the complexity of the value chain, the policy environment and technology. Manufacturing employment is more services intensive the longer the value chain. In-house IT functions complement and support offshored IT functions, while offshored R&D functions tend to replace in-house R&D. Tentatively, technology as measured by IT maturity and the length of the value chain is more important for employment in services functions in manufacturing than is offshoring.
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 224
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Internationale Handelspolitik ; Handelsabkommen ; Gravitationsmodell ; Nichttarifäre Handelshemmnisse ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Cutting trade costs, especially those stemming from non-tariff measures, is a growing priority for policy makers. One way to achieve this is for countries to improve their co-operation on regulatory matters. An avenue open to governments is to include provisions related to international regulatory co-operation (IRC) into preferential trade agreements (PTAs). However, there exists little empirical evidence of the benefits of these co-operative mechanisms. This paper provides this evidence, in the context of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) provisions. It measures the effect of IRC mechanisms on trade flows using the latest developments in the gravity literature and the most recent data sources. The work distinguishes between different forms of co-operation implemented between countries within PTAs while also accounting for the level of commitment between partners. The estimation results suggest that PTAs including SPS and TBT measures have a significant and positive effect on trade flows, with the legal enforceability of IRC mechanisms having the strongest and most robust impact on trade flows. This result holds even when WTO-related provisions and dispute settlement procedures are controlled for, implying that binding commitments are important in maximizing post-PTA trade flows. The work shows that transparency and co-operation are significant and robust factors in increasing trade. It also reinforces the view that the impact takes some time to materialise, which is important when evaluating the effectiveness of deep IRC mechanisms.
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 228
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Corruption at the border distorts resource allocation, undermines the level playing field for businesses, hampers the attractiveness of affected markets, and may result in significant revenue losses for developing countries. Trade facilitation policies could potentially reduce the incentives and the opportunities for corruption. This paper explores potential determinants of border-related corruption and trade facilitation policies most likely to address it. Countries with higher integrity at the border are found to also have more efficient border processes. Measures that appear to particularly support integrity at the border include transparency and predictability, streamlining of formalities – through simplification of documents, more automation of processes at different levels of complexity, or improved procedures along the border transaction chain – and coordinated border management.
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 120 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 231
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Although global value chain (GVCs) participation in Southeast Asia has been growing, little is known about whether the benefits from participation are accruing to larger firms or if small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), which make up the majority of companies and employ the bulk of the domestic workforce, are also able to take advantage of the new opportunities on offer. This paper uses detailed firm level data from Southeast Asian countries to split the OECD Trade in Value Added database and map how SMEs have been participating in GVCs. It then identifies the benefits associated with this participation and looks into the policy levers that can help make GVC participation in the region more inclusive. It suggest that policy makers focus on: i) reducing trade costs that hit SMEs hardest; including tariffs, trade agreements and trade facilitation; ii) creating an enabling environment to promote domestic linkages so that SMEs can create partnerships with larger firms and multinationals to export indirectly; and iii) reducing non-tariff measures that are especially onerous for SMEs through wider ASEAN regulatory harmonisation and adopting more flexible rules of origin.
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 18 (January 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents new evidence on industry concentration trends in Europe and in North America. It uses two novel data sources: representative firm-level concentration measures from the OECD MultiProd project, and business-group-level concentration measures using matched Orbis-Worldscope-Zephyr data. Based on the MultiProd data, it finds that between 2001 and 2012 the average industry across 10 European economies saw a 2-3-percentage-point increase in the share of the 10% largest companies in industry sales. Using the Orbis-Worldscope-Zephyr data, it documents a clear increase in industry concentration in Europe as well as in North America between 2000 and 2014 of the order of 4-8 percentage points for the average industry. Over the period, about 3 out of 4 (2-digit) industries in each region saw their concentration increase. The increase is observed for both manufacturing and non-financial services and is not driven by digital-intensive sectors.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 233
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The debate about whether or not to extend the WTO Moratorium on imposing customs duties on electronic transmissions has, to date, narrowly focused on its potential customs revenue implications. This paper sets out to broaden and deepen this debate. First, by putting current estimates of the customs revenue implications into perspective, showing that potential losses tend to be low relative to overall government revenue. Second, by deepening the debate on the cost of tariffs, arguing that these are unstable sources of revenue, that they are associated with lower output and productivity and that their burden falls mainly on domestic consumers, not foreign firms. Third, by broadening the debate to consider the benefits associated with electronic transmissions, including growing consumer welfare and export competitiveness. The paper argues that, overall, the revenue implications of the Moratorium are likely to be relatively small and that its lapse would come at the expense of wider gains in the economy.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 221
    Keywords: Dienstleistungssektor ; Digitalisierung ; Online-Handel ; Digitale Dienste ; Handelshemmnisse ; OECD-Staaten ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The rapid acceleration of digital transformation has had profound implications for services trade but the benefits of digitalisation risk being derailed by existing and emerging trade barriers. The OECD Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (Digital STRI) is a new tool that identifies, catalogues, and quantifies cross-cutting barriers that affect services traded digitally. It consists of two components, the regulatory database and indices, which bring together comparable information from 44 countries. The Digital STRI shows a diverse and complex global regulatory environment affecting trade in digitally enabled services. Moreover, over the past years, the indices show an increasingly tightening regulatory environment highlighting that further international cooperation and dialogue is needed to maximise the benefits of digitalisation.
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 17 (January 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Unconventional monetary policy ; productivity ; capital reallocation ; bond markets ; United States ; United States ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: We examine the relationship between lax monetary policy, access to high-yield bond markets and productivity in the US between 2008 and 2016. Using monetary policy surprises, obtained from changes in interest rates futures in narrow windows around FOMC announcements, we isolate the increased access to high-yield bond markets relative to investment-grade bond markets that is due to unconventional monetary policy (UMP). We find that through the risk-taking channel, UMP has increased investors’ appetite for high-yield US corporate bonds, thereby increasing access to high-yield bond markets for firms with a higher risk profile. Since the relationship between credit ratings and firm-level productivity is U-shaped, the aggregate effect on productivity is a priori unclear. Turning to the real economy, we thus analyse whether this additional access to finance had an effect on aggregate productivity by altering the reallocation of resources across firms. Our results show that unconventional monetary policy induced less investment in tangible capital by high-productive firms. However, before drawing conclusions on the net effects of UMP on aggregate productivity, we discuss a number of issues that this paper could not deal with due to data limitations, including prominently whether this apparent misallocation may have been offset by a shift in the composition of investments towards more intangible investment.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 222
    Keywords: Technologietransfer ; Außenhandel ; Auslandsinvestition ; Wettbewerb ; Immaterielle Werte ; Innovation ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Concerns are growing about policies and measures that restrict market access with the effect of “forcing” technology transfer. Efforts to target forced technology transfer are complicated by the sometimes blurred line between voluntary and mutually agreed upon technology transfers and that which is perceived to be, or is in fact, compelled. This study presents a discussion of the continuum of measures related to international technology transfer (ITT) and aims to identify those measures that pose the greatest concern over their potential to compel disclosure of commercially valuable and sensitive technology. It then briefly presents information on provisions in international trade and investment agreements that are relevant to ITT. The last section presents the perspective from the private sector in order to better understand how firms engage in technology transfers through research collaboration, licensing, joint ventures, and equity investments. The analysis in this report indicates that involuntary technology transfer is a complex issue, and it aims to provide a way for policy makers to think through the issues, to apply a systematic and analytical approach to assessing which policies are of the greatest concern.
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.209
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper describes and evaluates a multistage adaptive testing (MSAT) design that was implemented for the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 main survey for the major domain of Reading. Through a simulation study, recovery of item-response theory model parameters and measurement precision were examined. The PISA 2018 MSAT design resulted in a parameter recovery as good as the operational benchmark, and measurement precision was improved by 4 to 5% with gains up to 10% at the extreme performance levels.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Teaching in Focus no.28
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Comment les enseignants maintiennent-ils leurs compétences pédagogiques à jour face à monde en rapide mutation?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Continuous professional development (CPD) is crucial for teacher’s professionalism, and affects teaching practices in the classroom. In addition, teachers’ self-efficacy and job satisfaction are higher when professional development has a positive impact on their work. Lifting barriers to participation in professional development by providing incentives and support structures, such as allocated time, as well as offering relevant professional development opportunities that meet teachers’ needs, are crucial for making CPD accessible and purposeful for teachers. Education systems could also build on effective forms of professional development, such as active learning and collaborative approaches, to improve the overall quality of professional development offered to the teaching workforce. These efforts can help teachers become lifelong learners and grow in their profession.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264311053
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 189 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rethinking innovation for a sustainable ocean economy
    Keywords: Meeresnutzung ; Meeresschutz ; Umwelttechnik ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Welt ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Meeresnutzung ; Umwelttechnik ; Technischer Fortschritt
    Abstract: This new OECD report on the ocean economy emphasises the growing importance of science and technologies in improving the sustainable economic development of our seas and ocean. Marine ecosystems sit at the heart of many of the world’s global challenges: food, medicines, new sources of clean energy, climate regulation, job creation and inclusive growth. But we need to safeguard and improve the health of marine ecosystems to support our ever-growing use of marine resources. Innovation in science and technology will play a key role in reconciling these two objectives. This report identifies three priority areas for action based on a number of in-depth case studies: 1) approaches that produce win-win outcomes for ocean business and the ocean environment across a range of marine and maritime applications; 2) the creation of ocean-economy innovation networks; and 3) new pioneering initiatives to improve measurement of the ocean economy.
    Note: Literaturangaben , Acrobat Reader.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264617452 , 9789264312302 , 9789264930384
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (128 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Getting Skills Right
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Community education and training in South Africa
    Keywords: Erwachsenenbildung ; Südafrika ; Education ; Employment ; South Africa
    Abstract: Adult learning systems play a crucial role in helping people adapt to the changing world of work and develop relevant skills. Community Education and Training has been brought forward as a possible way to foster adult learning in South Africa, especially among disadvantaged groups. South Africa has a relatively large group of adults who have low levels of education and skills, and limited opportunities for skills development. This report looks at the potential role that Community Education and Training could play in South Africa, how the system should be financed, how to align the training offer with community needs, and how to ensure high-quality provision. The report provides international good practise examples and suggests actions that South African stakeholders might consider to develop the Community Education and Training system.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264591134 , 9789264410503 , 9789264988521
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Good governance for critical infrastructure resilience
    Keywords: Infrastrukturpolitik ; Good Governance ; Risikomanagement ; Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Critical infrastructures are the backbone of modern, interconnected economies. The disruption of key systems and essential services - such as telecommunications, energy or water supply, transportation or finance - can cause substantial economic damage. This report looks at how to boost critical infrastructure resilience in a dynamic risk landscape, and discusses policy options and governance models to promote up-front resilience investments. Based on an international survey, the report analyses the progressive shift of critical infrastructure policies from asset protection to system resilience. The findings are reflected in a proposed Policy Toolkit for the Governance of Critical Infrastructure Resilience, which can guide governments in taking a more coherent, preventive approach to protecting and sustaining essential services.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264449756 , 9789264312524 , 9789264727359
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (212 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Inovācijas, lauksaimniecības produktivitāte un ilgtspējība Latvijā
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Innovation, agricultural productivity and sustainability in Latvia
    Keywords: Agrartechnik ; Innovation ; Agrarproduktion ; Produktivität ; Nachhaltigkeit ; !09137510X!f ; Agriculture and Food ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Latvia
    Abstract: Latvia, a member of the European Union since 2004, is a small, dynamic and open economy that has successfully transitioned from central planning to a market economy. The reforms undertaken have driven progress, although from generally low levels and at a slower pace in agriculture than for the economy as a whole. This report examines the conditions under which farms and businesses in the food and agriculture sector in Latvia undertake innovation to become more productive and environmentally sustainable. It identifies opportunities as well as challenges that need to be addressed. These include economy wide skills shortage, emigration and population decline and urban concentration of population and services. At the sectoral level, these include the use of agricultural payments to support a large number of non-commercial farms and the high level of unpaid farm labour. To meet these challenges, agricultural innovation can be harnessed to improve the sector’s productivity, as well as the sustainability and efficiency of the food system. This report provides a series of recommendations that should allow agricultural policies to contribute to a well-functioning innovation system that can meet the challenges that lie ahead.
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789264723016 , 9789264406964 , 9789264634312
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (260 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Educational Research and Innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kuhl, Patricia, 1946 - Developing minds in the digital age
    DDC: 016.403
    Keywords: Bildung ; Digitalisierung ; Learning, Psychology of ; Learning Social aspects ; Educational technology ; Educational Technology ; Education ; Science and Technology ; Psychologie de l'apprentissage ; Apprentissage - Aspect social ; Technologie éducative ; Educational technology ; Learning, Psychology of ; Learning - Social aspects ; Computerunterstütztes Lernen
    Abstract: This book highlights new scientific research about how people learn, including interdisciplinary perspectives from neuroscience, the social, cognitive and behavioural sciences, education, computer and information sciences, artificial intelligence/machine learning, and engineering. These new developments offer fascinating new perspectives, based on technological advances, which enable a re-examination of longstanding problems in learning, raise new questions, and offer new approaches to the study of learning. This report seeks to catalyse discussions on the implications of these research findings for education practice and policy, and in turn, on how knowledge and experience from real-world education practice and policy could challenge and inform research agendas and theory building.
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264573048
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Implementing Education Policies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Improving school quality in Norway
    Keywords: Schulpolitik ; Qualität ; Norwegen ; Education ; Norway ; Norwegen ; Schulpolitik ; Qualität
    Abstract: Norway is committed to a high quality and equitable education system, as demonstrated by its high level of public expenditure on education and the dynamic policy activity targeting education quality. Despite progress made in enhancing average student performance in recent years, there still are significant differences between schools in municipalities and between municipalities and regions. In response, Norway has started to implement the new competence development model that sets out to develop teacher professionalism with in-service professional development. With this new policy, the Government of Norway aims to provide municipalities and schools with greater freedom of action and empower them to carry out systematic school improvements at the local level. This decentralised approach would respond to local context and the diversity of needs between Norwegian schools. This report aims to support Norway in this effort, analysing the features of the new model, the engagement of the different stakeholders and the policy context for its introduction. Building on the OECD implementation framework, the report proposes concrete actions to adapt the implementation strategy for impact. The report will be valuable not only for Norway, but also to the many countries that are looking to promote school-based professional development and bridge the gap between policy design and effective implementation.
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789264802803 , 9789264596498 , 9789264409392
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (104 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Beyond proficiency
    Keywords: Bildungsforschung ; Qualifikation ; Erwachsene ; Statistische Methode ; Education
    Abstract: Computer-based administration of large-scale assessments makes it possible to collect a rich set of information on test takers, through analysis of the log files recording interactions between the computer interface and the server. This report examines timing and engagement indicators from the Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), both of which indicate large differences across countries and socio-demographic groups, in the amount of time spent by respondents and their levels of disengagement, which reduce the probability of giving a correct answer and consequently reduces measured performance. Such insights can help policy makers, researchers and educators to better understand respondents’ cognitive strategies and the underlying causes of low and high performance. This, in turn, can help improve the design of assessments and lead to more effective training and learning programmes.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264816244 , 9789264679412 , 9789264874848
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (138 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Supporting entrepreneurship and innovation in higher education in Austria
    Keywords: Gründungsausbildung ; Innovation ; Hochschule ; Technologiepolitik ; Hochschulmanagement ; Österreich ; Education ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Austria
    Abstract: The Austrian higher education system has consistently recognised the need to become more entrepreneurial and innovative with a view to supporting the economic, social and cultural development of the country and its regions. Over the past decades, the government has been implementing a broad reform agenda to provide strategic funding, diversify higher education institutions (HEIs) and promote an allocation of students that improves the quality of services and empowers them vis à vis the future of work and society. This review illustrates policy actions promoting the development of entrepreneurial and innovative activities in the Higher Education System and individual HEIs. In addition, based on information gathered during study visits, the review discusses strategies and practices adopted by Austrian HEIs to innovate, engage, and generate value for their own ecosystems and networks. The review is part of a series of national reports implementing the HEinnovate framework. HEinnovate is a holistic framework that the OECD and the European Commission have developed to promote the “entrepreneurial and innovation agenda” in higher education.
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789264923751 , 9789264715165 , 9789264444676
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (233 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: TALIS
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe TALIS 2018 Results (Volume I): Teachers and School Leaders as Lifelong Learners
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Les enseignants consacrent-ils davantage de temps à l’enseignement et à l’apprentissage dans un cours type par rapport aux années précédentes? Se sentent-ils préparés à enseigner lorsqu’ils débutent dans le métier? À quel type de programmes de développement professionel continu participent-ils et quel en est l’impact sur leur pratique? Ce rapport examine tout d’abord comment les enseignants appliquent leurs connaissances et leurs compétences dans la classe sous forme de pratiques pédagogiques, et s’accompagne d’une analyse de la composition démographique de ces classes et du climat de l’établissement en vue de fournir un contexte sur les environnements d’apprentissage. Le volume étudie ensuite la manière dont les enseignants acquièrent leurs connaissances et leurs compétences au cours de leurs études et formation, ainsi que les moyens qu’ils prennent pour les développer par le biais du développement professionnel continu au cours de leur carrière. Ce rapport, qui s’appuie sur les voix des enseignants et des chefs d’établissement, offre une série d’orientations stratégiques visant à renforcer les connaissances et les compétences du corps enseignant à l’appui de sa professionnalisation. L’Enquête internationale sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage de l’OCDE (TALIS) est la seule enquête de cette envergure qui interroge les enseignants et les chefs d’établissement sur leurs conditions de travail et leurs environnements d’apprentissage, et agit comme un baromètre de la profession tous les cinq ans. Les résultats du cycle 2018 explorent et examinent les diverses dimensions du professionnalisme de l’enseignant et du chef d’établissement dans les systèmes éducatifs.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264182813 , 9789264995727 , 9789264485259
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (137 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Caminos de Desarrollo
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Multi-dimensional Review of Paraguay: Volume 3. From Analysis to Action
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Paraguay
    Abstract: Paraguay se ha fijado ambiciosos objetivos de desarrollo para 2030. Para lograrlos, tendrá que enfrentar dos grandes desafíos: reforzar las fuentes sostenibles de prosperidad económica y situar al país en una senda de desarrollo más inclusiva. Avanzar hacia una sociedad más inclusiva requerirá una agenda de reformas amplia y vigorosa. Primero, el sistema de salud del país requiere una reforma sistémica para ampliar su cobertura, reducir la vulnerabilidad de los paraguayos ante los riesgos en salud y aumentar la eficiencia en la provisión de servicios de salud. En segundo lugar, el sistema de protección social debe superar su fragmentación y ser más eficaz en la prestación de los servicios adecuados y las herramientas de gestión de riesgos a los ciudadanos de acuerdo con sus necesidades. En particular, el sistema de pensiones requiere reformas para aumentar su cobertura y ser más equitativo y más sostenible. Tercero, la calidad y la inclusividad del sistema de educación y capacitación deben fortalecerse para generar las habilidades que necesita la economía y brindar oportunidades a todos. Con base en el análisis y las recomendaciones realizadas en los Volúmenes 1 y 2 de este Estudio Multidimensional de País, este informe identifica áreas clave para la acción y presenta planes de acción específicos para iniciar la reforma. El informe también proporciona un cuadro de indicadores de monitoreo para respaldar la agenda de reforma en el país.
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789264515017 , 9789264797352 , 9789264652408
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (280 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: TALIS
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Providing quality early childhood education and care
    Keywords: Frühkindliche Bildung ; Kinderbetreuung ; Qualität ; OECD-Staaten ; Education
    Abstract: For most children, early childhood education and care (ECEC) provides the first experience of life in a group away from their families. This experience plays a crucial role in children’s learning, development and well-being. The benefits of high-quality ECEC are not restricted to children’s first years of life. However, little is known about this first experience. What do children learn and do in ECEC settings? With which staff do children interact at their centres? Do all children face the same opportunities to enrol in high-quality settings? What are the main spending priorities to raise the quality of ECEC? These are key questions for parents, staff and policy makers. The OECD Starting Strong Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS Starting Strong) is the first international survey that focuses on the ECEC workforce. It offers an opportunity to learn about the characteristics of the workforce, the practices they use with children, their beliefs about children’s development and their views on the profession and on the sector. This first volume of findings, Providing Quality Early Childhood Education and Care, examines multiple factors that can affect the quality of ECEC and thereby can influence children’s learning, development and well-being.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264674011
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Digital innovation
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Innovation ; Technologiepolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Digitalisierung ; Innovation ; Technologiepolitik
    Abstract: This report discusses how the digital transformation – digital technologies, data and software, AI-based analytics and other advances – is changing innovation processes and outcomes. It highlights the general trends across the economy and factors behind sector-specific dynamics, including increasing use of data as a key input for innovation, the expanding possibilities for experimentation offered by virtual simulation, 3D printing and other digital technologies, and the growing focus on services innovation enabled by digital technologies. In view of such changes, this report evaluates how innovation policies should adapt to foster innovation and inclusive development in the digital age, and identifies priority areas for policy action. It also explores novel innovation policy approaches implemented by countries to foster digital technology adoption and collaborative innovation.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264312012 , 9789264312029 , 9789264312036
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Vers le numérique : Forger des politiques au service de vies meilleures
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Going Digital: Den digitalen Wandel gestalten, das Leben verbessern
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Going digital
    RVK:
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Digitalisierung
    Abstract: Digital technologies and data are transformational. People, firms and governments live, interact, work and produce differently than in the past, and these changes are accelerating rapidly. How can we realise the immense promises of digital technologies and data for growth and well-being in a fast evolving world? This report charts the road ahead. It identifies seven policy dimensions that allow governments – together with citizens, firms and stakeholders – to shape digital transformation to improve lives. It also highlights key opportunities, challenges and policies related to each dimension, offers new insights, evidence and analysis, and provides recommendations for better policies in the digital age.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264799752 , 9789264887565 , 9789264632080
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Individual Learning Accounts: Panacea or Pandora's Box?
    Keywords: Education ; Employment
    Abstract: In einer Zeit, in der strukturelle Veränderungen Umschulungen und Höherqualifizierungen notwendig machen, steht die Weiterbildungspolitik aufgrund der in vielen Ländern beobachteten Zunahme atypischer Beschäftigungsformen und der stärkeren Fragmentierung beruflicher Laufbahnen vor neuen Herausforderungen. Individuelle Weiterbildungskonten stoßen bei den Politikverantwortlichen derzeit erneut auf Interesse, da sie die Möglichkeit bieten, Weiterbildungsansprüche von einem Arbeitsplatz oder Erwerbsstatus auf einen anderen zu übertragen. Dieser Bericht untersucht frühere und bestehende individuelle Weiterbildungskonten und andere individuelle Programme zur Finanzierung weiterführenden Lernens und stützt sich dabei auf die vorhandene Fachliteratur sowie auf sechs neue Fallstudien, die von der OECD in Auftrag gegeben wurden: das oberösterreichische Bildungskonto, das französische Compte Personnel de Formation, die schottischen Individual Learning Accounts/Individual Training Accounts, der singapurische SkillsFuture Credit, die toskanische Carta ILA und die Individual Training Accounts in Michigan und Washington in den Vereinigten Staaten. Der Bericht beschreibt die mit diesen Programmen gemachten Erfahrungen, benennt ihre Vor- und Nachteile sowie die wichtigsten Zielkonflikte und Fragen, die es bei der Konzeption eines erfolgreichen Programms zu beachten gilt, insbesondere Zielgruppenorientierung, Finanzierung, Beteiligung unterrepräsentierter Gruppen und Qualität.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264332485 , 9789264497627 , 9789264842342
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Individuelle Weiterbildungskonten: Allheilmittel oder Büchse der Pandora?
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Individual learning accounts
    Keywords: Weiterbildung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment
    Abstract: A rise in non-standard work in many countries and an increased fragmentation of worker careers have created new challenges for training policies at a time when structural transformation is creating a need for both re- and up-skilling. Individual learning accounts have received renewed attention from policy makers, due to their ability to make training rights “portable” from one job or employment status to another. This report examines past and existing individual learning accounts and other individual schemes to finance training, based on a review of the existing literature as well as six new case studies commissioned by the OECD: The Upper Austrian Bildungskonto, the French Compte Personnel de Formation, the Scottish Individual Learning Accounts/Individual Training Accounts, the Singapore SkillsFuture Credit, the Tuscan Carta ILA, and the Individual Training Accounts in Michigan and Washington in the United States. The report takes stock of these experiences and identifies the advantages and disadvantages of such schemes, as well as the key trade-offs and questions to consider in designing a successful scheme, including targeting, funding, participation of under-represented groups and quality issues.
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264864689
    Language: Latvian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (215 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Innovation, Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability in Latvia
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Latvia
    Abstract: Latvijai, kas ir Eiropas Savienības dalībvalsts kopš 2004. gada, ir maza, dinamiska un atvērta ekonomika, kas veiksmīgi pārgājusi no centrālās plānošanas uz tirgus ekonomiku. Uzsāktās reformas ir veicinājušas progresu, lai gan kopumā no zema starta līmeņa un lauksaimniecībā lēnākā tempā nekā ekonomikā kopumā. Šajā ziņojumā aplūkoti apstākļi, kādos Latvijas pārtikas un lauksaimniecības nozares saimniecības un uzņēmumi veic inovācijas, lai kļūtu produktīvāki un videi draudzīgāki. Tajā apzinātas iespējas, kā arī problēmas, kas vēl jārisina. To skaitā ir prasmju nepietiekamība, emigrācija un iedzīvotāju skaita samazināšanās, kā arī iedzīvotāju un pakalpojumu koncentrācija pilsētās, kas skar visu tautsaimniecību. Nozares līmenī ir problēmas ar lauksaimniecības atbalsta maksājumu izmantošanu nekomerciālu saimniecību atbalstam un augsts neapmaksātā darbaspēka līmenis lauku saimniecībās. Risinot šīs problēmas, lauksaimniecības inovācijas var izmantot, lai uzlabotu nozares produktivitāti, kā arī pārtikas sistēmas ilgtspēju un efektivitāti. Šajā pārskatā sniegti vairāki ieteikumi, kas ļautu lauksaimniecības politikai veicināt labi funkcionējošu inovācijas sistēmu, kura spētu risināt nākotnes problēmas.
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789264704626 , 9789264317208 , 9789264660656
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (135 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Enhancing access to and sharing of data
    Keywords: Informationsmanagement ; Datenverarbeitung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report examines the opportunities of enhancing access to and sharing of data (EASD) in the context of the growing importance of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things. It discusses how EASD can maximise the social and economic value of data re-use and how the related risks and challenges can be addressed. It highlights the trade-offs, complementarities and possible unintended consequences of policy action – and inaction. It also provides examples of EASD approaches and policy initiatives in OECD countries and partner economies.
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789264699410 , 9789264627352 , 9789264483637
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tax revenue implications of decarbonising road transport
    Keywords: Straßenverkehr ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Steuereinnahmen ; Slowenien ; Energy ; Environment ; Taxation ; Trade ; Slovenia
    Abstract: This report investigates how tax revenue from transport fuels could evolve over time as vehicles rely less on fossil fuels, with a focus on the case study of the Republic of Slovenia. Reducing the reliance on fossil fuels in the transport sector is a welcome development from the perspective of its climate and health impacts and of reduced energy dependence. However, under current settings, reduced fuel use will also lead to a loss of tax revenues, which may put stress on government budgets. Based on simulations for Slovenia, with a 2050 horizon, the report provides an in-depth assessment of the taxation of road transport and investigates how tax policy could adapt to declining fossil fuel use in the long term if the objective is to maintain revenues at current levels while taking fairness and efficiency considerations into account. It finds that gradual tax reforms, with an evolving mix of taxes, shifting from taxes on fuel to taxes on distances driven, can contribute to more sustainable tax policy over the long term.
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9789264762428
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (102 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Perfilando la transformación digital en América Latina : Mayor productividad para una vida mejor
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report discusses policies and approaches to spur sustainable and inclusive digital transformation in the LAC region across seven action areas: enhancing access to digital technologies; strengthening their effective use; enabling digital innovation; ensuring quality jobs for all; promoting an inclusive digital society; strengthening trust; and fostering market openness. The report also aims to contribute to the preparation of an action plan that will support the region’s efforts to reap the benefits of the digital transformation. This publication was prepared to support the discussions of the OECD Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Programme’s Third Ministerial Summit on Productivity “Harnessing the Digital Transformation to Boost Productivity in in Latin America and the Caribbean”. It draws on OECD work on carried out in the context of the Going Digital project, as well as a range of work specific to the LAC region, such as the OECD-IDB report Broadband Policies for Latin America and the Caribbean, the OECD Reviews of Telecommunication Policies in Mexico and Colombia, and the OECD Going Digital Reviews of Colombia and Brazil.
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264182752 , 9789264736351 , 9789264773646
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (120 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How's Life in the Province of Córdoba, Argentina?
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Argentina
    Abstract: Este informe evalúa el bienestar en los cuatro aglomerados urbanos más grandes de la provincia de Córdoba (Argentina) y proporciona recomendaciones de políticas para fortalecer las prácticas de desarrollo regional y, en última instancia, mejorar el bienestar de las personas. Utilizando alrededor de 30 indicadores, el informe analiza el desempeño de los aglomerados de Córdoba en 12 dimensiones de bienestar en comparación con 391 regiones de 36 países de la OCDE y 98 regiones de Brasil, Perú, Colombia y Costa Rica. El informe también documenta las desigualdades de bienestar entre los cuatro aglomerados de Córdoba y sugiere tres áreas prioritarias en las que la provincia debería enfocarse para abordar los desafíos de bienestar: i) asegurar que los indicadores de bienestar sirven para guiar la toma de decisiones en el futuro; ii) continuar fortaleciendo y modernizando el sistema estadístico provincial para expandir la base y uso de evidencia; y iii) fortalecer los mecanismos e instituciones de gobernanza para promover un desarrollo regional efectivo, eficiente e inclusivo.
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264987272 , 9789264805958 , 9789264550100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (200 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The space economy in figures
    Keywords: Raumfahrt ; Luftfahrtindustrie ; Welt ; Education ; Energy ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Raumfahrt ; Luft- und Raumfahrtindustrie
    Abstract: The space economy is expanding and becoming increasingly global, driven by the development of ever-more governmental space programmes around the world, the multiplication of commercial actors in value chains, durable digitalisation trends, and new space systems coming of age. This report describes these emerging trends using new and internationally comparable data and indicators. It highlights the growing importance of space activities for the economy, for developing country strategies (based on original official development assistance statistics), for the pursuit of knowledge and scientific discoveries, and for society in general. To get the most out of space investments and promote sustained socio-economic growth, this report provides some recommendations to countries in building up their statistical evidence on space actors and activities.
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789264544703 , 9789264457188 , 9789264625099
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (130 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The supply of medical isotopes
    Keywords: Medizinprodukt ; Strahlentherapie ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Nuklearmedizin
    Abstract: This report explores the main reasons behind the unreliable supply of Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) in health-care systems and policy options to address the issue. Tc-99m is used in 85% of nuclear medicine diagnostic scans performed worldwide – around 30 million patient examinations every year. These scans allow diagnoses of diseases in many parts of the human body, including the skeleton, heart and circulatory system, and the brain. Medical isotopes are subject to radioactive decay and have to be delivered just-in-time through a complex supply chain. However, ageing production facilities and a lack of investment have made the supply of Tc-99m unreliable. This report analyses the use and substitutability of Tc-99m in health care, health-care provider payment mechanisms for scans, and the structure of the supply chain. It concludes that the main reasons for unreliable supply are that production is not economically viable and that the structure of the supply chain prevents producers from charging prices that reflect the full costs of production and supply.
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264704541 , 9789264980709 , 9789264779822
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (120 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe ¿Cómo va la vida en la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina?
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als How's life in the province of Córdoba, Argentina?
    Keywords: Lebensqualität ; Sozialer Indikator ; Regionalökonomik ; Stadtökonomik ; Cordoba (Argentinien, Provinz) ; Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Argentina
    Abstract: This report assesses well-being in the four largest urban agglomerations of the province of Córdoba and provides policy recommendations to strengthen regional development practices, and ultimately improve people’s well-being. Using around 30 statistical indicators, the report analyses the performance of Córdoba’s agglomerations in 12 well-being dimensions in comparison with 391 regions of 36 OECD countries and 98 regions of Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Costa Rica. The report also documents the well-being inequalities between Córdoba’s four agglomerations and suggests three priorities areas which the province should focus on to tackle well-being challenges: i) Ensure that well-being indicators guide future decision-making; ii) Continue strengthening and modernising the provincial statistical system to expand the evidence-base; and, iii) Strengthen governance arrangements for more effective, efficient and inclusive regional development policy outcomes.
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.97
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Le renforcement de la mixité sociale à l’école a-t-il un impact sur l’équité des résultats d’apprentissage ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: A student’s performance in school is influenced by personal characteristics, but also, amongst other influences, by those of his or her schoolmates. Schoolmates can motivate and help each other overcome learning difficulties; but they can also disrupt instruction, require disproportionate attention from teachers, and be a source of anxiety. The way students are allocated to schools, and whether that results in greater socio-economic or academic differences across schools, may thus have an impact on education outcomes at the country level. In which PISA-participating countries and economies are students concentrated in certain schools, depending largely on their ability or socio-economic status? How is socio-economic segregation across schools related to the achievement gaps between students of different socio-economic status?
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Teaching in Focus no.29
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Enseignants débutants : Comment les soutenir et les orienter? : Données tirées de l’Enquête TALIS 2018
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Novice teachers bring new energy and ideas to schools and classrooms that could improve the learning environment of students, if harnessed correctly. At the same time, novice teachers are, by definition, inexperienced in some aspects concerning classroom practices and schoolwork. As is the case for any other profession, novice teachers need time, support and guidance to improve their skills and adapt to the tasks they are confronted with on a regular basis. Thus, providing novice teachers with adequate support in their initial years is a key challenge of developing teaching as a profession.
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (77 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.196
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Based on a review of previous research, the paper describes the distinctive characteristics of rural areas and communities and the factors typically associated with shaping students’ learning experience in rural contexts. Data from the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015 and the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) 2013 are analysed to examine differences in learning outcomes and education expectations between rural and urban students and to assess the extent to which challenges and opportunities in the provision of rural education are commonplace across OECD member and partner countries. To our surprise, some of the perceived challenges of providing rural education, such as an inadequate infrastructure or a lack of quality teachers, are far from universal. Rural-urban gaps in academic performance generally disappear after accounting for socio-economic status and rural students are less likely to expect completing a university degree than city students, but this gap in expectations persists even when rural students have a similar socio economic status, on average across OECD countries. This highlights the importance of raising aspirations and creating opportunities for rural students. The paper concludes with ideas for policy and country experiences that governments may consider to ensure high quality learning for students in rural contexts.
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: Trends Shaping Education Spotlights no.18
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Playful experiences provide us with the opportunity to engage with others and learn in enjoyable ways. Recognising and building on the power of playfulness and play can be a way to support more meaningful educational experiences for all, life-wide and lifelong.
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (146 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.194
    Keywords: Education ; Sweden
    Abstract: Within OECD countries, Sweden has historically welcomed large numbers of migrants, in particular migrants seeking humanitarian protection. Since 2015, this large influx of new arrivals with multiple disadvantages has put a well-developed integration system under great pressure and highlighted a number of challenges for education policy given current institutional frameworks. PISA 2015 shows that immigrant students fare considerably worse than native students in terms of academic and well-being outcomes also after accounting for differences in social-economic background. The OECD has identified four priority areas for Sweden for closing the gap between immigrant and native students: (1) Facilitating the access of immigrants to school choice, (2) Building teaching capacity, (3) Providing language training and (4) Strengthening the management of diversity. The findings in this Spotlight Report are based on existing OECD work in the area of immigrant integration in education, OECD and national data, a questionnaire on the range of policies and practices in Sweden and good practice examples for the integration in the education system in peer-learner countries and regions [Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and North America (Canada and the United States)], which were identified of particular relevance for Sweden. The report also includes policy pointers on what policies and practices Sweden could adopt to respond to the current integration challenges in the four priority areas.
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  • 84
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: L'enseignement à la loupe no.24
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Changing interests and sustained knowledge in the TALIS 2018 framework
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: La valeur de TALIS repose sur trois grands aspects, tous compris dans le cadre conceptuel : l’élaboration conceptuelle de TALIS repose sur des intérêts politiques tangibles, des besoins précis de données pouvant répondre à des questions complexes, et une forte volonté de partager ces informations de la part des enseignants et des chefs d’établissement des pays et économies participants ; le cadre conceptuel de TALIS fournit une base scientifique riche, des renseignements empiriques et des connexions conceptuelles qui orientent le développement des instruments d’enquête et des rapports pour TALIS 2018 et les cycles postérieurs. Comme pour les cycles précédents, TALIS 2018 a été élaboré dans le cadre d’un dialogue fructueux entre les gouvernements de près de 50 pays et économies, un consortium de recherche international (mené par l’International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement [IEA], en partenariat avec l’Australian Council for Educational Research et Statistique Canada), des syndicats d’enseignants, la Commission européenne et le Secrétariat de l’OCDE.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Adult Skills in Focus no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Investissements en faveur des compétences de la population adulte immigrée
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Lifelong learning is especially important for immigrants, who are often at a disadvantage in terms of the languages and skills that are valued in the labour market of their host country. Yet foreign-born adults are less likely to participate in training than native-born ones, and face higher financial and non-financial barriers to training. Policy efforts should focus not only on providing more training opportunities, but also on removing barriers to participation.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.102
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Every three years, the release of the PISA results provides a snapshot of the state of education around the world. For some countries, these results are a wake-up call, challenging policy makers to rethink their strategies and invest more in education. PISA also gives a glimpse into the future by providing reliable measures of the extent to which young adults are ready to participate fully in society. What can the performance of 15-years-old students in 2018 tell us about the world in 2030? Will the high-performing countries have a competitive advantage over the low-performing countries? And does performance in PISA predict the life chances of individual students?
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  • 87
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.187
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) 2018 Conceptual Framework
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: L’Enquête internationale sur l'enseignement et l'apprentissage (TALIS) est une enquête en cours et à grande échelle sur les enseignants, les chefs d'établissement et leurs environnements d'apprentissage. La première enquête s'est déroulée en 2008. L’Enquête est administrée dans le premier cycle de l'enseignement secondaire (niveau 2 de la CITÉ). Le niveau primaire et le second cycle de l’enseignement secondaire (les niveaux 1 et 3 de la CITÉ) sont en option. La mise en oeuvre de l'enquête se fait de manière optionnelle dans les écoles échantillonnées du PISA (lien TALIS-PISA). Ainsi, ce cadre conceptuel TALIS 2018 se fonde sur les deux cycles précédents de 2008 et 2013 et met l'accent sur les conditions pédagogiques et institutionnelles efficaces qui favorisent l'apprentissage des élèves, qui sont au coeur de l’enquête, tout en décrivant leur variation au sein des pays et entre eux, et dans le temps. Le cadre de 2018 aborde des thèmes et des priorités durables liés aux caractéristiques professionnelles et aux pratiques pédagogiques aux niveaux institutionnel et individuel : les antécédents scolaires des enseignants et leur préparation initiale ; leur développement professionnel, les pratiques pédagogiques et professionnelles ; l'auto-efficacité et la satisfaction au travail ; et les problèmes de direction d’établissement, des systèmes de rétroaction et de climat scolaire. Il aborde également les intérêts émergents en matière de politiques et de recherche liés à l'innovation et à l'enseignement dans divers environnements et contextes. Ce document fournit une base scientifique à chaque domaine, ainsi que les principales influences de la recherche connexe en lien avec l’éducation à l'OCDE et au-delà. Enfin, le cadre conceptuel fournit un aperçu général des opérations de l'enquête et de son processus de mise en oeuvre à travers ses différentes étapes.
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.202
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper explains the rationale for updating the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2021 questionnaire on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and shows how it covers policy topics of current relevance. After presenting key findings based on previous ICT-related PISA data, the paper provides a summary of the PISA 2021 ICT framework guiding the development of the questionnaire. The paper then describes the process followed by the OECD/PISA secretariat for the development of the PISA 2021 ICT questionnaire items. The paper concludes by drawing some lessons that would inform future development of this instrument.
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (73 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.203
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The recent refugee crisis has put many OECD countries under considerable pressure to accommodate and integrate large numbers of refugees. Refugee students are a particularly vulnerable group due to their forced displacement, but their needs are not always met by education systems, which can hinder the integration potential of these students. This poses considerable challenges as the integration of refugee students in education systems is important for their academic outcomes as well as their social and emotional well-being. The success (or lack of) integration in schools can also affect the future labour market and social integration potential of these children and youth. While there is a growing body of research on the integration of immigrants, policy-relevant research on refugee children and youth from an educational perspective is rather limited, fragmented and case specific. Detailed surveys and research projects focusing on the current wave of refugees that allow for cross-country comparisons are not yet available. Drawing on research from previous refugee waves, the paper examines key needs of refugee students and factors that promote their integration. It proposes a holistic model of integration in education that responds to the learning, social and emotional needs of refugee students. Furthermore, the paper examines what type of policies and practices are in place in OECD countries that support the integration of refugee students. Nonetheless, evaluations of practices and policies are often missing, which makes it difficult to assess whether they are successful. The paper finishes with some policy pointers on how to promote the integration of refugee students.
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (117 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.197
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The Starting Strong Teaching and Learning International Survey 2018 is an international survey of staff and centre leaders working in early childhood education and care (ECEC), administered in ECEC centres belonging to ISCED Level 0.2, and, as an option, centres providing services for children under the age of 3. The Conceptual Framework provides an integrated theoretical and analytical underpinning to the survey that articulates its research foci and links to existing knowledge and evidence and policy questions. The key themes include those mainly concerned with: ECEC staff-child interaction (process quality of staff-child interaction and monitoring and assessment of children’s development, well-being and learning); ECEC centre characteristics (structural quality characteristics, pedagogical and administrative leadership, climate, and stakeholder relations); ECEC leader and staff characteristics (background and initial preparation, professional development, well-being, professional beliefs about children’s development, well-being and learning, and self-efficacy); and the cross-cutting theme of equity and diversity in the child group.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Education Indicators in Focus no.69
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Influence du milieu socio-économique sur l’accès à l’enseignement tertiaire
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Across OECD countries, individuals without tertiary-educated parents tend to be considerably under-represented among entrants to tertiary education. However, inequalities tend to accumulate throughout an individual’s educational career. In particular, the period from starting upper secondary to entering tertiary education is critical in determining students’ future career and education choices. Understanding how socio-economic disparities at earlier levels may influence entry rates to tertiary education will be essential if policy makers are to design better policies to improve equity.
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.98
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les parents de jeunes de 15 ans connaissent-ils les camarades d’école de leur enfant et leurs parents ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Parents often establish fruitful relationships with teachers, students and other parents at their child’s school. By doing so, they might gain new friends and help their child’s academic career; but more crucially, they may contribute indirectly to the common good of the school – by reinforcing the norms of behaviour at school, spreading important information, generating trust and/or connecting the school with the wider community. PISA asked parents from the 18 countries and economies that chose to distribute the parent questionnaire how many of their child’s school friends they know by name and how many of their parents they know. In schools where parents know their children’s friends and their families, students are more likely to develop their skills, improve their attitudes towards collaboration, and feel happier and safer at school.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: Education Indicators in Focus no.67
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L’importance de l’Objectif de développement durable relatif à l’éducation (ODD 4) pour les pays de l’OCDE
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The Sustainable Development Agenda is a universal and ambitious agenda that challenges every single country in the world to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 – and this is why it matters for OECD countries. In this context, Sustainable Development Goal 4 sheds light on education policy issues which were not traditionally included in the international development agenda and which remain highly relevant for OECD member and partner countries. In particular, Sustainable Development Goal 4 stresses the importance of providing equitable access to education and lifelong learning opportunities that lead to effective learning outcomes. It also emphasises the need to adapt the content of education to include relevant topics such as human rights and gender equality. The challenge, however, remains to collect quality and comparable data to monitor the wide range of Sustainable Development Goal 4 indicators. With the 2030 deadline in view, OECD countries can play an important role in pushing strongly for the collection of more and better quality data and developing the methodologies to assess education systems in OECD countries and beyond.
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.96
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Quels liens entre les politiques de libre choix des établissements et la mixité sociale à l’école ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: In almost all school systems, students are assigned to public schools based, at least partly, on their home address. Through this policy, students are typically assigned to the school closest to their home. The main objective may be to avoid long and costly commutes to and from school. However, over the past few decades, many countries have implemented reforms that provide more school options to families by loosening the link between home address and school. How do these reforms affect the social composition of schools?
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.93
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Pourquoi les filles ne sont-elles pas plus nombreuses à choisir une carrière scientifique ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: When new PISA data are published, many researchers around the world analyse them with the aim of shedding light on all sorts of questions. One question in search of an answer: why are women under-represented in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) professions? Using data from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), Gijsbert Stoet and David Geary examined the nature of the gender gap in STEM fields. The authors analysed data from 67 countries and economies participating in the 2015 cycle of PISA; these data were supplemented by country-level indicators on gender equality (the Global Gender Equality Index) and the proportion of women graduating in a STEM field. Their analysis yielded an interesting result.
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  • 96
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.69
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe What kind of careers in science do 15-year-old boys and girls expect for themselves?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: En moyenne, dans les pays de l’OCDE, près d’un élève sur quatre – garçons et filles confondus – envisage d’exercer une profession nécessitant de suivre une formation plus poussée en sciences après la scolarité obligatoire. Ce numéro de PISA à la loupe examine les différents types de carrières scientifiques envisagées par les jeunes de quinze ans.
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Education Indicators in Focus no.71
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe En quoi le niveau de formation des jeunes et leur situation sur le marché du travail diffèrent-ils d’une entité infranationale à l’autre ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Different regions often display large differences in educational attainment and employment outcomes, highlighting the importance of monitoring regional as well as national indicators and the need for government to develop tailored policy responses to ensure the benefits of education reach the whole country.
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.199
    Keywords: Education ; Belgium
    Abstract: Prepared for a Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) Strategic Education Governance Learning Seminar, this working paper analyses the functioning of accountability mechanisms in the Flemish school system from a complexity perspective, particularly accountability of equity funding in primary and secondary education. The paper shows that accountability mechanisms are not highly developed, specifically to the Flemish government and to the public. As a result, it proved hard to examine if resources were used effectively and efficiently. The paper argues that a long-term perspective and step-by-step approach is needed to create a culture of evaluation and accountability. It is emphasised that a long-term strategy should start with building horizontal and more specifically professional accountability mechanisms, based on a clear picture of how accountability relates to the overall aims and vision of education. The paper suggests furthermore to strengthen the use of knowledge, both tacit knowledge among others from students, as well as knowledge from research.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Les compétences des adultes à la loupe no.10
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How much time do adults spend on the PIAAC assessment and why does it matter?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les fichiers journaux de l’évaluation informatisée peuvent contribuer à mieux comprendre les comportements des répondants et les stratégies cognitives qu’ils adoptent. L’analyse des données du PIAAC relatives au temps met en évidence d’importants écarts concernant le temps que consacrent les participants pour répondre aux items d’évaluation ainsi que des différences majeures au niveau des pays s’agissant du pourcentage de répondants qui consacrent le temps minimum nécessaire pour comprendre un item. Ces différences dans l’intensité des efforts déployés par les répondants offrent un complément utile à l’analyse des écarts de compétences à l’échelle internationale.
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  • 100
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.70
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe What do we know about teachers’ selection and professional development in high-performing countries?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les pays très performants utilisent différents mécanismes pour la sélection des meilleurs candidats à la profession d’enseignant. En Finlande, à Hong-Kong (Chine), à Macao (Chine) et au Taipei chinois, les étudiants souhaitant suivre une formation d’enseignant doivent au préalable passer un concours d’entrée. Au Japon, à l’issue de leur formation initiale d’enseignant, les diplômés doivent passer un concours d’habilitation à la pratique de l’enseignement, tandis qu’à Singapour, ils doivent réussir une période probatoire. Ces conditions se retrouvent néanmoins également dans certains pays peu performants, ce qui semble indiquer qu’une sélection précoce, même si elle joue un rôle important, ne suffit pas à garantir la qualité du corps enseignant. Dans les pays de l’OCDE, il existe une relation positive, bien que modérée, entre le pourcentage d’enseignants pleinement certifiés et la performance des élèves aux épreuves PISA. Dans les pays dont la performance en sciences est supérieure à la moyenne de l’OCDE, au moins 80 % des élèves sont scolarisés dans des établissements où les enseignants coopèrent ou ont accès à des formations dispensées par des spécialistes ou à des ateliers sur leur lieu de travail. Ce pourcentage est en moyenne supérieur à celui observé dans les autres pays.
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