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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (132)
  • Bayreuth UB
  • MFK München
  • Online Resource  (132)
  • 2005-2009
  • 2000-2004  (132)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1945-1949
  • 2001  (132)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (111)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport  (17)
  • London : Palgrave Macmillan UK  (2)
  • Santa Monica, Calif : Rand  (2)
  • Santa Monica, CA : Rand Corp
  • Wiesbaden : VS, Verl. für Sozialwiss.
  • Economics  (60)
  • Transport  (37)
  • Urban, Rural and Regional Development  (29)
  • Bildband
  • Europa
  • Hochschulschrift
  • United States
Datasource
Material
  • Online Resource  (132)
Language
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 2000-2004  (132)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1945-1949
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Science, Technology and Industry Outlook : Drivers of Growth: Information Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Edition: Edition 2001
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry ; Science ; Technology ; OECD countries
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Selected Essays on Economic Policy (2001)
    London : Palgrave Macmillan UK | London : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9780230510562
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XVI, 354 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2001.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economic history. ; Economic theory. ; Political economy. ; Public policy. ; Economic policy. ; Econometrics. ; International economic relations. ; Economics ; Political planning.
    Abstract: This volume contains classic essays on economic policy written by one of its great exponents. The opening essay traces the author's evolving structures of thought about economics and the policy proposals that came from them over this period. Section 2 contains essays which set the background to the policy recommendations. In section 3 the role of investment incentives is analysed. Section 4 is concerned with the influence of accounting conventions on private decision-making and government policy in both capitalist and planned economies. Section 5 contains a number of package deals, all designed to fit within the constraint of the philosophy of governments in power. The last section, general essays, ranges from a scheme for the payment of prisoners to the celebration of the views on policy of great economists, from Colin Clark, through Nicky Kaldor to John Cornwall.
    DOI: 10.1057/9780230510562
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    BSZ
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Challenges and choices for crime-fighting technology : federal support of state and local law enforcement (2001)
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    Details
    ISBN: 9780833030351 , 0833032399 , 0833030353 , 9780833032393
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xl, 199 pages)
    Series Statement: MR / Rand Corporation MR-1349-OSTP/NIJ
    Parallel Title: Print version Schwabe, William, 1942- Challenges and choices for crime-fighting technology
    Keywords: Forensic sciences ; Federal aid to law enforcement agencies ; Law enforcement Administration ; Law enforcement Technological innovations ; Forensic sciences ; Federal aid to law enforcement agencies ; Law enforcement ; Law enforcement ; Social Sciences ; Criminology, Penology & Juvenile Delinquency ; United States ; Federal aid to law enforcement agencies ; Forensic sciences ; Law enforcement ; Administration ; Law enforcement ; Technological innovations ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Political Freedom & Security ; Law Enforcement ; Social Welfare & Social Work ; TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING ; General ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Introduction -- Law Enforcement's Use of Technology -- Crime Prevention -- First Response -- Investigation and Apprehension -- Forensic Analysis -- Administration and Management -- Federal Challenges and Choices -- Sources of Technology Information and Support -- Research, Development, and Deployment -- Technology Application -- Challenges and Choices
    Abstract: Introduction -- Law Enforcement's Use of Technology -- Crime Prevention -- First Response -- Investigation and Apprehension -- Forensic Analysis -- Administration and Management -- Federal Challenges and Choices -- Sources of Technology Information and Support -- Research, Development, and Deployment -- Technology Application -- Challenges and Choices
    Note: "Supported by the office of Science and Technology Policy and the National Institute of Justice , "MR-1349-OSTP/NIJ"--Page 4 of cover , Includes bibliographical references (pages 193-199)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Operations against enemy leaders (2001)
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    Details
    ISBN: 9780833030283 , 0833032348 , 0833030280 , 9780833032348
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxi, 151 pages)
    Series Statement: MR/Rand Corporation MR-1385-AF
    Parallel Title: Print version Hosmer, Stephen T Operations against enemy leaders
    Keywords: Coups d'état ; Assassination ; Insurgency ; Coups d'état ; Assassination ; Insurgency ; TRUE CRIME ; Espionage ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Political Freedom & Security ; Intelligence ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; International Relations ; General ; Assassination ; Coups d'état ; Insurgency ; Military policy ; United States ; United States Military policy ; United States ; Electronic books
    Abstract: An examination of a number of leadership attacks from World War II to the 21st century. It offers insights into the comparative efficacy of various forms of leadership attacks, their potential coercive and deterrent value, and the possible unintended consequences of their ill-considered use
    Abstract: An examination of a number of leadership attacks from World War II to the 21st century. It offers insights into the comparative efficacy of various forms of leadership attacks, their potential coercive and deterrent value, and the possible unintended consequences of their ill-considered use
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (pages 137-151)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: kostenfrei
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Road Freight Transport for Own Account in Europe (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112830
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.115
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le transport routier de marchandises pour compte propre en Europe
    RVK:
    QR 850
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport ; Europa ; Straßengüterverkehr
    Abstract: Road freight transport for own account represents a major share of inland transport in Europe and, depending on the country concerned, accounts for two to five times the tonnage carried by rail. Despite its importance, however, own account transport tends to be overlooked since it is not regarded as a logistics activity, whereas it is, in fact, a vital transport function that is changing radically as firms increasingly outsource their distribution activities to commercial hauliers. The scale of road freight transport for own account, the impact of regulatory changes and the future of the sector are the themes addressed in the introductory reports and the experts’ discussions outlined in this publication.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112830-en
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Districts centraux de Valence, Espagne 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264293212
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; The Valencian Central Districts, Spain 2001
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Spain
    Abstract: Les Districts Centraux de Valence sont composés de 155 municipalités qui appartiennent à deux provinces différentes de la région de Valence ; ils sont spécialisés dans le textile, le jouet, et les services liés au tourisme. Jusqu'à présent ces activités ont été fortement compétitives en dépit de la petite taille des entreprises, de leur spécialisation dans ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler "les industries matures", de la taille relativement petite des villes où elles se concentrent et de l'absence d’infrastructures appropriées. Cependant, la mondialisation rend incertain l'avenir de cette zone. Au moment où les services aux entreprises contribuent de plus en plus au succès des industries de biens, les structures de petite taille qui caractérisent les Districts Centraux de Valence pourront-elles rester compétitives ? Et devraient-elles trouver de nouvelles formes de partenariats pour accroître leur capacité à investir ? L’objectif de cet examen territorial est de fournir des recommandations politiques pratiques sur la façon dont cette zone peut répondre à ces nouveaux défis en développant ses atouts potentiels. L’examen territorial des Districts centraux de Valence fait partie d'un programme plus vaste d’examens territoriaux, au niveaux national et régional, menés par le Comité des Politiques de Développement Territorial de l’OCDE. L’objectif général de ces séries est de fournir des recommandations pratiques aux gouvernements. Les examens régionaux portent sur trois types de régions (urbain, intermédiaire, rural). Ils contribuent à enrichir la base d'informations disponibles sur les défis auxquels sont confrontées ces régions et les solutions pour y faire face.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264293212-fr
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Valuing Rural Amenities (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264192126
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Economic valuation is widely used in OECD countries as a way of assessing the (usually monetary) value of goods that have no markets. In the rural context, valuation methods are used to argue for or against projects and policy choices in areas as diverse as agricultural support policies, local economic development, land use and biodiversity assessment.This volume reviews a range of different valuation methodologies -- stated preferences, cost-benefit, revealed preferences, and others -- and looks at how these different approaches influence choices in rural policy. Its aim is to assess whether some set of international guidelines or standards could be used to reduce the subjectivity of the evidentiary information.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264192126-en
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Bergame, Italie 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264295025
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Bergamo, Italy 2001
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Italy
    Abstract: La province de Bergame, située en Lombardie, est une des régions les plus dynamiques de l’Italie.. L’économie se caractérise par une haute compétitivité, un bon degré de diversification et une grande ouverture vers les exportations ; la productivité se situe au-dessus de la moyenne nationale et le chômage est pratiquement inexistant. Il est vraisemblable que le caractère varié de la région ainsi que l’abondance de ses atouts culturels et environnementaux transforment la province en une destination touristique prisée. La réussite de la province n’est pourtant pas une certitude. Bergame doit encore relever une série de défis, comme par exemple améliorer son système éducatif ou établir des infrastructures dans le domaine des transports qui répondent à la fois aux besoins de la population et des entreprises. Cet examen fournit des recommandations pratiques sur la manière d’appliquer de nouvelles politiques. L’examen territorial de Bergame fait partie d’un programme plus vaste d’examens territoriaux, aux niveaux national et régional, menés par le Comité des Politiques de Développement Territorial de l’OCDE. L’objectif général de cette série est de fournir des recommandations pratiques de politique aux gouvernements. Les Examens territoriaux portent sur trois types de régions (urbain, intermédiaire, rural). Ils contribuent à enrichir la compréhension des défis auxquels sont confrontées ces régions ainsi que des solutions concrètes pour y faire face.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264295025-fr
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Information and Communication Technologies and Rural Development (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les technologies de l'information et de la communication et le développement rural
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) introduce a new relationship between time and space. Do the nascent possibilities of tele-work, distant access to public services and e-commerce offer both realistic and innovating perspectives for rural development? Are ICTs a threat rather than an opportunity for rural areas? Will these technologies increase the attractiveness of rural and remote areas or will they reinforce the influence of urban ones? ICTs and Rural Development sets out to answer these questions. Field research conducted in Canada, France, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States shows that rural development projects organised around ICTs have facilitated job creation as well as the emergence of a new environment favourable to the development of the community. Nonetheless, the success of such projects depends on a number of conditions. They are presented and analysed in this report.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193079-en
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Hongrie 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264295506
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Hungary 2001
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Hungary
    Abstract: Après une période de déclin, l’économie hongroise connaît maintenant une croissance satisfaisante. Mais les bienfaits et les coûts de la transition n’ont pas été distribués de manière uniforme dans le pays. Ce rapport met en lumière les disparités persistantes entre l’Est et l’Ouest, la capitale et la périphérie et entre les zones urbaines et rurales. Il analyse de nombreuses questions d’ordre économique, spatial ou social, par exemple les priorités en matière de transport, le regroupement des forces vives dans les régions, la coopération transfrontière, les liens entre les investissements étrangers et les activités endogènes ou la décentralisation des politiques sociales. L’examen met l’accent sur la nécessité de bien articuler les politiques territoriales nationales avec celles de l’Union européenne. Il recommande de rationaliser le système institutionnel et de renforcer les niveaux infranationaux. L’Examen territorial de la Hongrie est intégré dans un programme plus large d’examens territoriaux nationaux et régionaux entrepris par le Comité des Politiques de Développement Territorial de l’OCDE. L’objectif de cette série d’examens territoriaux est de fournir aux gouvernements des conseils pratiques pour leurs politiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264295506-fr
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cities for Citizens : Improving Metropolitan Governance (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189843
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mieux vivre dans la ville ; Le rôle de la gouvernance métropolitaine
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: In OECD countries, metropolitan areas often enjoy above-average rates of growth; they compete for foreign direct investment, have a leading position in the knowledge-based economy, and attract a disproportionately large share of immigrants. Yet they also are burdened with many problems including congestion, and the renewal of infrastructure, the spread of distressed urban areas. Better strategies for the development of metropolitan areas are vital if their rate of economic growth is to remain strong, but the governance structures currently in place are often outdated and ill-adapted to the tasks they face, especially given the sprawl of many metropolitan cities across many jurisdictions.Drawing on the lessons from successful and unsuccessful attempts at the reform of metropolitan governance, this book identifies ways by which central and metropolitan governments can work better to optimise the potential of each urban region.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189843-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Local Partnerships for Better Governance (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189461
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (305 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des partenariats locaux pour une meilleure gouvernance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Asociaciones locales para una mejor gobernabilidad
    RVK:
    QY 000
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Aufsatzsammlung ; OECD ; Regionale Wirtschaftskooperation ; Regionale Kooperation
    Abstract: To better respond to a new set of concerns of the population and promote sustainable development, governments today actively seek a broad partnership with civil society and the private sector. Yet, it is at local and regional levels, closer to the problems and the individuals, that partnerships are most often formed. Partnerships are being established throughout OECD countries to tackle issues of economic development, employment, social cohesion and the quality of life. What all partnerships share is a common desire to improve governance -- how society collectively solves its problems and meets its needs. Through partnerships, civil society and its NGOs, enterprises and government at different levels work together to design area-based strategies, adapt policies to local conditions and take initiatives consistent with shared priorities. An ambitious mission, which raises the challenge of harmonising public accountability and participatory democracy. Local Partnerships for Better Governance presents the lessons learnt from the most recent experiences in seven countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy and the United States. This book proposes a strategy that governments can implement to improve governance through partnerships. Applying this strategy will enforce local capacities in a globalising economy, and contribute to reconcile economic competitiveness, social cohesion and environmental progress.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189461-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estudios económicos de la OCDE: España 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264488359
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (198 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Spain 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Espagne 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Spain 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Espagne 2001
    Keywords: Economics ; Spain
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264488359-es
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Territorial Reviews: Teruel, Spain 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189959
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Teruel, Espagne 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE: Teruel, Espagne 2001
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Spain
    Abstract: OECD's Territorial Review of the Teruel region of Spain. It finds that the region is a typical, albeit extreme, example of a low density remote area with an economic base facing serious challenges and little more than its own assets to rely on for its economic development. This book focuses mainly on how the area’s substantial natural and cultural resources can make a more important contribution in a forward-looking and integrated development strategy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189959-en
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Territorial Reviews: Bergamo, Italy 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195028
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Bergame, Italie 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE: Bergame, Italie 2001
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Italy
    Abstract: The province of Bergamo, located in Lombardy, is one of the most successful regions in Italy. The economy is highly competitive, diversified and export-oriented, productivity is above the national average, and unemployment is almost non-existent. The diversity of the region and its abundant cultural and environmental assets are likely to turn the province into an outstanding tourist destination. The future success of the province is not certain, though. Bergamo still faces important challenges, like improving its education sector or building transport infrastructures that respond to the needs of the population and of the business sector . This Review provides advice and guidelines on how new policies may be put into practice.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195028-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring Productivity - OECD Manual : Measurement of Aggregate and Industry-level Productivity Growth (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194519
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer la productivité - Manuel de l'OCDE ; Mesurer la croissance de la productivité par secteur et pour l'ensemble de l'économie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Productivity - OECD Manual; Measurement of Aggregate and Industry-level Productivity Growth (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer la productivité - Manuel de l'OCDE : Mesurer la croissance de la productivité par secteur et pour l'ensemble de l'économie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Productivity - OECD Manual: Measurement of Aggregate and Industry-level Productivity Growth (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The OECD Measuring Productivity Manual is the first comprehensive guide to the various productivity measures aimed at statisticians, researchers and analysts involved in constructing industry-level productivity indicators. This Manual presents the theoretical foundations to productivity measurement, and discusses implementation and measurement issues. The text is accompanied by empirical examples from OECD countries and by numerical examples to enhance its readability. The Manual also offers a brief discussion of the interpretation and use of productivity measures.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194519-en
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade Linkages and the Trade Matrices in the OECD Interlink Model (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 84 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.310
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides a mainly graphical summary of the trade matrices underlying the OECD’s international macroeconomic model Interlink. In doing so it gives a snapshot of the geographical nature of global trading relationships, in particular between individual OECD countries and the main non-OECD regions, distinguishing trade in manufactures non-manufactures and non-factor services. It also serves more broadly as a 'ready reckoner' guide to the sensitivity of shocks that are transmitted through trade. The sources and methods used to construct the matrices are also described in annexes ...
    DOI: 10.1787/114365718347
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Encouraging Environmentally Sustainable Growth in Denmark (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.277
    Keywords: Economics ; Denmark
    Abstract: This paper analyses aspects of environmental policy in Denmark, including, among others, policy on surface water quality, clean air and support for renewable energy, waste disposal and transport policy. Environmental policies are an important priority in Denmark, with implementation often highly decentralised, but in some cases environmental objectives have been pursued at what seems a high price, perhaps through a wish to support the development of a domestic industry or to protect existing industry from loss of competitiveness. The paper criticises some of the arguments used in favour of this high cost approach in a number of contexts, including wind power subsidies, the carbon tax and the treatment of nutrient discharges from agriculture. The paper also discusses a number of innovative and efficient policies introduced or planned, for example the new approach to promoting renewable energy (including wind power) through tradable “green certificates” and a CO2 trading scheme in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/616447850757
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Should Norway Respond to Ageing? (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.296
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: Norway, like most OECD countries, will experience a significant ageing of its population, although it will be less dramatic. Moreover, it starts from an enviable position: employment rates of older people are among the highest in the OECD, pension outlays are currently relatively low and substantial financial assets have been accumulated in the Government Petroleum Fund. However, without reforms, due to the maturing of the pension system, ageing will lead to one of the biggest increases in pension spending as a share of GDP in OECD countries over the next 50 years. This paper thus, after exploring the scale of the demographic changes, examines the relevant institutions and their effect on the decision to retire. In light of the expected increase in the elderly, various issues concerning their economic position and health care are considered. The paper then presents the fiscal impact of ageing: the cost of the pension system will more than double, while health care spending for the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/385156551776
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  • 20
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    Surveillance of Tax Policies : A Synthesis of Findings in Economic Surveys (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.303
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Taxation is inevitable in modern economies to finance public spending, which is aimed at meeting fundamental economic and social objectives. However, efficiency losses associated with taxation need to be taken into account when the cost and benefits of public expenditure to be funded are being assessed. The public perception of the fairness of tax systems, the practical enforceability of tax rules and the cost arising from compliance are other important considerations. Against this backdrop, the OECD has reviewed in the past two years the tax systems of a number of Member countries in its periodical Economic Surveys. The analysis and policy recommendations emerging from these reviews may provide some useful lessons for other OECD countries, and these are pulled together in this paper ...
    DOI: 10.1787/034063184564
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  • 21
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    Firm Dynamics and Productivity Growth : A Review of Micro Evidence from OECD Countries (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 67 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.297
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper surveys recent empirical studies exploring aggregate productivity growth based on firm dynamics, focusing on micro-data from OECD countries. Aggregate productivity growth can be analysed as a sum of two separate processes. i) Changes in productivity in individual firms at a given size (relative to market). And, ii) a reallocation process due to compositional effects arising from the expansion and contraction of existing firms as well as from entry and exit of firms (namely, firm dynamics). After reviewing theoretical explanations and empirical methods for firm dynamics and productivity growth, the paper looks into major findings from the manufacturing sector under three subsections: firm dynamics, productivity correlates, and productivity decomposition. The paper also reviews methodological issues and some findings from the emerging literature of empirical studies on the service sector ...
    DOI: 10.1787/054842728775
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  • 22
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    Modelling Import Responsiveness for OECD Manufactures Trade (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.311
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The degree of integration and openness of OECD economies has consistently increased throughout most of the past three decades. By limiting the influence of non-economic factors, and reducing heterogeneity in economic systems, increased integration and openness enhance the emergence of common patterns of adjustment to economic shocks among countries. This paper focuses on the demand and price elasticity of manufacturing import volumes in OECD countries, examining if the long-run adjustment of the volume of manufacturing imports to demand and price shocks is similar across countries. The results indicate that the percentage long-run adjustment of manufacturing import volumes to a demand shock is similar across the majority of OECD countries. The adjustment of manufacturing import volumes to relative price shocks are more heterogeneous, although it is possible to identify clusters of countries showing similar responses. The estimated short and long-run demand elasticities are ...
    DOI: 10.1787/304013015652
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  • 23
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    Encouraging Environmentally Sustainable Growth in Australia (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.309
    Keywords: Economics ; Australia
    Abstract: This document analyses aspects of natural resource and environmental policies in Australia, focusing on water resource management, salinity and climate change mitigation. The state and central governments have not made use of their taxation powers in these domains. The cap-and-trade system for water rights in the Murray Darling basin aims at better integration of economic and environmental reform. Still higher benefits could be reaped from trading if the various restrictions on trade were lifted, and if water pricing reform were accelerated in rural areas, so as to reflect economic and environmental costs. The rules for allocating flows for the environment also need to be clarified. To address dryland salinity, more co-ordination between the States and the Commonwealth is needed, for example to avoid the contradiction inherent in subsidising revegetation programmes while at the same time authorising further land clearing. Economic instruments could be used for intermediate ...
    DOI: 10.1787/404833521114
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  • 24
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    Les services réguliers interurbains d'autocars en Europe (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282122785
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.114
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regular Interurban Coach Services in Europe
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.:
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Regular Interurban Coach Services in Europe
    Keywords: Transport ; Europäische Union ; Regionalverkehr
    Abstract: Alors que la déréglementation est largement à l’oeuvre dans le secteur des transports, les services réguliers de lignes d'autocars demeurent très réglementés. Ces services apparaissent en effet aux yeux des pouvoirs publics comme un concurrent potentiel des chemins de fer. Pourtant, dans les pays où une déréglementation des services d'autocars a été tentée, le bilan est incontestablement positif (sauf pour les transports locaux à courte distance).La Table Ronde a cherché à faire le point sur les services réguliers interurbains par autocars à partir d’exemples de pays qui ont suivi des approches originales. Cette publication permet de voir ce type d'activité sous un jour entièrement nouveau. Il en ressort notamment que le transport de lignes par autocars constitue un marché spécifique pour une clientèle qui ne dispose pas de moyens de transport alternatifs. Ouvrir ce marché bénéficierait aux populations les plus défavorisées. Mais ce n’est pas la seule leçon de cette Table Ronde.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282122785-fr
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  • 25
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    Les transports de déchets (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282122853
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.116
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport of Waste Products
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.:
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Transport of Waste Products
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport ; Konferenzschrift 1999 ; Abfall ; Transport ; Abfall ; Transport
    Abstract: Le traitement des déchets est appelé à s'accroître, car le volume de ces déchets est étroitement dépendant de la croissance économique. Le transport de déchets constitue donc un enjeu majeur pour l'avenir. Plusieurs questions se posent à cet égard. Faut-il renforcer la réglementation relative à ces transports et en revoir les modalités d'application ? Le principe de proximité pour le traitement des déchets, intégré dans cette réglementation au nom de la protection de l'environnement, ne doit-il pas être remis en cause, ce principe de proximité empêchant une massification des flux qui serait favorable aux modes de transport les plus écologiques ? Le bilan environnemental des transports de déchets ne saurait être établi que dans le cadre d'une approche globale intégrant l'ensemble des filières de traitement de ces déchets. Il faut en effet se méfier des fausses bonnes idées, telles que "le transport de déchets doit être limité" ou " le recyclage est la meilleure solution". La suppression des décharges ou le retraitement pourraient accroître sensiblement les transports de déchets. La Table Ronde reprend ces points en examinant successivement, à partir de l'expérience des différents pays, les évolutions du secteur des transports de déchets et les problèmes statistiques rencontrés pour les appréhender, la réglementation applicable à ces transports et leur bilan environnemental, en insistant tout particulièrement sur les difficultés engendrées par la répartition modale actuelle de ces transports.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282122853-fr
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  • 26
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    Policies to Enhance Sustainable Development (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264192683
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Développement durable ; Quelles politiques ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Développement durable : Quelles politiques ?
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Sustainable development involves linking the economic, social and environmental objectives of societies in a balanced way. It stresses the importance of taking a broader view of what human welfare entails, of using a long-term perspective about the consequences of today's activities, and of recognising the global nature of many of the most pressing challenges facing societies. OECD countries committed themselves to sustainable development at the 1992 Rio Conference on Environment and Development. However, action to meet these commitments remains slow. This report identifies some of the main barriers -- conceptual and practical -- that stand in the way of progress, and some of the areas where concrete government actions will allow a better integration of environmental, economic and social goals. Particular focus is placed on how the use of the price system, reform of governments' decision-making processes, technology policies, and international trade and investment may each contribute to removing incentives to unsustainable resource depletion and environmental degradation. Recommendations in each of these areas are presented in this Report, and then applied to two areas -- climate change and natural resource management -- where the risks of non-sustainability appear to be highest.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264192683-en
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  • 27
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    The Economic Integration of Germany's New Länder (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.307
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany ; Deutschland ; Wirtschaftliche Integration
    Abstract: The economic integration of the eastern German states has progressed rapidly in many respects. The infrastructure has been rapidly built up and modernised. A strong trend to modernise the business capital stock has been established, aided by financial assistance from the west. Already at the beginning of the 1990s the elaborate western German social security system had been extended to the new states. Incomes of both the employed and the non-employed, in particular retirees, have risen fast, and have approached west German levels. There has also been a high degree of structural change, as witnessed by high growth rates in manufacturing, increasing export shares, the rapid expansion of the service sector and the down-sizing of the construction sector after very high -- and largely policy-induced -- growth rates in the first half of the 1990s. However, in the second half of the 1990s economic growth in the east decelerated, and income convergence has stalled and employment stagnated ...
    DOI: 10.1787/777416102672
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  • 28
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    The Width of the Intra-European Economic Borders (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.304
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper first provides a brief overview of the literature on market segmentation and then presents an empirical exercise that sheds more light on the significance of border effects across European countries. The literature suggests that integration in the EU goods and financial markets is typically more advanced than among the other OECD countries. On the other hand, integration in Europe remains significantly lower than that observed between regions within countries. The empirical exercise is based on a set of comparable price data of tradeable goods collected just before the launch of the single currency. The paper finds that for a given distance, crossing national borders adds significantly to the price differential across European cities. However, this border effect is substantially smaller than the one found in previous estimates focusing on European and North American cities, which were based on the comparison of much broader price indices such as the consumer price index ...
    DOI: 10.1787/281117327340
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  • 29
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    Sectoral Regulatory Reforms in Italy : Framework and Implications (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.294
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
    Abstract: This paper discusses product market regulatory reforms in Italy over the past decade. Special attention is given to the underlying macroeconomic context for sectoral reforms and the role played by such reforms in consolidating the gains of macroeconomic convergence for entry into the European Monetary Union. The paper suggests that the shift towards more market-oriented and less interventionist policies, has allowed Italy’s legal and institutional framework to come closer to the mainstream of good regulatory practices in the OECD countries. With Italy having been initially a laggard on the regulatory reform front, recent achievements have been remarkable. They are, however, incomplete. A major challenge is the need to secure competition in the sheltered sectors of the economy, where inflation inertia raises costs and affects the exposed sectors, thereby weakening international competitiveness ...
    DOI: 10.1787/857601117127
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  • 30
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    Managing Public Expenditure : Some Emerging Policy Issues and A Framework for Analysis (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.285
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper highlights some key policy issues regarding the performance of public expenditure and proposes an analytical framework for its assessment. The framework distinguishes three economic objectives of policies in the pursuit of better performance of public expenditure: macroeconomic sustainability, allocative efficiency (better outcomes per unit of public expenditure) and technical efficiency (less resource inputs per unit of public output). Against this backdrop, the paper discusses experiences of governments of OECD countries with various policy instruments, including fiscal rules, medium-term fiscal frames, market-based allocation mechanisms and flexible management and control. These experiences could serve as a starting point for peer reviews and international benchmarking ...
    DOI: 10.1787/066436018532
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  • 31
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    Financial Market Liberalisation, Wealth and Consumption (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.308
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The past two decades have seen substantial deregulation in the financial sectors of most OECD countries. The main motivation was to improve efficiency within the financial system, but the macroeconomic implications might go beyond this objective with impacts on the business cycle and the transmission mechanisms of monetary and fiscal policies. More specifically, financial liberalisation and heightened competition in the financial services sector, through a rapid expansion of credit, may have eased the liquidity constraints facing households, thus raising the targeted level of consumption. The objective of this paper is to test whether financial deregulation, through an easing of liquidity constraints, has had an impact on the relationship between consumption and income, and more specifically on the wealth effect. A range of different procedures is used to assess the impact of financial deregulation on global wealth and on its different components (financial, housing and others) ...
    DOI: 10.1787/586625524684
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  • 32
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: The Valencian Central Districts, Spain 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193215
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Districts centraux de Valence, Espagne 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Districts centraux de Valence, Espagne 2001
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Spain
    Abstract: OECD's Territorial Review of the Valencian Central Districts of Spain. It finds that the future of the region in an era of globalisation is uncertain. At a time when producer services are becoming critical to the success of goods producing industries, will the small settlements that characterise the Valencian Central Districts be able to maintain their competitive position? And should they find new forms of partnership in order to increase their capacity to make investments? The aim of this Territorial Review is to provide practical policy advice on how the area can respond to new challenges by enhancing potential opportunities.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193215-en
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  • 33
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    Increasing Efficiency and Reducing Complexity in the Tax System in the United States (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 82 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.313
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: There are only a few OECD Member countries with a lower tax take than the United States. Nonetheless there are a number of improvements that could help reduce the distortions that taxation creates in the economy and so boost long-run economic performance. The most noticeable gains could come from reforming the taxation of the income from capital. Savings are not always allocated to the area where they have the highest return, as there are large variations in the tax on capital income depending on the sector in which it is invested and the financing instruments that are used. In addition, taxation of capital income favours present over future consumption with a negative impact on savings and capital accumulation. In the past, a number of proposals have been made to reduce the tax burden on saving, by replacing the income tax with a consumption tax. While in many ways this would be the best approach, it is would represent a major change in a system that has evolved gradually ...
    DOI: 10.1787/641187737504
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  • 34
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    Fiscal Implications of Ageing : Projections of Age-Related Spending (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.305
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides new projections on the fiscal impact of age-related spending for OECD countries over the next half century. These results are based on national models using an agreed upon set of assumptions about macroeconomic and demographic developments for all countries. Recent reforms to pension systems have partly offset the impact on spending of an increasingly elderly population, and there has been a major improvement in the underlying fiscal situation in the 1990s. However, further age-related spending (including old age pensions, health and spending associated with children) is still projected to increase on average around 6 to 7 per cent of GDP over the projection period. This calls for maintaining the reform effort and intensifying it in several countries, if fiscal sustainability is to be maintained ...
    DOI: 10.1787/503643006287
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  • 35
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    Le transport routier de marchandises pour compte propre en Europe (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282122839
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.115
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Road Freight Transport for Own Account in Europe
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.:
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Road Freight Transport for Own Account in Europe
    Keywords: Transport ; Europa ; Straßengüterverkehr
    Abstract: Le transport routier de marchandises pour compte propre assure une part importante des transports terrestres en Europe. En tonnages transportés, son activité représente, selon les pays européens, entre deux et cinq fois celle des transports ferroviaires. Pourtant, le transport pour compte propre ne retient guère l'attention et il n'est même pas considéré comme relevant du domaine de la logistique. Or, il assume une fonction essentielle dans le domaine du transport et connaît une profonde mutation du fait de la tendance croissante des entreprises à confier leurs envois à des transporteurs professionnels plutôt qu'à les effectuer elles-mêmes. Comprendre l’importance des transports routiers de marchandises pour compte propre, analyser les conséquences des évolutions réglementaires qui ont marqué ce domaine d’activité et mieux appréhender son avenir, tel fut l’objet des rapports introductifs et du débat entre experts que cette publication retrace.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282122839-fr
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  • 36
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    La desserte terrestre des ports maritimes (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282122808
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.113
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Land Access to Sea Ports
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.:
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Land Access to Sea Ports
    Keywords: Transport ; Europa ; Seehafen ; Verkehrsanbindung
    Abstract: Au cours des dernières années, le transport intercontinental a connu une véritable révolution : l’expansion considérable de la conteneurisation, le développement des mégatransporteurs, des navires porte-conteneurs toujours plus gros et la massification des flux en sont autant de signes tangibles. Ces changements se sont traduits par un abaissement considérable des coûts du transport maritime qui a rendu les pays lointains beaucoup plus accessibles. Le transport terrestre est donc souvent devenu le maillon le plus onéreux de la chaîne de transport en trafic international, d'où la pression croissante des armateurs pour contrôler ce secteur d'activité. Sur terre, la route reste dominante, mais face à la congestion des infrastructures, le rail et la voie d’eau peuvent jouer un rôle. Dans quelles conditions ces deux derniers modes peuvent-ils prendre une part plus importante dans les transports terrestres ? Il faut savoir que faute d'un réseau spécifiquement dédié au fret, le rail ne peut pas vraiment être compétitif tandis que la navigation fluviale ne pourra jouer un rôle significatif que si elle parvient à diminuer ses coûts de transbordement. Une plus grande concurrence au sein de ces deux modes de transport ne pourrait-elle engendrer des gains de productivité et de qualité de service ? La Table Ronde a permis d'aborder l’ensemble des questions relatives à la compétitivité des modes de transport terrestre en dégageant des lignes directrices pour l’action des pouvoirs publics en matière de desserte des ports maritimes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282122808-fr
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  • 37
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    Intermodal Freight Transport : Institutional Aspects (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189126
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Road Transport and Intermodal Linkages Research Programme
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport intermodal de marchandises ; Aspects institutionnels
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport intermodal de marchandises : Aspects institutionnels
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: What is intermodal transport? What are its "institutional aspects"? What is effective intermodal transport policy and how does it differ from road transport policy or rail transport policy? Today's highly competitive global marketplace calls for a policy framework that can evolve to meet the expectations of users. This new report provides insight into these and other issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189126-en
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  • 38
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    Measuring Capital -- OECD Manual : Measurement of Capital Stocks, Consumption of Fixed Capital and Capital Services (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193260
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Mesure du Capital -- Manuel de l'OCDE ; La mesure des stocks de capital, de la consommation de capital fixe et des services du capital
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Mesure du Capital -- Manuel de l'OCDE : La mesure des stocks de capital, de la consommation de capital fixe et des services du capital
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This Manual clarifies the conceptual issues concerning stocks and flows of fixed capital and provides practical guidelines for estimation. The Manual also deals with the definition and measurement of "capital services" which measure the contribution of capital assets into the production process. The Manual thus provides a link with the OECD Manual on Productivity Measurement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193260-en
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  • 39
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    Does Human Capital Matter for Growth in OECD Countries? : Evidence from Pooled Mean-Group Estimates (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.282
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents empirical estimates of human-capital augmented growth equations for a panel of 21 OECD countries over the period 1971-98. It uses an improved dataset on human capital and a novel econometric technique that reconciles growth model assumptions with the needs of panel data regressions. Unlike several previous studies, our results point to a positive and significant impact of human capital accumulation to output per capita growth. The estimated long-run effect on output of one additional year of education (about 6 per cent) is also consistent with microeconomic evidence on the private returns to schooling. We also found a significant growth effect from the accumulation of physical capital and a speed of convergence to the steady state of around 15 per cent per year. Taken together these results are not consistent with the human capital augmented version of the Solow model, but rather they support an endogenous growth model à la Uzawa-Lucas, with constant returns to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/424300244276
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  • 40
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    How Will Ageing Affect Finland? (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.295
    Keywords: Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: In Finland, as in most OECD countries, the ageing of the population is one of the major long-term policy challenges. This paper first explores the scale of the demographic changes in Finland, the relevant institutions and their effect on the decision to retire. In light of the increase in the number of elderly expected over the coming years, various issues concerning their economic position and health care are considered. The paper then considers the impact that demographic changes will have on public finances: the cost of the pension system will increase by a third; health care spending and the cost of care for the frail elderly are also likely to rise substantially. The paper ends by outlining the policy options to copy with ageing ...
    DOI: 10.1787/361422456778
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    Public Spending in Mexico : How to Enhance Its Effectiveness (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.288
    Keywords: Economics ; Mexico
    Abstract: Public sector reforms and a refocusing of spending, partly through privatisation, have created a leaner and more effective government in Mexico. Primary expenditure, at around 18 per cent of GDP in 1999, is less than half the average for the OECD. At the same time, there are important spending requirements to create the basis for strong sustainable growth over the medium term. The backlog in basic infrastructure is considerable and areas such as education and health will require a steady expansion of budget resources. Specific measures to fight poverty are also needed. Inadequate tax resources and a heavy reliance on volatile oil-related revenue have been important factors impeding the development of essential public programmes. In this respect, given the sizeable marginal economic and social benefits of increasing spending in the above areas, it would be appropriate to raise the low tax-to-GDP ratio over the short to medium term. It is also essential that public spending be ...
    DOI: 10.1787/314432213841
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    Economic Growth: The Role of Policies and Institutions : Panel Data. Evidence from OECD Countries (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.283
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses links between policy settings, institutions and economic growth in OECD countries on the basis of cross-country time-series regressions. The econometric approach allows short-term adjustments and convergence speeds to vary across countries, imposing restrictions only on the long-run coefficients. In addition to the ‘primary’ influences of capital accumulation and skills embodied in the human capital, the results confirm the importance for growth of R&D activity, the macroeconomic environment, trade openness and well developed financial markets. They also confirm that many of the policy influences operate not only ‘directly’ on growth but also indirectlyviathe mobilisation of resources for fixed investment. The paper also reports some bivariate correlations between OECD indicators of product regulation and growth. They provide some supporting evidence that the negative impact of stringent regulations and administrative burden on the efficiency of product ...
    DOI: 10.1787/722675213381
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    Encouraging Environmentally Sustainable Growth in Poland (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.299
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: This paper reviews several aspects of Poland’s environmental policies. Its main finding is that substantial progress has been made in dealing with the environmentally unfriendly legacy from the past. Poland has successfully combined emission permits based on environmental quality standards, emission fees and fines, public environmental subsidy schemes and widely publicised lists of the worst polluters. Other important factors of success were long-term time consistency, gradual tightening of enforcement and limited administrative discretion. Poland is now embarking on a fundamental revision of its instrument mix in order to respond to new environmental challenges typical of market economies, and to comply with the European Union environmental Directives. In this context, the challenge is to formulate a medium-term strategy that is both environmentally effective and market friendly. Pending legislative amendments, however, may not always live up to this challenge. New instruments ...
    DOI: 10.1787/148456178784
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    Regulation in Services : OECD Patterns and Economic Implications (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.287
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper looks at patterns of regulation in service industries and explores their implications for service performance. Focusing on restrictions to market mechanisms, a map of the state of service regulation in OECD countries is provided, based on data recently collected and summarised by the OECD. The paper also surveys the available cross-country empirical evidence on the effects of regulatory reform on service productivity, prices and innovation. Finally, it discusses ways in which regulation can encourage competition, efficiency and investment in those segments of the service industries where non-competitive elements persist. The main conclusions reached are: i) in the past two decades OECD governments extensively reformed regulatory environments in both competitive and network service industries, generally making them closer to market mechanisms; ii) however due to differences in initial conditions and in the pace of reform, within each service industry the dispersion of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/223766183220
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    Tracking the Euro (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.298
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: During the first two years of monetary union, the euro's weakness surprised most market participants. Explanations proliferated ranging from fundamentals such as differences in growth prospects to psychological factors such as herd behaviour, but no single story fully accounts for the observed exchange rate path. Based on an eclectic approach, this paper offers an empirical analysis showing that terms-of-trade and saving/investment behaviour seem to have driven the euro exchange rate over the medium and longer run. While such econometric estimates ought to be interpreted with due care, they do support the view that towards the end of 2000, the euro was significantly undervalued ...
    DOI: 10.1787/536702025320
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    Tax Systems in European Union Countries (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.301
    Keywords: Economics ; European Union
    Abstract: The tax-to-GDP ratio rose steadily in most EU countries up to the late 1990s, largely reflecting a sustained expansion of public sector commitments to welfare provision. Since the late 1990s, many EU countries have cut tax rates. However, the tax burden in the EU area remains much higher than in most other economies. The tax mix is also different, with high tax wedges on labour and a stronger reliance on consumption and environmentally-related taxes. Recent measures targeted at lowering the tax burden on labour, in particular at the lower end of the income scale, have had promising results in terms of employment growth, showing how tax design is an important influence on countries’ performances. While there is not much room for cutting taxes significantly without downsizing public spending, further rebalancing the tax burden away from labour could contribute to better employment performance. Greater reliance on property taxes, which are low by international standards, could be ...
    DOI: 10.1787/785648484253
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    A Small Global Forecasting Model (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.286
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes the OECD’s new small global forecasting model for the three main OECD economic regions: the United States, the euro area, and Japan. The key variables – which include output, inflation, the trade balance, and import prices – are driven by monetary and fiscal policy, exchange rates, and world demand. The projections from the model are used as a starting point to help animate the early stages of the OECD’s forecasting round. The model is essentially a demand-side model with a particular focus on the impact of global linkages and the transmission of influences between regions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/628640803664
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    Développement durable : Les grandes questions (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264293182
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (556 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Development; Critical Issues
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Development: Critical Issues
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Transport ; Economics
    Abstract: Comment répondre à nos besoins actuels sans nuire à la capacité des générations futures à satisfaire les leurs ? C'est là le problème crucial que pose le "développement durable". En 1992, lors de la Conférence de Rio des Nations Unies sur l'environnement et le développement, les pays Membres de l'OCDE se sont engagés à réunir les conditions nécessaires au développement durable. Néanmoins, presque dix ans plus tard, les progrès accomplis restent insuffisants et inégaux. A partir d'analyses réalisées à la suite d'une demande formulée par les ministres de l'OCDE en 1998, ce rapport souligne la nécessité de surmonter très rapidement certains des obstacles les plus importants qui se dressent sur la voie du développement durable. Il fait le point sur les fondements théoriques du développement durable, sur son évaluation et sur les réformes institutionnelles qui s'imposent pour en faire une réalité. Il examine ensuite la contribution que le commerce et les investissements internationaux, de même que la coopération pour le développement, peuvent apporter au développement durable à l'échelle mondiale. Et il dresse le bilan des politiques fondées sur les règles du marché, qu'elles soient réglementaires ou technologiques, mises en oeuvre par les pays de l'OCDE à ce jour dans le but d'atteindre certains objectifs tout en optimisant le rapport coût-efficacité. Cet ouvrage présente en outre une analyse approfondie des politiques conçues pour répondre aux principales menaces qui pèsent sur la durabilité dans les domaines du changement climatique et de la gestion des ressources naturelles. De même, on y trouvera un examen détaillé des politiques répondant aux problèmes qui se posent au niveau sectoriel ou infranational. Il en ressort globalement qu'il existe de nombreuses solutions qui permettraient de faire en sorte que la croissance économique, la protection de l'environnement et le développement social se renforcent mutuellement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264293182-fr
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    Nuclear Power Plant Life Management in a Changing Business World : Workshop Proceedings, Washington DC, United States 26-27 June 2000 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264188600
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; United States
    Abstract: Nuclear power plant life management (PLIM) has become an important issue in the context of changing business circumstances caused by regulatory reform of the electricity market. Specifically, the economic aspect of PLIM is being closely investigated as part of the search for greater competitiveness. It was in this light that the NEA organised an international workshop on "Nuclear Power Plant Life Management in a Changing Business World". The objective of the workshop was to examine the status of PLIM activities in OECD Member countries and to develop a set of recommendations through separate working groups focusing on technology, regulation and business. The workshop also provided an opportunity to exchange information on lessons learned from past successes and failures. These proceedings will be of particular interest to those playing a policy role in the nuclear industry and those in a position to shape future PLIM strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264188600-en
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    Measuring Expenditure on Health-related R&D (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264192928
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Science and technology improves human health but the pressure for faster and larger improvements is building with the continued ageing of the population of many OECD countries and the associated increased demands for health care. A fundamental starting point for better understanding of the impact of innovation on health is the measurement of R&D. This publication addresses this issue by looking in detail at measurement practices across ten OECD member countries as well as the main international sources.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264192928-en
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    Asset Management for the Roads Sector (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193208
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Road Transport and Intermodal Linkages Research Programme
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gestion du patrimoine d'infrastructure dans le secteur routier
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: What is asset management? How do road administrations achieve an integrated approach to asset management? How does this differ from the management of individual assets? What are the implications for data collection and management? What does it mean for road administrations and road sector policy? This report examines the requirements of asset management systems, the integration of existing component systems into a comprehensive approach to asset management, the incorporation of a business-like approach, performance monitoring and the implementation of such systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193208-en
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    Encouraging Environmentally Sustainable Growth : Experience in OECD Countries (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.293
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Clean air, clean water, fewer toxic emissions and less household waste are among the key environmental policy objectives that most OECD governments have been pursuing over the past three decades. This effort to take more account of the environmental costs of economic growth has been pursued in a variety of ways in different countries, and has evolved over time with policy instruments that may be technical standards, emission prohibition, tradable permits, taxes, voluntary agreements and many others. This paper surveys aspects of environmental and natural resource policy in a number of OECD countries paying particular attention to how countries succeed in conducting cost-effective and consistent policies in the environment and natural resource areas, not on environmental policy or outcomes per se. Four common themes emerged: attempts to design institutions or processes to achieve co-ordination across policies and sectors; certain sectors where policies make environmental objectives ...
    DOI: 10.1787/046738633224
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    Increasing Simplicity, Neutrality and Sustainability : A Basis for Tax Reform in Iceland (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.292
    Keywords: Economics ; Iceland
    Abstract: This paper analyses the possibilities for reforming the Icelandic tax system. It puts the current tax structure in its historic context, showing that there has been a steady movement towards simplification. The personal income tax has a lower than average number of bands and, taxes capital income at an unusually low rate. Such a structure favours saving, especially since consumption taxes are particularly high. Nonetheless, there are a number of additional taxes on capital income that serve to raise the overall tax on assets, notably the tax on net wealth. The paper concludes that, if the current budget surplus persists over the medium-term, priority should be given to further reducing corporate taxes and the net wealth tax. At the same time, a number of discriminatory indirect taxes should be replaced by a uniform tax, and the diesel tax reformed. Consideration should also be given to the gradual introduction of a resource tax or to auctioning fishing quotas to help fund the other ...
    DOI: 10.1787/600040410286
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    Trends in Immigration and Economic Consequences (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.284
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews immigration trends and their economic impacts in a number of OECD countries. While migration systems present similarities across countries, institutional arrangements vary widely and impact on the size and composition of migration flows. Some of the main factors driving immigration are then briefly discussed. The paper also considers the economic, fiscal and social implications of immigration. The study suggests that immigration can confer small net gains to the host country. However, the benefits are not necessarily evenly distributed and some groups, in particular those whose labour is substitutable with immigrants may lose, calling for a smooth working of labour and product markets in OECD countries. The paper also claims that, while migration can partly offset slower growing or declining OECD populations, it cannot provide by itself a solution to the budgetary implications of ageing populations. Finally, the paper touches on some development issues, such as ...
    DOI: 10.1787/553515678780
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    Encouraging Environmentally Sustainable Growth in Sweden (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.289
    Keywords: Economics ; Sweden
    Abstract: This paper analyses Sweden’s policies for addressing a range of key environmental challenges. Although Sweden has a deliberately comprehensive approach to establishing its environmental objectives and policies, some issues have received particular attention. These include acidification and climate change arising from harmful cross-border and global air emissions, damage to waterways stemming from nutrient run-off from farming, and solid waste management. This review concentrates on the scope for Sweden to refine and extend the use of economic instruments to achieve better environmental outcomes in each of these areas. At the same time, more systematic and rigorous use of cost-benefit analysis in designing policies and in evaluating measures that have been put in place, would help Sweden to achieve its desired environmental objectives in the least costly way, or alternatively, to achieve the best environmental results for a given economic sacrifice ...
    DOI: 10.1787/710585417734
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    Encouraging Environmentally Sustainable Growth in the United States (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.278
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: This paper analyses aspects of US environmental policy, including, among others, policy on air and water quality, water supply in certain areas, climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. Particular attention is paid to certain policies in agriculture and road transport, sectors with an important influence on the environment, as well as to the use of cost-benefit analysis (and in some cases specific prohibitions on its use) and the role of the courts in designing and implementing policy. While “command and control” style regulations have produced significant improvements in environmental standards since the 1970s, increasing attention has been paid to the use of economic incentives - permit trading arrangements have been preferred to environmental taxes - and more flexibility in some regulatory policies. These trends towards more cost-effective policies should be extended to such areas as fuel economy, where increased fuel taxes would be more cost-effective than the “CAFE” ...
    DOI: 10.1787/037506286027
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    The Tax System in New Zealand : An Appraisal and Options for Change (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 79 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.281
    Keywords: Economics ; New Zealand
    Abstract: New Zealand’s tax system is one of the most neutral and efficient in the OECD. Bases are generally broad and rates are moderate. The full imputation system for dividend payments works to reduce tax distortions for corporate financing decisions, while efficiency in corporate investment decisions is encouraged by the low level of targeted tax incentives. The tax system is also more neutral vis-à-vis private saving than in most other countries, in particular because no general incentives are provided to private pension saving. There is hence no immediate need for major tax reform, but several second order issues should be addressed in order to reap the full benefit of an otherwise well-functioning system. The most important improvement would be to broaden the income tax base by including capital gains on a more comprehensive scale as well as introducing a tax on imputed rental income of owner-occupied housing. These two steps would not only reduce horisontal inequities and hence tax ...
    DOI: 10.1787/382808014300
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    Product and Labour Markets Interactions in OECD Countries (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 111 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.312
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses several of the cross-market effects of policies aimed at influencing outcomes in product and labour markets. Focusing on subsets of OECD countries, we look at the implications of product market competition for industry wages and overall employment, and the implications of labour market arrangements for industrial structure and innovation potential. We also look at the potential implications of regulatory reform for employment security and income inequality. We provide empirical evidence on long-run policy interactions by exploiting the cross-country and intersectoral dimensions of the data, though the analysis of employment uses also the time-series dimension. To this end, we rely on a large set of indicators of (economy-wide) labour market policies and institutions and (economy-wide, industry-specific and time-varying) product market regulations. We find that: (a) anticompetitive product market regulations have significant negative effects on non-agricultural ...
    DOI: 10.1787/814240442882
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    Comment encourager une croissance écologiquement durable en France ? (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.314
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: This document analyses certain economic aspects of environmental policy in France, focussing on greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution and discharges in city air. Like most other OECD countries, France has been endeavouring for some years to make its growth environmentally sustainable. These efforts have been based on the traditional instruments of environmental protection—regulatory standards, in particular. But this approach has lacked economic efficiency in that it has not allowed efforts to be concentrated on pollution sources with the lowest abatement costs. Aware of these inadequacies, the authorities have adopted a new approach that involves more extensive and more efficient use of economic analysis and instruments. However, the measure adopted to curb emissions of greenhouse gases — negotiation of voluntary agreements with industrial producers — will not serve to reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly and at least cost, as international experience has shown. It ...
    DOI: 10.1787/260737031267
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    Cross-border Co-operation in Combatting Cross-border Fraud : The US/Canadian Experience (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 14 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.55
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Coopération bilatérale pour combattre la fraude transfontière: l'expérience des Etats-Unis et du Canada
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Canada ; United States
    Abstract: On 22 March 2000 the CCP held a half-day Forum Session intended to explore the challenges and possibilities associated with international co-operation. Using the experience of the United States and Canada as a practical example, the session provided an overview of ongoing efforts to combat the growing problem of cross-border fraudulent, misleading and unfair commercial conduct. The delegations of Canada and the United States took the leading role in preparing for the session, giving the Committee a first-hand look at their experiences working together to facilitate communication, information sharing, and bilateral co-operation in certain cross-border enforcement actions. The following is a summary record of the Forum Session and the presentations given by representatives from the Competition Bureau of Industry Canada and the United States Federal Trade Commission. Copyright
    DOI: 10.1787/233825738082
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    Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (138 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Compte satellite du tourisme ; recommandations concernant le cadre conceptuel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Compte satellite du tourisme : recommandations concernant le cadre conceptuel
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Presents recommendations for the design of the tourism satellite account that was established by an inter-secretariat working group that included the United Nations Statistics Division, with the participation of the Statistical Office of the European Communities, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Tourism Organisation. These three bodies will promote the implementation of the recommendations in their member countries. The recommendations were approved by the Statistical Commission at its thirty-first session in 2000.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193635-en
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    Reforming the Tax System in Portugal (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.302
    Keywords: Economics ; Portugal
    Abstract: The Portuguese tax system has developed positively in the past decade. Following the 1989 tax reform, tax bases have been broadened and statutory tax rates lowered. The overall tax burden is not high by international comparison and the tax mix relies on the more neutral consumption taxes. However, further reforms should be envisaged to make the system more neutral, efficient, and equitable. The evidence reviewed in this paper suggests that main priorities for enhancing the overall performance of the tax system should include: further improving transparency and reliability of the tax system, while giving priority to a lower frequency of tax changes; making the taxation of dependent workers more equitable and less onerous vis-à-vis the self-employed and small businesses; and promoting a higher degree of tax compliance. Moreover, the base of the corporate income tax should be broadened and its rate lowered. This can be achieved by more tax neutrality across saving instruments and ...
    DOI: 10.1787/834483734736
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    Some Observations on International Area Aggregates (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2001/01
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper deals with the construction of statistics for area or zone totals for groups of countries. It discusses various ways to construct volume and value series and reviews some of the implications for resulting indirect price indices. The paper then takes a more specific look at the Euro area and provides an empirical example concerning the aggregation of private final consumption for the 12 countries of the Euro area ...
    DOI: 10.1787/436053310120
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    Contributions of Financial Systems to Growth in OECD Countries (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.280
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The recent period of sustained high growth in the United States has drawn attention to its financial system and the efficiency with which it seems to be able to channel funds to new productive investment projects, particularly in hi-tech industries. This study examines the role played by the financial systems in OECD countries and how they affect resource allocation and growth. It provides evidence suggesting that legal and regulatory framework conditions for financial systems, and particularly their enforcement and transparency, support innovation and investment in new enterprises. In addition, using dynamic panel regression techniques, the study finds significant relationships between investment and financial development, as measured by indicators of the scale of financial activity. Evidence is also found of significant relationships between financial development and growth — over and above the links via investment — indicating impacts via overall economic efficiency ...
    DOI: 10.1787/888167575648
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    Encouraging Environmentally Sustainable Growth in Belgium (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.300
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: This document analyses aspects of environmental policy in Belgium. Some specific examples are drawn from policies on water in the different regions that make up the Belgian Federation (to whom much environmental policy is delegated), and transport and congestion policy in the Brussels region is discussed. The system of “ecotaxes” and some inconsistencies in the structure of taxation, from the environmental point of view - for example between petrol and diesel fuel - are also covered. An important theme is the institutional complexity involved in many aspects of environmental policy. Co-ordination is necessary between regional governments and the federal government, as well as with local governments, implementing policies which are often based on EU directives ...
    DOI: 10.1787/066570324310
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    Central Control of Regional Budget : Theory with Applications to Russia (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.275
    Keywords: Economics ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: Motivated by the recent experience in the Russian Federation, this paper examines the implications of imposing central control on the budgetary activities of a subnational government. In a highly stylised multi-task principal-agent model (Holmstrom and Milgrom (1991)), a central government cannot directly monitor the informal budgetary operations of a regional administration, but seeks to improve fiscal policies by exerting control over a “formal” regional budget and imposing (limited) costs on informal behaviour. In the static case of the model, the control of subnational budgetary operations by a benevolent central government may increase social welfare, but at the expense of higher (implicit and explicit) taxation of economic organisations in the region, lower output, and a strong orientation of informal policies toward rent seeking activities. The additional imposition of costs on regions for conducting informal budgetary operations has multiple (indeterminate) effects in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/560325048014
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    House Prices and Economic Activity (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.279
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews the role of house prices in influencing private consumption and residential investment in OECD countries. Deregulation of the mortgage markets in most OECD countries since the 1970s has made it easier for households to borrow for current consumption on the basis of their housing wealth, and the easing of borrowing constraints has often been accompanied by sizeable withdrawal of housing equity. The analysis presented in the paper and a review of existing empirical work for the major OECD countries suggest that house prices have a significant positive impact on private consumption through wealth effects and/or an easing of liquidity constraints. House prices also influence the profitability of house building, and in many countries there is a close association between profitability of house construction and private residential investment. A corollary of these results is that residential property prices can be useful indicators of demand pressures in the economy ...
    DOI: 10.1787/061034430132
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    Options for Reforming The Tax System in Greece (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 74 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.291
    Keywords: Economics ; Greece
    Abstract: For many years Greece has not made a systematic effort to redesign the whole tax system. Changes to taxation have been made in a piecemeal fashion, and many of them have led to a complex and non-transparent system, characterised by narrow bases and fairly high rates. There has also been a general lack of strong and uniform tax enforcement. Despite the considerable progress, in recent years, in broadening the tax base and improving tax compliance as well as administration, more needs to be done to enhance efficiency and equity and the overall performance of the tax system. To this end the government has indicated that it plans to introduce wide-ranging measures in 2002. The evidence, reviewed in this paper, suggests that the main priorities for reform should include: further improving transparency and reliability of the tax system including the abolition of the practice of tax amnesties and bank secrecy fo tax purposes; eliminating the strong bias in favour of the self-employed and ...
    DOI: 10.1787/668734032323
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    Standard Shocks in the OECD Interlink Model (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.306
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: One of the OECD Economic Department’s key vehicles for analysing effects and international spillovers of macroeconomic policy as well as assessing risks to the global outlook is the macroeconometric model, INTERLINK. In the context of the Department’s regular projection exercises the model performs a variety of functions. These include 1) contributing to the construction and co-ordination of individual country projections; 2) the production of globally consistent trade projections; and 3) simulations to explore the short- to medium-term consequences of alternative economic conditions and policy assumptions. This paper briefly describes the main features of the current version of INTERLINK and presents the results of a number of standard macroeconomic shocks. These simulation results reflect the combination of unadjusted model properties and the specific stylised policy assumptions made. In the course of more routine policy analysis with the model at the OECD, these are augmented by ...
    DOI: 10.1787/000706200171
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    Making Growth More Environmentally Sustainable in Germany (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.276
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: This document analyses German environmental policies, including, among others, discussion of air and water quality policy, use of the waste management hierarchy approach and of voluntary agreements. The German public has been highly sensitive to environmental concerns, leading to many policy initiatives in this area since the early 1980s. Significant environmental improvements have been achieved, using an approach frequently based on detailed regulations, often developed with the close involvement of industry and even individual polluters. There has developed a tendency to relieve some of the heaviest polluters from the most stringent regulation, on the grounds of competitiveness concerns, and some polluting activities receive considerable direct or indirect subsidies; these policies will increasingly make it unnecessarily expensive to meet environmental targets. Objectives need to be defined more clearly and consistently and a less discriminatory approach to taxation and ...
    DOI: 10.1787/438703523226
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    Encouraging Environmentally Sustainable Growth in Canada (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.290
    Keywords: Economics ; Canada
    Abstract: This paper analyses aspects of natural resource policy and environmental policy in Canada. In the taxation of resource-based activities, the management of water supply and the Atlantic fisheries management, the paper finds that there are incentives that may lead to overexploitation, over-harvesting or over-use, with possible harmful environmental consequences. Water prices are kept low, especially for agricultural use, exacerbating water availability problems in some areas, whereas the ban on bulk water removal and exports reveals a high implicit valuation of water. The use of economic water pricing and transferable water rights in some areas would establish more consistent incentives. The evolution of the crisis in the Atlantic fisheries illustrated the problems of balancing short-term adjustment costs against long-term sustainability. A more precautionary approach in setting total allowable catches and the removal of incentives for labour to remain in the sector may ...
    DOI: 10.1787/113221185672
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Korea 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195684
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (167 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Corée 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Corée 2001
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: OECD's territorial review of Korea. It finds that deep societal changes against the backdrop of rapid economic growth have characterised Korea in the Post-War period. Most notably, the tripling of its population has induced significant territorial transformations. Despite the effort to promote balanced regional growth, Korea is still characterised by substantial geographical polarisation. An economically dominant Capital region lodges more than 45 per cent of the country’s population, producing nearly half of its GDP. Over the past decade, policy makers have developed a comprehensive spatial perspective, they have put in place policies tackling the use of land, infrastructure and problems in lagging regions, and they have significantly restructured territorial governance. However, further action may help fully exploit the on-going efforts. Cross-sectoral co-ordination is weak and better correspondence between the overall spatial vision and financial support to individual public projects seems appropriate. Territorial governance remains centrally oriented with the result that limited local autonomy may hinder regional innovation directed to sustainable economic growth. The focus on large firms may fail in exploiting the considerable contribution of SMEs to regional development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195684-en
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    La nouvelle économie: mythe ou réalité ? : Le rapport de l'OCDE sur la croissance (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264034914
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The New Economy; Beyond the Hype; The OECD Growth Project
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The New Economy: Beyond the Hype: The OECD Growth Project
    Keywords: Education ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: En 2000, un peu partout dans le monde, les chroniqueurs économiques saluaient l’expansion spectaculaire de certaines économies occidentales, y voyant l’avènement d’une « nouvelle économie ». Puis 2001 est arrivé avec son cortège de surprises : l’activité économique marque le pas aux Etats-Unis, les sociétés de l’Internet mettent la clé sous la porte et les entreprises du secteur des technologies de l’information et de la communication sont en proie à des difficultés financières aux quatre coins de la planète. Les éditorialistes ont alors opéré un virage à 180 degrés en affirmant que tout cela n’était qu’un mythe. Qu’en est-il vraiment ? La nouvelle économie : mythe ou réalité ? rompt avec les sentiments d’exaltation et de morosité pour s’efforcer d’aider les décideurs à réfléchir et à agir en s’appuyant sur des données concrètes. Cet ouvrage s’interroge sur les causes des disparités des performances économiques des pays de l’OCDE. Il montre que la technologie est certes devenue omniprésente dans les économies et les sociétés et qu’elle les a profondément bouleversées, mais que la rapidité de la croissance ne saurait être imputée à ce seul facteur. Les modalités de mise en œuvre de la technologie sont un aspect beaucoup plus déterminant. Cet ouvrage défend avec force l’idée que, quelles que soient les perspectives conjoncturelles, nous nous trouvons aujourd’hui face à une réalité économique nouvelle. Il invite instamment les décideurs à opter pour une stratégie de croissance globale, conjuguant cinq domaines d’action et capable d’inscrire les TIC, le capital humain, l’innovation et l’entreprenariat dans le processus de croissance, en même temps qu’ils prendront des mesures pour mobiliser les travailleurs et accroître l’investissement dans une optique de long terme. Il va de soi que de bons fondamentaux -- stabilité macroéconomique, esprit d’ouverture et de concurrence, solidité des institutions économiques et sociales, ainsi qu'une protection sociale adéquate -- sont une condition préalable au succès de cette entreprise.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264034914-fr
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    Memoria de la Conferencia internacional sobre control de la expansión urbana (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064683
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (174 p)
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064683-es
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    La Mesure du Capital -- Manuel de l'OCDE : La mesure des stocks de capital, de la consommation de capital fixe et des services du capital (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264293267
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Capital -- OECD Manual; Measurement of Capital Stocks, Consumption of Fixed Capital and Capital Services
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Capital -- OECD Manual: Measurement of Capital Stocks, Consumption of Fixed Capital and Capital Services
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Ce manuel a pour but de clarifier les questions théoriques que posent les concepts de stocks et flux de capital fixe et de fournir des lignes directrices pour le calcul d'estimations. Il traite également de la définition et de l'évaluation des « services du capital » qui mesurent la contribution des biens de capital au processus de production. Cet ouvrage est publié en lien étroit avec le Manuel de l'OCDE sur la mesure de la productivité
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264293267-fr
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    OECD Territorial Outlook (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189911
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (300 p.) , ill.
    Edition: 2001 Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Perspectives territoriales de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: This first edition of the OECD Territorial Outlook examines policy developments in the areas of urban, rural and regional affairs in OECD countries. It explains why territorial policies matter and shows how diverse OECD countries can be. It examines such issues as sustainable development, metropolitan governance, and such policy devices as business incubators and enterprise clusters. The book closes with a survey of territorial policy trends in 15 OECD countries. Data are provided for geographic distribution of population and income per capita by region for OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189911-en
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    O Futuro da Economia Global : Rumo a uma expansao duradoura? (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064676
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (290 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of the Global Economy; Towards a Long Boom?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale de demain ; vers un essor durable ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die Weltwirtschaft von morgen; Ein neues goldenes Zeitalter ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of the Global Economy: Towards a Long Boom?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale de demain : vers un essor durable ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die Weltwirtschaft von morgen: Ein neues goldenes Zeitalter ?
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: À medida que nos aproximamos do século XXI, poderosas forças de mudança convergem para aquilo que poderá ser durante as próximas décadas o palco de uma expansão económica prolongada e sustentada – a transição para uma sociedade do conhecimento, com os seus elevados ganhos de produtividade; a emergência de mercados globais, mais integrados, de bens, serviços, capitais e tecnologia; e o rápido crescimento de uma consciência ambiental capaz de acelerar fortemente a mudança para novos padrões de produção e consumo, baseados numa utilização de recursos menos intensiva. Como resultado, poderemos assistir a décadas seguidas de crescimento económico acima da média, aumentos significativos do rendimento e da riqueza, e melhorias visíveis de bem-estar por todo o mundo.Mas o que será necessário para desencadear estas forças dinâmicas? Iniciativas para estabelecer as regras e as estruturas que conduzam à transição para uma economia do conhecimento, global e sustentada, não serão suficientes. Acima de tudo, serão exigidos esforços excepcionais por parte dos decisores ao nível dos governos, das empresas, e da sociedade no seu conjunto, para incentivar continuamente a inovação, a criatividade e níveis elevados de investimento, e para promover novas e intensas formas de cooperação internacional e o reforço das instituições. Inevitavelmente, alguns países beneficiarão mais do que outros, mas uma expansão prolongada, com toda a sua capacidade de criação de riqueza, constituirá uma oportunidade única para inverter a tendência das últimas décadas de intensificação da falta de qualidade e da exclusão social.Este livro analisa as forças promotoras das alterações económicas e sociais do mundo de hoje, estima a probabilidade de uma expansão prolongada nas primeiras décadas do século XXI e explora as políticas estratégicas necessárias.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064676-pt
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    Système de comptabilité nationale, 1993 - Glossaire (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264280878
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. System of National Accounts, 1993 - Glossary
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Ce glossaire du Système de comptabilité nationale 1993, est publié conjointement par la Division des statistiques de l'organisation des Nations unies, le Fonds monétaire international, la Banque mondiale, Eurostat et l'OCDE. Il fournit un cadre détaillé pour la production des statistiques des comptes nationaux et est destiné à un usage mondial. Cependant, en raison de la nature détaillée du SCN, il est souvent difficile d'identifier les définitions précises des termes généralement utilisés dans le domaine de la comptabilité nationale. Pour y remédier, l'OCDE a produit ce glossaire qui fournit une référence rapide aux termes communément employés dans les comptes nationaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264280878-fr
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Hungary 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195509
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (163 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Hongrie 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Hongrie 2001
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Hungary
    Abstract: OECD's territorial review of Hungary. It finds that ater a period of decline Hungary has returned on a satisfactory growth track. However, benefit and cost have not been evenly distributed during the transition. This report points to the persisting disparities between the West and the East, the capital and the periphery and urban and rural areas. It analyses numerous spatial, economic and social issues including transportation priorities, clustering of regional capacities, cross-border co-operation, the links between foreign investment and endogenous activities and social policies decentralisation. The review emphasizes the need to better articulate the territorial policy framework with those of the EU and proposes recommendations in order to streamline the institutional system and reinforce the subnational levels.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195509-en
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    La société créative du XXIe siècle (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264282476
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Creative Society of the 21st Century
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die kreative Gesellschaft des 21. Jahrhunderts
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Comment exploiter la diversité sociale croissante pour rendre les sociétés de demain plus créatives ? Trois forces puissantes contribuent simultanément à modeler les fondements de la société future : cette diversité sociale accrue, le profond bouleversement des systèmes économiques sous-jacents et la rapidité de l’intégration à l’échelle mondiale. La question est de savoir si ces trois forces pourront ou non se conjuguer de manière constructive et mener au progrès social, ou bien s’il faut envisager un autre scénario ouvrant des perspectives plus sombres.La diversité croissante, dont on ne peut que se féliciter, signifie-t-elle que nous nous orientons vers un creusement des inégalités entre les populations de la planète ? L’accès au nouveau savoir et aux technologies avancées, et l’usage que l’on peut en faire permettront-ils d’atténuer les différences ou vont-ils, au contraire, les accentuer ? Quelles mesures les décideurs peuvent-ils prendre pour veiller à ce que la différenciation croissante au sein d’une même société et entre les sociétés favorise le développement de la créativité au lieu de susciter des tensions ?Cet ouvrage pose sur l’évolution du monde actuel quelques questions délicates. Il fait le point sur les occasions que les pouvoirs publics doivent impérativement saisir s’ils veulent jeter les bases d’une société durable pour le XXIe siècle.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264282476-fr
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    OECD Forum 2001: Sustainable Development and the New Economy : Forum Highlights (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264184824
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: At OECD Forum 2001, some 1,500 representatives of civil society, government, business and labour came together to discuss the critical policy challenges of sustainable development and the new economy. Svend Auken, Danish Minister for the Environment and Energy, captured the spirit of the Forum when he said that "High hopes of reducing environmental degradation raised at the Rio summit of 1992 have not been borne out ... It is now time to go beyond fine words and into action. OECD Forum Highlights reports on the wide-ranging discussions that took place in the Forum's 30 sessions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264184824-en
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    Coopération bilatérale pour combattre la fraude transfontière: l'expérience des Etats-Unis et du Canada (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 15 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.55
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cross-border Co-operation in Combatting Cross-border Fraud: The US/Canadian Experience
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Canada ; United States
    Abstract: Le 22 mars 2000, le CPC a tenu une session en forum d'une demi-journée afin d'étudier les problèmes et possibilités associés à la coopération internationale. A partir de l'expérience des Etats-Unis et du Canada comme exemple pratique, la session a donné un aperçu des efforts actuellement déployés pour lutter contre le problème de plus en plus aigu que posent les pratiques commerciales transfrontières frauduleuses, trompeuses ou déloyales. Les délégations du Canada et des Etats-Unis ont joué un rôle majeur dans la préparation de cette session, au cours de laquelle elles ont communiqué au Comité des renseignements de première main sur les moyens mis en oeuvre par les deux pays pour faciliter la communication, l'échange d'informations et la coopération bilatérale en ce qui concerne certaines mesures transnationales de lutte contre la fraude. On trouvera ci-joint un compte rendu succinct de la session en forum ainsi que des exposés donnés par les représentants du Bureau de la concurrence (Industrie Canada) ainsi que de la Federal Trade Commission (Etats-Unis).
    DOI: 10.1787/233845487160
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Italy 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193420
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Italie 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Italie 2001
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Italy
    Abstract: OECD's territorial review of Italian regions. It finds that Italy’s economic development has been characterised by marked regional disparities, most notably between the Centre-North and the South. Today, Italy demonstrates one of the widest geographical dualisms among OECD Member countries. In the Southern regions, the unemployment rate is still four times higher than in the Centre-North despite recent signs of dynamism. The infrastructure endowment of the South remains far below the national average and organised crime still constitutes a heavy deterrent both for investment and endogenous development. The country has recently started relevant and promising transformations of its territorial governance aimed at creating those framework conditions that could favour local economic development in depressed areas. New instruments have been developed for the Mezzogiorno (Southern Italy) which involve all actors and all tiers of government, in the strategic phases of design, implementation and evaluation of territorial policies. The review describes these policy innovations and discusses the major challenges that the country must tackle in order to reach a more balanced territorial development and lay the foundations of a new convergence process.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193420-en
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  • 84
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    Développement durable : Quelles politiques ? (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264292680
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Policies to Enhance Sustainable Development
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Le développement durable requiert l'intégration harmonieuse des objectifs économiques, sociaux et environnementaux des sociétés. Dans cette optique, il est important d'adopter une approche globale du bien-être de la population et de ce qu'il implique. De même, les conséquences que les activités d'aujourd'hui peuvent avoir à long terme doivent être prises en compte, ainsi que la nature mondiale des défis les plus pressants auxquels nos sociétés doivent faire face. Les pays de l'OCDE se sont engagés à œuvrer en faveur d'un développement durable lors de la Conférence de Rio sur l'environnement et le développement de 1992. Toutefois, les actions mises en œuvre pour répondre aux engagements pris demeurent insuffisantes. Cet ouvrage présente un tour d'horizon des principaux obstacles -- conceptuels et pratiques -- qui entravent les progrès en matière de développement durable. Il identifie les domaines dans lesquels des actions concrètes des gouvernements pourraient permettre une meilleure intégration des objectifs environnementaux, économiques et sociaux. Enfin, ce livre s'attache à montrer en quoi l'utilisation du système de prix, la réforme des procédures de prise de décisions, les politiques technologiques, ainsi que le commerce international et les investissements pourraient contribuer à éliminer les "incitations" à l'épuisement des ressources et à la détérioration de l'environnement. Des recommandations spécifiques à chacun de ces domaines sont présentées et appliquées à deux problèmes majeurs -- le changement climatique et la gestion des ressources naturelles -- pour lesquels les risques de non-durabilité semblent particulièrement importants.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264292680-fr
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  • 85
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    Transports urbains durables : la mise en oeuvre des politiques : Examen national par les pairs: Pays-Bas (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282122778
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies; National Peer Review; The Netherlands
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies: National Peer Review: The Netherlands
    Keywords: Transport ; Netherlands ; Stadtverkehr ; Verkehrspolitik ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Umweltverträglichkeit ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: Depuis de nombreuses années, les spécialistes des transports, partout dans le monde, considèrent comme exemplaire l'expérience des Pays-Bas en matière de transports urbains. Les Néerlandais se sont résolument et durablement engagés en faveur d'une planification et de politiques intégrées des transports et de l'occupation des sols, pour développer au maximum l'utilisation des transports publics et de la bicyclette. Soutenus par une tradition de planification ancienne et hautement respectée, ils ont entrepris cette tâche dans un contexte institutionnel qui favorise la consultation et la recherche du consensus entre les différents secteurs et acteurs concernés. Comme la plupart des pays, les Pays-Bas ont vu croître les pressions exercées par les transports sur l'environnement : augmentation de la congestion dans les zones urbaines et aux alentours, agressions sonores et pollution atmosphérique et problèmes posés par le trafic de transit international. Bien que les plans stratégiques pour les transports, l'aménagement du territoire et l'environnement aient défini un cadre général pour la prise en compte de ces pressions, il s'est révélé difficile dans de nombreux cas d'atteindre les objectifs et les buts énoncés dans ces plans sont souvent ambitieux. Réalisé à l'occasion de la préparation du Plan national 2000 sur le trafic et les transports (NVVP) que les Pays-Bas ont récemment approuvé, ce rapport est une évaluation de la politique néerlandaise en matière de transports urbains qui s'appuie sur les conclusions établies par une équipe d'experts de la CEMT lors d'une visite effectuée aux Pays-Bas en juin 1999.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282122778-fr
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  • 86
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    Cities and Regions in the New Learning Economy (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189713
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les villes et les régions dans la nouvelle économie apprenante
    DDC: 338.926
    RVK:
    DI 3000
    Keywords: Economic development Effect of education on ; Case studies ; Information society ; Education ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Fallstudiensammlung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Regionalentwicklung ; Wissensproduktion ; Bildungsplanung ; Europäische Union ; Regionalentwicklung ; Innovation ; Bildung ; Organisatorisches Lernen
    Abstract: Is there a "new learning economy"? Do regions and cities play new roles in terms of governance and intervention in order to promote learning, innovation, productivity and economic performance at the local level? Such questions are high on the political agenda everywhere. This publication, which views the debate from the perspective of a regional learning economy, clearly answers in the affirmative. Of central importance is the idea that learning regions and cities, which are especially well attuned to the requirements of the new learning economy, may be fostered through the development of appropriate strategies of public governance and intervention. The relationships between various forms of learning and economic performance at the regional level are analysed and provide strong evidence of the importance of individual and firm-level organisational learning for regions’ economic performance. Case studies of five regions and cities indicate that social capital affects both individual and organisational learning.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189713-en
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  • 87
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    Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies : National Peer Review: The Netherlands (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112779
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transports urbains durables ; la mise en oeuvre des politiques ; Examen national par les pairs; Pays-Bas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transports urbains durables : la mise en oeuvre des politiques : Examen national par les pairs: Pays-Bas
    DDC: 380
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport ; Netherlands ; Niederlande ; Verkehrsentwicklung ; Verkehrspolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; Stadt ; Raumordnung
    Abstract: Transport specialists around the world have for many years looked to the urban transport experience of the Netherlands as exemplary. The Dutch have demonstrated strong and sustained commitment to integrating transport and land-use planning and policies to maximise use of public transport and cycling. Bolstered by a long-standing and highly respected planning culture, they have undertaken this in an institutional environment that favours consultation and consensus seeking among different sectors and stakeholders. Like many countries around the world, the Netherlands has experienced increasing pressure from transport on the environment, with rising congestion in and around the urban areas, noise disturbance and air pollution and issues related to international transit traffic. While strategic plans for transport, land use and the environment have set out a framework for dealing with these pressures, meeting the often ambitious goals and targets articulated in these plans has proven elusive in many cases. Undertaken during the preparation of the recently approved National Traffic and Transport Plan of the Netherlands (2000), this report is an evaluation of Dutch urban travel policy that is based on the findings of an ECMT team of peer experts during their study visit to the Netherlands in June 1999.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112779-en
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  • 88
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    Road Freight Transport for Own Account in Europe (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282113615
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (133 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables 115
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Road Freight Transport for Own Account in Europe
    DDC: 388/.044/094
    RVK:
    QR 800
    RVK:
    QR 850
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Europa ; Straßengüterverkehr
    Abstract: Road freight transport for own account represents a major share of inland transport in Europe and, depending on the country concerned, accounts for two to five times the tonnage carried by rail. Despite its importance, however, own account transport tends to be overlooked since it is not regarded as a logistics activity, whereas it is, in fact, a vital transport function that is changing radically as firms increasingly outsource their distribution activities to commercial hauliers. The scale of road freight transport for own account, the impact of regulatory changes and the future of the secto
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112830-en
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  • 89
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    Aspects économiques de l'accessibilité des taxis (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282122877
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Economic Aspects of Taxi Accessibility
    Keywords: Transport ; Taxiunternehmen ; Angebot
    Abstract: Le taxi est un élément essentiel du système de transports contemporain qui offre un service porte-à-porte à toute heure du jour et de la nuit. Comme dans les autres modes de transport, il est indispensable d’améliorer l’accessibilité des taxis pour les personnes âgées et handicapées.Ce rapport est le fruit d’un dialogue entre les pouvoirs publics et la profession. Il présente des données provenant de 14 pays sur leurs services de taxis, l’organisation de la profession, l’utilisation des taxis par les personnes âgées et handicapées et le coût des taxis accessibles.Cet ouvrage décrit tout un éventail de mesures que devraient prendre les pouvoirs publics et la profession pour que ce mode de transport puisse procurer à tous, dans de bonnes conditions de rentabilité, un moyen de déplacement abordable et accessible.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282122877-fr
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  • 90
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    Railway Reform : Regulation of Freight Transport Markets (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112731
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme ferroviaire ; Réglementation des marchés de transport de marchandises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme ferroviaire : Réglementation des marchés de transport de marchandises
    DDC: 380
    RVK:
    QR 820
    Keywords: Transport ; Industry and Services ; Eisenbahn ; Güterverkehr ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Europa ; Reform
    Abstract: This report examines the form regulation should take in rail freight markets to promote efficiency in railways and the wider economy. It analyses issues of monopoly, scale economies, competition, mergers, ownership and the structure of the rail industry. Experience in North America, Australia, Japan, the European Union and countries from eastern and western Europe is reviewed. The need for regulation differs by market and, together with political constraints, this means that regulatory models can not be transferred wholesale from one continent to another. However, each region provides important lessons for reforms currently under consideration in all ECMT and OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112731-en
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  • 91
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    Economic Aspects of Taxi Accessibility (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112878
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Aspects économiques de l'accessibilité des taxis
    Keywords: Transport ; Taxiunternehmen ; Angebot
    Abstract: Taxi transport is a vital part of the modern transport system providing door-to-door services around the clock. In line with trends in other forms of transport, taxis too need to improve their accessibility for older and disabled people. This report is a result of dialogue between governments and the taxi profession and includes data from 14 countries on national taxi services, looking at the structure of the taxi trade, the use of taxis by disabled and older people and cost implications of accessible taxis. This report sets out a range of actions to be taken by governments and the taxi profession so that this mode of transport can, in a profitable way, provide accessible affordable transport for all.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112878-en
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  • 92
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    Land Access to Sea Ports (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282113592
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables 113
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Land Access to Sea Ports
    DDC: 387.1
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Europa ; Seehafen ; Verkehrsanbindung
    Abstract: In recent years, the substantial expansion in containerisation, the advent of megacarriers, the race for ever larger container-ships and higher-volume flows, have revolutionised intercontinental transport. These changes have entailed considerable reductions in maritime transport costs, which has made distant countries extremely accessible. The most costly component of the international traffic transport chain is now the inland leg, which explains why forwarders are so keen to gain control over inland transport operations. On land, road is the dominant mode, but with infrastructure congestion
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112809-en
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  • 93
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    Short Sea Shipping in Europe (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282113271
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le transport maritime à courte distance en Europe
    DDC: 380
    RVK:
    QR 830
    Keywords: Transport ; Europa ; Küstenschifffahrt
    Abstract: For some years now, short sea shipping (SSS) has benefited from a number of government initiatives aimed at promoting its development. The aim has been to promote a more balanced modal split in transport in Europe while also reducing the impact of transport on the environment, ensuring greater European cohesion and promoting a sustainable transport system. Up to now, SSS has aroused interest at policy level mainly as an alternative to road transport, the predominant mode in Europe. Yet, is SSS only an alternative to road transport? Can it be seen as a separate component of an integrated transport network in its own right? This book shows what role SSS can play in the context of modal complementarity and what challenges European policy makers will be presented with.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282113271-en
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  • 94
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    Assessing the Benefits of Transport (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112847
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Évaluer les avantages des transports
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport ; Konferenzschrift 1999 ; Transport ; Ökonomie ; Gewinn ; Europa ; Verkehrswirtschaft ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung
    Abstract: This book discusses the full economic benefits - and costs - of transport infrastructure and explores ways to make good estimates of the full impact of planned investments on regional and national economies. It argues for proper account to be taken of all relevant economic weaknesses -- those the project is designed to address such as local monopoly pricing, those associated with use of the infrastructure such as environmental externalities, and possible unintended consequences such as impacts on local labour markets. Care must also be taken to verify that net benefits are likely to accrue to those that the project was intended to benefit. Building on recent groundbreaking work in the United Kingdom this publication suggests ways to improve traditional cost-benefit assessments, overcoming reservations that have inhibited the use of CBA in many countries. The main report is completed with examinations of transport project assessment approaches in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and across Europe together with a discussion of an approach to determining optimal levels of investment in transport infrastructure for maximising socio-economic welfare.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112847-en
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  • 95
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    Les entreprises sociales (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264282339
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Social Enterprises
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Sozialeinrichtung
    Abstract: Les entreprises sociales se situent à la frontière des secteurs public et privé. Elles ouvrent ainsi une voie nouvelle en matière d'allocation et de gestion économiques et représentent ce que la Commission européenne appelle un "troisième système". Si elles sont animées par des principes d’action similaires, ces entreprises fonctionnent selon des modalités extrêmement différentes suivant les pays. Mais elles ont en commun des objectifs bien spécifiques : l’insertion sur le marché du travail de personnes en difficulté, et la fourniture de biens et de services. Les vraies entreprises sociales sont organisées autour d’une démarche entreprenariale et prennent appui sur l’environnement local pour améliorer leurs performances tant économiques que sociales. Leur irruption dans le champ économique suscite réserve ou enthousiasme. Pour dépassionner le débat, il a semblé utile de poser les jalons de leur devenir en analysant les pratiques actuelles et en mettant en lumière les expériences les plus avancées.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264282339-fr
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  • 96
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    La sécurité dans les tunnels : Transport de marchandises dangereuses dans les tunnels routiers (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264295698
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Safety in Tunnels; Transport of Dangerous Goods through Road Tunnels
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Safety in Tunnels: Transport of Dangerous Goods through Road Tunnels
    Keywords: Transport ; Tunnel ; Gefahrgut ; Güterverkehr ; Risikoanalyse
    Abstract: Dans un tunnel, un incident grave impliquant des marchandises dangereuses peut avoir un coût considérable en termes de pertes de vies humaines, dommages environnementaux, dégradation du tunnel et perturbation du trafic. D'autre part, bannir inutilement les marchandises dangereuses des tunnels peut engendrer des coûts économiques non justifiés. En outre, une telle interdiction forcerait les opérateurs de transport à utiliser des itinéraires plus dangereux, dans des zones fortement peuplées par exemple, et accroîtrait donc le risque global. Ce rapport propose des réglementations et des procédures pour améliorer la sécurité et l'efficacité du transport de marchandises dangereuses dans les tunnels routiers. Il propose deux modèles qui ont été développés dans le cadre de l'étude : le premier quantifie les risques induits par le transport de marchandises dangereuses dans les tunnels et sur route ; le second, un modèle d'aide à la décision, aide à la détermination des restrictions à appliquer pour le transport de marchandises dangereuses dans les tunnels routiers. Enfin, le rapport examine dans le détail les mesures de réduction du risque d'incident dans les tunnels ainsi que leurs conséquences.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264295698-fr
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  • 97
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    Das partenariats locaux pour une meilleure gouvernance (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264289468
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (450 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Local Partnerships for Better Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Asociaciones locales para una mejor gobernabilidad
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Regionalpolitik ; Soziale Wohlfahrt ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Governance ; Public Private Partnership ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: Pour mieux répondre aux nouvelles préoccupations de la population et favoriser le développement durable, les gouvernements sont désormais en faveur d'un large partenariat avec la société civile et le secteur privé. Or, c'est aux niveaux local et régional, au plus près des problèmes et des individus, qu'on se concerte le plus souvent. Aux quatre coins de l’OCDE, des partenariats se forment aujourd’hui pour répondre à des problèmes liés au développement économique, à l’emploi, à la cohésion sociale et à la qualité de vie. Ces partenariats ont en commun une chose essentielle : ils tentent d’améliorer la gouvernance, c’est-à-dire la manière dont la société résout ses problèmes et satisfait ses besoins collectivement. Les partenariats permettent à la société civile et ses ONG, aux entreprises et aux différents niveaux de gouvernement d’élaborer ensemble des stratégies territoriales, d’adapter les politiques au contexte local, et de prendre des initiatives qui vont dans le sens de priorités partagées. Un pari ambitieux, qui pose le défi d’harmoniser responsabilité publique et démocratie participative. Des partenariats locaux pour une meilleure gouvernance tire les leçons des expériences les plus récentes de sept pays : l’Autriche, la Belgique, le Danemark, les États-Unis, la Finlande, l’Irlande et l’Italie. Cet ouvrage propose une stratégie que les gouvernements peuvent mettre en œuvre pour améliorer la gouvernance par le biais du partenariat. Cette stratégie permettra de renforcer les capacités locales au sein d’une économie toujours plus globalisée, contribuant ainsi à réconcilier compétitivité économique, cohésion sociale et progrès environnemental.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264289468-fr
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  • 98
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    Vehicle Emission Reductions (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193642
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réduire les émissions des véhicules
    DDC: 363.7384
    RVK:
    AR 27720
    Keywords: Environment ; Transport ; Kraftfahrzeug ; Emission ; Reduktion
    Abstract: This report reviews vehicle emissions standards in Europe, Japan and the United States, providing the reader with valuable comparisons. It also examines incentives for sulphur free fuels - which can contribute to reducing both conventional air emissions and carbon dioxide. It describes emissions control technologies and the impact of emissions on health and the environment and assesses the adequacy of emissions limits for new passenger cars and heavy duty diesel engines.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193642-en
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  • 99
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    Evaluation économique des mesures de sécurité routière (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282122860
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.117
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Economic Evaluation of Road Traffic Safety Measures
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport ; Konferenzschrift 2000 ; Straßenverkehr ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Wirtschaftlichkeit ; Bewertung
    Abstract: L’appréciation économique des politiques de sécurité routière pose le problème des méthodes que l’on emploie pour valoriser les mesures. A cet égard, il est frappant de constater que l’on a le choix entre deux méthodes qui reviennent soit à bien mesurer un concept peu pertinent (le capital humain) soit à mesurer approximativement un paramètre précis (le consentement à payer). La Table Ronde a analysé la complémentarité non négligeable de ces deux méthodes et a souligné la nécessité d’établir des guides méthodologiques précis pour chacune d’entre elles. La quasi-égalité de la valeur humaine d’un mode de transport à l’autre est l’un des constats de la Table Ronde. Ceci devrait inciter les pouvoirs publics à se saisir de la sécurité avec le même souci d’efficacité quel que soit le mode de transport. Autre constat marquant : si l’on dépense suffisamment pour la sécurité routière, on ne sait pas en revanche dépenser « bien ». On peut ainsi affirmer que la Table Ronde est parvenue à des propositions iconoclastes. Par exemple, les difficultés à engendrer des inflexions majeures du comportement humain devraient conduire à accorder la plus grande attention aux mesures pédagogiques et aux investissements infrastructurels. Cette publication propose ainsi un bilan des politiques de sécurité routière et de leur évaluation en termes économiques. A l’heure où les pouvoirs publics de nombreux pays en viennent à fixer des objectifs encore plus ambitieux à leurs politiques, la Table Ronde a souligné qu’il s’agit d’adopter des mesures efficaces dans le long terme et économiquement valides.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282122860-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Confidence in Models of Radionuclide Transport for Site-specific Assessment : Workshop Proceedings, Carlsbad, New Mexico, United States, 14-17 June 1999 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189393
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Confidence in models of radionuclide transport for site-specific assessments
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Mexico ; United States ; Radionuklid ; Ausbreitung ; Geosphäre
    Abstract: GEOTRAP is the OECD/NEA Project on Radionuclide Migration in Geologic, Heterogeneous Media carried out in the context of site evaluation and safety assessment of deep repository systems for long-lived radioactive waste.Performance assessment of proposed waste disposal sites requires models of radionuclide transport through the geosphere. To be used in repository planning and development, these models must have the confidence of both national waste management programmes and the wider scientific community. The fourth GEOTRAP workshop, "Confidence in Models of Radionuclide Transport for Site-specific Performance Assessment" held in June 1999, addressed the issue of technical confidence building and provided an overview of current developments in this field. Proposed approaches to confidence building and approaches that have already proven successful were presented and discussed. In addition to the material presented during the workshop, this publication includes a technical synthesis reflecting the discussions that took place as well as the conclusions and recommendations made, notably during the working group sessions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189393-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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