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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (12,517)
  • 2015-2019  (9,376)
  • 2000-2004  (3,010)
  • 1985-1989  (123)
  • 1960-1964  (8)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (6,928)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (4,818)
  • Imprint: Springer VS  (771)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Zambia Economic Brief, No. 12, July 2019 : Wealth Beyond Mining - Leveraging Renewable Natural Capital (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The twelfth Zambia economic brief with a focus on how Zambia can harness its renewable resources to promote sustainable growth. This brief is part of a series of short economic updates produced twice a year by the World Bank
    DOI: 10.1596/32117
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Myanmar Rice and Pulses : Farm Production Economics and Value Chain Dynamics (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Commodities Study
    Abstract: Agriculture continues to play a very important role in Myanmar's economy. For many years, understanding the dynamics and performance of Myanmar's agriculture has been difficult due to the absence of reliable, up-to-date data, at sectoral, sub-sectoral, or microeconomic level. During the past five years, significant changes have occurred in Myanmar's demographics, economy, and public spending and in its integration into world and regional markets for agro-food products. While Myanmar's agriculture has experienced some considerable diversification over the past decade, rice, and bean or pulses remain core elements of the sector. Rice remains an important crop and commodity for the economy and welfare of Myanmar. Myanmar's paddy production has realized modest gains, yet it continues to under-perform, relative to peers and to its potential. One positive development at the production level has been a significant increase in labor productivity. One potentially disturbing trend has been a significant increase in agro-chemicals use in paddy production. Elsewhere in the rice value chain, many functions are characterized by low levels of operational efficiency and/or inadequate quality management. Myanmar is the world's third largest producer of pulses, after India and Canada. Myanmar is also a major exporter of pulses globally and the largest in the ASEAN region. After several years of promising trade results, the pulses sub-sector experienced major problems in 2017 following India's imposition of import restrictions on back gram, chick peas and other commodities. While the trade restrictions have exposed the vulnerability of the pulses sector due to its heavy reliance on a single market for some products, there are additional challenges faced by the sector. Elsewhere in the pulses value chain, there has been limited investment or value addition
    DOI: 10.1596/33283
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Future of Health Financing in Vietnam : Ensuring Sufficiency, Efficiency, and Sustainability (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Vietnam is changing rapidly economically, with parallel shifts in epidemiology and demographics. There have also been significant policy shifts in recent years, including in the health sector. The combined effects of these transitions pose some risks to the sustainability of essential public health services, and will continue to put upward pressure on health spending. This report analyzes how Vietnam can maintain a sufficient level of public spending on health to sustain and further good health outcomes and respond to new health challenges
    DOI: 10.1596/32187
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sector Diagnostic and Analysis of Public Spending in Agriculture and Rural Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Rural Development Assessment
    Abstract: The purpose of this diagnostic report is to establish an analytical basis for defining strategic priorities in agriculture and rural development in Croatia, as the country prepares its National Agriculture and Rural Development Strategy and formulates its Strategic Plan for the European Union's (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for the next programming period (2021-2027). The diagnostic report assesses country-specific strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (challenges) in the context of the macro-trends and issues affecting Croatian agriculture today, the ongoing EU CAP reform process, and broader national development directions. This diagnostic report is based on a series of background documents prepared by the World Bank as key inputs. Both advanced economic analysis and qualitative assessments were carried out as part of an evidence-based process for sector strategy development and policy guidance. Specifically, the analysis focuses on a range of strategic themes related to agriculture and rural development in Croatia, including (i) Croatian agricultural policy and the current CAP; (ii) the efficiency, effectiveness, and equity of current public spending on agriculture and rural development; (iii) the subsidy intensity of income for different farm types, (iv) backward and forward economic linkages of the agriculture and food processing sectors; (v) economy-wide impacts of agriculture and rural development support measures; (vi) agriculture finance and risk management solutions; (vii) the agricultural knowledge and innovation system (AKIS); (viii) food safety, sanitary and phytosanitary (FSandSPS) policies; (ix) trade and strategic market segmentation; (x) agroecological and climate aspects; and (xi) the development of sustainable and circular bio-economies in Croatia. In addition, this report brings forward some key elements of an in-depth sectoral review and policy analysis carried out as an input to the ongoing formulation of Croatia's broader National Development Strategy (NDS)
    DOI: 10.1596/32304
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Country Partnership Framework for the Republic of Tajikistan for the Period of FY19-FY23 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) provides the main elements of the cooperation between the Republic of Tajikistan and the World Bank Group during the five years spanning FY19-23. The CPF builds on the Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) of FY15-18, and incorporates the Implementation Note (IN) for the IDA18 Risk Mitigation Regime (RMR). The overarching goal of the CPF is to support Tajikistan in adopting policies geared towards reducing poverty and promoting shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. to this end, the CPF is aligned with the National Development Strategy (NDS) and the Medium-Term Development Program (2016-20) of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. CPF priorities have been informed by consultations with key stakeholders.This CPF has been developed at a critical time for Tajikistan, with several external changes having opened a window of opportunity; taking advantage of these would substantially enhance the country's growth trajectory and increase resilience. Changes include the recent opening of borders with China and Uzbekistan during 2016-17 and increased trade with Afghanistan, reversing more than a century of adverse historic developments. These developments have reopened nearby export markets and reduced the costs of trading with new markets. to succeed in this potentially transformative move towards an economy integrated with neighbors and wider markets, Tajikistan will need to address principal structural, macroeconomic, and environmental legacy issues. Going forward, fiscal constraints, persisting inequalities, and a deceleration in poverty reduction call for an urgent upgrade of policies. Adopting policies that ensure opportunity for all, allow for more openness and accountability, protect the poor, and address inequalities will reduce fragility, increase resilience, and improve citizens' standard of living
    DOI: 10.1596/31734
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    West Bank and Gaza : Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Assessment, 2018 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessment is intended to enhance the effectiveness of West Bank and Gaza's (WB and G) PFM systems and to aid the Palestinian Authority to consolidate its ongoing and planned reforms. More specifically, the assessment has undertaken an independent review of the quality and performance of PFM systems in WB and G for the financial years 2015, 2016 and 2017, and of the medium-term budget for 2018-21. In doing so, it provides a diagnostic analysis that can be used as the basis for dialogue on PFM reforms that will inform future updates and design work on the PFM reform strategy and subsequent action plans. Additionally, this work will inform the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework and will enhance the dialogue between the WB and G and its Development Partners and other key stakeholders
    DOI: 10.1596/33420
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    India : Nutrition Determinants and Strategies in Nagaland (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The state of Nagaland, with a population of two million, is situated in the North-East region of India. The state's topography is hilly with very poor roads and connectivity. The state has 11 districts, 52 blocks, and 1,500 villages. In 2014-15, per capita net state domestic product was estimated at USD 1,172 (INR 78,526), slightly lower than the national figure of USD 1,297 (INR 86,879). However, the socioeconomic distribution in Nagaland is more equitable than the national pattern, in 2012-13, an estimated 19 percent of the population lived below the official poverty line in the state, lower than the national average of 22 percent. Tribal communities make up almost 90 percent of Nagaland's population. The Nagaland Department of Health and Family Welfare (DoHFW) requested technical support for better understanding nutrition determinants and developing strategies that could be implemented at the community level with the support of the Nagaland Health Project. The objectives are to better understand the barriers to improved nutrition and health in Nagaland and to help the state government to develop strategies to address these issues. This involves analytical work (involving both primary and secondary data analysis) to identify gaps and bottlenecks, informing the development of contextually-appropriate and feasible strategies. Technical assistance focuses on supporting the state government in the design of strategies based on the findings of the analytical work. The development objectives of this advisory services and analytics (ASA) activity are: (i) to improve knowledge about the determinants of malnutrition in North East India; (ii) to identify gaps in maternal and child health and nutrition services for disadvantaged communities; and (iii) to support development of cross-sectoral strategies to combat malnutrition at the community level
    DOI: 10.1596/32251
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Driving Growth from the Ground Up (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: David Malpass, President of the World Bank Group, spoke about the urgency of growth in developing countries. He discussed innovations in digital financial services that provide secure systems to allow poor people to electronically receive remittances, foreign aid, and social safety-net payments as well as their earnings. He cautioned about the slow global growth, and it's paramount that countries carry out well-designed structural reforms to ignite domestic growth. He highlighted on the importance of a clear analysis and understanding of a country's laws and regulations and a path of reforms or catalytic investments that will expand the private sector. Finally, he concluded by saying that World Bank Group won't give up on its main goal of reducing extreme poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/33349
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Migration and Jobs : Issues for the 21st Century (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: With an estimated 724 million extreme poor people living in developing countries, and the world's demographics bifurcating into an older north and a younger south, there are substantial economic incentives and benefits for people to migrate. There are also important market and regulatory failures that constrain mobility and reduce the net benefits of migration. This paper reviews the recent literature and proposes a conceptual framework to better integrate and coordinate policies for addressing the different market and regulatory failures. The paper advances five types of interventions in need of particular attention in terms of design, implementation and evaluation; namely, 1) active labor market programs that serve local, regional and foreign markets; 2) remittances and investment subsidies to promote job creation and labor productivity growth; 3) social insurance programs that cover all jobs and facilitate labor mobility; 4) labor taxes to internalize the social costs of migration in receiving regions; and 5) more flexible, private sector driven schemes to regulate the flow of migrants and minimize irregular migration
    DOI: 10.1596/31807
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mini Grids for Half a Billion People : Market Outlook and Handbook for Decision Makers (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Approximately 1.2 billion ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31926
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boosting Financial Resilience to Disaster Shocks : Good Practices and New Frontiers (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Governments face growing contingent liabilities from disasters as they tend to shoulder a significant share of disaster response and recovery costs. Disaster shocks increase government expenditure and hamper economic activities. An increasing number of countries are developing financial protection strategies - a suite of policies and financial instruments - as part of their macro-fiscal policy to secure access to pre-arranged financing and protect the fiscal balance and budget when disasters strike. Investments in physical and social resilience complement and reinforce financial resilience. Pre-arranged risk financing can help governments reduce the fiscal cost of disasters. Sovereign catastrophe risk pools, established to help especially low-capacity countries better access financial markets, are evolving toward multifunctional platforms to strengthen financial resilience in their region. Governments are moving toward adopting more sophisticated risk financing strategies that better match financial instruments to their liabilities, especially for public assets (including infrastructure), national-subnational cost sharing, and social safety nets. New technology and innovations such as Earth Observation Data, Fintech, and big data have the potential to significantly enhance and boost systems for financial resilience against disaster shocks. Development partners continue to play a critical role in helping developing countries improve their financial protection strategies. Recent experiences of G20 countries and others have led to three new frontiers on innovative crisis and disaster risk finance. Although significant progress has been achieved in disaster risk finance, some limitations and challenges remain. All successful reforms start with concrete first steps and an ongoing focus on enhancing fundamental systems and institutions. Financial resilience requires the leadership of ministries of finance in coordination with other public agencies and the private sector. At the request of G20 Finance Track members, this discussion note was prepared to: (i) take stock of the developments in fiscal management of disaster risks within the broader macro-fiscal framework; (ii) highlight recent progress by individual countries and the international community; and (iii) present new frontiers in disaster risk finance
    DOI: 10.1596/31887
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Case Study on Territorial Development in Japan (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Word War second left Japan crippled, affecting its economy, governance, demography, settlements, social well-being, and others. However, Japan used this as an opportunity to restructure itself to become a progressive, balanced, and well-rounded country. Spatial or territorial development is critical to national economic transformation. It is supported by and simultaneously impacts economic, social, demographic, institutional, and administrative reforms. Based on lessons from a wide range of international experiences, three key agendas arise as key to effective territorial development: (a) concentration: create generic capital for an uncertain future economy, (b) connectivity: connect markets nationally and internationally, and (c) convergence: ensure decent living standards everywhere. Japan has followed a virtuous path of quite intense concentration, with early investment in strong connectivity between places, and in high living standards and human capital investments everywhere. At present, Japan is entering an era of substantial decline and aging of the population, which requires reexamining of all the plans and policies for reconstructing the society. Looking forward, Japan's declining, and aging population, in fact raises the importance of allowing concentration in a few dynamic, high-amenity, places that can be serviced efficiently, rather than trying to spread a dwindling population across the country
    DOI: 10.1596/31940
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Update for Cote d'Ivoire : Cacaoland - How to Transform Cote d'Ivoire (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Cocoa is essential to Cote d'Ivoire. This sector mobilizes close to one million producers who provide income to five million persons (one-fifth of the country's population) in order to meet 40 percent of global supply. Cocoa is also the country's leading foreign exchange earner and is among the sectors making the biggest contribution to government revenue. In short, cocoa plays a central role in Ivorian society and in the lives of many families. However, despite its importance to the Ivorian economy and society, the cocoa sector is not fully playing its role as the engine of economic development. Some even go so far as to cite the curse of 'brown gold,' for at least three reasons. First, more than half of producers live below the poverty line-on less than CFAF 757 (roughly 1.2 US Dollar) a day. Second, the price paid for the expansion of cultivated areas in recent decades has been the destruction of virtually all the country's forests. Third, Cote d'Ivoire has not yet managed to increase its share (between 5 and 7 percent) of the profit made along the cocoa-chocolate global chain. Given this situation, it is not surprising that cocoa is at the center of a host of economic policy discussions in Cote d'Ivoire and that the Government has sped up its deliberations aimed at improving the performance of the sector, in particular through the Abidjan Declaration signed jointly in 2018 by the Presidents of Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana, which seeks to harmonize their policies and thus maximize their profit (these two countries account for approximately 65 percent of global production). After analyzing the most recent trends in the Ivorian economy, this ninth economic update for Cote d'Ivoire therefore focuses on how the cocoa sector could support the structural transformation of the country and, in so doing, promote greater economic and social inclusion
    DOI: 10.1596/32156
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Complaints Handling within Financial Service Providers : Principles, Practices, and Regulatory Approaches (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: Core to an effective financial consumer protection framework is an accessible and efficient recourse mechanism that allows consumers both to know and to assert their rights to have their complaints addressed and resolved in a transparent and just way within a reasonable timeframe. Complaints handling mechanisms are especially important for low-income and vulnerable financial consumers, to whom timely and effective recourse processes can have a decisive influence over their trust in their financial service provider (FSP) and in the financial sector in general. Increased trust contributes to consumers' uptake and sustained usage of financial services and, consequently, their economic livelihoods. Financial consumer complaints handling mechanisms comprise two stages: complaints that are handled by FSPs, generally referred to as internal dispute resolution (IDR); and complaints that, if not satisfactorily resolved, are handled by an alternative, out-of-court process, generally referred to as external dispute resolution (EDR). There are several international sources of principles applicable to complaints handling and resolution processes and procedures to be established by FSPs. Drawing from the World Bank's Good Practices for Financial Consumer Protection, the work of international bodies, such as the Group of Twenty (G20)/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Task Force on Financial Consumer Protection, as well as selected country experiences this Technical Note highlights considerations that aim to provide a methodological guidance for regulators and FSPs when developing and implementing IDR frameworks to ensure they are consistent with international good practices. This Technical Note synthesizes concepts, principles, and practices for IDR mechanisms for financial consumers and shares examples of legal and regulatory requirements for FSPs to resolve complaints and to ensure that complaints- related data is collected, analyzed, and shared as appropriate to support improvements in FSP performance, industry market conduct, and market conduct regulation
    DOI: 10.1596/32360
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  • 15
    Online Resource
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    Framework for the Assessment of Benefits of Action or Cost of Inaction for Drought Preparedness (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: This working paper draws from the joint World Bank and World Meteorological Organization / Global Water Partnership Integrated Drought Management Program (IDMP) work stream on benefits of action and costs of inaction (BACI) for drought preparedness and mitigation. It suggests a methodological framework for assessment of BACI as a tool to support a shift in drought policy and programs from crisis management to a risk management approach. The framework should be systematic enough to allow for comparability across countries and contexts, with the option of being tailored to the context in which it is being used. In proposing an initial framework for BACI analysis, the authors use the ten-step methodology for developing drought strategies that was created by Wilhite and others and subsequently codified by IDMP to help organize the assessment. In this way, the authors embed the BACI assessment in the overall development of a drought risk management strategy. This document is a first approach to guide those responsible for drought management and BACI assessments to ask the right questions at the different stages. Key next steps are to experiment with this draft approach by applying it in multiple contexts to test its usability and to develop more case study examples to showcase how this process can be undertaken and how it can be advantageous to stimulate positive action
    DOI: 10.1596/32330
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  • 16
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    Review of the Education Sector in Ukraine : Moving toward Effectiveness, Equity and Efficiency (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Education Sector Review
    Abstract: Education in Ukraine has ...
    DOI: 10.1596/32406
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  • 17
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    Creating Markets in Ethiopia : Sustaining Progress Towards Industrialization (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Abstract: Ethiopia has made impressive strides along its developmental path. Job creation is now the critical development challenge, raising the importance of the private sector agenda. After more than a decade of sustained public sector-led growth, the government is revising its growth strategy to allow for a much greater role for the private sector in driving growth and job creation. Broadening the base for job creation beyond light manufacturing toward a wider range of high productivity agricultural and services activities will help to overcome the uneven spatial distribution of manufacturing jobs across the country. Ethiopia has a number of advantages that it can leverage to attract the investment needed for job creation. These include rapidly improving transport and energy infrastructure, low labor costs, a large and growing domestic market, cheap power, an ideal climate, and preferential market access to the European Union, the United States, and other major markets. The purpose of the Ethiopia country private sector diagnostic (CPSD) is to support the transition to a private sector- driven growth model that advances the country's development objectives and, in particular, delivers the necessary jobs. It identifies investment opportunities that can materialize in the short term, and the reforms that are needed to enable these opportunities to emerge. It also discusses how specific actions by the public sector, in collaboration with the private sector, in filling gaps in public investment, reforming business regulations and trade policy, addressing market failures, and enhancing the efficiency of key backbone services and sectors, while tackling gender inequalities, can fully unleash the potential of private sector investment
    DOI: 10.1596/32403
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  • 18
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    Opportunities for a Clean and Green Pakistan : A Country Environmental Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: This document aims to dee ...
    DOI: 10.1596/32328
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  • 19
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    Product Design and Distribution : Emerging Regulatory Approaches for Retail Banking Products (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: This note discusses emerging international approaches for regulating design and distribution of retail banking products. Such products include deposit, credit, and payment products, being the products that new financial consumers typically acquire first. Policy makers are finding that financial consumer protection measures implemented to date, such as disclosure requirements, while still important, are insufficient to protect consumers against all key risks. Anticipating new or changing risks to consumers has also become more difficult for regulators given rapid financial sector innovation. Regulation of providers' product design and distribution processes aims to ensure that products distributed in a market are designed to meet the needs of consumers in that market. This discussion note analyses relevant frameworks in a number of jurisdictions and highlights emerging common approaches, including in relation to requirements for governance arrangements, target market assessments, distribution arrangements and product reviews
    DOI: 10.1596/32344
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  • 20
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    Ecuador Public Finance Review : Phase Two (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: The Ecuador public finance review (PFR) series responded to a request from the Ecuadorian Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of public spending. The PFR series offers a combination of analysis, capacity building, and options for reform in selected areas and sectors of the budget to achieve efficiency gains and fiscal savings, while improving (or at least preserving) equity. The PFR-phase two complements and deepens the analysis and capacity building initiated under phase one. Phase two also includes an analysis of the efficiency of public spending in education. As in phase one, phase two was accompanied by a number of technical assistances related to the areas covered by the study, including: an Ecuador specific forecasting model, BOOST database for Ecuador, public financial management, impacts of tax on capital outflows, public wage bill forecast and simulation, and efficiency of spending
    DOI: 10.1596/32359
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  • 21
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    Democratic Republic of Congo Sports and Culture for Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is a fragile, post-conflict country with high demographic growth and poor governance, all of which have devastated institutions, the economy and the social fabric. The DRC was devastated by war in the 1990s and early 2000s, which claimed millions of lives and all but destroyed much of the physical and social infrastructure of the country. In particular, DRC remains marked by high vulnerability of various populations as a consequence of past and current local and regional instability, especially in the East. A growing number of studies show that exposure to violence especially negatively affects the well-being of children and hampers their development. This report is organized as follows. Section 1 presents the DRC's social and political context, as well as the rationale for exploring innovative approaches to build resilience and social cohesion. Section 2 summarizes some of the evidence on pathways linking sports and culture to development. Section 3 presents the DRC sports and culture institutional environment, and the last section presents a few recommendations on how to further this agenda in DRC
    DOI: 10.1596/32435
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    Kyrgyz Republic - Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: The joint World Bank/IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) has been prepared in the context of the 2019 Article IV Consultation, for the first time based on the revised framework for low-income countries. Results indicate moderate risk of debt distress for both external and overall public debt. However, the debt outlook remains vulnerable, especially to a deceleration in real GDP and exports growth and the depreciation of the KGS. To address these vulnerabilities, the authorities need to remain cautious when contracting and guaranteeing new debt, maintain fiscal discipline, improve public investment management, and continue improving the business environment to maintain the export potential of the country after the main gold mine will close in 2026
    DOI: 10.1596/32566
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    Niger - Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Niger's risk of external and overall public debt distress is rated "moderate" as in the previous DSA. While all thresholds are observed in the baseline, the PV of PPG external debt-to-exports ratio breaches its threshold under stress test scenarios. Debt-carrying capacity continues to be rated "medium." The analysis shows that Niger has limited space to accommodate negative shocks and remains vulnerable to adverse developments of its exports. The DSA is predicated on the government continuing to implement its reform program: fiscal consolidation; structural reforms, including revenue mobilization efforts; contain expenditures and improve spending quality; and timely completion of several large-scale projects, in particular the construction of a pipeline for crude oil exports. Identified weaknesses call for further strengthening of debt management, including by broadening the coverage of public debt, prioritizing concessional borrowing, and strengthening private-sector development to support economic diversification and mitigate the risks associated with commodity price fluctuations
    DOI: 10.1596/32562
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    Nepal - Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Nepal's risk of external debt distress remains low. Under the revised IMF/World Bank Debt Sustainability Analysis Framework for Low Income Countries (LIC-DSF), all debt and debt service ratios are projected to remain below relevant indicative threshold values. Following a prolonged decline, to 25 percent of GDP in mid-2015, the sum of external and domestic public debt rose to 30 percent of GDP in mid-2018. A further rise in total public debt is projected, to about 35 percent of GDP in the medium term and about 48 percent of GDP in the long term, owing to continuing fiscal and current account deficits, as the authorities implement fiscal federalism and aim to put the economy on a higher growth path. Stress tests suggest that debt burden indicators are vulnerable to growth/exports shocks and natural disasters. This underscores the importance of implementing sound macro-economic policies. Efforts to improve the business climate and competitiveness through high-quality public investment and structural reforms would support growth and expand foreign exchange income streams
    DOI: 10.1596/32555
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    Pantawid Pamilya 2017 Assessment : An Update of the Philippine Conditional Cash Transfer's Implementation Performance (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: This is the fourth benefit incidence analysis of the Philippines' conditional cash transfer program that uses standard measures to assess the implementation performance of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program. The analysis shows that despite the program's rapid expansion since it was piloted in 2007, it maintains good targeting accuracy, progressivity, and cost efficiency in delivering assistance to the poor. However, the recent halt in program expansion and use of outdated targeting system have resulted in lower coverage levels and incidence rates among the poor. Also, the inability to adjust benefit levels with inflation has resulted in lower generosity of benefits. Still, using the latest nationwide household survey data for 2017, the analysis shows that Pantawid Pamilya helps reduce poverty incidence and income inequality by 1.3 percentage point and 0.6 percentage point, respectively. Adjustments in the benefit level and program coverage are recommended to maintain the program's relevance, adequacy of assistance, sustained impact on beneficiary welfare
    DOI: 10.1596/32510
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    Union of Comoros - Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: The Union of Comoros remains at moderate risk of external debt distress, but its space to absorb shocks is "limited." All debt burden indicators exhibit a continual upward trend, with the PV of debt-to-export approaching its threshold at the end of the assessment horizon (2029) under the baseline scenario. (Thresholds reflect "medium" capacity to carry debt). The reduced space to absorb shocks reflects the taking on of a large new loan, a downward revision of projected exports in line with lower export prices and impacts of Cyclone Kenneth on debt accumulation. Shock scenarios indicate vulnerability to a deterioration of export performance, natural disasters, and exchange rate instability. Comoros' overall risk of debt distress remains moderate, given that domestic debt is expected to remain minimal. The authorities need to strengthen policies to improve macroeconomic performance including by making faster progress on domestic resource mobilization and broadening the export base. The authorities should proceed cautiously on taking up any new debt and may wish to largely avoid new non-concessional debt
    DOI: 10.1596/32579
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    Liberia - Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: The Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) suggests that Liberia remains at moderate risk of debt distress with limited space to accommodate shocks. The country's debt carrying capacity remains medium, but the rating has declined from 3.1 to 2.77. The authorities have pursued non-concessional loans, but none has been disbursed yet. The government has instead borrowed U.S. dollars from the Central Bank of Liberia (CBL) to close the financing gap in FY2018. Such new borrowing, as well as the legacy U.S. dollar debt from the civil war time, are both incorporated in the new DSA. The State-owned Enterprises (SOE) guaranteed debt is also incorporated. Liberia will edge closer to high risk of debt distress with a small change in the terms of both domestic and external debt or a failure to adjust primary expenditure to the available revenue envelope over the medium-term
    DOI: 10.1596/32570
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    The Gambia - Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: An updated DSA indicates that The Gambia is in external debt distress, though its public debt is deemed sustainable on a forward-looking basis. The external debt service-to-exports and -to-revenue ratios breach their indicative thresholds by large margins in the near term and signal major liquidity pressures. However, once these pressures are addressed by the prospective debt relief and the authorities' fiscal consolidation and state-owned enterprise (SOE) reform program, the PV of total public debt would be brought below its threshold over the medium term. On the upside, debt relief discussions with external creditors are progressing and could unlock additional budget support. Downside risks mainly relate to the political environment and fiscal discipline, the unravelling of which could destabilize the economy and worsen the outlook for public debt
    DOI: 10.1596/32561
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    Citizen Engagement : Emerging Digital Technologies Create New Risks and Value (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The recent rapid evolution of digital technologies has been changing behaviors and expectations in countries around the world. These shifts make it the right time to pose the key question this paper explores: Will digital technologies, both those that are already widespread and those that are still emerging, have substantial impacts on the way citizens engage and the ways through which power is sought, used, or contested? The authors address this question both to mitigate some of the World Bank's operational risks, and to initiate a conversation with peers about how those risks might require policy shifts. The overall framing question also is being explored in case theapproaches to citizen engagement advocated by the World Bank are changing and may require different advice for client countries. Despite the lower technology penetration levels in developing countries, their more malleable governance contexts may be more influenced by the effects of emerging technologies than older states with greater rigidity. Digitally influencedcitizen engagement is, in short, one of those "leapfrog" areas in which developing nations may exploit technologies before the wealthier parts of the world. But countries can leapfrog to worse futures, not just better ones. This paper explores what technology might mean for engagement, makespredictions, and offers measures for governments to consider
    DOI: 10.1596/32495
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    Endline Assessment : Improving Birth Registration Using the Existing Community Structures and Immunization Processes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Papers
    Abstract: This report summarizes key findings from the endline assessment of the pilot project, Improving Birth Registration Using Existing Community Structures and Immunization Processes. The project was undertaken in Yilmana Densa and Goji Qolela woredas (districts); Hintalo Wajirat and Enderta woredas; and Amibara and Awash Fentale woredas, which are the intervention and control woredas in Amhara, Tigray, and Afar regions, respectively. The overall objective was to enhance a well-functioning civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) system by integrating community health structures with civil status offices. This assessment was quasi-experimental by design and used longitudinal data, supplemented by a methodology like the one used in the baseline survey to compare improvements in key variables. The assessment compared intervention and control groups, with measuring use of civil registration services, and compared the outcome of the CRVS service provision in terms of improvement. The assessment used qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. Some of the key findings of the assessment include: After introduction of the project, the rate of births registered within 90 days increased from the previous year and was greater than in the control woredas; CSOs in the intervention areas regularly visited communities for awareness creation and motivation and for registration when the WDA invited them; qualitative data from KIIs and FGDs generally indicate that the large increase in birth registration in Afar was the result of the presence of CSOs at the kebele level, community mobilization, and no civil status office staff turnover during the project; the community consistently reviewed the registration progress monthly, identifying challenges faced and ways forward at the kebele level, and noted this in the minutes
    DOI: 10.1596/32541
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    Gabon Civil Registration and Vital Statistics and Unique Identification Number Systems for Universal Health Coverage : A Case Study (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Gabon's national health insurance program (Caisse National d'Assurance Maladie et de Garantie Sociale [CNAMGS]) coupled with medical coverage financing for the poorest has helped advance achievement of universal health coverage. In 1975, the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) was created in Gabon to guarantee the social protection of the population and enable financial contributions according to means, and benefits according to needs. In 2007, reforms of Gabon's health financing system were instituted, including implementation of compulsory health insurance schemes through the CNAMGS. The responsibilities of the NSSF were transferred to the CNAMGS, which provides medical, maternity, and miscellaneous insurance and retirement pensions to insured persons and their dependents. In 2008, Gabon introduced an innovatively financed fund dedicated to the poor that extended health protection to economically disadvantaged Gabonese. The fund is managed by the same public institution that manages the private and public national health insurance schemes, enabling the poorest to have greater access to health services and better financial protection against health risks. The CNAMGS assigns an identification number to each insured individual, although this number does not have all the characteristics of a unique identification number (UIN). The assignment of a UIN at birth would allow linkage of the civil registration, vital statistics, and national identification systems, facilitating coordination between sectors and enabling individuals' greater access to and efficiency in using services. Gabon is working to strengthen its national health information system (NHIS), to improve health system planning, resource management, and quality of care. By connecting all actors in the health system through information and communication technologies, the integrated NHIS will allow the sharing of health information, statistical data, and human and material resources
    DOI: 10.1596/32543
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    Thailand Financial Sector Assessment Program : Funded Pension System (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: While Thailand's pension system is typically described as a multipillar pension scheme, its design is highly fragmented and offers adequate coverage only to a small segment of the population, including civil servants and high-income individuals. In its 2018 Article IV report, the IMF highlighted the need for a broader pension reform, including parametric changes and ender inclusivepolicies to improve female labor force participation and attenuate the impact of aging on productivity growth. While these reforms are needed, private pensions can also play a role inimproving retirement income for individuals. As agreed with the Thai authorities, this technical note provides an assessment of the private, funded components of the pension system. A key component assessed is the voluntary provident fund scheme (PVD). The PVD scheme is voluntary and operates as a tax-incentivized scheme, which allows both employers and employees to take advantage of generous tax benefits for savings for retirement. This note also addresses the challenges of the private, funded system and proposes policy recommendations for increasing coverage, improving efficiency, and delivering sustainable retirement income in the payout phase. This note is organized as follows. The next section provides a brief description of the current overall pension system, public and private; Section III provides a diagnostic of the main challenges in the private, funded system; and Section IV provides recommendations for optimizing the design of the private, funded pension system. The focus of the note is to improve the incentive structure of the private, funded pension scheme
    DOI: 10.1596/32610
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    Expanding Access to Financing for Micro, Small, and Medium-Size Enterprises in Russia by Leveraging Innovative Financial Solutions : Policy Note (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The development of micro, small, and medium-size enterprises (SME) in Russia is a priority of the Russian government, which emphasizes the need of improving SME access to finance, along with other critical factors for SME growth. The objective of this policy note is to inform the Russian policy-makers about options to enhance their measures for improving SME access to finance, as a part of the overall government objective to increase the contribution of SMEs to the Russian economy. The policy note's audience is a broad group of Russian stakeholders, specifically economic policy makers and financial sector regulators, as well as SME support and development institutions, the financial sector, and the private sector. The policy note aims at informing the Russian stakeholders about: (1) alternative and complementary approaches to subsidized financing of SMEs, including policies to support development of an ecosystem of financial providers and innovative products, and (2) the evolving role of the SME development institutions in creating new markets for SME finance and crowding in private sector finance. The policy note has six chapters. Chapter one is the introduction. Chapter two provides an overview on SME access to finance in Russia. Chapter three discusses the development of the non-bank SME financing ecosystem in Russia by focusing on the regulatory approaches to non-bank financial institutions and products, drawing upon relevant international experience. Chapter four reviews international approaches to key challenges and policy responses for developing non-bank finance instruments for SMEs. Chapter five looks at the role of the SME development institutions in Russia and puts their activities in the context of international best practices. Chapter six concludes with recommendations on further enhancing SME access to finance
    DOI: 10.1596/32405
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    The National Payment Systems Oversight Framework for the Maldives Monetary Authority (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This report aims at assisting Maldives Monetary Authority (MMA) to establish an effective oversight framework to monitor the different payment and settlement systems, payment instruments and payment service providers in the Maldives. The framework for oversight is based on the Bank for International Settlement-International Organization of Securities Commissions (BIS-IOSCO) 24 principles and analyzing the payments development in the Maldives, while emphasizing the importance of overseeing several critical aspects of payment systems which are not within the radar of the present oversight unit. The BIS-IOSCO principles that are specifically on oversight function are set out in section one. Section two discusses the background and the present payment landscape, legal status, and critically review the present oversight arrangement by MMA, its mandate and suggest areas of improvement for an improved and effective oversight function. Section three outlines the present and future challenges for payment and settlement oversight unit (PSSOU) and provides guidelines to overcome some of the challenges. Section four sets out recommendations to be adopted by PSSOU and section five articulates the most urgent tasks that should be undertaken by PSSOU and MMA to ensure an effective oversight on the national payments system (NPS) in the Maldives
    DOI: 10.1596/32616
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    Thailand - Assessment of Observance of the IOSCO Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This is an assessment of the Securities and Exchange Commission of Thailand (SEC) and, secondarily, of certain self-regulatory organizations (SRO) that participate in the regulation of the capital markets of Thailand. This assessment was conducted in February, 2019 as part of the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) conducted jointly by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The financial sector of Thailand shows strong growth and is dominated by banks, which are a major force in other components of the financial sector through separately licensed subsidiaries. The financial system's assets are equal to 259 percent of GDP (February 2018), with Thailand's 30 commercial banks (including 15 foreign branches or subsidiaries) holding 46 percent of financial sector assets and eight specialized (state-owned) financial institutions (SFIs) holding 15 percent. The three largest commercial banks account for 46 percent of banking sector assets, lower than that of its peer comparators. Banking sector growth, however, has been stagnant, growing to 156 percent of GDP (2018) from 153 percent (2012). Other segments of the financial sector have experienced higher growth in recent years. The market capitalization of the SET has grown to 104 percent of GDP (up from 67 percent of GDP in 2005, and from 37 percent of GDP in 2008). Insurance sector assets have grown from 10 percent of GDP in 2006 to over 22 percent of GDP in 2016
    DOI: 10.1596/32613
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    How Can Matching Grants in Agriculture Facilitate Access to Finance? : Lessons Learned from World Bank Group's Experience (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Matching grants are an instrument aimed at promoting private sector development that have been used extensively over the past years, in particular for agriculture development. this paper focuses on three specific issues: (1) What is the rationale for using matching grants in agriculture and why does the financial sector matter? (2) What has been the specific experience with WBG matching grants for agriculture and what are the key drivers of success? (3) What are the various models of linkages with financial institutions and how can matching grants be used to promote financial inclusion? Based on this analysis, this paper suggests emerging good practice on when to use matching grants for agriculture, and how to design them in a way that promotes sustainable impact and linkages with the financial sector
    DOI: 10.1596/33829
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    Policy Note on Strengthening Albania's Trade Competitiveness (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: As a small transition economy, Albania has achieved significant progress, and the average year-to-year growth rate of trade from 2000 to 2017 has outperformed the world average reaching almost eleven percent. Yet, Albanian exports are very concentrated in terms of market destinations and product varieties. Green shoots in a range of export industries illustrate that Albania has the potential to further leverage international trade. Despite its small size, Albania has become one of the top twenty exporters of tomatoes in the world, and one of the most attracting touristic destinations in Europe. However, the price gap it receives on exported tomatoes compared to competitors is still significant, which points towards unexploited potential. Adopting the necessary measures to close this price gap will have a great impact for the tomato producers and exporters. Future work on trade competitiveness will build and expand on these dimensions using firm level data, and input-output data for a deeper understanding of Albanian insertion in global value chains (GVCs)
    DOI: 10.1596/33892
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    How to Frequently and Accurately Measure Poverty and Forest Dependence? (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The relationship between forest dependence and welfare remains partially explored, partially due to a lack of data. Data collection of household consumption and poverty correlates has been constrained by time consuming and costly tools, such as multipage household and community surveys. Forest-SWIFT is a complementary tool to a traditional household survey, developed to simultaneously measure poverty as well as forest dependence, using a 15-question country specific mini-survey. Forest-SWIFT was piloted in Turkey, where the forest-dwelling population is also the poorest. The tool used recent data from the Household Budget Survey 2013 as well as the Socio-Economic Household Survey 2016 tracking poverty and forest-dependence across 100 forest villages in Turkey in 2017. Forest-SWIFT estimated poverty at 23.2 percent in rural forest villages, and forest dependence as 15 percent, the latter echoing findings from previous literature. Forest-SWIFT is efficient to bring more data on the relationship between poverty and forest activities and to monitor how this relationship evolves with the goal to have a tangible effect on policymaking
    DOI: 10.1596/32802
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    An Opportunity for All : Venezuelan Migrants and Refugees and Peru's Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Faced with the Venezuelan exodus of unprecedented magnitude in recent Latin American and Caribbean history, the main objective of this study is to determine the social, economic and sectoral implications that this phenomenon is having on Peru, in order to inform the public policy agenda with a view to development. The study presents an analysis which characterizes the different dimensions of the Venezuelan migration to Peru: from the trajectory to the country, the institutional reception and response framework, opportunities and challenges for social integration, gender dynamics, and the Venezuelan population's access to services and insertion into the labor market. The analysis also provides recommendations that seek to contribute to the strengthening of a humane and orderly migration management, and to capitalize on the potential of an adequate integration of the migrant and refugee population in Peru
    DOI: 10.1596/32816
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    Sustainable Land Management and Restoration in the Middle East and North Africa Region : Issues, Challenges, and Recommendations (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Land management in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) is facing important challenges with degradation and needs to learn from others in order to make progress at scale. Sustainable land management and the restoration of degraded lands are important topics in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, not only because of the significant role that land plays in people's livelihoods, but because of its sensitivity to changes in its management and to the impacts of climate change. The objective of this report is to provide the evidence base for governments and policymakers in developing a regional program on land restoration in MENA, drawing on lessons from Africa and other regions with large-scale efforts. The literature on sustainable land management and restoration of degraded lands is vast. This report reviews relevant global and regional experience and develops an applicable framework for MENA countries
    DOI: 10.1596/33037
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    Air Pollution Management in Kosovo (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Many cities in Kosovo suffer from poor air quality, with ambient concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) significantly exceeding the national and European Union (EU) standards and global air quality guidelines for PM2.5 established by the World Health Organization (WHO). The air pollution in the capital city of Prishtina rivals that of big cities like Beijing, Mumbai, and New Delhi. Especially in winter, urban areas face severe smog episodes, caused by the increased demand for heat from the residential and commercial sector, which is mainly provided by burning solid fuels. Such levels of air pollution are unsafe for Kosovo's population of 1.9 million and cause significant deleterious health impacts. This report is one in a series of three reports on air quality management (AQM) in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and North Macedonia. It examines the nature and magnitude of ambient air pollution (AAP) in Kosovo. It provides estimates of the health burden and the economic cost associated with the health impacts of AAP, that is, PM2.5, in Kosovo. It also analyzes of the roles of various sources of PM2.5 emissions on ambient air quality in Kosovo at a national level. The institutional and policy framework for AQM in the country is examined, including contributions of other development institutions in supporting Kosovo in addressing air pollution. Furthermore, the report presents experiences of selected countries that have applied different policy, investment, and technical interventions for air pollution, prevention, reduction, and abatement. Finally, it provides recommendations for reducing air pollution in Kosovo
    DOI: 10.1596/33041
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    Place-Based Policies in Indonesia : A Critical Review (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Place-based policies target specific geographic areas for special treatment. They attempt to stimulate growth and development in lagging regions by (1) attracting firms, (2) attracting workers and human capital, and (3) improving local public goods. This report conducts a critical review of place-based policies that have been implemented in Indonesia since Suharto's presidency. It examines the evolution of different policies and programs, aiming to understand whether these programs have increased prosperity, improved livability, or promoted greater inclusiveness for lagging regions. We begin by describing the evolution of central and local policymaking in Indonesia, providing the context through which place-based policies operate. We then review place-based policies that affect firm location choices, improve schooling and health for workers, and provide social assistance for people in lagging areas, evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. We conclude by offering recommendations to improve and redirect place-based policymaking in the future
    DOI: 10.1596/32593
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    The Monsoon Shock in Rural Nepal : Panel Evidence from the Household Risk and Vulnerability Survey (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: Monsoon rainfall is a key driver of economic life in rural Nepal as well as a major source of income variability. In this paper, the authors use a newly collected 3-year panel data set, representative of rural Nepal, merged with global monthly precipitation data to investigate the nature of the monsoon shock and to quantify household vulnerability to it. The authors find that the impact of the monsoon shock is concentrated in communities where water-intensive paddy dominates wet season cultivation and, coincidently, where groundwater irrigates dry season cultivation. In these communities, household size, area cultivated, agricultural and non-agricultural income, and household per capita food consumption measured nine months after the wet season harvest, all decline in response to a negative monsoon rainfall shock. A one standard deviation fall in monsoon precipitation is estimated to reduce total income by 3.8 percent and lead to a 0.8 percent drop in food consumption for the average rural household, but these figures rise to 11.5 percent and 3.3 percent, respectively, for households in the most paddy-intensive communities. These results have implications for social protection policies, especially in the lowlands of Nepal
    DOI: 10.1596/33078
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    Finance in Transition : Unlocking Capital Markets for Vietnam's Future Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Vietnamese economy has done well in 2019. In the context of increasing global uncertainty,Vietnam will most certainly be among the fastest growing economies in the world, with a GDP growth rate of approximately 6.8 percent. This rate is almost three times faster than the world average (2.6 percent) and 1.2 percentage points higher than the average in East Asia and Pacific, according to the latest estimates from the World Bank's Global Economic Prospects. This robust growth performance was attained thanks to the contribution of two key factors: export growth and domestic demand from households and firms. The first factor reflects the performance of the exports sector, growing by about 8.4 percent between January and September 2019, which is lower than in the recent past (15.8 percent in the same period in 2018), but three times higher than the global average. However, this expansion can be short-lived as it captures to some extent the diversion of Chinese exports toward Vietnam due to the trade tensions between China and the UnitedStates. As a matter of fact, the value of exports toward non-U.S. markets increased by only 3.8percent in 2019. The second contributing factor reflects the rapid expansion of the middle class, as the number of people living on more than US 15 Dollars per day increases by about 1 million every year. The demand of the burgeoning middle class has been met to a great extent by purchases of foreign products, as the imports of consumption goods have been rising by about 15 percent per year since 2015. The contribution of exports and private demand to GDP growth has allowed the government to maintain its prudent fiscal and monetary policies. On the fiscal front, the authorities have managed to reduce their fiscal deficit (down by 0.1 percent of GDP) due to higher-than-expected revenues and a very low execution of capital investment expenditures; the latter has been persistently low since 2015. As a result, the debt-to-GDP ratio (the Ministry of Finance's definition) is estimated to have declined from 58.4 to 56.1 percent from 2018 and 2019. The authorities have thus been able to rebuild additional fiscal space by reducing public borrowing by almost 8 percentage points of GDP since 2016, though lower capital spending has also depressed potential growth
    DOI: 10.1596/33075
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    Enhancing Burkina Faso Regional Connectivity : An Economic Corridor Approach (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Regional integration and international connectivity via economic corridors play an essential role in reducing the isolation of West Africa's landlocked countries such as Burkina Faso. Burkina Faso's main international corridors are the Ouagadougou-Lome road corridor connecting it to Togo, the Ouagadougou-Tema (Ghana) road corridor, and the Ouagadougou-Niamey (Niger) road corridor, as well as the Ouagadougou-Abidjan (Cote d'Ivoire) road and rail corridors. Each of the corridors plays a unique role in regional integration, national trade, and sub-national rural and urban development, by providing connectivity to consumption centers, economic production zones, and/or economically lagging areas. The national perspective suggests that the Ouagadougou-Lome corridor is very important for Burkina Faso's imports, serving as the artery for about 40 percent of all cargo entering the country, while the Ouagadougou-Abidjan road and rail corridors play an equally crucial role in allowing Burkina Faso's exports to reach global markets. The region's trunk road infrastructure is in fair-to-good condition on most sections, although large gaps remain on corridors such as the eastern link between Lome and Niamey. This study develops several scenarios of corridor interventions that address the inefficiencies to quantify the expected impacts in terms of real income growth and domestic market accessibility
    DOI: 10.1596/33040
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    Thinking Strategically about Revenue Administration Reform : The Creation of Integrated, Autonomous Revenue Bodies (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Over the past two decades, two trends in tax administration reform have emerged - granting increased autonomy to tax administrations and establishing a unified integrated revenue authority (IRA) charged with administering both tax and customs laws and, in some cases, social security. This paper reviews the theory and practice of these revenue administration models and synthesizes lessons learned from the World Bank's engagement with clients in recent years. The paper looks at several case studies across the world on the reform design as well as results of integration or increased autonomy. Semi-autonomous and integrated revenue administration models have the potential to bring crucial improvements to the efficiency and effectiveness of tax administration. The implementation shows both successes and challenges. The paper concludes with listing pre-conditions for these reforms including need for comprehensive approach of combining increased autonomy with improved administration processes and anticorruption efforts; importance of building collation of all revenue bodies prior to integration; and focus on non-revenue collecting functions of customs administration
    DOI: 10.1596/33079
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    Retention and Expansion of Foreign Direct Investment : Political Risk and Policy Responses (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Due to its recognized benefits, most countries today regardless of their level of development compete for and dedicate significant resources to attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). Capturing the full positive spillovers of FDI is a long-term process and requires regulatory certainty and predictability to enable strategic business planning. This paper aims to fill this gap in evidence-based policy making, by contributing to the understanding of how political risks emanating from government conduct affect FDI and proposing a tool for governments to help investors retain and expand investments. Based on investor survey data and empirical analysis of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), the paper aims to draw attention to this issue and to highlight that many countries may inadvertently be losing significant amounts of FDI. The paper responds to an urgent need for governments to provide a minimum institutional infrastructure that can enable a lead agency to identify, track, and manage conflicts arising between investors and public agencies as early as possible
    DOI: 10.1596/33082
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    Facilitating Trade and Logistics for E-Commerce : Building Blocks, Challenges, and Ways Forward (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Abstract: The objective of this note is to identify the key issues in trade facilitation and logistics that affect the e-commerce landscape, with a focus on cross border (trade facilitation) domestic delivery (logistics); highlight key challenges and opportunities, particularly for developing countries and small and medium enterprises (SMEs); and provide a roadmap for potential areas of World Bank (WB) support in that landscape. This work has broadly covered areas such as customs and border management; information and communications technology for trade; logistics services, including competition issues; and trade-related infrastructure (ports, inland ports, airports, and so on). This note identifies the various issues and challenges relating to e-commerce from a facilitation and logistics point of view and identifies potential solutions, particularly those in which the WBG can play a role in helping developing countries. The note draws from a wide array of developments and literature and from work done by the WBG more generally in trade facilitation and logistics in assisting countries to improve their trade environment. The note explores the required building blocks for facilitating cross-border e-commerce as to address the challenges raised and consist of: (a) improvement programs for creating a more conducive legal environment for automation; (b) improving automation and interconnectivity between agencies; (c) implementing simplified procedures to trade, including for e-commerce; and (d) implementing fully the World Trade Organizations (WTO's) trade facilitation agreement. The note concludes with the summation that e-commerce offers new challenges and opportunities for governments and firms, but to maximize its benefits requires significant reform. This note has set out a path for countries to continuing the reform and modernization route with recommendations and an action matrix of specific improvements to the trade facilitation and logistics environment that will better position countries and firms to take advantage of the enormous potential that cross border e-commerce offers
    DOI: 10.1596/33174
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    The Impact of Water Quality on GDP Growth : Evidence from Around the World (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: Declining water quality can impact the economy in various ways. Impacts can be found in the health sector, where labor productivity can be affected, in agriculture, where the quality and quantity of food produced can be reduced, and in tourism, real estate, aquaculture/fisheries and other sectors which rely on environmental quality and ecosystem services. Despite these well-known impacts, finding economy-wide affects of water quality on economic activity can be elusive. In this paper we attempt to fill this gap by using a conventional empirical approach in contemporary environmental economics and new data on economic activity and water quality for nineteen countries from 1990-2014. The authors find that when rivers become very heavily polluted, regions downstream see reductions in economic growth, losing between 0.8 and 2.0 percent of economic growth. These losses imply that in many places, the costs of environmental degradation are severely under-estimated and well above efficient levels
    DOI: 10.1596/33071
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    Local Sourcing in the Cabo Verde Tourism Food Supply Chain : Opportunities and Challenges (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: The objective of this res ...
    DOI: 10.1596/33183
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    Lebanon Economic Monitor, Fall 2019 : So When Gravity Beckons, the Poor Don't Fall (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Lebanon is in Crisis. While it is too early to gauge the economic impact of recent events, it is important to note that even prior to the eruption of the demonstrations, the World Bank projected a small recession in 2019; we now estimate that the recession will be deeper. There has been an unprecedented banking holiday, with banks closed over October 18-31 for retail and other transactions, reopening thereafter with informal capital controls and other uncoordinated measures, then closing again for 10 days on November 9. Critical short-term financing for businesses has been interrupted, leading to disruptions all along the supply chain and an ultimate impact on workers. Unemployment is expected to rise and poverty, already high, will follow. The emerging parallel exchange market is likely to trigger inflationary pressures, hurting the poor and middle class disproportionally. Shortages of imports are also expected to materialize. The crisis is a culmination of chronic conditions that have long impeded Lebanon's development process. Lebanon's Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD)1 identified elite capture, hidden behind the veil of confessionalism and confessional governance, as one of two overarching constraints for the country's economic development (the other being conflict and violence, stemming, in part, from the broader dynamics of conflict in the Middle East). Under the guise of preserving post-war confessional balances, a postwar elite emerged to command the main economic resources, both private and public, generating large rents and dividing the spoils of uncompetitive markets and a dysfunctional and hallowed state
    DOI: 10.1596/33279
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    Poverty Map of the Palestinian Territories : Palestinian Expenditure and Consumption Survey 2016 and Census 2017 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: This technical report describes the methodology and data used to produce small area poverty estimates for the Palestinian territories. The first section presents the methodology. The second section describes the data, and the technical challenges in estimating poverty at the locality level. The third section discusses selection of the best model, its performance and conducts validation exercises. The fourth section shows poverty and inequality estimates for different levels
    DOI: 10.1596/33374
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    Open Source for Global Public Goods (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This technical note is intended to contribute to understanding of how to leverage open source software (OSS) for global public goods particularly in resource-constrained environments. The aim is to enable a more deliberate approach to building information systems that can serve as a global public good, rather than reinventing the wheel every time. Despite business processes being largely the same in various country contexts, each new project is typically built from scratch, as if there were no templates, code libraries or models, or lessons learned on which to base new implementations. Implementations in some domains are dominated by a few IT vendors that present significant switching costs and lock-in to governments that are already resource constrained. OSS solutions have the potential to address the challenges mentioned above and facilitate efficiency, robustness, security, and interoperability of information systems. Governments in the digital age are interested to learn how OSS solutions can help build open, robust, interoperable, and secure service delivery platforms. Digital technology is increasingly the way citizens interact with government. From submitting passport applications to paying parking tickets and registering for social assistance, prior in-person interactions are now occurring online. For governments, modern identification (ID) systems allow for more efficient and transparent administration and service delivery, a reduction in fraud and leakage related to transfers and benefits payments, increased security, accurate vital statistics for planning purposes, and greater capacity to respond to disasters and epidemics. Equally important, social protection systems, programs, and policies help buffer individuals from shocks and equip them to improve their livelihoods and create opportunities to build a better life for themselves and their families
    DOI: 10.1596/33401
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    Global ID Coverage, Barriers, and Use by the Numbers : An In-Depth Look at the 2017 ID4D-Findex Survey (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: The ID4D-Findex data was collected as part of the 2017 round of the World Bank's Global Findex survey, carried out by Gallup, Incorporated as part of its Gallup World poll. The survey was conducted on representative samples of the non-institutionalized civilian population over age 15.8 The survey included three questions related to ID that were asked in 97 countries: (1) whether or not a person had their country's national ID or equivalent foundational ID credential; (2) for those with the ID, whether they had used it for specific purposes; and (3) for those without the ID, what their reasons were for not having one. In five economies with no ID system or very limited coverage, people were asked a single question on whether or not they had been unable to access certain services due to lack of identity documents (see Annex 2 for full text of questions). Combined with other individual-level indicators from the 2017 Global Findex, these data provide new insights into who has an ID, how they are used, and persistent barriers to access. At the same time, the data have some limitations. First, while the ID4D-Findex questions cover countries that represent close the three-quarters of the world's population, they do not cover all countries. For example, most high-income countries, some low- and middle-income countries, and some smaller economies are not included. In total, the countries included in the ID4D-Findex data account for a little over 80 percent of the population in low and lower-middle income countries. Second, the Findex survey is limited to people ages 15 and older, and therefore does not capture the identity gap or correlates of identification for the youngest people. Importantly, we have restricted the analysis in this paper to those respondents who are above the age when the ID is mandatory, using information from the ID4D Global Dataset. In countries where the mandatory ID age is greater than 15 years old, excluding these observations provides more conservative estimates of the gap in identification than if they were included, as young people may not have an ID simply because they are not yet eligible or required to have one
    DOI: 10.1596/33430
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    Maldives Debt Management Reform Plan (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt Management Performance Assessment
    Abstract: The first Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA) for Maldives was conducted in 2009, and a second DeMPA was completed in March 2019. The authorities have taken important steps to improve debt management since the first assessment, but many challenges remain. The government has implemented a series of reforms to public financial and debt management, including changes to the legal and institutional framework. Key measures include a complete overhaul of Treasury operations, the implementation of the Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS) across all government entities in the capital, Male, the establishment of a Treasury Single Account, and the development of cash-flow forecasting procedures. The coverage of the Commonwealth Secretariat Debt Recording and Management System (CSDRMS) has also been expanded, and the CS-DRMS is now used as a central database for almost all debt obligations, except Islamic finance instruments. The results of the 2019 DeMPA shed light on these improvements and indicate areas for further action
    DOI: 10.1596/33431
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    Country Partnership Framework for the Republic of Kazakhstan for the Period 2020-2025 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: Past economic success notwithstanding, this Country Partnership Framework (CPF) comes at a time when Kazakhstan faces growing challenges. Institutional and governance reforms have been identified by the Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) as the main constraint to achieving Kazakhstan's development goals. This CPF incorporates shifts in the World Bank Group (WBG) program that are intended to directly support Kazakhstan's development objectives and assist it in IBRD graduation. The CPF will also involve a high degree of selectivity to ensure that its programming is consistent with the WBG's value proposition to upper-middle-income countries as well as the IBRD graduation policy
    DOI: 10.1596/33438
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    Vietnam Agriculture Finance Diagnostic Report : Financial Inclusion Support Framework - Vietnam Country Support Program (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: Agriculture remains economically and socially important in Vietnam despite agriculture's declining share of gross domestic product (GDP). The share of primary agricultural activity in the GDP has fallen to 13 percent, compared with more than 30 percent two decades ago. The active labor force in agriculture remains as high as 45 percent. Chapter one presents an overview of the agriculture and financial sectors. Chapter two presents an analysis of farmers` financial access and use of financial services. Chapter three discusses key trends in agriculture credit and agriculture insurance markets. Chapter four discusses the key institutions and instruments of public sector support for agriculture finance. Chapter five identifies key challenges that are constraining the growth of agriculture finance, and lastly, chapter six identifies major opportunity areas and makes key recommendations to capitalize on the identified opportunities
    DOI: 10.1596/33630
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    Closing the Gender Gaps among Marginalized Roma in the Western Balkans : A Summary of Findings and Policy Recommendations (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: Roma women are one of the most deprived groups in Europe, as they suffer a double layer of exclusion: as women, and as members of Europe's largest ethnic minority. Although there are no reliable data on the Roma population in the Western Balkans, available estimates suggest that the share of national populations represented by Roma ranges between 1.7 percent in Bosnia and Herzegovina and 9.6 percent in North Macedonia. Over half of these are women. This report is intended to be a concise and timely summary that highlights the key aspects of gender equality among marginalized Roma communities in the Western Balkans. The goal of the report is to strengthen the knowledge base and evidence to understand the key determinants of gender gaps among the Roma population. For that the report offers a summary diagnostic of the most important barriers that female Roma face, in particular, accessing education and employment; further, it explores the ways in which Roma women's employment and educational outcomes are constrained above and beyond the constraints faced by Roma males
    DOI: 10.1596/34557
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    Measuring Jobs-Linked Externalities in Private Investment Projects : A Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Perspective (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper presents the rationale, the methodology and the results of the application of an innovative social rate of return (SRR) methodology in the context of an investment project (Gaza Solar Power project) financed through the Finance for Jobs (F4J) Series of Projects (SOP) in West Bank and Gaza. A key assumption behind this work is that creating jobs through private sector investment generates benefits above the market returns to the factors of production (capital, labor, and land). Moreover, in instances where the market returns would not be sufficient for the investment to take place because of elevated risks and market failures, these benefits constitute additional social returns that can justify and merit public financing support to enable fundamentally sound commercial investment to proceed and the benefits to be generated. The paper presents the methodology applied through the use of discrete choice experiment (DCE) in a cost-benefit analysis to better approximate a measurable social value to the benefits (jobs-linked externalities) generated by the investment project in Gaza
    DOI: 10.1596/33855
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    Addressing the Needs of People Over the Age of 65 in Grudziadz : A Model for Local Care Solutions (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This activity, Catching-up Regions 3 (CuR3), is designed as a one-year engagement with three selected regions in Poland, based on their regional needs and priorities. The activities of this initiative build on the results of the CuR Initiative delivered by the World Bank and the European Commission over the last two years across Poland. The objective of this task is to propose a service delivery model that will facilitate care for the elderly over the age of 65 years of age in Grudziadz. This effort includes care, services, investments, and new initiatives in a way that strives to prevent the institutionalization of the elderly, as long as possible. The local system of care delivery for seniors does not stand alone, and will be molded with consideration to the broader context of policy and governance arrangements for health and social care already established in Poland, together with the funding, capacity, and systems that are currently in place. All local and national stakeholders from Ministries to non-governmental organizations or local community groups can have a part in the model implementation. The model builds on the national system's focus on the changes and adjustments that need to be made at the local level
    DOI: 10.1596/32191
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    Kenya Public Expenditure Analysis 2019 : Creating Fiscal Space to Deliver the Big Four while Undertaking a Needed Fiscal Consolidation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: The Kenyan government remains committed to a planned fiscal consolidation pathway, which should help contain public debt stock at a sustainable level. Nonetheless, there are significant challenges stemming from a slowdown in revenue collection, a growing demand for transfers to county governments, and the need to fund the big four agenda. These issues raise the probability for fiscal slippages, requiring adequate mitigation to safeguard macroeconomic stability. This report provides an overview of the challenges in revenue mobilization, the size and composition of the national government expenditures, and the efficiency of this spending over the last five years. The analysis identifies options for supporting ongoing fiscal consolidation and creating fiscal space for the big four and broad public services delivery. There are three key messages: first, Kenya's tax revenue as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) has decreased and decoupled from the growth in the economy, suggesting some important constraints to enhancing revenue collection. Second, government spending is allocated well (to infrastructure and human capital) but there is scope to improve outcomes from the use of these resources. Third, ensuring efficiency and effectiveness of public spending is critical given tight fiscal space and the expenditure needs under the big four
    DOI: 10.1596/32252
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    Cleaning the Air of Tehran, One Bus at a Time : Retrofit Solutions for the Ageing Diesel Bus Fleet in Tehran (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: According to a report by the World Bank published in April 2018, air pollution in Tehran incurs annual loss of billions of dollars and over 4,000 premature deaths from exposure to fine particles ambient concentrations. Particulate matter (PM), one of the primary pollutants from diesel exhaust, is associated with many different types of respiratory and cardiovascular effects, and premature mortality. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the cost effectiveness of retrofitting existing city diesel bus fleet in Tehran with best available Diesel particulate filters (DPFs) available in the market. The report provides an updated assessment on the diesel retrofit solutions for an ageing diesel city bus fleet in Tehran based on publicly available information. The economic benefits of DPF installed in buses are evaluated with standard techniques of environmental economics, and technological assumptions about how much PM emissions can be avoided and control costs. The report highlights a number of national, regional and local examples of effective emission control program that exhibit best practices from around the world. Also, it presents important features and global experiences of successful retrofit program on heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs), including benefit-cost analysis from several case studies to help Tehran city leadership in taking informed economic and policy decisions. Finally, it recommends a set of critical actions to the government both at the national and local level for implementation of an effective emission control programs
    DOI: 10.1596/32282
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    Armenia : Better Understanding International Labor Mobility (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Armenia has experienced massive outflows of its people over years. Emigrants' share of the Armenian population stood at approximately thirty-two percent in 2017, according to migration data from the United Nations (UN). Half of Armenian emigrants reside in Russia. Other key destinations include Azerbaijan, the United States and Ukraine. Recent migration is primarily temporary labor migration, unlike the permanent emigration that occurred in the 1990s. Remittances resulting from migration constitute important support to the welfare of households and the domestic economy. Nevertheless, the effects of remittances and migration on labor markets are not fully understood. As migration is likely to continue, such questions are still timely and relevant. The Russian-Armenian University (RAU) survey data indicate that about as many people would like to migrate as are current first-time migrants. This policy brief aims to explore and address the two questions about migration and its effects on the labor market in Armenia. It uses data from the household migration surveys conducted by the RAU over the three-year period of 2015-2017. The brief describes the general landscape of temporary labor migration and presents relevant policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/32259
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    Climate Change and Marine Fisheries in Africa : Assessing Vulnerability and Strengthening Adaptation Capacity (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: The understanding of the impacts of climate change on fisheries is constantly increasing and can be organized around several main factors - ocean acidification, sea-level rise, higher water temperatures, deoxygenation, changes in ocean currents - although these factors are unequally known and hard to model in terms of scope - where they will occur and where they will be felt the most - and severity. For instance, although the impacts of acidification are not as well understood as the effects of the other impacts, and are more difficult to measure, it is likely that they are more severe and widespread, particularly on shell-forming species, invertebrates, and coral associated species and throughout any carbon-dependent ecological processes. This report aims to assess, to the extent possible, the potential impact of climate change on fisheries and the related well-being of coastal African countries. It focuses on how the observed and anticipated ecological impacts of climate change are likely to affect fish stocks and the fisheries that depend on them and highlights the coastal countries and regions in Africa that are most vulnerable to climate change. Based on these projections, the report further assesses subsequent socioeconomic impacts on coastal countries and communities. The report concludes with a discussion of lessons learned from the modeling results
    DOI: 10.1596/33315
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    Wading Out the Storm : The Role of Poverty in Exposure, Vulnerability and Resilience to Floods in Dar es Salaam (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: Dar es Salaam is frequently affected by severe flooding causing destruction and impeding daily life of its 4.5 million inhabitants. In this context, a better understanding of current flood risks and consequences on the livelihoods and well-being of the population is highly policy relevant. This note provides new insights into the consequences of floods in Dar es Salaam, based on two rounds of survey conducted as part of the Tanzanian Urban Resilience Program (TURP). The results show that more people than previously thought are exposed to floods in Dar es Salaam and that the poor are disproportionately affected. This note focused in particular on the interplay between poverty and flood risks. It explores first the role of poverty in exposure - who is affected by floods? -, then in vulnerability - how much do people lose in floods? - and finally in socioeconomic resilience - to what extent are the affected people able to cope with and recover from floods in the city of Dar es Salaam?
    DOI: 10.1596/32264
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  • 66
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    Optimising Investments in the Tuberculosis Response of Gauteng Province, South Africa : Findings from a Pilot Application of the Optima TB Model (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: South Africa remains a high-burden country for tuberculosis (TB) and multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) with an underlying generalised HIV epidemic. TB funding must therefore be allocated to interventions which provide high impact to prevent TB transmission, identify TB cases and treat them successfully. This report presents the findings from a pilot application of the Optima TB model in Gauteng Province, where many challenges remain to sustainably reduce TB. The modelling analysis focused on relevant intervention scenarios and optimal resource allocation to achieve the 2022 TB targets, using the mathematical optimisation feature of the tool. Findings suggest that further reductions in TB prevalence and deaths are possible through improved allocative efficiency. Several scenarios highlight opportunities especially in HIV negative populations by improving the TB care cascade with higher diagnosis rates, enhanced linkage to treatment and better MDR treatment outcomes using shorter drug regimens. The same budget allocated differently could, by 2022, reduce active TB infections by up to 40 and reduce TB deaths by up to 30 perent among HIV positive and HIV negative populations. The study provided valuable input into the refinement of the Optima TB model, especially for the HIV/TB co-epidemic setting. The model outputs support Gauteng's focus on improving the care cascade and innovating MDR-TB treatment
    DOI: 10.1596/33377
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    Rwanda Systematic Country Diagnostic (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: This Systematic Country Diagnostic analysis of growth, structural transformation, poverty reduction, and inclusion suggest that Rwanda will need to target the following outcomes to maintain rapid progress toward poverty reduction and shared prosperity: - a shift to a productivity-led growth through structural transformation, supported by increased agricultural productivity, agglomeration, and rural-to-urban transition; - an increase in the growth elasticity of poverty for inclusive growth by investing in human capital, promoting private entrepreneurship, improving accountability for service delivery, and addressing vulnerability; - increased sustainability through addressing environmental degradation, building resilience to climate change, and maintaining debt sustainability
    DOI: 10.1596/32113
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    Diagnostic Study of Public Financial Management : To Strengthen Health Financing and Service Delivery in Bangladesh (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Robust public financial management (PFM) systems are crucial to ensure the efficacy and integrity of public health spending, thereby contributing to improved service coverage and financial protection, as required for achieving universal health coverage. A weak PFM system has impeded implementation of the Bangladesh health care financing strategy 2012-2032. This paper aims to identify and document major PFM challenges in relation to the interventions outlined in this strategy document, on the grounds that relaxing these constraints will strengthen implementation. Further, the study examines PFM barriers in service delivery, such as delays in fund availability and procurement and the lack of operational funds at the facility level. The paper points to a number of obstacles, including the absence of a legal framework for implementing a social health protection scheme, no laws to retain user fees at health facilities or to change financial rules to introduce flexible cash at facilities, district health managers without delegated financial power, noncompliance with audit observations, and need for PFM capacity strengthening. Short-, medium- and long-term actions are presented to address these PFM issues. Removing these barriers will not require significant additional resources, but will offer the potential to significantly enhance value for money for Bangladesh's government health budget
    DOI: 10.1596/31768
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  • 69
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    Harnessing Technology to Address the Global Mental Health Crisis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The mounting challenges of global mental health are affecting millions of individuals throughout industrialized and developing regions of the world. One key factor hindering the progress of addressing mental illness lies in the structural imbalance between inadequate capacity to extend support, and the high growth rate of individuals requiring treatment. Addressing this gap in a timely and effective manner will warrant innovative approaches that operate in parallel with traditional strategies. This approach will assist in resolving the key challenges and barriers associated with the planning, design, and deployment of effective mental health services, and reducing the risk factors associated with mental illness. The application of emerging technologies holds promise in potentially addressing different dimensions of the global mental health challenge. This brief explores how select technologies and tools can potentially garner new insights, build efficiencies, and scale support in responding to the mental health challenges unfolding in a wide array of communities and contexts
    DOI: 10.1596/31766
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    Drivers of Socio-Economic Development Among Ethnic Minority Groups in Vietnam (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Abstract: While Vietnam has now reached lower middle-income country status, the gaps between the ethnic minority population and the majority group are evident and widening over time. In addition, ethnic minority groups are different in terms of where they are in these gaps. This study attempts to examine why and how certain ethnic groups have managed to rise to the 'top' as 'best performers' while the other groups seem to stand on the 'bottom' as 'least performers. The key study questions are: (1) What are drivers of the socio-economic development of the different ethnic groups? (2) Why have some ethnic minority groups successfully managed to escape poverty while others have lagged far behind? (3) How have such factors have been addressed in the respective policies and designated programs or projects initiated by the Government of Vietnam, development partners, and other stakeholders? (3) What are the changes needed for future design and implementation of initiatives to support sustainable socio-economic development among ethnic minorities? This study adopts a mixed methodological approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods. In order to identify the top- and bottom-performing ethnic minorities, the 2015 Ethnic Minorities Socio-Economic Survey of 53 groups (53EMS) dataset was used to calculate the Human Development Index (HDI) and Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) as two indicators of socio-economic development of the ethnic minorities
    DOI: 10.1596/32307
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    Setting the Agenda for Further District Heating Reform in Ukraine (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Since 2015, Ukraine has taken major legislative and policy steps to reform its energy sector and introduce competition for natural gas and electricity services, in particular by establishing cost-reflective pricing, phasing out implicit tariff subsidies, and introducing the ability for consumers to change suppliers. Because of this transition towards market-based arrangements, the Ukrainian district heating (DH) sector has been faced with major technical, commercial, financial, operational, and institutional challenges. The main purpose of this report is to present an analysis of the status of DH sector reform and of the remaining challenges, and to identify proposals to address these challenges, so as to facilitate the emergence of a comprehensive DH sector reform agenda, including an alignment of key decision-makers and stakeholders around crucial reform components and a process to implement these reforms. The report is organized as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two provides an overview of the current situation of the DH sector including its relative weight in the country's energy consumption in the heating services provided to the population, its financial situation, and the estimate of investments at the national level needed for modernization of the DH infrastructure. Section three analyzes the reform actions impacting the DH sector which have been implemented or initiated over the last few years, presenting the achievements as well as the limitations of these reforms. The outstanding key issues to be addressed as part of DH sector reform are analyzed in section four. Section five discusses two reform options for the DH sector which have been discussed among stakeholders for some time but for which there is no consensus. Section six identifies a list of reform actions for each major sector reform strategic priority, separating short term actions, and medium-term actions to be implemented in 2020 as part of a comprehensive package of reforms after adequate technical preparation and consultations
    DOI: 10.1596/33473
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    Integrating Gender and Social Dimensions into Energy Interventions in Afghanistan (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: This policy brief suggests ways for Afghanistan to integrate gender and social aspects into energy projects, to better address the country's energy challenges and enhance its development impact. The energy sector increasingly recognizes that men and women experience different levels of access to benefits and exposure to risks and that these are important elements to be considered for effective policy-making and project design. Women and men have different roles, responsibilities, and voice within households, markets, and their communities. Despite significant improvements, gender equality remains a major challenge in Afghan society, with women and girls being far more disadvantaged than men and boys. Rural grid electrification interventions that involve men and women into project implementation can lead to increased electricity access and use. Energy efficiency measures that specifically target men and women can improve adoption rates and drive behavior change. This policy brief presented a series of actions embedded into energy interventions aiming to address Afghanistan's energy challenges and improve gender equality. Four types of energy interventions were selected: grid and off-grid electrification in rural areas, energy efficiency initiatives, and electricity pricing policies. This policy brief seeks to show how Afghanistan can integrate gender and social concerns into energy projects to better address the country's energy issues and achieve greater development impact. Chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two examines how energy can benefit men and women, emphasizing the gender-differentiated impacts of energy on human development and economic empowerment. Chapter three presents the socioeconomic status of Afghanistan and provides overviews on gender and the energy sector. Chapter four identifies several strategies for integrating gender and social considerations into the development and implementation of energy projects and programs in Afghanistan, including on-grid and off-grid electrification in rural areas, energy efficiency initiatives, and electricity pricing policies, with the aim of addressing current specific challenges
    DOI: 10.1596/33472
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    Scaling Up Ecosystems for Small Businesses in the Democratic Republic of Congo : Analysis Based on Data from Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, Matadi, and Goma (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Abstract: Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) dominate the private sector of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and can serve as an engine of growth and job opportunities for the country. To support the growth of MSMEs and increase employment and entrepreneurship opportunities, the DRC government prepared a SME Development and Growth Project with support and funding from the World Bank Group (WBG). To better understand the challenges particular segments of MSMEs face, WBG with support from the competitive industries and innovation program (CIIP) conducted a MSME ecosystem analysis in four project locations in the DRC: Kinshasa, Goma, Lubumbashi, and Matadi. The study leveraged a diverse range of data collection channels and methods to capture deep, detailed, and meaningful insights on formal and informal MSMEs in the DRC. Overall, the MSMEs report a positive revenue growth trend in the past five years. This increase is linked to growth in domestic demand and improved quality of suppliers. The key conclusions and recommendations reflect the needs of various types of MSMEs and the international experience of policy responses that are adapted on their needs: simplify and make more transparent the policy environment; address market and institutional gaps to foster private investment in the MSMEs; strengthen and expand the base of opportunity entrepreneurs; devise innovative solutions to infrastructure challenges; pilot approaches to address MSME skills gap at scale; and pursue integration into national market and value chains. Recommendations from the multi-stakeholder dialogues about the SME ecosystem will support the implementation of the SME Growth and Development Project but can also be applied more broadly and inform the design of government policies and reforms
    DOI: 10.1596/33470
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    Studies for Grid Connection of VRE Generation Plants (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This technical guide is the third in a series of four technical guides on variable renewable energy (VRE) grid integration produced by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) of the World Bank and the Global Sustainable Electricity Partnership (GSEP). It provides guidance on how to approach power system studies, which are required to ensure the stable interconnection of utility-scale VRE plants into the grid. The report, which focuses on the transmission grid, identifies the steps the grid operator and the VRE resource entity need to follow to integrate these resources safely and effectively. It shows how power system studies verify that adequate reserves and system resources exist or what additional measures are required to reliably serve demand under credible contingencies, such as the loss of a generating unit, a transformer, or a transmission facility. The requirements for integration are elaborated in Technical Guide 1 (Grid Integration Requirements for Variable Renewable Energy)
    DOI: 10.1596/32073
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    Jobs Challenges in Slavonia, Croatia - A Subnational Labor Market Assessment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: A thriving region until the early 1990s, Slavonia, the eastern region of Croatia, has been confronted with stagnation and decline, ageing and outmigration as well as impoverishment ever since. This followed Croatia's homeland war of 1991-1995, with Slavonia one of the frontlines, economic restructuring of its state-led economy during the 1990s and 2000s and the global economic crisis of the late 2000s. More recently, after Croatia's EU accession in 2013 and coinciding with the economic upswing since 2014 in Croatia and the EU, Slavonia's labor market has started to tighten, with registered vacancies now exceeding the number of job seekers for highly educated as well as some unskilled and semi-skilled occupations. However, inactivity and unemployment remain high. In 2017, the share of the working-age population in work was only 51 percent, 10 percentage points below the rest of Croatia (61 percent) and 17 percentage points below the 2017 EU28 average. A legacy of war, limited availability of care services, and especially lower education levels explain an important part of Slavonia's much higher inactivity and unemployment. On the demand side, labor productivity in Slavonia's firms is systematically lower than in the rest of the country (except in agriculture and forestry), also consistent with Slavonia's sizeablewage gap. This, together with general disenchantment of the Slavonian population with the economicand business environment, has prompted outmigration. At the same time, a small number of firms alsooutperform their sectoral competitors elsewhere in Croatia, signaling Slavonia's potential.Looking ahead, private sector job creation remains a top priority, especially focusing on Slavonia's lower educated, who make up the bulk of the unemployed and inactive. This especially requires a reduction in the regulatory burden and an increase in Slavonian firms' competitiveness, which will also help to close the substantial wage gap with the rest of Croatia. Given the large share of its population in agriculture and forestry-related activities (close to 30 percent), Program Slavonia's current focus on agriculture and forestry is clearly warranted. With Slavonia's longstanding history and labor force experience in manufacturing and the rising number of vacancies in this sector, so is attention to manufacturing
    DOI: 10.1596/32300
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    Macroeconomic Stability, Fiscal Policy and Taxation : National Development Strategy Croatia 2030 Policy Note (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Finance ; Public Sector Development ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Public Sector Reform ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: Croatia has made significant economic progress since independence, but the global financial crisis has exposed weaknesses in its economy and growth model. While growth has resumed in 2015, income convergence has been thrown back by the crisis and by the prolonged recession that followed and is currently proceeding only slowly. Low growth potential, deriving from low productivity growth, an ageing society, emigration, and a pace of capital accumulation lower than before the crisis, needs to be boosted for sustainable and reasonably rapid income convergence with the EU28. To this end, the export sector merits particular attention. Integration in global value chains and exposure to international competition would help to strengthen firm-level productivity, investment, and wages. Croatia has the smallest goods export sector among its peers in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), and while exports of services are strong thanks to a vibrant tourism industry, the potential for productivity improvements there is limited. Fiscal policy will need to remain tight, as high public debt, to a significant extent denominated in foreign currency, needs to be reduced and fiscal space rebuilt. However, there is scope for using expenditure policies, for instance better targeting of social assistance, to increase incentives for labor force participation, which would help counter adverse demographic trends, reduce the need for fiscal transfers and increase the scope for raising public investment, and reduce inequality and poverty. Lastly, the effectiveness and efficiency of public sector service delivery across almost the entire public sector will need to be raised. This will also serve to make Croatia a more attractive destination for investments, which in turn would help boost output, reduce unemployment, and provide more revenue
    DOI: 10.1596/36560
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    Reform and Finance for the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: Since 2016 the World Bank has explored a wide range of country experiences in delivering better water supply and sanitation services. The analyses led to publication of three new global frameworks for designing water reforms: Policy, Institutional, and Regulatory Incentives, which looks at the broader sector enabling environment; Water Utility Turnaround Framework, which looks at utility-level reforms; and Maximizing Finance for Development, which looks at shifting the financing paradigm to reach the Sustainable Development Goals. The three frameworks-individually and as a compendium-set forth the key principles of a more holistic approach to reform that diverges from the traditional focus on infrastructure economics to a deeper understanding of the behavior of and between sector institutions and of the people within those institutions. Each country-specific reform path will gradually bring the sector to higher degrees of maturity with a strong focus on improving financial sustainability. This summary note integrates the three lines of work-utility reform, sector reform, and sector finance-for readers to understand the critical links between the three spheres. New contributions of this note are a Maturity Matrix for assessing where a country is in its reform process and where it wants to go and a Maturity Ladder that identifies typical actions to move from one stage of maturity to the next. Tools and references are also provided to help governments start on their reform path
    DOI: 10.1596/32244
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    Creating Markets in Morocco : A Second Generation of Reforms - Boosting Private Sector Growth, Job Creation and Skills Upgrading (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Abstract: Morocco has steered significant resources towards large investments in economic sectors identified as strategic to growth, and for increased productivity and value addition. Despite Morocco's strikingly high investment rate, one of the highest in the world at an average of thirty-four percent of gross domestic product (GDP) annually since the mid-2000s, the returns in economic growth, job creation and productivity, have been disappointing. The Moroccan economy has performed particularly poorly in terms of job creation. A more vibrant private sector is needed to create more jobs. This CPSD identifies policy recommendations and investment opportunities that would foster job creation by the formal private sector and improve labor supply in skills that would anchor Morocco as an emerging economy, to continue its path of growth, and to move into higher value-added and innovative sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/32402
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    Concrete Pavements for Climate Resilient Low-Volume Roads in Pacific Island Countries (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: In pursuit of economic and social development objectives, governments of Pacific Island Countries (PICs) desire to upgrade unpaved low-volume roads (LVRs) for the improvement in connectivity and quality of life associated with all weather-access. Whilst the benefits are clear, the capital cost of conventional pavement technology and the recurrent cost of maintenance make it hard to justify the required investment in upgrading LVRs. Typical LVRs are surfaced with a bituminous chip seal or a thin asphalt concrete (AC) layer on processed aggregate base and subbase courses. Constructing such pavements in PICs is expensive, given the scarcity of aggregate of requisite quality, relatively limited domestic road construction capacity, and scale diseconomies in the use of equipment, plant and materials. Moreover, vulnerability to natural disasters and climate change necessitates consideration of more resilient paving alternatives. The findings of the study suggest that there is substantial promise for concrete pavements to be used for low-volume (〈400 vehicles a day) roads. Four different types of concrete pavement were assessed including the strengths, weaknesses and operations and maintenance (O and M) implications of each pavement type. Although prepared primarily for the PICs, the study provides valuable insights and technical guidance on the application of concrete pavements for LVRs in other regions outside of the Pacific Islands
    DOI: 10.1596/32394
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    Remarks by World Bank Group President David Malpass on Bretton Woods 75th Anniversary (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: David Malpass, President of the World Bank Group, commemorated the 75th anniversary of the 1944 conference held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire which led to the creation of the World Bank. He spoke about key historical events and development challenges. He discussed the IDA19 replenishment and its importance to the Sahel. He noted the evolution of development policy and development finance, including highlights like the debt crisis, globally traded bonds, and Green Bonds. He mentioned advisory services and key reports produced by the Group
    DOI: 10.1596/32345
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    Making Payments More Efficient for the Philippines Conditional Cash Transfer Program (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (Pantawid Pamilya) has rapidly expanded to become the largest social protection and human development program in the Philippines. Over the last decade, the evolution of the Pantawid Pamilya was not only about its size and coverage, but also related to the program design and the quality of implementation. Payment is one of key elements which improved over time; however, severe challenges that hamper their efficiency remain unaddressed. For instance, the 4Ps has not taken full advantage of the existing payment system in the Philippines yet. The Pantawid Pamilya has great potential to increase the use of electronic payments, which significantly saves time and removes paperbased documentation. Thus, this note recommends the Government of the Philippines to develop a strategic payment reform agenda, under which 4Ps should allow beneficiaries to receive payments at any transaction account of their choice. In parallel, it is key to revisit business processes and invest in the management information system to reduce manual transactions to achieve more efficient payment. Beyond efficiency, the Pantawid Pamilya program can also strategically leverage different financial modalities/service providers to promote the financial inclusion agenda for beneficiaries. While service providers currently see the Pantawid Pamilya payout as a goodwill rather than a business opportunity, there is great potential for beneficiaries to become the customers of their products and services with a mainstream account
    DOI: 10.1596/32540
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    Iraq Economic Monitor, Fall 2019 : Turning the Corner - Sustaining Growth and Creating Opportunities for Iraq's Youth (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Iraq Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the previous six months and presents findings from recent World Bank work on Iraq, placing them in a longer-term and global context and assessing the implications of these developments and other changes in policy regarding the outlook for Iraq. Its coverage ranges from the macroeconomy to business environment and private sector development. It is intended for a wide audience, including policy makers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Iraq
    DOI: 10.1596/32590
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  • 83
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    Togo- Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Togo's risk of external debt distress continues to be moderate, while the overall risk of debt distress is high-unchanged from the previous Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) published in December 2018. While the mechanical results point to a low risk of external debt distress, judgment was applied given vulnerabilities arising from high domestic debt, which could, for example, likely lead to a reprofiling operation that would lead to an increase in external debt. Togo's public debt is on a downward trajectory despite an increase in 2018 compared with 2017. Togo's high public debt is the result of, among other factors, high deficits, contingent liabilities, and accumulated arrears. There is very little space to absorb shocks on total public debt. Baseline projections show that Togo's PV of total PPG debt (external plus domestic)-to-GDP ratio will decline below the new debt distress benchmark of 55 percent starting in 2023, down from 72 percent in 2018-with the bulk constituting domestic debt obligations. This analysis highlights the need for sustained fiscal consolidation, improved debt management, and strong macroeconomic policies to reduce the public debt to prudent levels over the medium term
    DOI: 10.1596/32564
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  • 84
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    Achieving Health Outcomes in Colombia : Civil Registration and Vital Statistics System, Unique Personal Identification Number, and Unified Beneficiary Registry System for Births and Deaths (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Papers
    Abstract: This case study on Colombia describes how the civil registration and national identification system and the health information system have facilitated progress toward universal health coverage. The study includes a description of Colombia's General Social Health Insurance System (Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud [SGSSS]), assignment of a unique personal identification number (UPIN) at birth, and the interoperability of the civil registration and health information systems. It explains how the civil registration system and the UPIN have helped improve health outcomes and explains the role of death registration. The study finishes with conclusions, lessons learned, and recommendations. A brief overview of Colombia is presented in Annex 1. This study focuses on identification of and access to health services, which are considered rights in Colombia. This report emphasizes the importance of establishing an individual's legal identity in childhood to facilitate early access to social and other services and for greater accuracy in population statistics
    DOI: 10.1596/32538
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    Urban and Rural Municipal Solid Waste in China and the Circular Economy : A Brief Overview and Opportunities Going Forward (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: This paper lists several opportunities for China to advance MSW policies and practices. In addition to building on lessons learned from countries with decades of experience in implementing separation at source programs, including lessons on dealing with the informal sector, China's extended responsibility systems (EPR) for different waste streams including packaging waste could be tested locally and if successful, could then be prioritized. EPR schemes could be used to introduce incentives for eco-design, create a sustainable production and consumption pattern, reduce landfilling and develop recycling and recovery channels. China could also more comprehensively test the regional approach for service delivery especially for underserved county and rural areas. There is an opportunity to deepen urban-rural integration enhance economies of scale, and improve efficiency through regional integration in waste service provision. This would not only improve the quality of service provision but support financial sustainability and help offset some of the increased financial costs for circularity. Ensuring sustainable operational financing is important to provide for public-private partnerships, a stated priority of the government; sustain earlier and current investments; and permit future development of facilities
    DOI: 10.1596/33838
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    Madagascar Economic Update, October 2019 : A New Start? (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The successful conclusion of the Presidential election in January 2019 represents a historic window of opportunity for Madagascar to break cycles of political instability that abruptly interrupted its development in the past and to leapfrog its economic and social revitalization. Following a prolonged period of economic stagnation, growth accelerated over the last five years to reach 5.1 percent in 2018, its fastest pace in over a decade. The return to constitutional order in 2014 was instrumental to this economic revival, as it contributed to restore investor confidence, re-open access to key export markets, reinstate flows of concessional financing, and encourage structural reforms. Growth continued apace in 2019, although moderating slightly to an estimated 4.7 percent, amid weakening external demand and a slow execution of public spending following the presidential and parliamentary elections. A post-election rebound in public and private investments is expected to result in growth averaging 5.4 percent in 2020-21. This Economic Update suggests however that the country remains vulnerable to shocks. International risks include the possible intensification of the trade war between main trading partners, or the rise in international oil prices in a context of geopolitical tensions. The risk of natural disasters or of a sharp drop in the price of vanilla also need due consideration. The government must take advantage of the successful political transition to accelerate growth-enhancing reforms and develop the necessary fiscal buffers to support priority investments and be ready to face unexpected circumstances
    DOI: 10.1596/32636
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  • 87
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    Unlocking Ethiopia's Urban Land and Housing Markets : Urban Land Supply and Affordable Housing Study (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: The Ethiopia Urban Land Supply and Affordable Housing Study (EULSAH) responds to the request fromthe Government of Ethiopia (GoE), Ministry of Urban Development and Construction to carry outfollow-on technical assistance to the Ethiopia Urbanization Review (EUR) jointly published by theWorld Bank and the GoE in 2015. The EUR calls for a robust institutional framework to support efficient and sustainable land management and housing delivery, urban governance, and municipal finance, taking into account Ethiopia's constitutionally entrenched system of land tenure.EULSAH aims to inform policy decisions on how to address the growing demand for urban land andaffordable housing in the context of rapid urbanization in Ethiopia. It supports two interrelatedcomponents, Urban Land and Housing. The Urban Land component has two subcomponents. The first subcomponent "Urban Land Cadaster" was successfully delivered to the GoE in May 2017. The second subcomponent "Urban Land Supply" along with the "Housing" component are featured in the EULSAH.The Ethiopia Urban Land Supply and Affordable Housing Study is a product of close collaborationbetween the World Bank and the GoE. The Terms of Reference were developed based on technicaldiscussions and numerous consultation activities with national and local government officials,including discussions with the Prime Minister and senior Cabinet members, state enterprise leaders,private sector actors and development partners. These were undertaken during the finalization of the EUR and a subsequent scoping mission in October 2015. The inception report was presented to the GoE Task Force in June 2017; this was followed by two video conferences with the task force to discuss preliminary findings from urban land supply and affordable housing respectively. A technical consultation workshop on the key findings and preliminary recommendations on policy changes and institutional reforms was held with national and urban local governments, the private sector, academics, and development partners in November 2018. A high-level national consultation workshop was held in Addis Ababa with key stakeholders for the final draft reports on May 10, 2019 to seek further feedback on the revised reports with a focus on how to move the policy recommendation forward
    DOI: 10.1596/32756
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  • 88
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    Creating Impact : The Promise of Impact Investing (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: This report takes stock of the market for impact investing and examines the conditions that would allow the market to grow and realize its potential. Historically, there have always been investors who cared about more than just financial returns. Governments and philanthropists, for example, have set up investment vehicles with mandates to promote social and environmental goals. Over the last decade, impact investing has gained prominence as an approach to investment that aims to achieve both financial returns and social or environmental goals.1 This has created a dynamic but somewhat disorganized market of diverse participants, standards, and concepts. Although still small, the market is attracting considerable interest, and it has the potential to increase in scale, and thereby contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris climate goals
    DOI: 10.1596/32767
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  • 89
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    Bangladesh Climate-Smart Agriculture Investment Plan : Investment Opportunities in the Agriculture Sector's Transition to a Climate Resilient Growth Path (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: Bangladesh's agriculture ...
    DOI: 10.1596/32742
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  • 90
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    Simulation on Connecting Climate Market Systems (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: The Paris Agreement introduced a bottom-up approach for addressing climate change by enabling countries to pledge individual commitments through nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Furthermore, Article 6 of the Paris Agreement recognizes that Parties may engage in bilateral cooperative approaches, including through the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs), to achieve their NDCs. Heterogeneous climate markets may have different governance systems and technological approaches. Information about mitigation outcomes (MOs) or emission reductions is currently collected in a variety of repositories, including spreadsheets and registries, with different levels of information. The differences in these processes may constrain market integration and add to the complexity of tracking and recording transactions. Against this backdrop, there is a need to create a new architecture to support transparency and enhance the tradability of climate assets across jurisdictions while ensuring the integrity of trades. The Kyoto Protocol utilized an International Transaction Log (ITL), operated by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), to facilitate communication between registries and maintain a transaction log to ensure accurate accounting and verification of transactions proposed by connected registries. However, under the Paris Agreement, which may rely on a decentralized approach to markets under Article 6.2, climate negotiators are still determining whether a centralized infrastructure should continue, the functions it could perform, and to which market mechanisms or transactions it would apply. Consistent with the bottom-up ethos of the Paris Agreement, there is value in demonstrating an approach to link registry systems in a peer-to-peer arrangement
    DOI: 10.1596/32747
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  • 91
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    Review on Sustainable Forest Management and Financing in China (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: The purpose of this report is to review and disseminate lessons learned from domestically financed forestry programs in China and from those programs financed by international organizations, and to recommend best practices on sustainable forest management. Projects covered by the review include those supported by the World Bank (the Bank), the German Corporation for International Cooperation (GIZ), Kreditanstalt Fur Wiederaufbeau (KfW), and those financed by the Government of China. In addition to conclusions on the most promising models for sustainable forest management (SFM), the review presents an overview of the main sources of financing for SFM and recommendations on what needs to be done to strengthen financial support for SFM. Forests play a key role in the conservation and protection of a wide range of ecosystems, including water courses, watersheds, wetlands, drylands, and deserts. They also serve important functions in conserving on-farm ecosystems, grasslands, and urban environments. Such is the importance of global forest ecosystems that they are often called the 'the lungs of the Earth,' the 'kidneys of the Earth,' or the 'immune system of the Earth.' They are also regarded as pivotal in stabilizing terrestrial ecosystems by balancing and offsetting changes in global dynamics that adversely affect terrestrial ecosystems, such as the sequestration of carbon dioxide
    DOI: 10.1596/32803
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  • 92
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    Illegal Logging, Fishing, and Wildlife Trade : The Costs and How to Combat it (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: This paper has two goals - to motivate policy makers in developed and emerging economies to pay more attention to illegal logging, fishing, and wildlife trade, and to provide a road map to address the root causes of the illegal activities. Illegal wildlife trade directly causes declines in species population, resulting in the deterioration of ecosystem functions. Illegal activities involve trade of species threatened with extinction, including many keystone species. It also covers a range of mammals, such as pangolins (considered the world's most trafficked mammal), and wood products such as rosewood, and marine mammals such as the vaquita found in the Sea of Cortez in Mexico. For all practical purposes, combating illegal logging, fishing, and wildlife trade is a governance issue that first and foremost requires high-level political commitment at the national and international levels. The financial action task force (FATF) recommendations (FATF 2012-19) provide a framework for a risk-based, peer-reviewed system of mutual evaluations for compliance with global standards on money laundering and terrorist financing. The national risk assessment tools can be expanded to also address illegal logging, fishing, and wildlife trade and other natural resources crimes
    DOI: 10.1596/32806
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  • 93
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    Gulf Economic Update, December 2019 : Economic Diversification for a Sustainable and Resilient GCC (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    DOI: 10.1596/32811
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  • 94
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    Tanzania Mainland Poverty Assessment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: This report summarizes a comprehensive analysis of poverty and inequality in Tanzania and identifies some priority actions if poverty is to be reduced. The first part is based on the results of the Household Budget Surveys (HBSs) for 2007, 2012, and 2018; several rounds of National Panel Surveys (NPSs); and Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data. It also combines spatial information from the population census and other sources with HBS data to (1) provide a rigorous analysis of the evolution, profile, and determinants of poverty and inequality; (2) exploremovements in and out of poverty and their drivers; and (3) examine the distribution of poverty and living conditions across the country at a detailed geographic level. The second and final part examines the pattern of structural transformation, firm profiles, job creation, and financial inclusion using the rebased GDP figures released in February 2019, plus data from the Statistical Business Register (SBR), Census of Industrial Production (CIP), national accounts, NPS, Integrated Labor Force Surveys (ILFS), and other sources. This executive summary provides an overview ofall the findings
    DOI: 10.1596/33031
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  • 95
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    The First International Research Conference on Carbon Pricing (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition Reports
    Abstract: This report provides the papers and proceedings of the first International Research Conference on Carbon Pricing held from February 14-15, 2019 in New Delhi, India. With the goal of strengthening the carbon pricing knowledge base and fostering an improved understanding of the evolving challenges to its successful application, the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition convened researchers, practitioners, and interested stakeholders for the CPLC Research Conference
    DOI: 10.1596/32746
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  • 96
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    Going Global : Expanding Offshore Wind to Emerging Markets (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: For many years, offshore wind was the expensive cousin of onshore wind with generation costs in the range of USD 150 to USD 200 per megawatt hour (MWh). This changed dramatically between 2016 and 2017 when a series of competitive tenders in Europe witnessed strike prices fall below USD 100/MWh, culminating in projects that bid into merchant markets with no subsidy at all. Prices have continued to drop thanks to technological improvements, economies of scale, maturation of supply chains, better procurement strategies, and the efforts of large and sophisticated project developers, including several from the utility and oil and gas sectors. However, to date the offshore wind industry has remained largely confined to Europe and China. As prices continue to drop, offshore wind is increasingly gaining traction in emerging markets. Projections suggest that offshore wind will add between 7 to 11 gigawatts (GW) per year from 2019 to 2024, reaching between 15 to 21 GW/year from 2025 to 2030. While much of the growth is expected in Europe, China, and new Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) markets including Japan, South Korea, and the United States, there is ample potential for developing countries to ride on this momentum and ramp up their local offshore markets. This report presents eight case studies on the technical potential for offshore wind in Brazil, India, Morocco, the Philippines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and Vietnam (here, technical potential is calculated on the basis of wind speed and water depth). Considering offshore areas within 200 kilometers (km) of the coast, 3 these eight countries have a total technical potential of approximately 3.1 terawatts, including 1,016 GW of fixed capacity and 2,066 GW of floating capacity
    DOI: 10.1596/32801
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    China Economic Update, December 2019 : Cyclical Risks and Structural Imperatives (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: China's economy is slowing, reflecting cyclical factors and longer-term structural trends. Notwithstanding the recent conclusion of the phase one agreement between China and the United States, short-term risks remain tilted to the downside amid a fragile global outlook and the lingering impact of trade tensions, especially on confidence. Adverse demographics, tepid productivity growth, and the legacies of excessive borrowing and environmental pollution will continue to weigh on growth over the medium term. If downside risks lead to a sharp reduction in growth, the authorities have policy space to act, but this needs to be done in a way that is consistent with reducing financial and corporate sector risks and achieving the desired rebalancing of the economy toward consumption and private investment. The key medium-term priorities are to deepen structural reforms to strengthen productivity growth and private investment, while accelerating rebalancing toward consumption, services, and green growth. This would require addressing market distortions and mainstreaming environmental sustainability into China's medium-term development strategy. Implementation of these priorities would boost China's long-term growth prospects; it would also help move toward a more comprehensive and lasting resolution of remaining deep-seated disagreements on global trade and investment, and public goods agenda
    DOI: 10.1596/33063
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  • 98
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    Jordan Jobs Diagnostic (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This report provides a detailed diagnostic of the Jordanian labor market. It finds that labor market outcomes are worsening in Jordan. It has one of the lowest levels of labor force participation in the world, and only one out of every three working-age Jordanians has a job. Low rates of firm entry and exit suggest that the process of creative destruction is limited. Most private sector firms are either small - and stay small or large and old. The share of employment in small firms -which tend to be less productive- is growing. Employment is increasingly informal, less productive. High levels of informality drive down overall levels of labor productivity and suggests that important distortions affect the allocation of resources in the economy. At the same time, a large inflow of Syrian refugees and economic migrants makes the need for job creation even more urgent
    DOI: 10.1596/32751
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  • 99
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    Beyond Arrivals : Emerging Opportunities for Georgian Firms in Tourism Value Chains (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Commodities Study
    Abstract: Georgia's current tourism ...
    DOI: 10.1596/33029
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  • 100
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    Addressing the Double Burden of Malnutrition in ASEAN (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Malnutrition, which encompasses both undernutrition and overnutrition, presents a significanthuman capital as well as economic development challenge across most ASEAN Member States.A healthy, well-nourished, well-educated and skillful population provides the foundation for aproductive life and enables future workers to compete in the dynamic labor markets of digitaleconomies. However, most of ASEAN's lower-income countries face an unfinished agenda withregard to undernutrition. Undernutrition elevates the risk of infant and child morbidity andmortality, increases expenditure on health care and social safety nets, lowers the efficiency ofinvestments in education, and decreases lifelong income-earning potential and labor forceproductivity, with the potential to be transmitted across generations. Estimates for some ASEANmember states show undernutrition resulting in annual losses of between 2.4 percent - 4.4 percent of GDP Overnutrition compounds the challenges. Overnutrition is posing an increasing challenge to ASEAN, with some countries having high prevalence of obesity and overweight. In the last 35 years obesity prevalence across ASEAN increased over 7-fold, most rapidly in Cambodia, Indonesia, and Lao PDR, where obesity rates have risen more than 10-fold. Childhood overweight and obesity is likewise a growing problem, especially in Brunei, Malaysia, and Thailand where childhood overweight prevalence exceeds 25 percent. Overweight and obesity among ASEAN member states have high direct costs for some countries, for example in Brunei it is 16. Direct health care costs related to treatment of obesity and associated chronic diseases due to obesity as well as indirect costs, particularly from the loss of labor productivity, are expected to increase in many ASEAN countries
    DOI: 10.1596/33142
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