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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (329)
  • 2005-2009  (329)
  • 1945-1949
  • 2005  (329)
  • World Bank  (316)
  • European Conference of Ministers of Transport
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (329)
  • GBV  (1)
Material
Language
Years
  • 2005-2009  (329)
  • 1945-1949
Year
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282123294
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.127
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le temps et les transports
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table revisits the extended literature on the valuation of passenger time and discusses the under-researched topic of the value of time in freight transport. It assesses the increased value of time in international freight transport, given the trend towards globalisation. In particular, urban planners are concerned that an overvaluation of passenger time could give rise to excessive urban infrastructure investment which would induce low-density development of cities and urban sprawl. Transport policy measures that increase the speed and reliability of freight transport not only reduce its direct costs but have strong effects on inventory policies, logistics and even the location of firms. As recent empirical studies show, variations in time requirements for international transport, and increasingly short product and fashion cycles, have an influence on the pattern of foreign direct investment and international trade flows. Rational transport policy decision making has to take account of these indirect effects.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282103418
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.126
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les aéroports ; des plaques tournantes multimodales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les aéroports : des plaques tournantes multimodales
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This ECMT Round Table features four papers: The European Market for Airline Transportation and Multimodalism, The Role of Airports in the Transport Chain, Airport Systems and Connectivity, and Airports as Multimodal Interchange Nodes - The Example of London Heathrow. These papers discuss how the requirements of ensuring efficient land transport connectivity depend on the market structure of the airline industry and its impact on the airport network.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789264008588
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Évaluation économique des chaussées à longue durée de vie ; Phase 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Economic evaluation of long-life pavements
    DDC: 388.1/1
    RVK:
    Keywords: Straßenbau ; Baustoff ; Transport ; Straßenbaustoff ; Straßenoberbau ; Langlebigkeit ; Bewertung
    Abstract: With maintenance costs accounting for a large proportion of road budgets, this report assesses the economic and technical feasibility of innovative wearing courses for long life road pavements. While having higher initial costs, such wearing courses have the potential to dramatically reduce recurrent road maintenance requirements and user costs and could also reduce overall costs significantly, under circumstances outlined in the report.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282123386
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Series Statement: Road Transport and Intermodal Linkages Research Programme
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des normes de performance pour le secteur routier
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This report examines existing regulatory approaches and then explores how performance standards might be used to improve regulatory outcomes. Under a performance-based approach to regulation, standards would specify the performance required from vehicle operations rather than mandating how this level of performance is to be achieved. More flexible performance-based regulations provide for increased innovation and more rapid adoption of new technologies. The report explores the regulatory reform processes in some countries that have led to more direct, outcome-oriented approaches to regulating road transport vehicles.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789282123423
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.128
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Systèmes nationaux de planification des infrastructures de transport
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table discusses changes in national systems of transport infrastructure planning and the lessons for the further improvement of planning processes. It covers the following issues: the rationale of transport infrastructure planning and related reform needs, the decentralisation of planning institutions, reforms of planning and evaluation methods, reforms of infrastructure financing and pricing. This report contains background papers reporting on the national experiences of France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821358634
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xviii, 329 p) , ill , 28 cm.
    Additional Material: 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Trade and development series
    DDC: 382/.41/091724
    Keywords: International economic relations ; Produce trade Government policy ; Produce trade ; International economic relations ; Produce trade Government policy ; Produce trade ; International economic relations ; Produce trade ; Produce trade
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    ISBN: 082136085X
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxiv, 508 p) , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 332.67/22
    Keywords: Agricultural development projects ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Agricultural development projects ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Agricultural development projects ; Agriculture
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    ISBN: 0821360175
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xi, 140 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: A country framework report
    DDC: 363/.09673
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Public-private sector cooperation ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Public-private sector cooperation ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Public-private sector cooperation ; Angola ; Angola Economic conditions ; Angola Economic conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821360760 , 9780821360767
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (240 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: In its 4rd annual edition, The Little Green Data Book 2005 is a pocket-sized ready reference on key environmental data for over 200 countries. Key indicators are organized under the headings of agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, energy, emission and pollution, and water and sanitation. Profiles of each country include 48 key development indicators like: Population, Urban Population, Rural Population Density; GNI, GDP, Gross National Savings; Forest Area, Annual Deforestation; Agricultural Land, Fertilizer Consumption, Irrigated Land, Food Production Index; Mammal and Bird Species Threatened; Electric Power Consumption, GDP per unit of energy use; CO2 Emissions per Capita, Passenger Cars; Freshwater resources per capita, Access to Sanitation; Energy Depletion, Education Expenditure, Under-5 Mortality Rate. Drawing on data from the World Bank's World Development Indicators 2005, The Little Green Data Book provides quick reference to the latest available environmental data for World Bank member countries as well as other economies with populations of over 30,000
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    ISBN: 0821361295 , 0821361309
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (v, 62 p) , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no.49
    DDC: 338.6/40981
    Keywords: Business enterprises Size ; Business enterprises Finance ; Business enterprises Size ; Business enterprises Finance
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-62)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 11
    ISBN: 0821361503
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiv, 45 p) , ill., 1 col. map , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no.51
    DDC: 384/.096
    Keywords: World Bank ; World Bank ; Economic assistance ; Information technology ; Telecommunication ; Economic assistance ; Information technology ; Telecommunication
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 12
    ISBN: 0821362682 , 0821362690 , 9780821362686
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (vii, 41 p) , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no.59
    DDC: 362.196/390096761
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Health promotion ; Malnutrition in children ; Economic assistance ; Health promotion ; Malnutrition in children
    Note: Includes bibliography (p. 41)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 082136457X , 9780821364581 , 9780821364574
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (188 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The World Bank's research is intended to address critical issues and problems facing member governments in developing and transition economies. How can the governments of the poorest countries generate enough revenue to provide the education and health services essential to reducing poverty and promoting growth and development? How can poor countries attract investors to build the infrastructure their economies need? How can they develop systems to bring clean water to the 2 billion people without it today? How can they train teachers and bring to class the 115 million children who have not yet received any education? And how can rich countries be persuaded to lower market barriers, helping to reverse the decline in export prices for poor countries that has left them earning less from trade today than in the 1970s? These are the types of questions that are addressed in this edition of The World Bank Research Program: Abstracts from Current Studies. This volume reports on research projects initiated, under way, or completed from July 2003 through June 2004. It covers 151 research projects on several broad development related issues, including agriculture, health, education, environment, infrastructure, investment climate, and more. The abstract for each project describes the questions addressed, the analytic methods used, the findings to date, and policy implications
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821363441 , 9780821363454 , 9780821363447
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (178 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Economic Prospects
    Abstract: International migration, the movement of people across international boundaries to improve economic opportunity, has enormous implications for growth and welfare in both origin and destination countries. An important benefit to developing countries is the receipt of remittances or transfers from income earned by overseas emigrants. Official data show that development countries' remittance receipts totaled
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821358553
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xi, 112 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 338.4/33621/0973
    Keywords: Medical care Finance ; Medical care, Cost of ; Medical care Finance ; Medical care, Cost of ; Medical care ; Medical care, Cost of
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-107) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 16
    ISBN: 0821359657
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xii, 103 p) , col. ill , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: A country framework report
    DDC: 363.6/0967571
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Public-private sector cooperation ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Public-private sector cooperation ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Public-private sector cooperation
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 103)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung gGmbh
    ISBN: 0821359576
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (vii, 128 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Berlin Workshop series 2005
    Keywords: Investments, Foreign Congresses ; Poverty Congresses ; Investments, Foreign Congresses ; Poverty Congresses ; Developing countries Congresses Economic policy ; Developing countries Congresses Economic policy
    Note: "The articles in this volume were presented at the sixth annual Berlin Workshop, held September 3-5, 2003"--P. 1 , Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 18
    ISBN: 0821359843 , 9780821359846
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (190 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Development Finance
    Abstract: Global Development Finance 2005 I: Analysis and Statistical Appendix addresses two key challenges in development finance: first, how to raise resources flowing to low-income countries, which are heavily constrained in their access to market-based finance. Second, how to manage the vulnerability inherent in developing countries' access to finance -- vulnerability stemming from changes in the global macro environment, as well as from shifting donor priorities (affecting aid and concessional finance) and changing debt dynamics in developing countries
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 082136071X , 9780821360712
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (440 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: World Development Indicators, the World Bank's respected statistical publication presents the most current and accurate information on global development on both a national level and aggregated globally. This information allows readers to monitor the progress made toward meeting the goals endorsed by the United Nations and its member countries, the World Bank, and a host of partner organizations in September 2001 in their Millennium Development Goals. The print edition of World Development Indicators 2005 allows you to consult over 80 tables and over 800 indicators for 152 economies and 14 country groups, as well as basic indicators for a further 55 economies. There are key indicators for the latest year available, important regional data, and income group analysis. The report contains six thematic presentations of analytical commentary covering: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : Centre for Economic Policy Research
    ISBN: 0821359320 , 0821360841
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxxvii, 362 p) , ill., map , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Trade and development series
    DDC: 330.9561/04
    Keywords: European Union Membership ; European Union Membership ; International economic integration ; International economic integration ; European Union ; International economic integration ; Membership ; Turkey ; Turkey ; Turkey Economic conditions ; Turkey Economic policy ; Turkey Economic conditions ; Turkey Economic policy
    Note: "The essays in this volume, with the exception of the last three, were discussed at the conference 'Turkey: towards EU accession,' held May 10-11, 2003, in Ankara, Turkey"--P. xi , A copublication of the World Bank and the Centre for Economic Policy Research , Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821357492 , 9780821364345 , 9780821357491
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (189 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Doing Business
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Doing Business in 2006 is the third in a series of annual reports investigating regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. This edition provides analysis on those regulations that help create jobs and those that deter it. New quantitative indicators on business regulations and their enforcement can be compared across 150 countries - from Albania to Zimbabwe - and over time. Doing Business in 2006 updates the indicators presented in previous reports: on starting a business, hiring and firing workers, getting licenses, getting credit, protecting investors, enforcing contracts, and closing a business. Two news sets of measures are added, on paying taxes and trading across borders. The indicators are used to analyze economic and social outcomes, such as productivity, investment, informality, corruption, unemployment and poverty, and identify what reforms have worked, where and why
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank and International Monetary Fund
    ISBN: 0821364324 , 9780821364321
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxiii, 459 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 354.8
    Keywords: Banks and banking State supervision ; Financial crises ; Financial services industry State supervision ; Insurance State supervision ; Risk assessment ; Securities industry State supervision ; Banks and banking State supervision ; Financial crises ; Financial services industry State supervision ; Insurance State supervision ; Risk assessment ; Securities industry State supervision ; Banks and banking ; Financial crises ; State supervision ; Financial services industry ; Insurance ; Risk assessment ; State supervision ; State supervision ; Securities industry
    Note: "September 2005 , Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821363506 , 9780821363515 , 9780821363508
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xx, 113 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no.63
    DDC: 382/.41/094
    Keywords: Horticultural products industry ; Horticultural products industry ; Horticultural products industry ; Horticultural products industry ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Commerce ; Europe Commerce ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Commerce ; Europe Commerce
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 113)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 24
    ISBN: 0821361996 , 0821362003 , 9780821361993
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvi, 193 p) , ill , 24 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 362.196/9362
    Keywords: World Bank ; World Bank ; Malaria ; Malaria ; World Bank ; Malaria
    Note: "A multidisciplinary Malaria Task Force prepared this report..."--Foreword , "DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-6100-3"--T.p. verso , Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-187) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821360787 , 9780821360798 , 9780821360781
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (336 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Africa Development Indicators
    Abstract: African Development Indicators 2005 provides the most detailed collection of data on Africa available in one volume. It contains more than 500 macroeconomic, sectoral, and social indicators, covering over 50 African countries with data from 1965-2003. The book is grouped into 17 chapters: background data; national accounts; prices and exchange rates; money and banking; external sector; external debt and related flows; government finance; agriculture; power, communications, and transportation;doing business; labor force and employment; aid flows; social indicators; environmental indicators; HIPC debt initiative; household welfare; and public enterprises. Each chapter begins with a brief introduction on the nature of the data and their limitations, followed by a set of statistical tables, charts, and technical notes that define the indicators and identify their specific source. Included are tables on HIV/AIDS, Communications and Transportation, and the HIPC Debt Initiative. Designed to provide all those interested in Africa with a focused and convenient set of data to monitor development programs and aid flows in the region, this is an invaluable reference tools for analysts and policymakers who want a better understanding of the economic and social developments occurring in Africa
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  • 26
    ISBN: 082136264X , 0821362658 , 9780821362648
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xix, 86 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Orientations in development
    DDC: 362.196/9792
    Keywords: AIDS (Disease) Prevention ; AIDS (Disease) Prevention ; HIV infections Prevention ; HIV infections Prevention ; AIDS (Disease) Prevention ; AIDS (Disease) Prevention ; HIV infections Prevention ; HIV infections Prevention ; AIDS (Disease) ; AIDS (Disease) ; HIV infections ; HIV infections
    Note: "A World Bank regional strategy"--Cover , "This strategy was prepared by a team led by Francisca Ayodeji Akala, who togehter with Carol Jenkins ... were the main authors"--P. vii , Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 27
    ISBN: 082136362X , 9780821363621
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvii, 267 p) , 23 cm.
    Additional Material: 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 339.4/6/091724
    Keywords: Economic assistance Case studies ; Economic development projects Case studies ; Poverty Case studies ; Economic assistance Case studies ; Economic development projects Case studies ; Poverty Case studies ; Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821361333 , 9780821364215 , 9780821361337
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (64 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank Annual Report
    Abstract: The World Bank Annual Report 2005 is the one place where you will find: a summary of the World Bank's major initiatives and activities this year; regional reports with lending to each region by theme and sector; the year's lending and advisory activities; a description of all new projects approved this year; the complete financial statements of the World Bank; and World Bank organizational information, including a list of all Country Offices
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789282103340
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (138 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Container Transport Security Across Modes
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Après les attentats terroristes du 11 septembre 2001, il est devenu évident que sur le plan de la sûreté, les conteneurs maritimes eux-mêmes et les nœuds de transbordement par lesquels ils transitent vers les autres modes de transport pouvaient être vulnérables. Ce rapport décrit la complexité et l’hybridité du système de transport de conteneurs ainsi que les divers acteurs concernés. Il identifie les zones potentielles de vulnérabilité et adresse des recommandations aux autorités chargées des transports terrestres et maritimes quant aux mesures susceptibles de renforcer la sûreté des conteneurs.
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9789282103500
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (610 p.)
    Series Statement: Symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports no.16
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 16th International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics; 50 Years of Transport Research - Experience Gained and Major Challenges ahead
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 16th International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics: 50 Years of Transport Research - Experience Gained and Major Challenges ahead
    Keywords: Transport ; Verkehrswirtschaft ; Transport
    Abstract: Réunis à Budapest, plus de 300 experts ont dressé un panorama des recherches en économie des transports depuis la création de la CEMT en 1953 et posé les jalons de travaux futurs. Les investissements en infrastructures contribuent-ils à la croissance économique ? Peut-on infléchir le partage modal ? Quelle place pour le principe de la concurrence au sein des transports ? Faut-il un régulateur supranational ? Quelle tarification appliquer ? La sauvegarde de l'environnement est-elle le privilège des transports publics ? Les réponses à ces questions d'actualité sont retracées, parmi d'autres tout aussi essentielles, dans cette publication qui comprend les 22 rapports introductifs aux débats ainsi qu'une synthèse d'ensemble de ces mêmes débats pour livrer le fruit des réflexions les plus à la pointe sur le thème de la contribution de la recherche à la formulation de la politique des transports. Le lecteur trouvera dans cette publication matière à alimenter les débats sur les questions d'actualité saillantes dans le domaine de l'économie des transports.
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789264008595
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Economic Evaluation of Long-Life Pavements; Phase 1
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les coûts d’entretien représentant une part importante des budgets routiers, ce rapport évalue la faisabilité économique et technique de couches de roulement innovantes pour des chaussées à longue durée de vie. Même avec des coûts initiaux plus élevés, ces couches de roulement pourraient contribuer à réduire considérablement les coûts d'entretien récurrents et les coûts pour l'usager, ainsi que les dépenses globales, sous certaines conditions exposées dans ce rapport.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789282103494
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (556 p.)
    Series Statement: International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics no.16
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 16e Symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports ; 50 ans de recherche en économie des transports - L'expérience acquise et les grands enjeux
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 16e Symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports : 50 ans de recherche en économie des transports - L'expérience acquise et les grands enjeux
    DDC: 380
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transportation Congresses ; Transportation Congresses Research ; Transport ; Konferenzschrift ; Transport ; Wirtschaft ; Verkehrswirtschaft ; Verkehrswirtschaft
    Abstract: These proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics sketch a broad overview of transport economics research since the inception of the ECMT in 1953 and map out the directions for future work. The 22 papers presented cover such topics as transport infrastructure's contribution to economic growth, modal split, competition in the transport sector, the need for a supra-national regulatory authority, charging systems, and environmental sustainability.
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS; Topic 3: Sustainability of Transport: The roles of modal split and pricing; INTRODUCTORY REPORTS; Topic 1: Transport and economic growth: Which interdependencies?; Decoupling of Freight Transport and Economic Activity: Realism or Utopia?; Economic Impacts of Infrastructure Investment: The Spanish Infrastructure Plan, 2000-2010; History of the Transition of the Hungarian Transport Industry and Infrastructure; The Correlation Between Freight Transport and Economic Growth; A Transport System Model that is More Compatible with the European Macroeconomic Environment
    Description / Table of Contents: The Economic Cost of Congestion when Road Capacity is Constrained: Lessons from Congestion Charging in London Decoupling of Economic and Transport Growth: Background, Findings and Prospects; Topic 2: Competition and regulation: Subtitles or complements?; Non-market Allocation in Transport : A Reassessment of its Justification and the Challenge of Institutional Transition; Infrastructure Funding and Public-Private Partnerships; Competition (vs. Regulation) in Transport: A Mixed Blessing or Utopia?; The Benefits of Deregulation; Competition and Regulation in the Public Choice Perspective
    Description / Table of Contents: Competition and Regulation in the Transport Sector: A Recurrent Game and Some Pending Issues Competition and Regulation: The Role of Ownership; Freight Transport and Logistical Imperatives for the Modal Split; Changing Location and Infrastructure Patterns for Sustainability; Modal Shifts, Elasticities and Qualitative Factors; Integrated Policies for Improving Modal Split in Urban Areas; Influencing the Modal Split: The Roles of the Different Modes; Scope and Limits of Charging as a Means of Promoting Sustainable Development; Counterfactual Analysis of Urban Transport Development
    Description / Table of Contents: Sustainable Transport Pricing: From Theory Towards ApplicationSUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS; Summary of Discussions; Concluding Remarks;
    Note: Enth. zahlr. Beitr , Auch als Buch-Ausg. erschienen
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282103463
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (115 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2004
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This brochure describes the activities of the ECMT during 2004. It also sets out the main documents approved by Ministers in Ljubljana and presents: the major events of the year, the latest trends in transport, the activities of the ECMT Working groups, and JTRC activities. It includes an organigramme and staff directory.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    ISBN: 9789282123447
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.128
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. National Systems of Transport Infrastructure Planning
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: La Table Ronde 128 de la Conférence Européene des Ministres des Transports a examiné les changements intervenus dans les systèmes nationaux de planification des infrastructures de transport. Elle en a dégagé des leçons pour améliorer les processus de planification. Les questions suivantes sont abordées : La logique qui guide la planification des infrastructures de transport et les besoins de réforme afférents ; La décentralisation des organismes de planification ; Les réformes des méthodes de planification et d’évaluation ; Les réformes du financement et de la tarification des infrastructures. Cette publication contient des rapports relatifs aux expériences nationales de la France, de l’Allemagne, de l’Espagne, de l’Italie, des Pays-Bas et du Royaume-Uni.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789282103487
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. ECMT Annual Report 2004
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette brochure décrit les activités de la CEMT au cours de l'année 2004. Elle contient le texte des principaux documents approuvés par le Conseil des Ministres des Transports à Ljubljana et couvre : les événements majeurs de l'année, l'évolution des transports, les activités des groupes de travail de la CEMT, et les activités du CCRT. Elle comprend également un organigramme et le répertoire du personnel.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    ISBN: 9789282123317
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (122 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.127
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Time and Transport
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette Table ronde réexamine l’abondante documentation dont on dispose sur la détermination de la valeur du temps de déplacement des voyageurs. Elle se penche sur le domaine encore peu étudié que constitue l’augmentation du temps des transports de marchandises dans le contexte de la mondialisation. Les urbanistes, en particulier, craignent que l’attribution d’une valeur excessive au temps de transport des voyageurs n’entraîne un surinvestissement dans les infrastructures urbaines qui stimulerait le développement d’un habitat urbain de faible densité et l’étalement des villes. Les mesures des politiques des transports qui favorisent la vitesse et la fiabilité du transport de marchandises n’ont pas seulement pour effet de réduire ses coûts directs, mais elles ont également de fortes répercussions sur les politiques de stockage, la logistique, voire sur les choix d’implantation des entreprises. Comme le révèlent des études empiriques récentes, l’évolution des temps de transport international, ainsi que le raccourcissement des cycles des produits et de la mode, ont une influence sur la structure de l’investissement direct étranger et les courants d’échanges internationaux. La prise de décisions rationnelles dans le domaine de la politique des transports doit tenir compte de ces effets indirects.
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  • 37
    ISBN: 0821359630
    Language: English
    Pages: li, 243 p
    DDC: 362.1/0967
    Keywords: Public health ; Medical economics ; Öffentliches Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitsökonomie ; Subsaharisches Afrika ; Subsaharisches Afrika ; Öffentliches Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitsökonomie
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821362410 , 0821362429
    Language: English
    Pages: xvii, 92 p.
    DDC: 332.1/532/096
    Keywords: World Bank Evaluation ; Weltbank ; Economic development projects Evaluation ; Public administration ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Kapazitätsmanagement ; Afrika ; Afrika ; Afrika ; Weltbank ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Kapazitätsmanagement
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-92)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821362097 , 0821362100
    Language: English
    Pages: xxvii, 387 p.
    Series Statement: Directions in development (Washington, D.C.)
    DDC: 378.8
    Keywords: Education, Higher ; Education and globalization ; International cooperation ; Lateinamerika
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821361813 , 0821363484
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (v. 〈1-2 〉) , ill , 23 cm.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 339.4/6/091724
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Economic policy ; Developing countries Economic policy
    Description / Table of Contents: v. 1. A practitioner's guide on trade, monetary and exchange rate policy, utility provision, agricultural markets, land policy, and education -- v. 2. Analyzing the distributional impact of reforms
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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  • 41
    ISBN: 0821362259 , 0821359282 , 9780821359280 , 9780821362259
    Language: English
    Pages: xlix, 382 pages , Illustrationen , 24 cm
    Edition: Boulder, Colo NetLibrary 2005 Online-Ressource E-Books von NetLibrary
    Series Statement: EBSCOhost eBook Collection
    DDC: 658.1/6
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Corporate reorganizations Congresses ; Consolidation and merger of corporations Congresses ; Financial crises Congresses ; Bankruptcy Congresses ; International finance Congresses ; Entreprises Congrès ; Réorganisation ; Entreprises Congrès ; Fusion ; Crises financières Congrès ; Faillite Congrès ; Finances internationales Congrès ; Electronic books ; Corporate reorganizations Congresses ; Consolidation and merger of corporations Congresses ; Financial crises Congresses ; Bankruptcy Congresses ; International finance Congresses ; Corporate reorganizations ; Consolidation and merger of corporations ; Financial crises ; Bankruptcy ; International finance ; Electronic books ; Finanzierung ; Restrukturierung ; Unternehmen ; Electronic books Conference proceedings ; Konferenzschrift ; Konferenzschrift ; Unternehmen ; Restrukturierung ; Finanzierung ; Unternehmen ; Restrukturierung ; Finanzierung
    Abstract: Introduction : toward better practices in systemic corporate restructuring / Michael Pomerleano -- Ch. 1. Synopsis of conference papers / William Shaw -- Ch. 2. Policy approaches to corporate restructuring around the world : what worked, what failed? / Stijn Claessens -- Ch. 3. Recent international experiences in the use of voluntary workouts under distressed conditions / Ira Lieberman, Mario Gobbo, William P. Mako and Ruth L. Neyens -- Ch. 4. Emerging-market and crisis applications for out-of-court workouts : lessons from East Asia, 1998-2001 / William P. Mako -- Ch. 5. Are more restructuring regimes becoming like the U.S. Chapter 11 system? / James H. Zukin, Alan Fragen and Dorian Lowell -- Ch. 6. The successful asset management companies / Ruth L. Neyens, Dato Zukri Samat, Beom Choi, Yang Kaisheng and Shinjiro Takagi -- Ch. 7. Progress toward the resolution of nonperforming loans / Jack Rodman -- Ch. 8. Restructuring in weak legal and regulatory jurisdictions : the case of Indonesian restructuring / Ray Davis -- Ch. 9. Government policy responses in Korea / Hogen Oh -- Ch. 10. Malaysia's experience with corporate restructuring / Dato Zainal Abidin Putih -- Ch. 11. An alternative approach to government management companies : the Mellon approach / Richard H. Daniel -- Ch. 12. Corporate restructuring funds : the lessons from Korea / Christopher Vale -- Ch. 13. Debt and firm vulnerability / Jack Glen -- Ch. 14. The contingent claims approach to corporate vulnerability analysis : estimating default risk and economywide risk transfer / Michael T. Gapen, Dale F. Gray, Cheng Hoon Lim and Yingbin Xiao -- Ch. 15. Developing an effective framework for insolvency and credit rights / Gordon W. Johnson -- App. 1. Financial restructuring : techniques and negotiating dynamics / Alan D. Fragen
    Abstract: "This timely volume takes an in-depth look at the efforts to fight corporate crisis in Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand, among others, and discusses the vital role of governments in securing and enabling legal system, effective out-of-court workouts, supportive tax regimes, and complementary policy and regulatory initiatives to confront systemic corporate distress."--Jacket
    Note: Presentations from a conference, "Corporate Restructuring--International Best Practices," hosted in March 2004 by the World Bank Group and held in Washington, D.C , Title from ebook title screen (viewed on June 15, 2005) , Includes bibliographical references , Electronic reproduction, Boulder, Colo : NetLibrary, 2005 , Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3524
    Parallel Title: Dollar, David Sowing and reaping
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Developing countries Economic conditions ; Developing countries Economic conditions
    Abstract: "Much of the academic debate on the effectiveness of foreign aid is centered on the relationship between aid and growth. Different aid-growth studies find conflicting results: aid promotes growth everywhere; aid has a zero or negative impact on growth everywhere; or the effect of aid on growth depends on recipient-specific characteristics, such as the quality of institutions and policies. Although these studies fuel an interesting debate, cross-sectional macroeconomic studies cannot be the last word on the topic of aid effectiveness. In this paper, Dollar and Levin introduce microeconomic evidence on factors conducive to the success of aid-funded projects in developing countries. The authors use the success rate of World Bank-financed projects in the 1990s, as determined by the Operations Evaluation Department, as their dependent variable. Using instrumental variables estimation, the authors find that existence of high-quality institutions in a recipient country raises the probability that aid will be used effectively. There is also some evidence that geography matters, but location in Sub-Saharan Africa is a more robust indicator of lower project success rate than tropical climate. The authors proceed to disaggregate the success rate of World Bank projects by lending instrument type and by investment sector, finding that different institutions are more important for different types of projects. The finding of a strong relationship between institutional quality and project success serves to provide further support to the hypothesis that aid effectiveness is conditional on institutions and policies of the recipient country. This paper--a product of Development Policy, Development Economics Senior Vice Presidency--is part of a larger effort in the Bank to examine aid effectiveness"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/16/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3527
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Institutional and policy analysis of river basin management
    Keywords: Rural development ; Water-supply Management ; Rural development ; Water-supply Management ; Darling River (Qld. and N.S.W.) Environmental conditions ; Murray River (N.S.W.-S. Aust.) Environmental conditions ; Darling River (Qld. and N.S.W.) Environmental conditions ; Murray River (N.S.W.-S. Aust.) Environmental conditions
    Abstract: "The authors describe and analyze management in the Murray-Darling Basin of Australia, long regarded as a model for integrated river basin management. This interior basin of over 1 million km2 in semi-arid southeastern Australia is defined by the catchment areas of the Murray and Darling Rivers and their tributaries. Water management issues include allocation, quality, and dryland salinity. Because of Australia's federal governmental structure, institutional development has been more a matter of integrating state and local endeavors than decentralization of national authority. The Australian national government has little constitutional power over water resources. The five states in the basin make policy regarding water rights, discharge permits, fees, and the construction and operation of physical structures. River management began on the Murray River in the 1920s under the terms of a tri-state agreement. As the scope of management widened to the entire basin, more states were added and the national government supported the creation of new arrangements for integrated water resource management, with some provision for stakeholder participation. The dynamics of state-national authority over water policy, and the emergence in recent years of numerous local-level catchment organization, contribute to some uncertainty about the future course of basin management in this internationally renowned site. This paper--a product of the Agriculture and Rural Development Department--is part of a larger effort in the department to approach water policy issues in an integrated way. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project "Integrated River Basin Management and the Principle of Managing Water Resources at the Lowest Appropriate Level: When and Why Does It (Not) Work in Practice?""--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/1/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3558
    Parallel Title: Lindelow, Magnus The performance of health workers in Ethiopia
    Keywords: Community health aides ; Public health ; Public health personnel ; Community health aides ; Public health ; Public health personnel
    Abstract: "Insufficient attention has been paid to understanding what determines the performance of health workers and how they make labor market choices. This paper reports on findings from focus group discussions with both health workers and users of health services in Ethiopia, a country with some of the poorest health outcomes in the world. It describes performance problems identified by both health, users and health workers participating in the focus group discussions, including absenteeism and shirking, pilfering drugs and materials, informal health care provision and illicit charging, and corruption. The second part of the paper presents four structural reasons why these problems arise: (1) the ongoing transition from a health sector dominated by the public sector, toward a more mixed model; (2) the failure of government policies to keep pace with the transition toward a mixed model of service delivery; (3) weak accountability mechanisms and the erosion of professional norms in the health sector; and (4) the impact of HIV/AIDS. The discussions underline the need to base policies on a micro-analysis of how health workers make constrained choices, both in their career and in their day to day professional activities. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/13/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3560
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Setting the trade policy agenda
    Keywords: Commercial policy ; Economists ; Government economists ; Commercial policy ; Economists ; Government economists
    Abstract: "Economists have influenced the trade policy agenda for establishing multilateral trade rules, disciplines, and procedures, and for negotiating most-favored nation and preferential reductions in trade barriers and subsidies, in addition to affecting the agenda for unilateral policy reform. These roles are considered in turn, before focusing on the economists' contribution through quantifying the extent and effects of existing trade distortions and alternative reform initiatives. Many trade distortions remain, however, so the author looks at where trade economists' efforts in agenda-setting need to be focused in the years ahead. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/26/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3563
    Parallel Title: Wagstaff, Adam Insurance health impacts on health and non-medical consumption in a developing country
    Keywords: Consumption (Economics) ; Health insurance ; Health status indicators ; Consumption (Economics) ; Health insurance ; Health status indicators
    Abstract: "The authors examine the effects of the introduction of Vietnam's health insurance (VHI) program on health outcomes, health care utilization, and non-medical household consumption. The use of panel data collected before and after the insurance program's introduction allows them to eliminate any confounding effects due to selection on time-invariant un-observables, and their coupling of propensity score matching with a double-difference estimator allows them to reduce the risk of biases due to inappropriate specification of the outcome regression model. The authors' results suggest that Vietnam's health insurance program impacted favorably on height-for-age and weight-for-age of young school children, and on body mass index among adults. Their results suggest that among young children, VHI increases use of primary care facilities and leads to a substitution away from the use of pharmacists as a source of advice and non-prescribed medicines toward the use of them as a supplier of medicines prescribed by a health professional. Among older children and adults, VHI results in a marked increase in the use of hospital inpatient and outpatient departments. The results also suggest that VHI causes a reduction in annual out-of-pocket expenditures on health and an increase in non-medical household consumption, including food consumption, but mostly nonfood consumption. The authors' estimate of the VHI-induced reduction in out-of-pocket health spending is considerably smaller than their estimate of the VHI-induced increase in non-medical consumption, which is consistent with the idea that households hold back their consumption considerably if, through lack of health insurance, they are exposed to the risk of large out-of-pocket expenditures. This is especially plausible in a country where at the time (1993), a single visit to a public hospital cost on average the equivalent of 20 percent of a person's annual nonfood consumption. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/25/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3568
    Parallel Title: Wong, Poh Kam Singapore as an innovative city in East Asia
    Keywords: Creative ability in business ; Industrial efficiency ; Technological innovations Economic aspects ; Creative ability in business ; Industrial efficiency ; Technological innovations Economic aspects
    Abstract: "The city-state of Singapore has achieved rapid economic development in the past by its positioning as an efficient business hub in Asia. To remain competitive in the global knowledge economy, however, Singapore needs to move beyond efficiency by developing a strong "innovative" edge as well. This paper examines the challenges that Singapore faces in seeking to do so through an explorative survey of 40 firms from three innovative sectors: high-tech manufacturing industries, knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS), and creative content industries. Overall, while the survey confirms Singapore's continuing competitive strength in efficiency infrastructure, it also finds a favorable perception of Singapore as an innovative city. Indeed, many of the industry actors indicated that an efficient business infrastructure is a prerequisite for locating their innovative activities in Singapore, suggesting that the relationship between innovation and efficiency is complementary, rather than substitutional. While the study found that intellectual property and its protection are widely recognized by actors in all three sectors, interesting differences exist. In particular, intellectual property protection appears to be of greater concern to the high-tech research and development-intensive manufacturing sector and the creative contents sector than to the KIBS sector. Another interesting difference is that while competition in high-tech innovation tends to be global, competition in creative content tends to have a stronger local or regional dimension. Public policy in East Asia has traditionally emphasized the development of technological innovation capabilities in the manufacturing sector. In light of the findings, public policymakers may need to be more sensitive to the nuanced differences in policies needed to promote the new creative content industries and the associated supporting KIBS. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/28/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3580
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin On the contribution of demographic change to aggregate poverty measures for the developing world
    Keywords: Fertility, Human ; Mortality ; Poor ; Fertility, Human ; Mortality ; Poor
    Abstract: "Recent literature and new data help determine plausible bounds to some key demographic differences between the poor and non-poor in the developing world. The author estimates that selective mortality-whereby poorer people tend to have higher death rates-accounts for 10-30 percent of the developing world's trend rate of
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/11/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3469
    Parallel Title: Loayza, Norman Regulation and macroeconomic performance
    Keywords: Economic development Case studies ; Pressure groups Case studies ; Resource allocation Case studies ; Trade regulation Case studies ; Economic development Case studies ; Pressure groups Case studies ; Resource allocation Case studies ; Trade regulation Case studies
    Abstract: "Regulation is purportedly enacted to serve specific social purposes. In reality, however, it follows a more complex political economy process, where legitimate social goals are mixed with the objectives of particular interest groups. Whatever its justification and objectives, regulation can have potentially significant macroeconomic consequences by helping or hampering the dynamics of economic restructuring and resource reallocation that underlie the growth process. Loayza, Oviedo, and Serven provide an empirical analysis of the macroeconomic impact of regulation. They first characterize the stylized facts on regulation across the world using a set of newly constructed, comprehensive indicators of regulation in a large number of countries in the 1990s. Using these indicators, the authors study the effects of regulation on economic growth and macroeconomic volatility using cross-country regression analysis. In particular, they consider whether the effects of regulation are affected by the country's level of institutional development. Finally, their analysis controls for the likely endogeneity of regulation with respect to macroeconomic performance. The authors conclude that a heavier regulatory burden reduces growth and increases volatility, although these effects are smaller the higher the quality of the overall institutional framework. This paper--a product of the Growth and Investment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the process of economic reform"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/3/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3493
    Parallel Title: Karacaovali, Baybars The clash of liberalizations
    Keywords: Free trade ; Tariff preferences ; Free trade ; Tariff preferences
    Abstract: "There has been an explosion in the number of preferential trade agreements in the past decade. Preferential trade agreements are characterized by liberalization with respect to only a few partners and thus they can potentially clash with and retard multilateral trade liberalization. Despite this important concern with preferential trade agreements, there is almost no systematic evidence on whether they actually affect multilateral trade liberalization. Karacaovali and Limô model the effect of preferential trade agreements on multilateral trade liberalization and show that preferential trade agreements slow down multilateral trade liberalization unless they have a common external tariff and allow for internal transfers. Next, they use detailed data on product-level tariffs negotiated by the European Union in the past two multilateral trade rounds to structurally estimate their model. The authors confirm the main prediction--the European Union's preferential trade agreements have clashed with its multilateral trade liberalization---and find that the effect is quantitatively significant. Moreover, they also confirm several auxiliary predictions of the model and provide new evidence on the political economy determinants of multilateral liberalization in the European Union. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the interaction between preferential and multilateral liberalization"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/24/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3506
    Parallel Title: Bayraktar, Nihal A macroeconomic framework for quantifying growth and poverty reduction strategies in Niger
    Keywords: Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty
    Abstract: "The authors apply the dynamic macroeconomic framework developed by Agnor, Bayraktar, and El Aynaoui (2004) to Niger. As in the original model, linkages between foreign aid, public investment (disaggregated into education, infrastructure, and health), and growth are explicitly captured. Although the nominal exchange rate is fixed, the relative price of domestic goods is endogenous, thereby allowing for potential Dutch disease effects associated with increases in aid. The authors assess the impact of policy shocks on poverty by using partial growth elasticities. They perform various policy experiments, including an increase in the level of foreign aid, a reallocation of public nvestment toward infrastructure, and neutral and non-neutral cuts in tariffs. The simulations show the dynamic tradeoffs that these policies entail with respect to growth and poverty reduction in Niger. This paper--a product of Poverty Reduction and Economic Management 3, Africa Technical Families--is part of a larger effort in the region to formulate country-specific growth strategies"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/1/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3507
    Parallel Title: Fujita, Kuniko Innovative Tokyo
    Keywords: Industrial districts ; Knowledge management ; New products ; Technological innovations ; Industrial districts ; Knowledge management ; New products ; Technological innovations
    Abstract: "Fujita and Hill compare and contrast Tokyo's innovation structure with the industrial districts model and the international hub model in the literature on urban and regional development. The model embraces and yet transcends both industrial districts and international hub models. The authors provide key elements making up the Tokyo model--organizational knowledge creation, integral and co-location systems of corporate research and development and new product development, test markets, industrial districts and clusters, participative consumer culture, continuous learning from abroad, local government policies, the national system of innovation, and the historical genesis of Tokyo in Japan's political economy. They find that the Tokyo model of innovation will continue to evolve with the changing external environment, but fundamentally retain its main characteristics. The lessons from the Tokyo model is that openness, a diversified industrial base, the continuing development of new industries, and an emphasis on innovation all contribute to the dynamism of a major metropolitan region. This paper--a product of the Development Research Group--was prepared for the East Asia Prospect Study"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/9/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3514
    Parallel Title: Trujillo, Lourdes Infrastructure performance and reform in developing and transition economies
    Keywords: Industrial productivity Case studies ; Infrastructure (Economics) Case studies ; Industrial productivity Case studies ; Infrastructure (Economics) Case studies
    Abstract: "Estache, Perelman, and Trujillo review about 80 studies on electricity and gas, water and sanitation, and rail and ports (with a footnote on telecommunications) in developing countries. The main policy lesson is that there is a difference in the relevance of ownership for efficiency between utilities and transport in developing countries. In transport, private operators have tended to perform better than public operators. For utilities, ownership often does not matter as much as sometimes argued. Most cross-country studies find no statistically significant difference in efficiency scores between public and private providers. As for the country-specific studies, some do find differences in performance over time but these differences tend to matter much less than a large number of other variables. Across sectors, private operators functioning in a competitive environment or regulated under price caps or hybrid regulatory regimes tend to catch up best practice faster than public operators. There is a very strong case to push regulators in developing and transition economies toward a more systematic reliance on yardstick competition in a sector in which residual monopoly powers tend to be common. This paper--a product of the Office of the Vice President, Infrastructure Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to document the state of the sector"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/9/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3519
    Parallel Title: Aldaz-Carroll, Enrique How do differing standards increase trade costs?
    Keywords: International trade Finance ; Pallets (Shipping, storage, etc.) Standards ; International trade Finance ; Pallets (Shipping, storage, etc.) Standards
    Abstract: "The pallet is a platform used for storing, handling, and transporting products. There are hundreds of different pallet sizes around the world. Raballand and Aldaz-Carroll examine the case of pallets to illustrate the impact of multiplicity of standards on trade costs. They select this case because pallets are used all around the world, pallet standards are not too sophisticated, and data on the impact of pallet standards are to some extent available. The authors examine why there are so many different pallet sizes, the associated trade costs, and the reasons why countries have not harmonized pallet sizes to eliminate such costs. They then present options for exporters to mitigate the adverse effects of standards multiplicity while complying with destination markets' standard requirements. The range of options is limited in the case of exporters from less developed countries because of the lack of rental and exchange pallet markets. To mitigate the costs of this multiplicity of standards, the World Bank's strategy should be divided in two directions: to develop awareness of costs related to the multiplicity of standards and to support actively harmonization at the global level (within International Organization for Standardization) and at the regional level (within regional cooperation agreements). This paper--a product of the International Trade Department, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to analyze the impact of standards on trade"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/14/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3589
    Parallel Title: Claessens, Stijn Access to financial services
    Keywords: Financial services industry Case studies ; Financial services industry Case studies
    Abstract: "This paper reviews the evidence on the importance of finance for economic well-being, provides data on the degree of use of basic financial services by households and firms across a sample of countries, assesses the desirability of more universal access, and overviews the macroeconomic, legal, and regulatory obstacles to access using general evidence and case studies. Although access to finance can be very beneficial, the data show that universal use is far from prevalent in many countries, especially developing countries. At the same time, universal access has generally not been a public policy objective and is surely not easily achievable in most countries. Countries can, however, undertake many actions to facilitate access to financial services, including through strengthening their institutional infrastructures, liberalizing and opening up their markets and facilitating greater competition, and encouraging innovative use of know-how and technology. Government attempts and interventions to directly broaden the provision of access to finance, however, are fraught with risks and costs, among others, the risk of missing the targeted groups. The author concludes with possible global actions aimed at improving data on access and use, and areas for further analysis to help identify the constraints to broadening access. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/16/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3597
    Parallel Title: Arnold, Jens Matthias Gifted kids or pushy parents?
    Keywords: Exports ; Industrial productivity ; International business enterprises ; Exports ; Industrial productivity ; International business enterprises
    Abstract: "This paper uses micro data from the Indonesian Census of Manufacturing to analyze the causal relationship between foreign ownership and plant productivity. To control for the possible endogeneity of the FDI decision, the difference in differences approach is combined with a matching technique. An advantage of this novel method is the ability to follow the timing of the observed changes in productivity and other aspects of plant performance. The results suggest that foreign ownership leads to significant productivity improvements in the acquired plants. The improvements become visible in the acquisition year and continue in the subsequent periods. After three years, the acquired plants outperform the control group in terms of productivity by 34 percentage points. The data also suggest that the rise in productivity is a result of restructuring, as acquired plants increase their investment outlays, employment, and wages. Foreign ownership also appears to enhance the integration of plants into the global economy through increased exports and imports. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/16/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3601
    Parallel Title: Aroca González, Patricio Migration, trade, and foreign investment in Mexico
    Keywords: Investments, Foreign ; Migration, Internal ; Investments, Foreign ; Migration, Internal ; Mexico Emigration and immigration ; United States Emigration and immigration ; Mexico Emigration and immigration ; United States Emigration and immigration
    Abstract: "Part of the rationale for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was that it would increase trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows, creating jobs and reducing migration to the United States. Since poor data on illegal flows to the United States make direct measurement difficult, Aroca and Maloney instead evaluate the mechanism behind these predictions using data on migration within Mexico where the census data permit careful analysis. They offer the first specifications for migration within Mexico, incorporating measures of cost of living, amenities, and networks. Contrary to much of the literature, labor market variables enter very significantly and as predicted once the authors control for possible credit constraint effects. Greater exposure to FDI and trade deters out-migration with the effects working partly through the labor market. Finally, the authors generate some tentative inferences about the impact on increased FDI on Mexico-U.S. migration. On average, a doubling of FDI inflows leads to a 1.5-2 percent fall in migration. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/24/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3606
    Parallel Title: Honohan, Patrick Measuring microfinance access
    Keywords: Financial services industry ; Microfinance ; Poor Finance, Personal ; Financial services industry ; Microfinance ; Poor Finance, Personal
    Abstract: "Given the acknowledged need for a new effort to expand the set of available data on direct access to financial services, including a focus on access by those at low income, Honohan provides a selective review of the diverse sources of data that exist and considers how best to build on them. He proposes a basic framework within which to consider the analysis of the interesting questions: (1) How does access affect poverty and productivity? and (2) What hinders access? The author discusses existing and potential contribution of household and business user surveys, surveys of providers and their regulators, and surveys of experts, and assesses their relative strengths. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/13/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3609
    Parallel Title: Lápez, Ramán Why governments should stop non-social subsidies
    Keywords: Subsidies ; Subsidies ; Latin America Appropriations and expenditures ; Latin America Rural conditions ; Latin America Appropriations and expenditures ; Latin America Rural conditions
    Abstract: "The provision of public goods and the amelioration of market failure are the classical justifications for government intervention in the economy. In reality, (1) governments intervene in markets that are not affected by failure, and (2) a large share of the government resources is spent in private goods, not in public goods. In contrast to issue 1, issue 2 has received little attention in the literature, in spite of the potentially large efficiency and equity losses arising from misguided allocations of public expenditures. Lápez empirically documents the size of (2) in the rural sector and investigates its consequences for rural development for 10 Latin American countries over the 1985-2000 period. The econometric evidence suggests that the structure of public expenditures is an important factor of economic development in the rural sector, much greater than that of the level of public expenditures and of other factors on which the development literature has traditionally focused. Expanding total public expenditure in rural areas while maintaining the existing public expenditure composition prevailing in certain countries does little to promote agricultural income and reduce rural poverty. Spending a significant share of government resources in (non-social) subsidies causes less agriculture income, induces an excessive reliance of agriculture on land expansion, and reduces the income of the rural poor. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/13/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3586
    Parallel Title: Kellermann, Tom Capital markets and e-fraud
    Keywords: Capital market ; Electronic commerce ; Internet fraud ; Capital market ; Electronic commerce ; Internet fraud
    Abstract: "The technological dependency of securities exchanges on internet-based (IP) platforms has dramatically increased the industry's exposure to reputation, market, and operational risks. In addition, the convergence of several innovations in the market are adding stress to these systems. These innovations affect everything from software to system design and architecture. These include the use of XML (extensible markup language) as the industry IP language, STP or straight through processing of data, pervasive or diffuse computing and grid computing, as well as the increased use of Internet and wireless. The fraud is not new, rather, the magnitude and speed by which fraud can be committed has grown exponentially due to the convergence of once private networks on-line. It is imperative that senior management of securities markets and brokerage houses be properly informed of the negative externalities associated with e-brokerage and the possible critical points of failure that exist in today's digitized financial sector as they grow into tomorrow's exchanges. The overwhelming issue regarding e-finance is to determine the true level of understanding that senior management has about on-line platforms, including the inherent risks and the depth of the need to use it wisely. Kellermann and McNevin attempt to highlight the various risks that have been magnified by the increasing digitalization of processes within the brokerage arena and explain the need for concerted research and analysis of these as well as the profound consequences that may entail without proper planning. An effective legal, regulatory, and enforcement framework is essential for creating the right incentive structure for market participants. The legal and regulatory framework should focus on the improvement of internal monitoring of risks and vulnerabilities, greater information sharing about these risks and vulnerabilities, education and training on the care and use of these technologies, and better reporting of risks and responses. Public/private partnerships and collaborations also are needed to create an electronic commerce (e-commerce) environment that is safe and sound. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/17/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3711
    Parallel Title: Korinek, Anton An econometric method of correcting for unit nonresponse bias in surveys
    Keywords: Demographic surveys Econometric models ; Social surveys Response rate ; Econometric models ; Demographic surveys Econometric models ; Social surveys Response rate ; Econometric models
    Abstract: "Past approaches to correcting for unit nonresponse in sample surveys by re-weighting the data assume that the problem is ignorable within arbitrary subgroups of the population. Theory and evidence suggest that this assumption is unlikely to hold, and that household characteristics such as income systematically affect survey compliance. The authors show that this leaves a bias in the re-weighted data and they propose a method of correcting for this bias. The geographic structure of nonresponse rates allows them to identify a micro compliance function, which they then use to re-weight the unit-record data. An example is given for the U.S. Current Population Surveys, 1998-2004. The authors find, and correct for, a strong household income effect on response probabilities. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/7/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3715
    Parallel Title: Giovagnoli, Paula Ines Estimating the returns to education in Argentina
    Keywords: Education Economic aspects ; Regression analysis ; Wages ; Education Economic aspects ; Regression analysis ; Wages
    Abstract: "The authors estimate returns to schooling in urban Argentina for a 10-year period. In addition to comparable earnings functions, they also estimate the returns using quantile regression analysis to detect differences in the returns across the distribution. Over time, men in higher quantiles have higher returns to schooling compared with those in the lower quantiles. For women, returns are highest at the lowest quantile. The returns to education increased during the past decade. The authors do not rule out that increased demand for skills is driving the increasing returns over the decade. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/12/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3631
    Parallel Title: Kraay, Aart Poverty traps, aid, and growth
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Poverty ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Poverty
    Abstract: "The authors examine the empirical evidence in support of the poverty trap view of underdevelopment. They calibrate simple aggregate growth models in which poverty traps can arise due to either low saving or low technology at low levels of development. They then use these models to assess the empirical relevance of poverty traps and their consequences for policy. The authors find little evidence of the existence of poverty traps based on these two broad mechanisms. When put to the task of explaining the persistence of low income in African countries, the models require either unreasonable values for key parameters, or else generate counterfactual predictions regarding the relations between key variables. These results call into question the view that a large scaling-up of aid to the poorest countries is a necessary condition for sharp and sustained increases in growth. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/23/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3634
    Parallel Title: Chomitz, Kenneth M Quantifying the rural-urban gradient in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Keywords: Rural population ; Rural population ; Rural population ; Rural population
    Abstract: "This paper addresses the deceptively simple question: What is the rural population of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)? It argues that rurality is a gradient, not a dichotomy, and nominates two dimensions to that gradient: population density and remoteness from large metropolitan areas. It uses geographically referenced population data (from the Gridded Population of the World, version 3) to tabulate the distribution of populations in Latin America and in individual countries by population density and by remoteness. It finds that the popular perception of Latin America as a 75 percent urban continent is misleading. Official census criteria, though inconsistent between countries, tend to classify as "urban" small settlements of less than 2,000 people. Many of these settlements are however embedded in an agriculturally based countryside. The paper finds that about 13 percent of Latin America populations live at ultra-low densities of less than 20 per square kilometer. Essentially these people are more than an hour's distance from a large city, and more than half live more than four hours' distance. A quarter of the population of Latin America is estimated to live at densities below 50, again essentially all of them more than an hour's distance from a large city. Almost half (46 pecent) of Latin America live at population densities below 150 (a conventional threshold for urban areas), and more than 90 percent of this group is at least an hour's distance from a city; about one-third of them (18 percent of the total) are more than four hours distance from a large city. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/23/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3639
    Parallel Title: Love, Inessa Finances of Egyptian listed firms
    Keywords: Business enterprises Finance ; Business enterprises Finance ; Egypt Economic conditions 1981- ; Egypt Economic conditions 1981-
    Abstract: "The author presents an analysis of the finances of Egyptian listed companies evaluating recent trends in growth and profitability during the 1995-2001 period. The data from financial statements reveal the effect of the economic slowing of the past few years, especially in the construction and real estate sectors and especially in smaller companies. She finds that smaller firms appear to be less profitable and experience lower growth, likely because of being particularly adversely affected by many of the sources of the high costs of doing business in Egypt. While the Egyptian firms are not very highly leveraged on average, she finds that smaller firms have significantly less access to bank finance than larger firms do. This confirms the widely held view that there is a need to improve the availability of credit for small enterprises. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/22/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3646
    Parallel Title: Basu, Priya Scaling-up microfinance for India's rural poor
    Keywords: Microfinance ; Rural poor ; Microfinance ; Rural poor
    Abstract: "This paper reviews the current level and pattern of access to finance for India's rural poor and examines some of the key microfinance approaches in India, taking a close look at the most dominant among these, the Self Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage initiative. It empirically analyzes the success with which SHG Bank Linkage has been able to reach the poor, examines the reasons behind this, and the lessons learned. The analysis draws heavily on a recent rural access to finance survey of 6,000 households in India undertaken by the authors. The main findings and implications of the paper are as follows: India's rural poor currently have very little access to finance from formal sources. Microfinance approaches have tried to fill the gap. Among these, the growth of SHG Bank Linkage has been particularly remarkable, but outreach remains modest in terms of the proportion of poor households served. The paper recommends that, if SHG Bank Linkage is to be scaled-up to offer mass access to finance for the rural poor, then more attention will need to be paid toward the promotion of high quality SHGs that are sustainable, clear targeting of clients, and ensuring that banks linked to SHGs price loans at cost-covering levels. At the same time, the paper argues that, in an economy as vast and varied as India's, there is scope for diverse microfinance approaches to coexist. Private sector microfinanciers need to acquire greater professionalism, and the government can help by creating a flexible architecture for microfinance innovations, including through a more enabling policy, legal, and regulatory framework. Finally, the paper argues that, while microfinance can, at minimum, serve as a quick way to deliver finance to the poor, the medium-term strategy to scale-up access to finance for the poor should be to "graduate" microfinance clients to formal financial institutions. The paper offers some suggestions on what it would take to reform these institutions with an eye to improving access for the poor. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/23/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3650
    Parallel Title: Johnsson, Rosa Maria Formiga Institutional and policy analysis of river basin management
    Keywords: Water-supply Management ; Watershed management Management ; Water-supply Management ; Watershed management Management
    Abstract: "The authors describe and analyze river basin management in the most intensely urbanized and industrialized region of Brazil. The area covered by the Alto Tiete basin is almost coterminous with the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo. With a drainage area of 5,985 square kilometers (2.4 percent of the state's territory), the basin encompasses 35 of the 39 municipalities and 99.5 percent of the population of Greater Sao Paulo. Population growth and urban sprawl in Greater Sao Paulo have been rapid and uncontrolled in recent decades. In 2000, 17.8 million people lived in the basin and by 2010 the population is estimated to reach 20 million. This massive human occupation was accompanied by the large-scale construction of water infrastructure, including dams, pumping stations, canals, tunnels, and inter-basin transfers to and from neighboring basins. Today, the Alto-Tiete basin is served by a complex hydraulic and hydrological system. Despite this extensive water infrastructure, the water availability of the region is still very low (201 m3-hab-an) and even lower than the semiarid regions of the Brazilian Northeast. The two key management issues to be addressed in the Alto Tiete basin are water quantity to supply a burgeoning population, and water quality which is deteriorating to a point where water availability for a range of uses is severely affected. Urban flood control and mitigation represents another major challenge in the basin. Although important achievements have been made over the past 15 years, the decentralization process - characterized by the creation of the Alto-Tiete committee and its subcommittees and some financing from the State Water Resources Fund - has yet to reveal measurable physical results such as the improvement of water quality or the rationalization of water use. It is undeniable that the Alto-Tiete committee and its subcommittees have already played an important leadership role around several issues. An extraordinary mobilization around water issues, problems, and management has occurred, even though solving many water-related problems may be beyond the capacity of the committees or even of the water resources management system as a whole. Charging for water remains one of the key issues in making the Alto Tiete Committee more relevant and giving it more say in water investment and management decisions. As long as such decisions remain at the individual agency level (both state and municipal), decisionmaking will remain fragmented and it is unlikely that key policy instruments to curb water demand increases and pollution will be implemented. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/22/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3654
    Parallel Title: Kalavakonda, Vijay Crop insurance in Karnataka
    Keywords: Crop insurance ; Crop insurance
    Abstract: "The authors examine the performance of the crop insurance scheme in Karnataka, a southern state of India and the second driest state in the country. Their analysis highlights weaknesses in product design, implementation challenges, and operational problems. The authors' finding is that the crop insurance scheme in its current form does not achieve its objectives, either explicit (risk management) or implicit (safety net and containment of both the central and state governments' contingent liability). The crop insurance scheme performs poorly both in terms of coverage (number of hectares insured and number of farmers purchasing insurance) and financial performance. The authors provide a framework for designing a crop insurance scheme based on the premise that insurance is a cost effective risk management techniques. They also provide some new ideas and thinking toward both improving the existing crop insurance scheme and exploring alternatives to the current product, based on an area-yield approach. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/15/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3475
    Parallel Title: Siegel, Paul Using an asset-based approach to identify drivers of sustainable rural growth and poverty reduction in Central America
    Keywords: Assets (Accounting) ; Poverty ; Assets (Accounting) ; Poverty ; Central America Rural conditions ; Central America Rural conditions
    Abstract: "The asset-based approach considers links between households' productive, social, and locational assets; the policy, institutional, and risk context; household behavior as expressed in livelihood strategies; and well-being outcomes. For sustainable poverty reducing growth, it is critical to examine household asset portfolios and understand how assets interact with the context to influence the selection of livelihood strategies, which in turn determine well-being. Policy reforms can change the context and income-generating potential of assets. Investments can add new assets or increase the efficiency of existing household assets, and also improve households' risk management capacity to protect assets. After all is said and done, a household's asset portfolio will determine whether growth and poverty reduction can be achieved and sustained over time. The asset-based framework is amendable to different analytical techniques. Siegel suggests combining quantitative and qualitative spatial and household level analyses (and linked spatial and household level analyses) to deepen understanding of the complex relationships between assets, context, livelihood strategies, and well-being outcomes. This paper--a joint product of the Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Vice Presidency and the Rural Development Family, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the Bank to strengthen analyses and strategies for rural development, and address policy issues and investment priorities"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/10/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3481
    Parallel Title: Claessens, Stijn Financial dependence, banking sector competition, and economic growth
    Keywords: Banks and banking Case studies ; Competition Case studies ; Industrial organization Case studies ; Banks and banking Case studies ; Competition Case studies ; Industrial organization Case studies
    Abstract: "The relationships among competition in the financial sector, access of firms to external financing, and associated economic growth are ambiguous in theory. Moreover, measuring competition in the financial sector can be complex. In this paper Claessens and Laeven first estimate for 16 countries a measure of banking system competition based on industrial organization theory. They then relate this competition measure to growth of industries and find that greater competition in countries' banking systems allows financially dependent industries to grow faster. These results are robust under a variety of tests. The results suggest that the degree of competition is an important aspect of financial sector funding. This paper--a product of the Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department--is part of a larger effort in the department to study competition in banking"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/10/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3485
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Finance, firm size, and growth
    Keywords: Big business Case studies ; Economic development Case studies ; Industries Case studies ; Small business Case studies ; Big business Case studies ; Economic development Case studies ; Industries Case studies ; Small business Case studies
    Abstract: "The authors examine whether financial development boosts the growth of small firms more than large firms and hence provides information on the mechanisms through which financial development fosters aggregate economic growth. They define an industry's technological firm size as the firm size implied by industrial specific production technologies, including capital intensities and scale economies. Using cross-industry, cross-country data, the results indicate that financial development exerts a disproportionately large effect on the growth of industries that are technologically more dependent on small firms. This suggests that financial development accelerates economic growth by removing growth constraints on small firms and also implies that financial development has sectoral as well as aggregate growth ramifications. This paper--a product of the Finance Group, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the growth finance link"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/21/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3486
    Parallel Title: Gurgur, Tugrul Localization and corruption
    Keywords: Corruption ; Decentralization in management ; Corruption ; Decentralization in management
    Abstract: "An extensive literature on the relationship between decentralization (or localization) and corruption has developed in recent years. While some authors argue that there is a positive relationship between decentralization and corruption, others claim that decentralization in fact leads to a reduction in the level of corruption. This important policy question has not yet been laid to rest since previous empirical work simply uses eclectic regressions and lacks a conceptual framework to discover the root causes of corruption. Gurgur and Shah attempt to fill this void by presenting a framework in identifying the drivers of corruption both conceptually and empirically to isolate the role of centralized decisionmaking on corruption. The following results emerge: * For a sample of 30 countries (developing and industrial), corruption is caused by a lack of service orientation in the public sector, weak democratic institutions, economic isolation (closed economy), colonial past, internal bureaucratic controls, and centralized decisionmaking. * Decentralization is found to have a negative impact on corruption, with the effect being stronger in unitary than in federal countries. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Division, World Bank Institute--is part of a larger effort in the institute to exchange ideas on the reform of public sector governance"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/21/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3491
    Parallel Title: McKernan, Signe-Mary Use of the formal and informal financial sectors
    Keywords: Credit ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Transfer payments ; Women in development ; Credit ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Transfer payments ; Women in development ; Bangladesh Rural conditions ; Bangladesh Rural conditions
    Abstract: "Access to transfers and credit, whether cash or in-kind, is a major source of poverty alleviation and income generation in many developing countries around the world. Women may especially benefit from transfers and credit in countries such as Bangladesh, where they often have few work alternatives. In this paper, the authors descriptively examine the formal and informal financial sectors of rural Bangladesh, placing special emphasis on differences between men and women. Their analysis uses unique data on the credit and transfer behaviors of 1,800 households in rural Bangladesh. The authors focus on five important questions: * How important are the formal and informal financial sectors? * What are the primary sources of gifts and loans within those sectors? * Do men and women rely on different sources for finances (for example, formal versus informal) or different types of finances (for example, transfers versus loans)? * How have the financial sectors evolved during the 1990s? * What is the relationship between the formal and informal sectors? This paper--a product of the Gender Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to integrate gender into economic policy work"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/24/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3496
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte What factors influence world literacy?
    Keywords: Literacy Case studies ; Literacy Case studies
    Abstract: "Ninety-five percent of the world's illiterate people live in developing countries, and about 70 percent are women. Female illiteracy rates are particularly high in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Niger and Burkina Faso, for example, more than 90 percent of women are illiterate. This paper presents a model of literacy. It shows that the main determinants of worldwide literacy are enrollment rates, average years of schooling of adults, and life expectancy at birth. Income has a weak nonlinear effect, negatively affecting literacy until a threshold level of per-capita income of about
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/24/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3707
    Parallel Title: Nicita, Alessandro Multilateral trade liberalization and Mexican households
    Keywords: Free trade ; Households ; Poverty ; Free trade ; Households ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Empirical evidence suggests that global trade reforms are unlikely to produce analogous results across countries, especially when analyzing their effect on poverty. This implies that the analysis of trade reform on social welfare cannot be generalized and needs to be conducted on a country by country basis. Moreover, even within the same country, geographic areas, households, and individuals are likely to be differentially affected, some of them benefiting more than others, while others might lose. With this in mind, the author provides a quantitative estimate of the effect on Mexican households from the implementation of the Doha development agenda. His analysis uses a two-step approach for which changes in prices and factors are estimated through a CGE model (GTAP) and then mapped into the welfare function of the household using household survey data. The empirical approach the author uses aims to measure the impact of Doha implementation by tracing changes in the household prices of goods and factors and their impact on household welfare, taking particular account the role of domestic price transmission. The findings suggest that multilateral trade liberalization alone would have a negative effect on Mexican households, even though very small. However, when the implementation of the Doha development agenda is complemented by domestic policies aimed at increasing productivity and improving domestic price transmission, the overall effects become positive. The results point to the importance of domestic price transmission in determining the variance of the effects across households. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/6/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3712
    Parallel Title: Kaufmann, Daniel Governance and the city
    Keywords: Globalization ; Municipal government ; Urban policy ; Globalization ; Municipal government ; Urban policy
    Abstract: "The authors contribute to the field of urban governance and globalization through an empirically-based exploration of determinants of the performance of cities. They construct a preliminary worldwide database for cities, containing variables and indicators of globalization (at the country and city level), city governance, city performance (access and quality of infrastructure service delivery), as well as other relevant city characteristics. This city database, encompassing hundreds of cities worldwide, integrates existing data with new data gathered for this research. The findings suggest that good governance and globalization (at both the country and city level) do matter for city-level performance in terms of access and quality of delivery of infrastructure services. The authors also find that globalization and good city governance are significantly related with each other. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that there are complex interactions between technology choices, governance, and city performance, as well as evidence of a nonlinear (U-shaped) relationship between city size and performance, challenging the view that very large cities necessarily exhibit lower performance and pointing instead to potential agglomeration economies. The framework also suggests a way of bridging two seemingly competing strands of the literature, namely viewing the city as a place or as an outcome. The authors conclude by pointing to the need for expanding the database and the econometric framework, and suggest research directions and policy implications emerging from this initial investigation on governance and the city. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3511
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Bank privatization and performance
    Keywords: Banks and banking History 20th century ; Privatization History 20th century ; Banks and banking History 20th century ; Privatization History 20th century
    Abstract: "Beck, Cull, and Jerome assess the effect of privatization on performance in a panel of Nigerian banks for the period 1990--2001. They find evidence of performance improvement in nine banks that were privatized, which is remarkable given the inhospitable environment for true financial intermediation. Their results also suggest negative effects of the continuing minority government ownership on the performance of many Nigerian banks. The authors' results complement aggregate indications of decreasing financial intermediation over the 1990s. Banks that focused on investment in government bonds and non-lending activities enjoyed a relatively higher performance. This paper--a product of the Finance Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to study the effects of bank privatization in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/9/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3720
    Parallel Title: Evenett, Simon J International cooperation and the reform of public procurement policies
    Keywords: Government purchasing ; Government purchasing
    Abstract: "The decision not to launch negotiations in the World Trade Organization (WTO) on three of the Singapore Issues in the so-called July 2004 package provides an opportunity to revisit the knowledge base on which proposals for further international collective action may be drawn. This paper examines the available evidence on public procurement practices in developing countries that could be relevant to further multilateral rule making on state purchasing. Although there is considerable agreement on ends (efficient, non-corrupt, and transparent public purchasing systems), little information is available on means and, in particular, on the effective and replicable strategies that developing countries can adopt to improve their public procurement systems. A concerted effort to substantially add to the knowledge base on public procurement reforms in developing countries, through targeted research and international exchange of information on implemented procurement policies and outcomes, is critical to identifying areas where further binding multilateral disciplines may be beneficial. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/19/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3516
    Parallel Title: Nair, Ajai Sustainability of microfinance self help groups in India
    Keywords: Microfinance ; Microfinance
    Abstract: "The major form of microfinance in India is that based on women's Self Help Groups (SHGs), which are small groups of 10--20 members. These groups collect savings from their members and provide loans to them. However, unlike most accumulating savings and credit associations (ASCAs) found in several countries, these groups also obtain loans from banks and on-lend them to their members. By 2003, over 700,000 groups had obtained over Rs.20 billion (US
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/9/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3517
    Parallel Title: Braun, Matias Trade liberalization and the politics of financial development
    Keywords: Finance Case studies ; Free trade Case studies ; Finance Case studies ; Free trade Case studies
    Abstract: "A well developed financial system enhances competition in the industrial sector by allowing easier entry. The impact varies across industries, however. For some, small changes in financial development quickly induce entry and dissipate incumbents' rents, generating strong incentives to oppose improvement of the financial system. In other sectors incumbents may even benefit from increased availability of external funds. The relative strength of promoters and opponents determines the political equilibrium level of financial system development. This may be perturbed by the effect of trade liberalization in the strength of each group. Using a sample of 41 trade liberalizers Braun and Raddatz conduct an event study and show that the change in the strength of promoters vis opponents is a very good predictor of subsequent financial development. The result is not driven by changes in demand for external funds, or by the success of the trade policy. The relationship is mediated by policy reforms, the kind that induces competition in the financial sector, in particular. Real effects follow not so much from capital deepening but mainly through improved allocation. The effect is stronger in countries with high levels of governance, suggesting that incumbents resort to this costly but more subtle way of restricting entry where it is difficult to obtain more blatant forms of anti-competitive measures from politicians. This paper--a product of the Investment and Growth Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the relation between finance and the macroeconomy"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/9/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3523
    Parallel Title: Kremer, Michael School meals, educational achievement, and school competition
    Keywords: Academic achievement ; School children Food ; Academic achievement ; School children Food
    Abstract: "Vermeersch and Kremer examine the effects of subsidized school meals on school participation, educational achievement, and school finance in a developing country setting. They use data from a program that was implemented in 25 randomly chosen preschools in a pool of 50. Children's school participation was 30 percent higher in the treatment group than in the comparison group. The meals program led to higher curriculum test scores, but only in schools where the teacher was relatively experienced prior to the program. The school meals displaced teaching time and led to larger class sizes. Despite improved incentives, teacher absenteeism remained at a high level of 30 percent. Treatment schools raised their fees, and comparison schools close to treatment schools decreased their fees. Some of the price effects are caused by a combination of capacity constraints and pupil transfers that would not happen if the school meals were ordered in all schools. The intention-to-treat estimator of the effect of the randomized program incorporates those price effects, and therefore it should be considered a lower bound on the effect of generalized school meals. This insight on price effects generalizes to other randomized program evaluations. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management 2, Africa Technical Families--is part of a larger effort in the region to increase our understanding of the impact of programs aimed at reaching the Millennium Development Goals"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/14/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3526
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Institutional and policy analysis of river basin management
    Keywords: Rural development ; Water-supply Management ; Rural development ; Water-supply Management ; Guadalquivir River (Spain) Environmental conditions ; Guadalquivir River (Spain) Environmental conditions
    Abstract: "The authors describe and analyze river basin management in the Guadalquivir River Basin in Spain. The Guadalquivir river flows westerly across southern Spain, with nearly all of its 57,017 km2 drainage area within the region of Andalusia. Water management issues in this semi-arid, heavily agricultural, but rapidly urbanizing region include drought exposure, water allocation, water quality, and in some areas, groundwater overdraft. A river basin agency (Confederacion Hidrografica del Guadalquivir, or CH Guadalquivir) has existed within the basin since 1927, but its responsibilities have changed substantially over its history. For much of its life, CH Guadalquivir's mission was water supply augmentation through construction and operation of reservoirs, primarily to support irrigation, under central government direction with little provision for water user participation. Following the Spanish political system's transformation and Spain's accession to the European Union, water law and policy changes greatly expanded CH Guadalquivir's responsibilities and restructured it to incorporate representation of some basin stakeholders. Although the basin agency's accomplishments in reservoir construction have been prodigious, its record of performance with respect to its newer responsibilities has been mixed, as have perceptions of its openness and responsiveness to basin interests other than irrigators. This paper--a product of the Agriculture and Rural Development Department--is part of a larger effort in the department to approach water policy issues in an integrated way. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project "Integrated River Basin Management and the Principle of Managing Water Resources at the Lowest Appropriate Level: When and Why Does It (Not) Work in Practice?""--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/1/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3530
    Parallel Title: Allayannis, George Legal effectiveness and external capital
    Keywords: Debts, External ; Industries ; Law ; Loans, Foreign ; Debts, External ; Industries ; Law ; Loans, Foreign
    Abstract: "Previous research has documented weak, and sometimes conflicting, effects of legal quality on measures of firm debt. Using WorldScope data for 1,689 firms, as well as more detailed proprietary data for 315 firms across nine East Asian countries, the authors find that access to foreign financing appears to loosen borrowing constraints associated with poor legal systems. This helps resolve inconsistencies in prior findings and explains how legal protection is important for borrowing by firms. In particular, they find that legal effectiveness is important for determining the amount, maturity, and currency denomination of debt. The authors discuss several mechanisms by which firms can avoid the costs of poor legal systems with foreign borrowing. The paper contributes to the policy debate surrounding the importance of creditor rights for domestic lending. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/7/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3534
    Parallel Title: Baffes, John The co-movement between cotton and polyester prices
    Keywords: Cotton fabrics Prices ; Petroleum products Prices ; Polyester industry Prices ; Cotton fabrics Prices ; Petroleum products Prices ; Polyester industry Prices
    Abstract: "The authors examine the price linkages among polyester (the dominant chemical fiber), cotton (the dominant natural fiber), and crude oil (the dominant energy commodity), based on monthly data between 1980 and 2002. The modeling framework incorporates several aspects of the unit root econometrics literature. They find that: a) There is strong co-movement between cotton and polyester prices, well above the co-movement observed between these two prices and prices of other primary commodities. b) Crude oil prices have a stronger effect on polyester prices compared with cotton prices. c) Price shocks originating in the polyester market are transmitted at much higher speed to the cotton market than vice-versa. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/7/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3741
    Parallel Title: Wagstaff, Adam Can insurance increase financial risk?
    Keywords: Financial risk ; Health insurance ; Risk ; Financial risk ; Health insurance ; Risk
    Abstract: "The most basic argument for insurance is that it reduces financial risk. But since insurance opens up new opportunities for consuming expensive high-technology care which permits health improvements that are valued by the insured, and because in many settings the provider is able and has an incentive to exploit the informational advantage he has over the patient, it is not immediately obvious that insurance will in practice reduce financial risk. The authors analyze the effect of insurance on the probability of an individual incurring "high" annual health expenses using data from three household surveys-one a cross-section survey, the other two panel surveys. All come from China, a country where providers have until recently largely been paid fee-for-service (often according to a schedule that encourages the overprovision of high-technology care and the underprovision of basic care) and who are only lightly regulated. The authors define annual spending as "high" if it exceeds 5 percent of average income in the sample and as "catastrophic" if it exceeds 10 percent of the household's own per capita income. The estimates of the effect of insurance on financial risk allow for the possible endogeneity of health insurance in the panel datasets by allowing for a time-invariant fixed effect capturing unobserved risk that may be correlated with insurance status, and in the cross-section dataset by using instrumental variables, where availability of and eligibility for health insurance are used as instruments. The results suggest that during the 1990s China's government and labor insurance schemes increased financial risk associated with household health care spending, but that the rural cooperative medical scheme significantly reduced financial risk in some areas but increased it in others (though not significantly). From the results, it appears that China's new health insurance schemes (private schemes, including coverage of schoolchildren) have also increased the risk of high levels of out-of-pocket spending on health. Where the authors find evidence of health insurance increasing the risk of "high" out-of-pocket expenses, the marginal effect is of the order of 15-20 percent; in the case of "catastrophic" expenses, it is even larger. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/7/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3541
    Parallel Title: Seshan, Ganesh The impact of trade liberalization on household welfare in Vietnam
    Keywords: Cost and standard of living ; Free trade ; Households ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Cost and standard of living ; Free trade ; Households ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Abstract: "What is the effect of trade liberalization on households in developing countries? To what extent do the poor benefit when local markets are made more accommodative to international trade? The author empirically analyzes the distributional impact of trade policies on households in a low-income country with a large rural economy where labor markets are imperfect. The methodology in this paper, which can be applied to various types of labor market conditions, relates changes in prices attributed to trade reforms to changes in household welfare, income distribution, and poverty using theoretically consistent measures of producer and consumer welfare. The author investigates the effects on poverty and income distribution of national and international market integration in Vietnam's rice sector and fertilizer market between 1993 and 1998, a period of ongoing market reforms when the national poverty rate fell sharply from 59 percent to 37 percent. He finds that when the effects of opening the rice and fertilizer market are isolated, Vietnam's agricultural trade reforms did not contribute to a significant improvement in overall household welfare or decline in poverty over this period. Nonetheless, the liberalization exercise can explain about half of the reduction in poverty incidence among farm households. The results also show that liberalization did not exacerbate income inequality, but did generate gains for rural households across the distribution, particularly the poor, at the expense of urban households. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/11/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3543
    Parallel Title: Korinek, Anton Survey nonresponse and the distribution of income
    Keywords: Household surveys ; Income distribution ; Household surveys ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "The authors examine the distributional implications of selective compliance in sample surveys, whereby households with different incomes are not equally likely to participate. They discuss poverty and inequality measurement implications for monotonically decreasing and inverted-U compliance-income relationships. The authors demonstrate that the latent income effect on the probability of compliance can be estimated from information on response rates across geographic areas. On implementing the method on the Current Population Survey for the United States, they find that the compliance probability falls monotonically as income rises. Correcting for non-response appreciably increases mean income and inequality, but has only a small impact on poverty incidence up to poverty lines common in the United States. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/7/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3722
    Parallel Title: Gawande, Kishore S The structure of lobbying and protection in U.S. agriculture
    Keywords: Pressure groups ; Produce trade Government policy ; Tariff on farm produce ; Pressure groups ; Produce trade Government policy ; Tariff on farm produce ; United States Politics and government 1993-2001 ; United States Politics and government 1993-2001
    Abstract: "The author surveys the empirical literature on the political economy of agricultural protection. He uses a detailed data set of agricultural Political Action Committee (PAC) contributions over five U.S. congressional election cycles over the 1991-2000 period to investigate the relationship between lobbying spending and agricultural protection. A detailed graphical analysis of campaign contributions by the agricultural PACs indicates that although there are very many PACs, in most sectors the majority of contributions are made by very few PACs. Econometric analysis reveals that lobbying spending by agricultural PACs is positively associated with the use of nontariff barriers and specific tariffs by the United States. There is a strong association between the average U.S. tariff on goods that benefit from U.S. export subsidies and lobbying spending. And there is no association between agricultural protection and trade measures such as import penetration and the export-to-output ratio. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/20/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3726
    Parallel Title: Tarr, David Introduction and summary to the handbook of trade policy and WTO accession for development in Russia and the CIS
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Russia (Federation) Commercial policy ; Russia (Federation) Commercial policy
    Abstract: "This paper is the introduction and summary chapter of the 43 chapter volume entitled Handbook of Trade Policy and WTO Accession for Development in Russia and the CIS. The key policy conclusions of each of the chapters are highlighted in this paper. The Handbook will be published only in Russian in 2005, but an English language version of the majority of the papers described here is available on the website www.worldbank.org/trade/russia-wto. This paper first explains the potential importance of World Trade Organization (WTO) accession as a development tool, and discusses the recent successful development models and the role of trade policy in their development. The paper then summarizes the three parts of the Handbook. The first part treats trade policy (with applications to Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States [CIS]). The second part treats World Trade Organization institutions and disciplines, again with Russia and CIS applications. And the third part focuses on various aspects of the impact of WTO accession on Russia. The numerous papers that relate trade policy and WTO accession to experience in Russia and the CIS are likely to be of special interest to native English speakers, since these papers are new to the literature. The papers in the Handbook are intended to be non-technical materials accessible to a wide policy audience. The Handbook forms the basis of a World Bank Institute course on trade policy and WTO accession, which has been delivered and will be delivered again on multiple occasions. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3771
    Parallel Title: Kristensen, Nicolai Labor market distortions in Côte d'Ivoire
    Keywords: Labor market ; Wage differentials ; Labor market ; Wage differentials
    Abstract: "The authors investigate the extent and nature of distortions in the labor market in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire by using quantile regression analysis on employer-employee data from the manufacturing sector. They find that the labor markets in Côte d'Ivoire do not seem to be much distorted. Unions may influence employment through tenure but do not seem to influence wages directly except for vulnerable minorities that seem protected by unions. Establishment-size wage effects are pronounced and highest for white-collar workers. This may be explained by the efficiency wage theory, so that, even in the absence of unions, segmentation and inefficiencies will still be present as long as firms seek to retain their employees by paying wages above the market clearing level. The inefficiency arising from establishment-size wage effects can be mitigated by education. Furthermore, the authors find that the premium to education is highly significantly positive only for higher education, and not for basic education, indicating that educational policies should also focus on higher education. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/18/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3774
    Parallel Title: Lederman, Daniel Innovation and development around the world, 1960-2000
    Keywords: Technological innovations Economic aspects ; Technological innovations Economic aspects
    Abstract: "The authors present a database of indicators of innovative activity around the world since the early 1960s. The data include measures of innovation outcomes as well as variables related to innovation effort. The main indicator of innovation outputs is patents. The main variables related to innovation inputs are investment in research and development (R&D) and technical personnel (engineers, scientists) working in R&D activities. The sources of these data are publicly available (OECD, UNESCO, etc.), yet there have been few attempts at double checking the consistency of these data and digitizing observations dating back to the 1960s. After discussing the sources and definitions of the data, the authors examine trends and patterns of innovation outputs and inputs by looking at the over-time behavior of the relevant series and comparing the performance of developing and high-income countries. They also provide cross-regional comparisons and a detailed examination of trends in selected countries. In turn, the authors provide estimates of the impact of innovation on long-run development by following an emerging empirical literature on the determinants of levels of GDP per capita. The econometric results suggest that innovation might indeed have strong positive effects on long-run development, which might be stronger than the direct effects of institutions. The analysis pays close attention to issues related to the potential endogeneity of innovation (and institutions) with respect to the level of development. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/18/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3755
    Parallel Title: García-Herrero, Alicia The mix of international banks' foreign claims
    Keywords: Banks and banking, International ; Banks and banking, International
    Abstract: "The authors analyze the determinants and implications for financial stability of the mix of international banks' claims countries receive. In particular, they distinguish between local claims, extended by international banks through their affiliates in a host (or claim recipient) country, and cross-border claims, booked from outside the host country, typically from banks' headquarters in their home countries. Using data on U.S., Spanish, and Italian banks' foreign claims across countries, the authors find that the share of local foreign claims is primarily driven by the degree of "freedom" in the host banking sector and by business opportunities in the local market. Entry requirements, startup and informational costs associated with international banking also play a role, but their influence is less robust. Finally, they find that the mix of international bank claims has implications for financial stability, since foreign claim volatility is lower in countries that receive a larger share of local claims. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/26/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3760
    Parallel Title: Tan, Hong Evaluating training programs for small and medium enterprises
    Keywords: Employees Training of ; Small business ; Employees Training of ; Small business
    Abstract: "While there have been numerous impact evaluations of unemployed individuals participating in retraining programs or in programs to foster self-employment, impact evaluations of enterprises benefiting from training programs for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are rare. The authors reevaluate the impact of the largest SME program in Mexico, the Comprehensive Quality and Modernization Program (CIMO). They show that compared to the control group, CIMO firms increased investments in worker training, had higher rates of capacity utilization, and were more likely to adopt quality practices. The evidence also suggests that these improved intermediate outcomes were associated with increased productivity growth among CIMO participants, impacts that were especially strong throughout the 1991-93 period. However, the productivity impacts of CIMO are not apparent in the 1993-95 period. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/26/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3763
    Parallel Title: Chang, Roberto Openness can be good for growth
    Keywords: Economic development ; Free trade ; Labor market ; Economic development ; Free trade ; Labor market
    Abstract: "The authors study how the effect of trade openness on economic growth depends on complementary reforms that help a country take advantage of international competition. This issue is illustrated with a simple Harris-Todaro model where output gains after trade liberalization depend on the degree of labor market flexibility. In that model, trade protection may ameliorate the problem of underemployment (and underproduction) in sectors affected by labor market distortions. Hence, trade liberalization unambiguously increases per capita income only when labor markets are sufficiently flexible. The authors then present some panel evidence on how the growth effect of openness depends on a variety of structural characteristics. For this purpose, they use a non-linear growth regression specification that interacts a proxy of trade openness with proxies of educational investment, financial depth, inflation stabilization, public infrastructure, governance, labor-market flexibility, ease of firm entry, and ease of firm exit. They find that the growth effects of openness are positive and economically significant if certain complementary reforms are undertaken. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/18/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3787
    Parallel Title: Das Gupta, Monica Public health in India
    DDC: 360
    Keywords: Public health ; Public health
    Abstract: "Public health services, which reduce a population's exposure to disease through such measures as sanitation and vector control, are an essential part of a country's development infrastructure. In the industrial world and East Asia, systematic public health efforts raised labor productivity and life expectancies well before modern curative technologies became widely available, and helped set the stage for rapid economic growth and poverty reduction. The enormous business and other costs of the breakdown of these services are illustrated by the current global epidemic of avian flu, emanating from poor poultry-keeping practices in a few Chinese villages. For various reasons, mostly of political economy, public funds for health services in India have been focused largely on medical services, and public health services have been neglected. This is reflected in a virtual absence of modern public health regulations and of systematic planning and delivery of public health services. Various organizational issues also militate against the rational deployment of personnel and funds for disease control. There is strong capacity for dealing with outbreaks when they occur, but not to prevent them from occurring. Impressive capacity also exists for conducting intensive campaigns, but not for sustaining these gains on a continuing basis after the campaign. This is illustrated by the near eradication of malaria through highly organized efforts in the 1950s, and its resurgence when attention shifted to other priorities such as family planning. This paper reviews the fundamental obstacles to effective disease control in India and indicates new policy thrusts that can help overcome these obstacles. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 12/5/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3791
    Parallel Title: Lopez Acevedo, Gladys Mexico
    Keywords: Labor productivity ; Wages ; Labor productivity ; Wages
    Abstract: "The authors follow the Hellerstein, Neumark, and Troske (1999) framework to estimate marginal productivity differentials and compare them with estimated relative wages. The analysis provides evidence on productivity and nonproductivity-based determinations of wages. Special emphasis is given to the effects of human capital variables, such as education, experience, and training on wages and productivity differentials. Higher education yields higher productivity. However, highly educated workers earn less than their productivity differentials would predict. On average, highly educated workers are unable to fully appropriate their productivity gains of education through wages. On the other hand, workers with more experience are more productive in the same proportion that they earn more in medium and large firms, meaning they are fully compensated for their higher productivity. Finally, workers in micro and small firms are paid more than what their productivity would merit. Training benefits firms and employees since it significantly increases workers' productivity and their earnings. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 12/8/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3777
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita Pesticide traders' perception of health risks
    Keywords: Pesticides Health effects ; Pesticides Health effects
    Abstract: "As pesticide traders are important sources of information about the health impacts of pesticides, a crucial understanding of their perception is necessary to guide further pesticide information dissemination efforts through this channel. To this end, a 2003 survey of 110 Bangladeshi pesticide traders was conducted with questions on the pesticides in stock, knowledge and training in pesticide use and handling, sources of information, protective measures, and health effects. A two-equation bivariate probit model was initially estimated for health impairment and trader perception with health effects as an endogenous regressor in the perception equation. Results indicate that pesticide toxicity, exposure in terms of number of years spent in the pesticide business, trader's age (experience), and the interaction between the most harmful pesticides and training received in pesticide use and handling were the significant determinants of health impairment status. Risk perception was determined by actual health impairment status, pesticide toxicity, the average number of hours spent in the shop per day, training, and the interaction term between highly toxic substances and training. The evidence suggests that the current information content may not be effective, and thus training programs should be revised with a greater emphasis on health hazards and averting behavior. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/21/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3785
    Parallel Title: Shah, Anwar A framework for evaluating alternate institutional arrangements for fiscal equalization transfers
    Keywords: Equality ; Institutional economics ; Intergovernmental fiscal relations ; Equality ; Institutional economics ; Intergovernmental fiscal relations
    Abstract: "Fiscal equalization programs are fairly common features of intergovernmental fiscal relations in industrial countries. Some developing countries have also recently introduced these programs and still others are contemplating such programs. Institutional arrangements for fiscal equalization vary across countries with wide variations in the form and membership of the relevant decisionmaking bodies. This paper provides a simple neo-institutional economics framework for assessing alternative institutional arrangements for their impacts on simplicity, transparency, and objectivity of the equalization program, as well as transaction costs for various parties involved. Comparing institutional arrangements across different countries is a daunting task. The success of these arrangements depends on a multitude of factors. The success of governance structures for fiscal matters may depend not only on the incentives regime associated with their inner structures but also their interactions with other formal and informal institutions in the country. This paper presents a simple framework to understand these incentives and interactions and draw implications for their impacts on transactions costs for the society as a whole and achievement of societal objectives. An application of these concepts to the specific case of institutional arrangements for fiscal equalization transfers are carried out and the predictions based on the theory are compared with observed experiences in major federal countries. The paper demonstrates that the simple new institutional framework presented here has a significant power for predicting potential impacts. The paper concludes, both in theory and practice, that the case for independent grants commission to enhance the transparency, equity, and accountability of the intergovernmental finance system is vastly exaggerated. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 12/5/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3789
    Parallel Title: Lasagabaster, Esperanza Sri Lanka's migrant labor remittances
    Keywords: Emigrant remittances ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Emigrant remittances ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Abstract: "Remittances-money sent home by immigrant workers abroad-are hugely beneficial to Sri Lanka. Migrants' remittances have grown dramatically in recent years and are now estimated at US
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 12/7/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3793
    Parallel Title: Baschieri, Angela Creating a poverty map for Azerbaijan
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty ; Azerbaijan Economic conditions ; Regional disparities ; Azerbaijan Economic conditions ; Regional disparities
    Abstract: ""Poverty maps"-that is, graphic representations of spatially disaggregated estimates of welfare-are being increasingly used to geographically target scarce resources. But the development of detailed poverty maps in many low resource settings is hampered because of data constraints. Data on income or consumption are often unavailable and, where they are, direct survey estimates for small areas are likely to yield unacceptably large standard errors due to limited sample sizes. Census data offer the required level of coverage but do not generally contain the appropriate information. This has led to the development of a range of alternative methods aimed either at combining survey data with unit record data from the census to produce estimates of income or expenditure for small areas or at developing alternative welfare rankings, such as asset indices, using existing census data. This paper develops a set of poverty maps for Azerbaijan that can be used by different users. Two alternative approaches to the measurement and mapping of welfare are adopted. First, a map is derived using imputed household consumption. This involves combining information from the 2002 Household Budget Survey (HBS) with 1999 census data. Second, an alternative map is constructed using an asset index based on data from the 1999 census to produce estimates of welfare at the rayon level. This provides a unique opportunity to compare the welfare rankings obtained at the regional level under the two alternative approaches. In order to visually present the spatially disgaggregated estimates of welfare in Azerbaijan, this paper has also produced a digital census map of Azerbaijan. This involved matching the census enumeration areas to a digital settlement map of Azerbaijan. Therefore, it is now possible for the State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan to display graphically the results of the 1999 census of Azerbaijan along with other data. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 12/9/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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