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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (171)
  • Bayreuth UB
  • MFK München
  • Online-Ressource  (171)
  • 2000-2004  (171)
  • 1945-1949
  • 2002  (89)
  • 2000  (82)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (166)
  • Santa Monica, Calif : Rand  (5)
  • New York : Palgrave Macmillan
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Datenlieferant
  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (171)
  • Bayreuth UB
  • MFK München
Materialart
  • Online-Ressource  (171)
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 2000-2004  (171)
  • 1945-1949
Jahr
  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    ISBN: 9780833031341 , 0833033832 , 0833031341 , 9780833033833
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xii, 91 pages)
    Ausgabe: [S.l.] HathiTrust Digital Library 2010 Electronic reproduction
    Paralleltitel: Print version Intelligent giving
    Schlagwort(e): Education, Higher Finance ; Benefactors Charitable contributions ; Universities and colleges Endowments ; Education, Higher ; Benefactors ; Universities and colleges ; Electronic books ; SOCIAL SCIENCE ; Philanthropy & Charity ; Benefactors ; Charitable contributions ; Education, Higher ; Finance ; Universities and colleges ; Endowments ; United States ; EDUCATION ; Higher ; Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: Provides an intellectual framework for guiding prospective major donors in giving more effectively to higher education. Although most major gifts are profoundly motivated by charitable intentions, the noble impulse to give to higher education can quickly generate complicated choices. Which school? Which program? Under what terms or conditions? Even very talented people who have enjoyed exceptionally successful careers in business and other fields can become disoriented by academe's idiosyncrasies
    Kurzfassung: Provides an intellectual framework for guiding prospective major donors in giving more effectively to higher education. Although most major gifts are profoundly motivated by charitable intentions, the noble impulse to give to higher education can quickly generate complicated choices. Which school? Which program? Under what terms or conditions? Even very talented people who have enjoyed exceptionally successful careers in business and other fields can become disoriented by academe's idiosyncrasies
    Anmerkung: "MR-1427 , Includes bibliographical references , Use copy Restrictions unspecified star MiAaHDL , Electronic reproduction , Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002.
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    ISBN: 9780833031495 , 0833032577 , 083303149X , 9780833032577
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xx, 89 pages)
    Ausgabe: [S.l.] HathiTrust Digital Library 2010 Electronic reproduction
    Serie: Conference proceedings 176
    Paralleltitel: Print version Protecting emergency responders
    Schlagwort(e): Industrial safety Congresses ; Employees Congresses Safety measures ; Protective clothing ; Industrial safety ; Employees ; Protective clothing ; Rescue Work ; Risk Management ; Terrorism ; Protective Devices ; Emergency Medical Technicians ; Occupational Health ; Social Welfare & Social Work - General ; Social Welfare & Social Work ; Technology - General ; TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING ; Fire Science ; MEDICAL ; Occupational & Industrial Medicine ; Employees ; Safety measures ; Industrial safety ; Protective clothing ; Engineering & Applied Sciences ; Social Sciences ; Conference papers and proceedings ; United States ; Electronic books ; Congress
    Kurzfassung: Preface; Executive Summary; Acknowledgments; Acronyms and Abbreviations; Chapter One: INTRODUCTION; Chapter Two: THE TERRORIST INCIDENTS; Chapter Three: PERFORMANCE AND AVAILABILITY OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT; Chapter Four: INFORMATION AND TRAINING; Chapter Five: SITE MANAGEMENT FOR PERSONAL PROTECTION; Chapter Six: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MOVING FORWARD; Chapter Seven: CONCLUDING REMARKS; Appendix A:; Appendix B:; Appendix C:; Appendix D
    Kurzfassung: Preface; Executive Summary; Acknowledgments; Acronyms and Abbreviations; Chapter One: INTRODUCTION; Chapter Two: THE TERRORIST INCIDENTS; Chapter Three: PERFORMANCE AND AVAILABILITY OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT; Chapter Four: INFORMATION AND TRAINING; Chapter Five: SITE MANAGEMENT FOR PERSONAL PROTECTION; Chapter Six: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MOVING FORWARD; Chapter Seven: CONCLUDING REMARKS; Appendix A:; Appendix B:; Appendix C:; Appendix D
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Use copy Restrictions unspecified star MiAaHDL , Electronic reproduction , Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002.
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    ISBN: 9780833032072 , 0833032232 , 0833032070 , 9780833032232
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Print version Karasik, Theodore William Toxic warfare
    DDC: 358/.3
    Schlagwort(e): Terrorism ; Biological warfare ; Radioactive wastes War use ; Hazardous substances War use ; Toxins War use ; Poisons War use ; Terrorism ; Biological warfare ; Radioactive wastes ; Hazardous substances ; Toxins ; Poisons ; Chemical Warfare Agents ; Hazardous Substances ; Environmental Exposure ; Weapons ; Poisons ; Environmental Pollutants ; Environmental Pollution ; Armed Conflicts ; Weapons of Mass Destruction ; Violence ; Social Problems ; Crime ; Manufactured Materials ; Toxic Actions ; Specialty Uses of Chemicals ; Noxae ; Public Health ; Chemical Actions and Uses ; Criminology ; Environment and Public Health ; Sociology ; Technology, Industry, and Agriculture ; Social Sciences ; Chemicals and Drugs ; Delivery of Health Care ; Technology, Industry, Agriculture ; Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena ; Chemical Warfare ; Chemical Warfare Agents adverse effects ; Environmental Exposure adverse effects ; Hazardous Substances adverse effects ; Terrorism ; Electronic books ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; International Relations ; Arms Control ; Biological warfare ; Terrorism ; Military Engineering ; Military & Naval Science ; Law, Politics & Government ; HISTORY ; Military ; Biological & Chemical Warfare ; United States ; Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: Since the 1990s there has been an increase in the use of toxic weapons; for example, inexpensive and easily acquired chemicals and industrial waste. This work examines the implications of toxic weapon use for military planning and concludes that such weapons merit further analysis
    Kurzfassung: Since the 1990s there has been an increase in the use of toxic weapons; for example, inexpensive and easily acquired chemicals and industrial waste. This work examines the implications of toxic weapon use for military planning and concludes that such weapons merit further analysis
    Anmerkung: "MR-1572 , Includes bibliographical references (pages 45-52)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    ISBN: 9780833032799 , 0833034057 , 0833032798 , 9780833034052
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xxvii, 143 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Print version Baer, Walter S Electricity requirements for a digital society
    DDC: 333.79/6
    Schlagwort(e): Electric power consumption Forecasting ; Telecommunication systems Power supply ; Electric power consumption ; Telecommunication systems ; BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Industries ; Energy ; SCIENCE ; Energy ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Public Policy ; Environmental Policy ; Electric power consumption ; Forecasting ; Telecommunication systems ; Power supply ; Electrical & Computer Engineering ; Engineering & Applied Sciences ; Telecommunications ; United States ; TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING ; Power Resources ; General ; Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: Increasing use of the Internet and other information and communications technologies (ICTs) marks a U.S. transition toward a "digital society" that may profoundly affect electricity supply, demand and delivery. RAND developed four 20-year scenarios of ICT evolution (2001?2021) for the U.S. Department of Energy and assessed their implications for future U.S. electricity requirements. Increased power consumption by ICT equipment is the most direct and visible effect, but not necessarily the most important. Over time, the effects that ICTs have on energy management, e-commerce, telework, and related trends will likely be much more consequential. Even large growth in the deployment and use of digital technologies will only modestly increase U.S. electricity use over the next two decades. The more pressing concern for an emerging digital society will be how to provide the higher-quality and more-reliable power that ICTs demand
    Kurzfassung: Increasing use of the Internet and other information and communications technologies (ICTs) marks a U.S. transition toward a "digital society" that may profoundly affect electricity supply, demand and delivery. RAND developed four 20-year scenarios of ICT evolution (2001?2021) for the U.S. Department of Energy and assessed their implications for future U.S. electricity requirements. Increased power consumption by ICT equipment is the most direct and visible effect, but not necessarily the most important. Over time, the effects that ICTs have on energy management, e-commerce, telework, and related trends will likely be much more consequential. Even large growth in the deployment and use of digital technologies will only modestly increase U.S. electricity use over the next two decades. The more pressing concern for an emerging digital society will be how to provide the higher-quality and more-reliable power that ICTs demand
    Anmerkung: "Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy , Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 1, no. 4, p. 129-150
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 23 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 1, no. 4, p. 129-150
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; United States
    Kurzfassung: The Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA, the Results Act) established a performance management framework for federal departments and agencies. The framework consists of agency Strategic Plans, Annual Performance Plans and Annual Performance Reports. Additionally, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) annually prepares a Government-wide Performance Plan. Approximately 100 Cabinet departments, independent agencies and government corporations prepare these plans and reports. These departments and agencies comprise nearly the entire Executive branch of government. (The Central Intelligence Agency is statutorily exempted, and OMB has exempted about 15 very small agencies from having to comply with GPRA requirements.)
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195974
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (72 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Stratégies de réduction des gaz à effet de serre émanant du transport routier ; Méthodes d'analyse
    DDC: 363.738746094
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Transport ; Straßengüterverkehr ; Treibhausgas ; Reduktion ; Analytische Methode
    Kurzfassung: What are the measures and strategies already taken by OECD countries to reduce or stabilise greenhouse gases from road transport? What frameworks exist to evaluate the impact and efficiency of these measures and strategies? And how effective are they? With the continued growth forecast in car ownership and distance travelled, what are the expected trends in CO2 emissions and their consequences for the potential achievement of the Kyoto Protocol? What models are available to predict the level of CO2 emissions? Are they useful? This report, which has been prepared by an OECD Working Group, uses a number of illustrative and pragmatic cases to provide important insights into these major questions.
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : Turquie 2002 : Une aide capitale pour la reprise économique
    Schlagwort(e): Turkey Economic conditions ; Türkei ; Regulierung ; Reform ; Wettbewerbspolitik ; Strukturreform ; Energie ; Transport ; Telekommunikation
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264196285
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Serie: China in the Global Economy
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale ; Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure ; Rapport de synthèse
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. A China na Economia Mundial; Os Desafios das Políticas Domésticas; Síntese
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges; Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale : Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure : Rapport de synthèse
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. A China na Economia Mundial: Os Desafios das Políticas Domésticas: Síntese
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges: Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: This publication presents a synthesis of the main findings and policy recommendations of China in the World Economy: Domestic Policy Challenges. After more than two decades of progress in market reforms and trade and investment liberalisation, the entry of China into the World Trade Organisation marks a new era for its integration into the world economy. Drawing on the experiences of OECD Members over the past 50 years, and the Organisation’s extensive work with non-Member economies around the world, this publication provides readers with a synthetic view of the interrelated domestic policy issues at stake and with specific recommendations as to actions to be taken.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264176201
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Serie: PISA
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This publication describes the OECD PISA 2000 international database. The PISA 2000 database comprises micro-level data on student performance for 32 countries collected in 2000 and processed during the second half of 2000 and 2001, together with students' responses to the questionnaires and the test questions. The first results were released in December 2001 and presented in the publication Knowledge and Skills for Life: First Results of PISA 2000 (OECD, 2001). The purpose of this publication is to provide all the information required to understand the PISA 2000 database and perform analyses in accordance with the complex methodologies used to collect and process the data. It does not provide detailed information regarding these methods but rather directs readers to the publications which cover these aspects. The PISA 2000 database can be downloaded from www.pisa.oecd.org
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282113004
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (288 p.) , ill.
    Serie: ECMT Round Tables no.121
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Gérer les déplacements du personnel ; Un nouveau rôle pour l'entreprise
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Gérer les déplacements du personnel : Un nouveau rôle pour l'entreprise
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Encouraging wage earners to use public transport has a vital role to play in meeting environmental objectives, particularly the challenge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Changing people's behaviour calls for action in the workplace and one option open to employers is to recruit mobility managers whose task is to help reduce employees' dependence on private car use. Governments can support such initiatives by running information campaigns, by publishing practical guides to incentive schemes and by harmonising regulatory and fiscal frameworks. Round Table 121 was devoted to this innovative topic and opened with a discussion of the provision of free parking facilities to company employees in the United States, a practice that has many knock-on effects and ramifications. One solution is for companies to replace free parking with cash-out schemes under which financial benefits are given to employees who choose not to make use of their free parking space. The Round Table then proceeded to consider several examples of employee mobility schemes in Europe, and ended by drawing conclusions of interest to local, regional and national authorities. This Round Table makes a key contribution to continuing efforts to chart a course of action directed towards achieving the goal of sustainable transport.
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  • 11
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.329
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents empirical evidence on the role that policy and institutional settings in both product and labour market play for productivity and firm dynamics. It exploits a new firm-level database for ten OECD countries and industry-level data for a broader set of countries, together with a set of indicators of regulation and institutional settings in product and labour markets. Aggregate productivity patterns are largely the result of within-firm performance. But, the contribution from firm dynamic processes should not be overlooked, most notably in high-tech industries where new firms tend to play an important role. Industry productivity performance is negatively affected by strict product market regulations, especially if there is a significant technology gap with the technology leader. Likewise, high hiring and firing costs seem to hinder productivity, especially when these costs are not offset by lower wages and/or more internal training. Moreover, burdensome regulations ...
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.345
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Sweden
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyses the main features of Sweden’s public expenditure and addresses some key policy issues. Public spending is high relative to GDP, reflecting the wide support for the Swedish welfare state. The institutional framework within which spending decisions are made has both strengths and weaknesses: the expenditure ceilings need to be reinforced, more prioritisation of expenditure is needed, and state agencies need to become more accountable for their performance. Outlays and outcomes are examined for childcare and education, health, caring for the elderly, and social insurance, where some aspects function very well and others need considerable improvement. Some tools and techniques for getting better results from public spending are also considered, including contracting out and user charges. More could be done to clearly set out the costs as well as the benefits of social choices ...
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.336
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Hungary
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyses the Hungarian public expenditure system and develops policy-oriented recommendations for its improvement. Despite substantial progress achieved in the management of public finances over the 1990s, the level of public expenditure and taxation relative to national income has been comparatively high while the budget process has continued to be driven by short-term considerations and remains input- rather than output-oriented. The government’s economic pre-accession programme submitted to the European Commission for the time period 2002-04 needs to be complemented by a thorough public expenditure reform in order to achieve its ambitious targets, implying significant fiscal tightening. This reform entails the development of a medium-term, output-oriented expenditure framework characterised by transparent and comprehensive budget procedures for all fiscal activities of the general government. Effective spending in areas critical for future growth performance -- ...
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.343
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Norway
    Kurzfassung: Public spending is very high in Norway, partly reflecting an extensive coverage of the welfare system and ambitious regional development objectives. Moreover, several institutional features contribute to dampening the cost-effectiveness of many public-spending programmes. Abundant oil revenues have so far mitigated strains on public finance. However, coping with the depletion of oil resources and the fiscal consequences of ageing would require to increase the cost-effectiveness of many public spending programmes, while leaving some room to cut the high tax-to-GDP ratio. This paper identifies the main sources of inefficiencies and suggests policy options. These include: supplementing the existing deficit rule by an expenditure rule; increasing flexibility in public sector wages and job tenure; reforming the funding system of local governments; raising the contestability of public service provision; intensifying the use of price signals and improving incentives to reduce the ...
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.315
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper first reviews a number of stylised facts concerning OECD country business cycles over the past four decades. In general, the amplitude of business cycles has fallen, driven mainly by declining fluctuations of domestic demand. As a result, international divergencies of cyclical positions have diminished but, outside the euro area, there is little evidence of increased synchronisation of cycles. The paper then reviews a number of influences on business cycles. The evidence suggests that, on balance, features of macroeconomic policies may have tended to reduce cyclical volatility and structural changes, notably the increased share of the service sector in the economies, have also tended to dampen the cycle. More recently, there are signs that financial market prices have increasingly moved in sympathy across countries, and the final section of the paper illustrates how this could affect the international transmission of cyclical shocks and the associated need for policy ...
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  • 16
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.326
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; United States
    Kurzfassung: This paper sheds light on the importance of aggregation bias in the analysis of wage shares developments over time and across countries. We focus on five European countries and the United States and show that the trend decline in the aggregate wage share observed in these countries over much of the 1980s and 1990s partly reflects changes in the sectoral composition of the economy. The application of a fixed-weight aggregation method changes the profile of the observed wage share in a significant way: in particular there is no longer sign of an overshooting of the wage share levels of the early-1970s. Error-correction wage equations based on the adjusted wage shares generally have a better regression fit and show long-run elasticities of real wages to unemployment that vary less across countries and are substantially lower than those obtained with observed shares. These results are broadly confirmed by wage regressions using sectoral data and the Pooled Mean Group estimator ...
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  • 17
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.327
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: In several OECD countries, investment rates in the business sector grew strongly in the second half of the 1990s. In some cases, the strength of private investment relative to output growth had raised concerns about the risk of capital overhang and the prospect of a prolonged period of slow capital formation in order to bring investment levels back to more sustainable levels. It is possible that the stock market boom has contributed to a rise of investment demand to an excessive level, not only in the United States, but also in the United Kingdom, Canada, Scandinavia and Greece. The purpose of this paper is to assess the contribution of fundamental determinants to the change in investment in the second half of the 1990s, based on the estimation of panel cointegration equations for gross business investment for 18 OECD countries from 1970 to 1999. In addition to the levels of real GDP and a measure of the cost of capital, the set of explanatory variables includes four alternative ...
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789264064744
    Sprache: Portugiesisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (68 p)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges; Synthesis Report
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale ; Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure ; Rapport de synthèse
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges; Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges: Synthesis Report
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale : Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure : Rapport de synthèse
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges: Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: This publication presents a synthesis of the main findings and policy recommendations of China in the World Economy: Domestic Policy Challenges. After more than two decades of progress in market reforms and trade and investment liberalisation, the entry of China into the World Trade Organisation marks a new era for its integration into the world economy. Drawing on the experiences of OECD Members over the past 50 years, and the Organisation’s extensive work with non-Member economies around the world, this publication provides readers with a synthetic view of the interrelated domestic policy issues at stake and with specific recommendations as to actions to be taken. List of themes: Agricultural prospects and policies Rural industries Implications for the rural economy Overview of industry prospects Priorities for industry reorganisation and restructuring Technology challenges for China’s industries Challenges to the banking industry The development of the insurance industry Prospects for the distribution sector Foreign direct investment: prospects and policies An OECD perspective on regulatory reform in China The role of competition law and policy Establishing effective governance for China's enterprises Developing the financial system and financial regulatory policies Priorities for development of China’s capital markets Labour market and social benefit policies Environmental priorities for China’s sustainable development The current tax system and priorities for reform Public sector budget management issues Issues concerning central-local government fiscal relations China's regional development: prospects and policies Macroeconomic policy priorities Annex 1 : Summary of China’s commitments under WTO Annex 2 : Summary of studies of the impact of WTO on China This publication is part of the OECD's ongoing co-operation with non-Member economies around the world.
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264296275
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (934 p.) , ill.
    Serie: La Chine dans l'économie mondiale
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg.: China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: Cet ouvrage analyse les défis auxquels l’économie chinoise est confrontée en matière de libéralisation des échanges et de l’investissement. Après plus de deux décennies de réforme de ses marchés et de libéralisation des échanges et de l’investissement, la Chine aborde, en entrant à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce, une nouvelle étape de son intégration dans l’économie mondiale. Cette étude, qui sera appelée à faire date, se fonde sur l’expérience acquise par les pays Membres de l’OCDE au cours des 50 dernières années et sur les importants travaux menés par l’OCDE en coopération avec les économies non membres du monde entier. On y trouvera un panorama exhaustif des multiples enjeux de la politique économique intérieure chinoise ainsi qu’une série de recommandations spécifiques. Liste des thèmes : La politique agricole et ses perspectives L’industrie en milieu rural Les répercussions sur l’économie rurale Le panorama des perspectives industrielles Les priorités de réorganisation et de restructuration de l’industrie Les défis technologiques de l’industrie Les défis du secteur bancaire Le développement du secteur de l’assurance Les perspectives du secteur de la distribution La politique de l’investissement direct étranger et ses perspectives La réforme réglementaire du point de vue de l’OCDE Le rôle de la politique et de la législation en matière de concurrence L’élaboration d’un système de gouvernance efficace pour les entreprises Le développement du système financier et de la réglementation financière Les priorités du développement des marchés de capitaux Le marché du travail et le système de prestations sociales Les priorités environnementales pour un développement durable Le système fiscal et les priorités de réforme La gestion des budgets publics Les relations fiscales entre l’administration centrale et les collectivités locales La politique du développement régional et ses perspectives Les priorités de la politique macro-économique Annexe 1 : Résumé des engagements de la Chine vis-à-vis de l’OMC Annexe 2 : Résumé des études de l’incidence de l’accession de la Chine à l’OMC sur l’économie chinoise Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre des relations de coopération que l'OCDE entretient avec les économies non membres de diverses régions du monde.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789264175778
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Principaux indicateurs économiques ; Analyse méthodologique comparative ; Indices des prix à la consommation et à la production Volume 2002 Supplément 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg.: Principaux indicateurs économiques: Analyse méthodologique comparative ; Indices des prix à la consommation et à la production Volume 2002 Supplément 2
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This publication compares key aspects of statistical methodologies used by OECD member countries in the compilation of price indicators. It focuses on data comparability in the context of international statistical guidelines and recommendations published by the OECD and other international agencies. This publication complements two other OECD publications, Main Economic Indicators (MEI), and Main Economic Indicators: Sources and Definitions.
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  • 21
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264196452
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés de services ; L'Accord général sur le commerce des services
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. GATS; Plädoyer für offene Dienstleistungsmärkte
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés de services : L'Accord général sur le commerce des services
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. GATS: Plädoyer für offene Dienstleistungsmärkte
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: This study recall the economic case that underpins the GATS, addresses concerns over the effects of the GATS, and points out some of the key negotiating challenges of the current GATS round.
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  • 22
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.319
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Finland
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews the Finnish tax system and the scope for further tax reform. Finland is among the most egalitarian countries in the OECD and a high tax burden is required to finance the associated public spending. Nevertheless, capital and corporate income taxation was substantially and effectively reformed in the early 1990s, through significant rate cuts cum base broadening measures. But, despite income tax cuts since the mid-1990s, high taxes, especially on labour income, still hamper growth potential and distort economic behaviour. In this respect, the poor performance of the Finnish labour market is revealing. Tax reforms have a major role to play in improving the long-term performance of the Finnish economy. Though the scope is limited, the tax burden should be shifted as much as possible from labour to property and consumption, while the earned-income tax allowance should play a smaller role, enabling cuts in statutory rates. Redesigning social security contributions to ...
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789264099074
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (388 p.) , ill.
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This book presents the proceedings of the 25th CIRET Conference, entitled "Business Surveys and Empirical Analysis of Economic and Social Survey Data" was hosted by OECD and INSEE in Paris, France in 2000.
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  • 24
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.320
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Denmark
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyses of some the key aspects of public expenditure policy in Denmark. The public expenditure to GDP ratio has abated markedly since the mid-1990s, reflecting both cyclical gains and the return on structural reforms. Nevertheless, the underlying upward pressure on government spending, notably from the demand for personal services, is generally perceived to be significant and expected to persist. The origins of such pressure, as well as means of containing it in the future, are discussed. With public consumption being very high by international standards, the paper advocates greater competition in the provision of services to individuals and more reliance on market signals such as client choice and user charges to enhance the efficiency of resource allocation. A particular feature of the Danish public sector is the fact that counties and municipalities have been assigned a wider range of responsibilities than in any other OECD country as well as extensive taxing ...
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  • 25
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.332
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Switzerland
    Kurzfassung: Switzerland is a highly decentralised country with large spending and revenue-raising powers devolved to cantons and municipalities. The federal system, in combination with an extensive use of direct democracy, has contributed to keep public spending at a relatively low level in international comparison. It has also made it possible to tailor the provision of public services to citizens’ needs and willingness to pay and to experiment with a variety of policies. At the same time, several tensions have emerged and effective control of spending deteriorated during the 1990s. After identifying these tensions, this paper reviews recent policy initiatives and proposes options for further enhancing public spending effectiveness. These entail implementing a new fiscal rule which will allow the free play of the automatic stabilisers at the federal level and ensuring its consistency with other government levels’ behaviour; increasing transparency in public spending costs and ...
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  • 26
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 91 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2002/02
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents a general overview of recent work on sustainable development indicators in OECD countries. It provides an overview of on-going work for developing “agreed” indicators that measure progress across the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental). The paper then takes a more specific look at the approaches to sustainable development indicators adopted by different countries and highlights the challenges of having one set of standard international indicators across the various countries ...
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  • 27
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.321
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Japan
    Kurzfassung: The health status of the Japanese is one of the best in the world. The healthcare system has no doubt contributed to this, though the current state of research in health economics does not permit the determination of the extent of such contribution. The Japanese system, based on social insurance, has provided both basic care and free choice of doctors to every citizen at affordable costs. It has, however, become increasingly clear that the Japanese system has failed to allocate resources properly, ensure financial equity and adapt to changing patterns of demand. This paper first explains how a system that once seemed to function well has become inappropriate, then how policies have tried to overcome some of the problems. The paper concludes with key considerations shaping future reform ...
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  • 28
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.324
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Italy
    Kurzfassung: This paper aims to identify structural reforms for better public spending management in Italy –in turn a critical need in view of the country's high debt and tax burdens, notwithstanding significant progress in the past decade. The analysis proceeds on two distinct levels. At the central government level, a misallocation of public resources is suggested by excessive pension spending against inadequate spending in infrastructure, labour market and human capital areas, as well as by high and inefficient government employment. These problems can be traced in large part to the incentive structures built into the public institutions charged with the planning, implementation, and control of spending policies. The main recommended policy actions are to pursue further pension reform while strengthening other income transfers, make the budget process more transparent and accountable, undertake deeper reform of the public administration, and to make greater use of market instruments in areas ...
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789264033948
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Transports urbains durables ; la mise en oeuvre des politiques ; Messages-clés pour les gouvernements
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Transports urbains durables : la mise en oeuvre des politiques : Messages-clés pour les gouvernements
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: This booklet sets out recommendations to Governments on Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies. These recommendations are the result of a three-year study which was designed to identify why sustainable urban travel strategies have proven so difficult for countries to implement. The findings and conclusions of the project are published separately in the publication entitled Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies: Final Report. These key messages for governments describe how countries and cities can begin to bridge the gap between policy recommendations and their implementation.
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  • 30
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.334
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The unprecedented 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States caused massive casualties and damage, and ushered in an era of greater uncertainty. While a prompt and vigorous policy response helped limit the immediate economic impact of the aggression, the heightened terrorist threat has some long-lasting, if diffuse, macroeconomic repercussions. Three channels of influence are explored in this paper: shrinking insurance coverage stemming from the perception of greater risk, higher trade costs possibly affecting international trade, and stepped-up security spending partially rolling back the “peace dividend” of the 1990s. It is argued that, in the absence of new large-scale terrorist attacks, and provided terrorism risk is dealt with efficiently, the net long-run macroeconomic impact is probably tangible but limited ...
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  • 31
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 69 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.331
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews the extent to which OECD countries have opened the provision of publicly funded services to competition among public and private suppliers. The paper lays out an analytical framework identifying the inherent incentive and efficiency issues associated with the provision of publicly funded services and outlines how they may be addressed via performance-related funding, benchmarking, contracting-out by public agencies and voucher schemes which allow users to choose among suppliers while maintaining public funding. Also, the empirical literature on contracting-out of technical and support services and on school choice is reviewed. In compulsory education, the provision mode is relatively uniform across OECD countries with most students by far attending public schools. However, the involvement of private institutions increase with education level and orientation towards occupational skills, and in many countries funding arrangements for public institutions are being ...
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  • 32
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.339
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: The Mexican banking crisis of 1994/95 necessitated a major government rescue operation - estimated to have cost about 20 per cent of GDP. Since then, financial sector reforms have been implemented and the performance of the Mexican financial system has markedly improved, as shown by indicators of the solidity and profitability of the banking sector. This has also been helped by a large infusion of foreign capital, as international banks entered the Mexican market through mergers and/or acquisitions. Nevertheless, several challenges remain. The banking sector is still relatively inefficient and the level of non-performing loans, though fully provisioned, remains quite high by international standards. The stateowned financial intermediaries, either in the form of development banks or trust funds, still play a large role, overlapping with commercial banks in some parts of the market. And the regulatory framework is often complex and characterised by a high cost of compliance. All ...
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  • 33
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.333
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines various efficiency and equity aspects related to the skill acquisition of young people and older adults. The analysis suggests that such human capital investment is associated with significant labour-market gains for individuals, including higher post-tax earnings and better employment prospects, which exceed the investment costs, mainly foregone earnings and tuition fees, by a significant margin. It also shows that the net benefits are strongly influenced by policy-related factors, such as study length, tuition subsidies and student support. Overall, the estimates reported in the paper indicate that there are strong incentives for the average student to continue studying beyond the compulsory schooling age, and also point to the benefits of such investment in education for society as a whole. However, the net gains fall with age, mainly reflecting a shorter period to take advantage of the benefits that come with education. Finally the paper notes that students ...
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789282122952
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Tables Rondes CEMT no.118
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Tolls on Interurban Road Infrastructure; An Economic Evaluation
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.:
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg.: Tolls on Interurban Road Infrastructure: An Economic Evaluation
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Ballungsraum ; Verkehrsverbund ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Kurzfassung: Le péage n’est pas à proprement parler une invention contemporaine. La technique du péage est très ancienne et ses fondements théoriques remontent loin dans le passé. On peut cependant remarquer que les finalités du péage ont été diverses et variées au cours du temps. Droit de passage à l’origine, le péage a été utilisé ultérieurement pour le financement et les dépenses d’entretien des infrastructures, avant de devenir un élément d’internalisation des coûts externes et de gestion de la demande. A l’heure actuelle, deux motifs principaux sont avancés pour justifier l’instauration de péages : les traditionnels besoins de financement et la recherche d’une certaine efficacité dans l’usage des infrastructures. Cependant, comme le montre cette Table Ronde, les péages ne sont pas une panacée et leur introduction peut être politiquement délicate. Cette Table Ronde offre un large panorama, tant de la perspective théorique du péage que des problèmes concrets posés par son application. Elle permet de faire le point, d’une manière scientifique, sur une question d’actualité brûlante à un moment où plusieurs pays envisagent d’instaurer des péages électroniques généralisés.
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  • 35
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282112946
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (55 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2001
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg.: Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2001
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: This brochure describes the activities of the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) during 2001. It also sets out the Resolutions and Reports approved by the Council of Ministers of Transport and presents the highlights of the year. It includes an organigramme, contact details for the Secretariat and information on the ECMT member countries.
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  • 36
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282112977
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Serie: ECMT Round Tables no.119
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Transport et développement économique
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: The linkage between transport and economic development is a highly contentious issue which has generated considerable debate and an abundant literature. There is a firmly-held belief among politicians that investment in transport infrastructure promotes economic development and, by extension, employment. However, this belief is not borne out by scientific analysis, which would seem to indicate that the impact of this type of investment on employment and economic development remains limited, at least in developed countries, and at the purely regional level can even prove negative. The Round Table set out to clarify this issue by analysing the arguments for and against the presumed linkage between "transport infrastructure" and "economic development". This provided a basis on which it could draw conclusions regarding the evaluation methods of investment commonly used. The debate ended with a review of the basic policy issue of whether or not a link existed between transport and economic growth.
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  • 37
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195929
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'avenir de l'argent
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Money's destiny is to become digital. Throughout the ages physical money in the form of objects, coins and notes has increasingly been replaced by more abstract means of payment such as bills of exchange, cheques and credit cards. In the years to come that trend to virtual money will continue apace. As technological advances in ICT and biometrics come on-stream, as intangibles progressively become the primary source of value-added in the burgeoning knowledge economy, and as the public at large come to grasp the advantages of digital transactions, virtual forms of payment will dominate. How quickly will this happen on a major scale, and will cash disappear altogether? How will it affect our daily lives? Will it deepen already existing rifts in society? Does virtual money threaten control of the money supply, raising the spectre of greater inflationary risks? Or will it put central banks out of business? This book tackles these and many other critical questions, offering timely suggestions on why and how to make the transition to the world of digital money.
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282112953
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Serie: ECMT Round Tables no.118
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les péages sur les infrastructures routières interurbaines ; Une évaluation économique
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les péages sur les infrastructures routières interurbaines : Une évaluation économique
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Strictly speaking, tolls are not a modern invention. Tolling is, in fact, an ancient tradition, with its origins rooted in history. Tolling has served numerous and wide-ranging purposes across the ages. While initially providing right of way, tolls were later used to finance the building and maintenance of infrastructure, before becoming a means of internalising external costs and managing demand. Nowadays, two main arguments are put forward for the introduction of tolls: to meet funding requirements and to respond to society’s desire for efficient use of infrastructure. However, as this Round Table shows, tolls are not a universal panacea and the introduction of road tolls is a politically delicate issue. The Round Table provides a broad view of both the theoretical aspects of tolling and the practical problems posed by its introduction. It takes a scientific look at what is a burning issue, at a time when a number of countries are envisaging the widespread adoption of electronic tolls.
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  • 39
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.328
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Czech Republic
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews the public expenditure system in the Czech Republic and the scope for its reform. In recent years much progress has been made in improving the transparency and management of government finances. Nevertheless, the budget and policy planning process retains a single-year and inputoriented focus. Moreover, with the recent introduction of a regional level of government and the expansion and proposed introduction of new extra-budgetary funds, the government’s capacity to manage the macroeconomy has been weakened. In this regard, establishing a multi-year budgetary process should be made a government-wide priority. Such a system would allow extra-budgetary funds to be re-integrated into the State Budget. Moreover, it would reduce the potential for expenditure creep and facilitate macroeconomic policy making, as would the establishment of mechanisms for co-ordinating sub-national spending programmes. Such a medium-term budgetary framework should evolve, over time, into a ...
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  • 40
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 69 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.330
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Currency boards have been portrayed as an extreme way of creating currency quality and improving monetary policy credibility in emerging market economies. Yet the link between currency board operations and credibility is far from obvious. Indeed, under the heading of currency boards, there is in fact a number of significantly diverse institutional arrangements. Furthermore, currency boards can only be viewed as part of a wider policy framework encompassing fiscal sustainability and flexibility in the real economy. Along these lines, this paper describes as precisely as possible what constitutes, in theory, a currency board. It highlights the specificities of money multiplier and balance sheet issues in currency board frameworks. The paper offers an in-depth review of the actual institutional arrangements underlying existing currency boards in Eastern Europe and Asia (as well as that of Argentina until 2001) and derives a synthetic indicator of institutional pre-commitment. The ...
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  • 41
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.323
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Euro Area
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews first the fiscal policy recommendations by the EU, the IMF and the OECD for Finland, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. All these countries had inflation above the euro area average in early 2001, some by a considerable margin. The fiscal policy prescriptions deviate little, the EU, the IMF and the OECD generally recommending an active use of fiscal policy. There are some exceptions, however. The next section examines indicators of excess demand in these countries. This is followed by a review of the factors that help or hinder market-based adjustment, including simulations to gauge their effect. Market-based adjustment to demand shocks depends critically on whether the effect of a lower real interest rate is strong relative to the loss in competitiveness, on the size of wealth effects, on wage and price setting behavior, on the supply response and on the strength of trade integration. Simulations suggest that market-based ...
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  • 42
    ISBN: 9789264296466
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (84 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Main Economic Indicators; Comparative Methodological Analysis; Industry, Retail and Construction Indicators Volume 2002 Supplement 1
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Main Economic Indicators: Comparative Methodological Analysis: Industry, Retail and Construction Indicators Volume 2002 Supplement 1
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Cette publication compare les aspects clés des méthodologies statistiques utilisées par les pays membres de l’OCDE pour compiler les indicateurs de l’industrie, du commerce de détail et de la construction. Elle met l’accent sur la comparaison des données dans le contexte de normes statistiques internationales et de recommandations publiées par l’OCDE et d’autres organismes internationaux. Cette publication complète deux autres publications de l'OCDE, Principaux indicateurs économiques (PIE) et Principaux indicateurs économiques : Sources et définitions.
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  • 43
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.344
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The substantial decline in private-sector saving rates observed in several OECD countries in the late 1990s coincided in several cases with a sharp increase in household financial net worth. This was seen by many observers as evidence that the strong rise in equity and residential property prices during the late 1990s had been treated by households as a permanent increase in wealth, leading to an unsustainable drop in saving and raising fears of an eventual negative wealth effect. Applying estimation techniques for systems of dynamic panel equations, this paper looks at basic determinants of private saving for a sample of 15 OECD countries and finds that the sharp decline in saving observed after 1995 can be largely explained, even in a post-sample fashion, by fundamentals other than financial wealth. Among the determinants, the rise in public-sector saving is found to have contributed the most to the decline in private saving between 1995 and 2000. Based on this ...
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  • 44
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.340
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Brazil
    Kurzfassung: Brazil’s public pension expenditure is about 9 per cent of GDP, above the OECD average. Given that OECD countries are generally not only wealthier, but also significantly older, Brazil’s pension expenditures are clearly excessive, draining resources away from other areas, such as much needed social investment in health and education. Beyond its fiscal impact, the Brazilian pension system is also unjust. About half of total pension expenditure is paid to former civil servants, which account for only 5 per cent of total retirees. Given the demographic challenges Brazil is likely to face in the next decades, authorities have started to implement a series of reforms. The general regime available to private sector workers underwent major changes in 1999, which will help ensure its long-term actuarial and financial balance. However, problems remain concerning the growth of the informal economy, the weight of non-pension benefits financially imputed to the regime and the mechanisms for ...
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  • 45
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.318
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Using new cross-country data on industry-specific product market regulations, this paper investigates the relationship between wage premia and some of the policy determinants of product market rents. Hourly wage premia in 2-digit manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries are estimated from detailed data on wage earnings in (or around) 1996 by category of worker (age, sex, education and type of contract) in 12 European and North-American countries. The effects of regulation on these wage premia are estimated by panel data regression techniques. We find that product market regulation restricting competition has a significant positive impact on wage premia in both manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries. However, in the latter industries, this effect is offset by a negative effect of legal public monopolies on wage premia. Since public ownership per se shows no relation to premia, we interpret this result as evidence of either a low-productivity trap due to x-inefficiency ...
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  • 46
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.316
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: In this paper we present comparative evidence from OECD countries concerning the impact of product and labour market regulations on innovation. While product and labour market policies usually aim at objectives other than innovation, they may have important consequences for the profitability of firms’ innovative strategies. Our regression analysis provides some cross-country evidence that enhancing competition in the product market -- while guaranteeing intellectual property rights -- seems to have a positive impact on the innovation performance of a country. Conversely, the relationship between innovation and job protection does not seem to be univocal. The sign and magnitude of the effect of the latter crucially depends on the systems of industrial relations and the specific characteristics of each industry. Indeed, the larger the scope for resorting to internal labour markets, the lower the adjustment costs imposed by labour market regulation. Moreover, in industries with a ...
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  • 47
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.325
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Netherlands
    Kurzfassung: Population ageing will reduce economic growth and increase the amount of resources that need to be transferred to the elderly, putting pressure on retirement-income- and healthcare insurance systems. The Netherlands is better placed than most OECD countries to meet these pressures because it has a large, funded occupational pension system in place. This advantage will be reinforced if the government adopts the policy that it is considering of pre-funding ageing-related budget outlays, which would entail paying off government debt over the next quarter century. Increasing labour force participation, notably for older persons would also attenuate the economic pressures associated with population ageing. In this regard, it will be important to reduce incentives for economic inactivity, especially by reforming early retirement schemes and disability insurance. Finally, raising productivity growth could also help ease these pressures by facilitating a de-coupling of government ...
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  • 48
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.322
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Austria
    Kurzfassung: This document analyses the economic impacts of selected environmental policies in Austria with an emphasis on the use of economic instruments and incentives versus command-and-control measures. An important theme in a federation like the Austrian is the institutional complexity involved in many aspects of environmental policy, requiring a high degree of co-ordination between various layers of government, which could be furthered by a coherent ex ante and ex post evaluation system. Such a system could also be useful in the setting of abatement objectives and minimizing their associated cost. Greater use of properly designed instruments, examples being a unified taxation of fuels and the introduction of a CO2 tax, would improve the cost-effectiveness of policies to reach Austria’s ambitious CO2 emission reduction target. This would particularly be the case if economic instruments replace the widespread use of subsidies and command-and-control type measures. Such measures are found to ...
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  • 49
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.341
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; United Kingdom
    Kurzfassung: The UK medium-term budgetary framework introduced in 1997 addressed a number of weaknesses of the former regime, notably a bias against capital expenditure and, more generally, poor conditions for longerterm planning adversely affecting central government spending departments, local authorities and public enterprises. Departmental spending was indeed characterised by pronounced swings and capital spending was squeezed to very low levels. These weaknesses are considered the major cause for the poor performance of crucial public services. The present paper discusses the new budgetary framework and examines the scope for further improvement ...
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  • 50
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.346
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Poland
    Kurzfassung: This paper assesses the public expenditure system in Poland and the scope for its reform. Though a number of important steps to control the future evolution of spending, such as pension reform and healthcare reform, have already made in Poland, much more needs to be done. Indeed budget consolidation and the government’s goal of increasing the economy’s potential rate of growth can best be achieved by a far ranging re-evaluation and reorientation of spending away from personal transfers that contribute to inactivity traps. In this regard, it is important to expand the scope of the State Budget to include much more of general government spending, abolishing the extrabudgetary funds, and improving the co-ordination of the budget planning process among different levels of government. Moreover, the authorities need to increasingly move towards a multi-year budgeting framework. Not only will this allow for better management of investment projects, but it will also help policymakers to ...
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  • 51
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264295926
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The Future of Money
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: L’argent a vocation à devenir numérique. Au fil du temps, les objets, les pièces et les billets qui ont constitué les différentes formes matérielles de la monnaie ont peu à peu cédé la place à des moyens de paiement plus abstraits comme les lettres de change, les chèques et les cartes de crédit. Dans les années à venir, cette marche vers la monnaie virtuelle se poursuivra inéluctablement. A mesure que progresseront les technologies de l’information et des communications et la biométrie, à mesure que les actifs incorporels deviendront la principale source de valeur ajoutée dans une économie du savoir en pleine expansion, et à mesure que le public dans son ensemble se rendra compte des avantages offerts par les transactions numériques, les formes de paiement virtuelles s’imposeront. Combien de temps faudra-t-il pour que ce phénomène se généralise, et l’argent liquide disparaîtra-t-il définitivement ? Quel en sera l’impact sur notre vie quotidienne ? Faut-il craindre une aggravation des clivages qui marquent déjà nos sociétés ? La monnaie virtuelle risque-t-elle de compromettre le contrôle de la masse monétaire, et par conséquent de faire resurgir le spectre de l’inflation ? Que vont devenir les banques centrales ? Cet ouvrage apporte des réponses à toutes ces questions et bien d’autres encore, tout aussi essentielles, éclairant ainsi de façon opportune les raisons et les modalités du passage de l’argent à l’ère du numérique.
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  • 52
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282112922
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Serie: ECMT Round Tables no.120
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Quel rôle pour les chemins de fer en Europe de l'Est ?
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Facing the collapse of their business and stiff competition from road transport, Eastern European railways are in a critical financial situation. Railway restructuring is a must, but where circumstances in each country are so different there can be no “one size fits all” solution. Nevertheless, some guidelines for restructuring are emerging. The strategies to be implemented will involve both governments and the railway companies themselves. Separating infrastructure from operations, for instance, could be a good model provided infrastructure usage is priced efficiently. Concessions should be granted for local and regional passenger services. Freight transport issues have to be addressed at a European level - and open access should be the fundamental rule along with encouraging new market entrants. Privatising the railways is probably not a prerequisite; their independence, however, is essential. Their management should be exactly the same as that of any other commercial company on the market and they should have appropriate management tools. Railways should focus their investment on new technologies and automation, difficult problems with reducing overstaffing can be resolved only with government co-operation. Based on a review of the strengths and weaknesses of the railways in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe and in the Commonwealth of Independent States, this Round Table comes to a series of inescapable conclusions for anyone wishing to address these issues.
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  • 53
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.338
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Hungary
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines economic challenges posed by the combination of an ageing and declining population in Hungary and develops policy-oriented recommendations for addressing them. The authors identify the scale and specific properties of the demographic problem in Hungary where the population started to decline earlier than in any other OECD country. Public support for the elderly is provided by the social-security pension system and the healthcare system. While the former was reformed with partial success in the late 1990s, the latter developed less successfully, threatening to generate massive deficits in the long run. Projections indicate that even the public pension system may become unsustainable, unless the authorities restore the parameters of the original reform and encourage successfully higher labour force participation. In this context, measures to improve employability of the numerically strong and growing Roma minority are particularly pertinent. The healthcare sector ...
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9789264196278
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (816 p.) , ill.
    Serie: China in the Global Economy
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale ; Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale : Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: This book analyses the domestic policy challenges facing China in the context of trade and investment liberalisation. The entry of China into the WTO marks a new era for its integration into the world economy. Drawing on the experiences of OECD members over the past 50 years, and the Organisation’s extensive work with non-members, this landmark study provides readers with a comprehensive view of the interrelated domestic policy issues at stake and with specific recommendations. It is an essential reference book for policy makers, governments, international organisations and researchers.
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  • 55
    ISBN: 9789264196469
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (80 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Principaux indicateurs économiques ; Analyse méthodologique comparative ; Indicateurs de l'industrie, du commerce de détail et de la construction Volume 2002 Supplément 1
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Principaux indicateurs économiques : Analyse méthodologique comparative : Indicateurs de l'industrie, du commerce de détail et de la construction Volume 2002 Supplément 1
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This publication compares key aspects of statistical methodologies used by OECD member countries in the compilation of industry, retail and construction indicators. It focuses on data comparability in the context of international statistical guidelines and recommendations published by the OECD and other international agencies. This publication complements two other OECD publications, Main Economic Indicators (MEI), and Main Economic Indicators: Sources and Definitions.
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  • 56
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264191976
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; United States
    Kurzfassung: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of US energy policies and programmes. It finds that US energy policy has an influence on energy policy throughout the world. The 2001 National Energy Policy is an important development. The US is taking unilateral action as an alternative to the Kyoto Protocol. This report urges consideration of legislation on carbon dioxide and adoption of policies allowing international trading in emissions. Strengthening fuel economy standards is an encouraging approach to energy use in transport. Different standards for cars and light trucks should be addressed as a priority. Policies to promote new sources of energy supply should be balanced by continuing effort to enhance efficient use of energy. Regional Transmission Operators are a sensible means of ensuring access to transmission and the functioning of a competitive wholesale market. The power crisis in California has slowed progress on market reform; confidence should be restored to reactivate reform and to create certainty for new investment. Harmonised electricity industry standards and regulations could help promote competition and encourage investment. Barriers to exploration for oil and gas need to be addressed. Drilling in new onshore and offshore areas, meeting acceptable environmental standards, is necessary or imports must rise. Refineries are operating at full capacity; pressure could be eased by reducing the range of products they are required to produce to meet regional standards. Coal use will remain important and could be environmentally sustainable with advanced clean coal technology. Re-licensing of existing nuclear plants, consistent with safety standards, could ensure nuclear power plays a continuing role, even if new plants remain uneconomic. The decision on the Yucca Mountain repository will be important for the future of nuclear power worldwide.
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9789264034877
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies; Key Messages for Governments
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies: Key Messages for Governments
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: La présente brochure formule les recommandations adressées aux gouvernements en vue de la mise en œuvre de politiques de transports urbains durables. Ces recommandations sont le résultat d’un projet triennal qui s’est efforcé de mieux comprendre pourquoi les pays éprouvent tant de difficultés à mettre en œuvre des stratégies intégrées de transports urbains. Les résultats et conclusions de ce projet sont publiés séparément sous le titre Transports urbains durables : la mise en œuvre des politiques - Rapport final. Ces messages-clés pour les gouvernements décrivent la manière dont les pays et les villes peuvent commencer à combler l’écart entre des recommandations politiques et leur mise en application.
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  • 58
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.337
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; New Zealand
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews public expenditure in New Zealand and the scope for further progress. Since the mid-1980s, New Zealand has been a world leader in public management reforms. Government agencies have been transformed by delegating managerial responsibility to them and replacing input controls with an output-based budgeting and management approach. The adoption of a medium-term top-down fiscal management framework contributed to a large reduction in public debt. But while the system is good at producing outputs cheaply and often in innovative, responsive, and customer-driven ways, it is not as good at choosing what to produce in the first place (i.e. technical versus allocative efficiency). This reflects insufficient evaluation of programmes, not enough focus on managing for outcomes, and a budget that is excessively fragmented. The quality of spending could also be improved by a greater willingness to extend the use of market-based mechanisms, including usercharges, competition ...
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  • 59
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.317
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews recent studies on the links between competition, innovation and productivity growth in the long run. From a long-run perspective, one can see that gains from competition-enhancing regulatory reform are likely to exceed static gains observed in the short run since firms will continue to innovate in ways they would not have under regulation. By taking a dynamic perspective on competition and efficiency, one can also understand better the new modes of competition observed in “dynamically competitive” industries. This paper also attempts to cover some of relatively new research areas including: i) measuring welfare gains from product innovation; ii) competition and efficiency in e-commerce, education, and health care; and iii) interactions between product- and factor-market competition ...
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  • 60
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.335
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Euro Area
    Kurzfassung: It is often claimed that tax and welfare reforms that aim at enhancing efficiency may come at the cost of cyclical stabilisation. Reducing the generosity of welfare systems and lowering taxes may boost efficiency and output, and improve market adjustment to shocks. But, by reducing the size of automatic stabilisers, it may also imply less cyclical smoothing. This would be unwelcome in EMU given the loss of national monetary autonomy and the well-known pitfalls of active fiscal management. This paper argues that the alleged trade-off between efficiency/flexibility and stabilisation may not exist. We show that, if the initial level of the tax burden is high, reducing it may lead to higher output stabilisation in the event of a supply shock and higher inflation stabilisation in the event of a demand shock. The threshold level of taxation depends on the preferences of the central bank over inflation and output. Econometric and numerical simulations show that European countries — ...
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  • 61
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.342
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: We analyse the impact of innovation activity and product and labour market institutions on multi-factor productivity in a panel of 23 industries in 18 OECD countries using a novel harmonised database. First, we provide evidence of convergence in productivity levels within most industries across OECD countries. Convergence is however stronger in services than in manufacturing and, in the latter sector, it is weaker for high-tech industries. We also find evidence that the impact of innovation activity (proxied by R&D expenditure) on productivity depends on market structure and technological characteristics, with a stronger impact for technological leaders in high-tech industries. In addition, anti-competitive product market regulations are negatively associated with productivity performance. The negative effect is larger the further a country is from the technological frontier, because such regulations hinder the process of technology adoption. Finally, there is also evidence in the ...
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789264275775
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (92 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Main Economic Indicators; Comparative Methodological Analysis; Consumer and Producer Price Indices Volume 2002 Supplement 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Main Economic Indicators: Comparative Methodological Analysis: Consumer and Producer Price Indices Volume 2002 Supplement 2
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Cette publication compare les aspects clés des méthodologies statistiques utilisées par les pays membres de l’OCDE pour compiler les indices des prix. Elle met l’accent sur la comparaison des données dans le contexte de normes statistiques internationales et de recommandations publiées par l’OCDE et d’autres organismes internationaux. Cette publication complète deux autres publications de l'OCDE, Principaux indicateurs économiques (PIE) et Principaux indicateurs économiques : sources et définitions.
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  • 63
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264596450
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (108 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. GATS; The Case for Open Services Markets
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés de services ; L'Accord général sur le commerce des services
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. GATS: The Case for Open Services Markets
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés de services : L'Accord général sur le commerce des services
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Das Allgemeine Abkommen über den Handel mit Dienstleistungen (GATS) zählt zu den bedeutendsten Leistungen der multilateralen Handelsdiplomatie des späten 20. Jahrhunderts, steht aber auch im Mittelpunkt der handelspolitischen Kontroversen zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts. Mit dieser Untersuchung werden drei Ziele verfolgt: Erstens gilt es, die wirtschaftlichen Argumente für Reformen des Dienstleistungssektors sowie die politischen Beweggründe für eine Öffnung der Dienstleistungsmärkte durch Liberalisierung von Handel und Investitionen in Erinnerung zu rufen. Zweitens sollen die Bedenken über die Auswirkungen des GATS zerstreut werden, indem die Wirkungsweise des Übereinkommens, die damit von den WTO-Mitgliedern eingegangenen Verpflichtungen sowie die ihnen im Rahmen des Übereinkommens offen stehenden Optionen erläutert werden. Und drittens sollen einige besonders wichtige Verhandlungsthemen im Rahmen der derzeitigen GATS-Runde aufgezeigt werden, wobei den Interessen und Sorgen der Entwicklungsländer besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt und erneut auf die Chancen verwiesen wird, die das GATS für die Umsetzung entwicklungsfördernder Reformen auf den Dienstleistungsmärkten bietet.
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789264199040
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Serie: The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Manuel de Frascati 2002 ; Méthode type proposée pour les enquêtes sur la recherche et le développement expérimental
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002; Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Chinese version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Manuel de Frascati 2002 : Méthode type proposée pour les enquêtes sur la recherche et le développement expérimental
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002: Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Chinese version)
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: The internationally recognized methodology for collecting and using R&D statistics, the Frascati Manual is an essential tool for statisticians worldwide. It includes definitions of basic concepts, data collection guidelines, and classifications for compiling statistics. This updated edition contains improved guidelines adjusted for changes in OECD economies, including measurement of service-sector R&D, R&D globalisation, and R&D human resources.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789264296459
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. GATS; The Case for Open Services Markets
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. GATS; Plädoyer für offene Dienstleistungsmärkte
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. GATS: The Case for Open Services Markets
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. GATS: Plädoyer für offene Dienstleistungsmärkte
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: L'Accord général sur le commerce des services (AGCS) est l’un des principaux succès de la diplomatie commerciale multilatérale de la fin du 20ème siècle, mais il est au centre des controverses que suscite la politique commerciale en ce début du nouveau millénaire. Comme le prévoyait le « programme incorporé » du cycle d’Uruguay, les négociations menées à l’OMC dans le domaine des services ont officiellement repris le 1er janvier 2000. A mesure que les négociations sur les services ont progressé, l’AGCS est devenu le point de mire d’un certain nombre de groupes de la société civile représentant des intérêts divers. Les arguments avancés à l’encontre de l’AGCS concernent principalement la menace qu’il ferait prétendument peser sur le droit souverain des pays de réglementer la production, la vente, la distribution ou l’importation de services, et d’assurer eux-mêmes la fourniture de services au plan international. Si, pour la plupart, ces arguments reposent sur des malentendus que cette étude vise à corriger, les préoccupations suscitées par l’AGCS, par ses effets sur les services publics et ses conséquences pour la souveraineté nationale et pour le pouvoir de réglementation des autorités n’en sont pas moins bien réelles et ne doivent pas être ignorées. Les négociations en cours offrent précisément aux gouvernements l’occasion de donner à toutes les parties concernées des informations sur le contenu de l’AGCS et sur ce qu’il implique pour les objectifs économiques et sociaux au niveau national. Pour être utile, toutefois, il est indispensable que le débat soit fondé sur des faits et non sur des malentendus. Cette étude a un triple objectif. Premièrement, rappeler les raisons économiques qui sous-tendent la réforme des secteurs de services et le bien-fondé de l’action menée par les pouvoirs publics pour ouvrir les marchés de services par le biais d’une libéralisation des échanges et de l’investissement. Deuxièmement, répondre aux préoccupations suscitées par les effets de l’AGCS en expliquant le fonctionnement de l’accord, les obligations auxquelles souscrivent les membres de l’OMC et les options qui s’ouvrent à eux dans ce contexte. Troisièmement, mettre en lumière quelques-uns des principaux enjeux du cycle actuel de négociations au titre de l’AGCS, en attirant particulièrement l’attention sur les intérêts et les préoccupations des pays en développement et en rappelant les possibilités qu’offre l’AGCS pour jeter les bases d’une réforme des marchés de services propre à favoriser le développement.
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  • 66
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264693999
    Sprache: Italienisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Italy 2002
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Italie 2002
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Italy 2002
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Italie 2002
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Italy
    Kurzfassung: Temi speciali : Politiche per accrescere l'efficacia della spesa pubblica Riforme strutturali innalzare il potenziale di crescita
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9789264296282
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Serie: La Chine dans l'économie mondiale
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges; Synthesis Report
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. A China na Economia Mundial; Os Desafios das Políticas Domésticas; Síntese
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges; Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges: Synthesis Report
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. A China na Economia Mundial: Os Desafios das Políticas Domésticas: Síntese
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges: Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: Cet ouvrage présente une synthèse des conclusions et des recommandations de La Chine dans l’économie mondiale : les enjeux de politique économique intérieure. Après plus de deux décennies de réforme de ses marchés et de libéralisation des échanges et de l’investissement, la Chine aborde, en entrant à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce, une nouvelle étape de son intégration dans l’économie mondiale. La Chine dans l’économie mondiale se fonde sur l’expérience acquise par les pays Membres de l’OCDE au cours des 50 dernières années et sur les importants travaux menés par l’OCDE en coopération avec les économies non membres du monde entier. On trouvera dans cette synthèse un panorama des multiples enjeux de la politique économique intérieure chinoise ainsi qu’une série de recommandations spécifiques. Liste des thèmes : La politique agricole et ses perspectives L’industrie en milieu rural Les répercussions sur l’économie rurale Le panorama des perspectives industrielles Les priorités de réorganisation et de restructuration de l’industrie Les défis technologiques de l’industrie Les défis du secteur bancaire Le développement du secteur de l’assurance Les perspectives du secteur de la distribution La politique de l’investissement direct étranger et ses perspectives La réforme réglementaire du point de vue de l’OCDE Le rôle de la politique et de la législation en matière de concurrence L’élaboration d’un système de gouvernance efficace pour les entreprises Le développement du système financier et de la réglementation financière Les priorités du développement des marchés de capitaux Le marché du travail et le système de prestations sociales Les priorités environnementales pour un développement durable Le système fiscal et les priorités de réforme La gestion des budgets publics Les relations fiscales entre l’administration centrale et les collectivités locales La politique du développement régional et ses perspectives Les priorités de la politique macro-économique Annexe 1 : Résumé des engagements de la Chine vis-à-vis de l’OMC Annexe 2 : Résumé des études de l’incidence de l’accession de la Chine à l’OMC sur l’économie chinoise Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre des relations de coopération que l'OCDE entretient avec les économies non membres de diverses régions du monde.
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  • 68
    ISBN: 9789282122945
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. ECMT Annual Report 2001
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Cette brochure décrit les activités de la Conférence Européenne des Ministres des Transports (CEMT) au cours de l'année 2001. Elle contient le texte des résolutions et des rapports approuvés par le Conseil des Ministres des Transports et couvre les événements majeurs de l'année. Elle comprend également un organigramme, les coordonnées des personnes à contacter au sein du Secrétariat, ainsi que des informations sur les pays membres de la CEMT.
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  • 69
    ISBN: 9789264294516
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Measuring Productivity - OECD Manual; Measurement of Aggregate and Industry-level Productivity Growth
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Measuring Productivity - OECD Manual; Measurement of Aggregate and Industry-level Productivity Growth (Chinese version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Measuring Productivity - OECD Manual: Measurement of Aggregate and Industry-level Productivity Growth
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Measuring Productivity - OECD Manual: Measurement of Aggregate and Industry-level Productivity Growth (Chinese version)
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: Le Manuel – Mesurer la productivité – est le premier ouvrage couvrant de façon complète les différentes mesures de productivité. Il s’adresse aux statisticiens, chercheurs et analystes impliqués dans l'élaboration d'indicateurs de mesure de productivité au niveau des industries. Le Manuel présente les bases théoriques relatives à la mesure de la productivité et examine les problèmes afférents de mise en œuvre et de mesure statistique. Le texte est accompagné d'exemples de la pratique des pays membres de l'OCDE ainsi que d'exemples chiffrés afin de faciliter la lecture. Le Manuel présente également une brève discussion sur l’interprétation et l’utilisation des mesures de productivité.
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  • 70
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264198845
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (64 p)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OCDE Forum 2002 ; Coup de projecteur sur le Forum 2002
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OCDE Forum 2002 : Coup de projecteur sur le Forum 2002
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This publication summarises each of the sessions held at OECD Forum 2002.
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  • 71
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264295858
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Ageing and Transport; Mobility Needs and Safety Issues
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Ageing and Transport: Mobility Needs and Safety Issues
    Schlagwort(e): Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport ; Älterer Mensch ; Fahrtüchtigkeit ; Älterer Mensch ; Mobilität
    Kurzfassung: Les personnes âgées présentent-elles un risque pour les autres en terme de sécurité routière ? Les examens de conduite obligatoires sont-ils efficaces pour déterminer les aptitudes des conducteurs âgés ? Enfin, en ce 21ème siècle, les pays Membres de l'OCDE sont-ils prêts à faire face aux besoins de sécurité et de mobilité de la génération du baby boom ? Ce rapport sur les besoins de mobilité et les problèmes de sécurité liés au vieillissement de la population remet en question de nombreuses idées préconçues ou erronées sur les personnes âgées et la route. Il propose en outre des recommandations tant pour l’action des pouvoirs publics que pour la recherche afin d'assurer aux personnes âgées une mobilité sûre tout au long de leur vie.
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  • 72
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264293526
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Impact of Transport Infrastructure Investment on Regional Development
    Schlagwort(e): Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Transport ; Verkehrswirtschaft ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Regionalentwicklung
    Kurzfassung: Les décisions d’investissement relatives aux projets d’infrastructure de transport nécessitent une délibération approfondie. Les gouvernements ont besoin de méthodes d’évaluation pour s'assurer que leurs rares ressources sont affectées de manière à maximiser leur "rendement net" pour la société. Comment améliorer l’allocation des fonds consacrés aux infrastructures de transport ? Les analyses coûts-avantages, très largement utilisées, sont-elles appropriées ? Les investissements en matière d’infrastructure de transport n’auraient-ils pas des effets plus larges sur le développement régional qui nécessiteraient d’être pris en compte lors du choix des priorités en matière d’infrastructure ? De tels effets ont-ils pu être identifiés dans les évaluations des principaux projets d’infrastructure de transport ? Quels effets pourrait-on inclure dans les futures méthodes d’évaluation ? Et quels sont les effets qui peuvent être considérés comme substantiels ? Enfin, comment les cadres d’évaluation répondent-ils aux objectifs des politiques gouvernementales ? Ce rapport fournit des réponses à ces questions importantes en analysant, à travers des cas pratiques, les effets des investissements en matière d’infrastructure de transport.
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  • 73
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264275126
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Benchmarking Intermodal Freight Transport
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Kombinierter Verkehr
    Kurzfassung: Qu’est-ce qu’un transport intermodal de marchandises efficace ? Comment mettre en évidence les « meilleures pratiques » ? Quelles mesures les pays de l’OCDE prennent-ils pour évaluer l’efficacité relative des modes de transport et des combinaisons modales ? Comment peut-on améliorer les chaînes complexes du transport intermodal ? Enfin, comment identifier ces possibilités d’amélioration et les évaluer ? Le marché mondial d’aujourd’hui étant très concurrentiel, il exige des systèmes de transport intermodal qui répondent aux attentes de l’industrie en matière d’efficacité et de fiabilité, ainsi qu’aux impératifs de développement durable des pouvoirs publics. Si l’évaluation comparative est assurément un instrument qui contribue à la réalisation de ces objectifs, comment peut-on la mettre en oeuvre de façon concrète ? Ce rapport analyse des exemples d’évaluation comparative pour éclairer ces importantes questions.
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  • 74
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264176010
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; Turquie 2002 ; Une aide capitale pour la reprise économique
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Turkey ; Türkei ; Regulierung ; Reform ; Türkei ; Wettbewerbspolitik ; Türkei ; Strukturreform ; Türkei ; Energie ; Transport ; Telekommunikation
    Kurzfassung: Among the OECD countries, Turkey figures as a comparative latecomer to regulatory reform. Yet, there is a crucial need for it. Over the last three decades, the Turkish economy has suffered from macro-economic instability and chronic inflation, with implications for both investment and growth. Governance and regulatory structures remained weak and contributed also to the 2001 economic crisis. Nonetheless, this review notes the highly encouraging efforts currently being undertaken to reform key economic sectors, the public administration and the regulatory framework. These developments appear to mark a fundamental break with the past. Important elements, such as a clear competition policy, are already in place. Fighting corruption, among other measures, is high on the policy agenda, and constitutional amendments are reshaping the relationship between citizens and the state. The "depoliticisation" of the public sector and its renewal on a merit basis is underway. Future success will depend crucially on the continuing implementation of the programme. In particular, sustained political commitment is required well beyond the recovery from the recent crisis.
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  • 75
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282112892
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (70 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Transports urbains durables; la mise en oeuvre des politiques ; Rapport final
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Stadtverkehr ; Verkehrspolitik ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Stadtverkehr ; Verkehrsplanung ; Umweltverträglichkeit
    Kurzfassung: There is widespread agreement that in order to bring about sustainable travel in urban areas, flexible, integrated policy packages are needed that send the right signals to urban land use and transport markets. The project on Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies conducted by the ECMT has shown that actually implementing integrated policy packages for sustainable urban travel is easier said than done for a great number of cities in ECMT and OECD countries. While in most countries, urban land use and travel policies are defined and implemented at the local or regional levels, there is growing recognition that national governments can improve chances for implementation of integrated policy packages by providing for a flexible, sectorally integrated policy framework that sends the right messages to regions and cities via policy incentives and project financing. This report examines the ways in which national governments can act as catalysts for sustainable travel practices on a local level.
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  • 76
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264175945
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    DDC: 338.27240954
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; India ; Statistik 1975-2000 ; Indien ; Kohlenbergbau ; Lagerstätte ; Bergwerk ; Energiewirtschaft ; Rohstoffversorgung ; Indien ; Steinkohle ; Braunkohle ; Vorrat ; Produktion ; Indien ; Energieträger ; Kohle ; Transport ; Rohstoffpreis ; Rohstoffmarkt
    Kurzfassung: Indian coal reserves are the third largest in the world, after the United States and China. India is the third largest coal producer in the world and the eighth largest importer. With annual production of 310 million tonnes and imports of almost 25 million tonnes, coal provides one-third of energy supply in India. The Indian government forecasts huge increases in electricity capacity based on coal. Massive increases in coal supply would be required if these plans are realised, although it is not clear if they are feasible. The principal objective of Indian coal policy should be to improve the financial performance of the industry by creating a freely competitive coal industry. A financially viable electricity industry will be necessary to support reforms in the coal industry. This report describes the Indian coal sector, and comments on government policies and the performance of India’s largely state-owned coal companies. There is a substantial need for reforms in India’s coal sector to improve efficiency and competitiveness.
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  • 77
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264196001
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (124 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Sécurité routière ; Quelle vision pour demain ?
    DDC: 363.12/5
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Electronic books ; OECD ; Verkehrssicherheit
    Kurzfassung: Approximately 125 000 people die every year on the roads of OECD countries. In other words, one road crash victim dies every four minutes. The real tragedy is that, to a large extent, these crashes and the resultant deaths and injuries could be prevented. This report identifies and assesses "best practices" among road safety programmes in OECD countries. Emphasis is placed on those programmes that have been evaluated. In addition, the underlying criteria that influence the success or failure of these "best practices" are identified to facilitate the development of effective road safety policies in Member countries.
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  • 78
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264175129
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Transport intermodal de marchandises ; Une évaluation comparative
    DDC: 388.044068
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Electronic books ; OECD ; Kombinierter Verkehr ; Benchmarking
    Kurzfassung: What is efficient intermodal freight transport? How are "best practices" to be found? What measures are being developed in OECD countries for assessing the relative efficiency of modes and modal combinations? What opportunities exist to improve complex intermodal transport chains? How are such opportunities identified and assessed? Today’s highly competitive global market calls for intermodal transport systems that meet industry’s expectations in efficiency and reliability as well as government’s sustainability expectations. While benchmarking is a tool for achieving such objectives, how are these benchmarking exercises best implemented? This report analyses illustrative benchmarking exercises to provide insights into these important questions.
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  • 79
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264193529
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Investissements en infrastructure de transport et développement régional
    DDC: 300
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Transport ; Electronic books ; Transport ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Effizienz ; Transport ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Transport ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Regionalentwicklung
    Kurzfassung: Decisions to invest in transport infrastructure projects require careful deliberation. Governments need evaluation methods to ensure that their scarce resources are allocated in a way that maximises their net return to society. How can the efficiency of allocating funds for transport infrastructure be improved? Is the widely-used approach of cost-benefit analysis appropriate? Does transport infrastructure investment have wider impacts on regional development which need to be taken into account in determining infrastructure investment priorities? Do we find evidence of such impacts in evaluations of major transport infrastructure projects? Which impacts might be included in future appraisal methods? Which impacts matter? How do evaluation frameworks match government policy objectives? This report provides insights into these key issues by analysing illustrative studies of the impacts of transport infrastructure investments.
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  • 80
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264171190
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Logistique des transports ; Défis et solutions
    DDC: 388
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Industry and Services ; Electronic books ; Transport ; Logistik ; Internationalisierung
    Kurzfassung: Globalisation and advances in information and communication technologies are reshaping the world’s trading patterns. Today’s internationally competitive businesses work through strategic, integrated global networks designed to deliver efficient and high-quality response to demands from anywhere in the world. This trend has given rise to the terms "global logistics" or "supply-chain management". In addition, growing environmental concerns require that logistics should not only be efficient; they should also contribute to sustainable development. The OECD TRILOG project aimed to provide insights into these key issues through an exchange of experiences relating to freight transport logistics in the Asia-Pacific, Europe and North American regions. This report attempts to identify constraints and address issues common to the three regions, and suggest possible solutions and approaches that could facilitate the development of policies to promote efficient and sustainable international logistics.
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  • 81
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264199293
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (56 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Lignes directrices de l'OCDE sur les transports écologiquement viables
    DDC: 388.049
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Transport ; Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: The Environment Ministers of OECD member countries endorsed the Guidelines for moving towards Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) at their meeting in May 2001. These Guidelines are based on the results and conclusions of the EST project involving many OECD and non-OECD countries and provide a solution to making transport policy more sustainable and enhancing quality of life. They have been developed to enable economic development and individual welfare without causing undue health and environmental impacts and depletion of finite resources. The EST Guidelines will assist governments at all levels in the development and implementation of strategies towards EST. Effective implementation of the EST Guidelines requires strategies that accommodate the particular geographic and socio-economic conditions of countries or regions.These guidelines guidelines represent a desirable and feasible approach for the transport sector that may also be of value in the sustainable development of other sectors.
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  • 82
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264175518
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La demande de trafic routier ; Relever le défi
    DDC: 380
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Electronic books ; OECD ; Reiseverkehr ; Straße ; Verbesserung
    Kurzfassung: While Man conquered outer space in the 20th century, surface transportation congestion remains a vexing challenge for OECD metropolitan cities in the new Millennium. What strategies, programmes and services have recently been implemented to reduce travel demand and improve traffic conditions? This report provides case studies and examples that demonstrate successful approaches to grappling with gridlock around the globe.
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  • 83
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264194434
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Serie: China in the Global Economy
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    DDC: 332.67/3/0951
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Electronic books ; China ; Direktinvestition
    Kurzfassung: This book provides a selection of papers presented at the Foreign Direct Investment in China’s Regional Development Conference, organised in Xian on 11-12 October 2001 at the request of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation. The book reviews regional patterns of FDI inflows in China, investment requirements, opportunities in and comparative advantages of China’s regions, and details the types of FDI sought for the Chinese hinterland. It offers business perspectives with regard to what needs to be done. Lessons learned from experiences in Canada, Turkey, Germany and Brazil are discussed, with a particular focus on investment promotion and linkages with local enterprise development. The book concludes with policy messages relevant not only to China but also to other countries striving to improve conditions for investment in their less-developed regions.
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  • 84
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264176249
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (172 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Pour des transports écologiquement viables ; Les mesures à prendre
    DDC: 388/.049 22
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Transport ; Electronic books ; Verkehr ; Umweltverträglichkeit ; Verkehrspolitik
    Kurzfassung: Moving people and freight in an environmentally sustainable manner will be one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. Overall, insufficient progress has been made so far towards achieving environmental sustainability for the transport sector. A new target-oriented approach is needed that places environment and health at the top of the policy agenda for transport and related sectors, at international, national and local levels. The OECD’s Working Group on Transport recently concluded a five-year work programme with the development of Guidelines for Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) and supporting analytical reports, endorsed by OECD Environment Ministers at their meeting in Paris on 16 May 2001.
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  • 85
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264295971
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport; Analytical Methods
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport: Analytical Methods
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Transport ; Straßengüterverkehr ; Treibhauseffekt
    Kurzfassung: 80 % des émissions de CO2 dues au transport proviennent du transport routier, ce qui correspond à plus de 20 % des émissions globales. Quelles mesures et stratégies ont déjà été adoptées par les pays de l’OCDE pour stabiliser ou réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre dues au transport routier ? Quels cadres sont utilisés pour évaluer l’impact et l’efficacité de ces mesures et stratégies ? Sont-ils adaptés ? Sur la base des prévisions d’une croissance continue de la motorisation et des distances parcourues, quelles sont les tendances à attendre en termes d’émissions de CO2 et quelles en seront les conséquences pour la mise en oeuvre du Protocole de Kyoto ? Quels sont les modèles disponibles pour prévoir le niveau des émissions de CO2 ? Comment sont-ils utilisés ? A partir de nombreux cas pratiques et pragmatiques, ce rapport, préparé par un groupe de travail de l’OCDE, fournit des éléments de réponse à ces questions importantes.
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  • 86
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264275515
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (215 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Road Travel Demand; Meeting the Challenge
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Road Travel Demand: Meeting the Challenge
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Straßenverkehr ; Verkehrsaufkommen ; Verkehrsplanung ; Bedarfsplanung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Kurzfassung: L’homme a conquis l’espace au XXe siècle. Mais à l’aube du nouveau millénaire, il doit encore résoudre le véritable casse-tête que représente la congestion dans les transports de surface dans les grandes villes de l’OCDE. Quels sont les services, les programmes et les stratégies récemment mis en oeuvre pour réduire la demande de déplacements et améliorer les conditions de circulation ? Ce rapport présente des études de cas et des exemples illustrant les meilleures méthodes de lutte contre les embouteillages dans le monde entier.
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  • 87
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264296008
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (140 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Safety on Roads; What's the Vision?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Safety on Roads: What's the Vision?
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Straßenverkehr
    Kurzfassung: Environ 125 000 personnes meurent chaque année sur les routes des pays de l’OCDE. En d’autres termes, toutes les quatre minutes une personne est tuée dans un accident de la circulation. La véritable tragédie est que ces accidents ainsi que les décès et blessures qui en résultent pourraient, dans une large mesure, être évités. Les arguments en faveur de l’investissement pour la sécurité routière ne sont pas uniquement de nature émotionnelle. Les accidents de la route ont un coût économique important qui peut représenter, dans certains pays, jusqu’à 4% du PIB. Dans les pays de l’OCDE, le nombre de tués sur les routes pourrait être diminué de moitié si tous les gouvernements s'engageaient pleinement à améliorer la sécurité routière en mettant en œuvre les meilleures pratiques et en les faisant respecter.Le rapport identifie et évalue les meilleures pratiques parmi les programmes de sécurité routière des pays de l’OCDE. L’accent est mis sur les programmes pour lesquels une évaluation a été conduite. En outre, afin de faciliter le développement de politiques de sécurité routière efficaces dans les pays Membres, le rapport identifie les critères sous-jacents qui influencent la réussite ou l’échec de ces « meilleures pratiques ».
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  • 88
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264271197
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Transport Logistics; Shared Solutions to Common Challenges
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Transport Logistics: Shared Solutions to Common Challenges
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Industry and Services ; Verkehrswirtschaft ; Logistik
    Kurzfassung: La mondialisation et les progrès des technologies de l’information et des communications ont refaçonné les caractéristiques du commerce mondial. Aujourd’hui, les entreprises compétitives au niveau international gèrent leurs activités par le biais de réseaux globaux intégrés conçus pour répondre avec efficacité et sérieux aux demandes du marché d’où qu’elles viennent. Cette tendance a donné le jour aux termes « logistique globale » ou « gestion de la chaîne d’approvisionnement ». En outre, les préoccupations environnementales croissantes exigent une logistique qui soit non seulement efficace mais également favorable au développement durable. Comment les gouvernements perçoivent-ils l’état actuel des systèmes logistiques ? Existe-t-il une vision partagée des réseaux logistiques mondiaux à développer sur laquelle les gouvernements pourraient fonder leurs réflexions ? Quelles sont les contraintes pour parvenir à des réseaux logistiques efficaces et respectueux de l’environnement ? Le projet TRILOG de l’OCDE vise à fournir une perspective sur ces questions clés grâce à l’échange d’approches et d’expériences relatives à la logistique du transport de marchandises en Asie-Pacifique, en Europe et en Amérique du Nord. Ce rapport cherche à identifier les contraintes et à analyser les problèmes communs aux trois régions. Il propose des solutions et des approches susceptibles de faciliter le développement de politiques visant à promouvoir une logistique efficace et durable au niveau international.
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  • 89
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264276246
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (190 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Policy Instruments for Achieving Environmentally Sustainable Transport
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Transport ; Verkehr ; Umweltschutz ; Politische Steuerung ; Verkehrspolitik ; Umweltverträglichkeit
    Kurzfassung: Transporter les personnes et les marchandises de façon écologiquement viable constituera l’un des grands défis du XXIème siècle. Globalement, les progrès réalisés à ce jour sur la voie de la viabilité écologique dans le secteur des transports sont insuffisants. Il faut adopter une nouvelle approche ciblée qui fasse de l’environnement et de la santé des priorités d’action en ce qui concerne les transports et les secteurs connexes, aux plans international, national et local. Au terme de cinq ans de réflexion, le Groupe de travail de l’OCDE sur les transports a récemment présenté des lignes directrices pour des transports écologiquement viables (TEV), ainsi que les rapports d’analyse connexes, qui ont été approuvés par les ministres de l’Environnement des pays de l’OCDE réunis à Paris le 16 mai 2001.
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    ISBN: 9780833043276 , 0833043277 , 9780833025616 , 058538391X , 9781282451490 , 1282451499 , 9780585383910 , 0833025619
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xl, 271 pages)
    Ausgabe: [S.l.] HathiTrust Digital Library 2010 Electronic reproduction
    Paralleltitel: Print version Improving student achievement
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): School improvement programs Government policy ; States ; Academic achievement Government policy ; States ; Academic achievement States ; Evaluation ; Educational tests and measurements Statistics States ; School improvement programs ; Academic achievement ; Academic achievement ; Educational tests and measurements ; EDUCATION ; Evaluation ; STUDY AIDS ; Tests ; EDUCATION ; Testing & Measurement ; Educational tests and measurements ; U.S. states ; Leistungssteigerung ; Schulleistung ; Schulpolitik ; Theory & Practice of Education ; Education ; Social Sciences ; USA ; United States ; Statistics ; Electronic books ; Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: Why do students have different achievement levels across states? Is math achievement improving across states? Differences in average achievement levels across states are mainly traceable to differing family characteristics. However, students from similar families also score differently across states. These differences are related to differences in resource levels and in how resources are spent. States with high spending per pupil, lower pupil-teacher ratios, higher participation in public prekindergarten and higher reported teacher resources have higher achievement. Disadvantaged children are the most sensitive to low resource, and additional resources could substantially their scores. Between-state, rather than within-state, differences in resources appear to be the main reason for inequitable resource levels for students of lower socioeconomic status. The conclusion is that significant math gains are occurring across most states that cannot be traced to resource changes, that the rate of gain varies significantly by state, and that reform efforts are the likely cause of these gains. The results certainly challenge the traditional view of public education as "unreformable
    Kurzfassung: Why do students have different achievement levels across states? Is math achievement improving across states? Differences in average achievement levels across states are mainly traceable to differing family characteristics. However, students from similar families also score differently across states. These differences are related to differences in resource levels and in how resources are spent. States with high spending per pupil, lower pupil-teacher ratios, higher participation in public prekindergarten and higher reported teacher resources have higher achievement. Disadvantaged children are the most sensitive to low resource, and additional resources could substantially their scores. Between-state, rather than within-state, differences in resources appear to be the main reason for inequitable resource levels for students of lower socioeconomic status. The conclusion is that significant math gains are occurring across most states that cannot be traced to resource changes, that the rate of gain varies significantly by state, and that reform efforts are the likely cause of these gains. The results certainly challenge the traditional view of public education as "unreformable
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (pages 257-271) , Use copy Restrictions unspecified star MiAaHDL , Electronic reproduction , Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002.
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 91
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.254
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The paper uses a data base on regulation, market structure and performance in the air passenger transportation industry, to analyse the links among liberalisation, private ownership, competition, efficiency and airfares at national and route levels. Covering the 1996-97 travel season, 21 aggregate indicators have been developed for 27 OECD countries, and 23 micro indicators for 102 air routes connecting 14 major international airports. These data, summarised by means of factor analysis show that i) regulations affecting the air industry vary heavily across countries and routes; ii) in most markets, air services are still provided by a few carriers, generally dominated by an incumbent flag-carrier or by an airline alliance between incumbents; iii) only in a few cases new entrant airlines play a significant role; iv) in a large number of airports, a single airline controls more than half of the available slots; v) as a result, few international routes are truly open to ...
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  • 92
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.235
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: International trade is a principle transmission mechanism by which developments in one country can have repercussions in others and how it is modelled is an important part of any multi-country model. This paper describes recent estimation work carried out by the OECD, which respecifies and updates the equations which determine manufactures export volumes in the OECD INTERLINK model. An important feature of this estimation work is that the relevant equations are estimated as a consistent system, allowing data acceptable parameter restrictions to be imposed across countries. For a number of countries and regions allowance is also made for the possible influence of supply-side factors on market share performance over and above that explained by changes in price competitiveness, using non-linear trend variables. The paper reports both estimation results and the simulation properties of the equations both in isolation and as part of corresponding country models and the fully linked ...
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  • 93
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264187733
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Serie: ECMT Round Tables no.112
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Transport et vieillissement de la population
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Advances in medicine make the ageing of populations in developed countries inevitable. These populations, however, will exhibit new and different characteristics, particularly in the transport sector as, unlike previous generations, they will have made widespread use of the car. How will they meet their travel needs in the future? Until now rail transport, unlike car or bus transport, has been losing its elderly clientele. Can this trend be reversed? For the frail elderly, whose needs are similar to those of the disabled, suitable services have yet to be set up. How can the mobility needs of the frail elderly, whose population is destined to grow, be met in the future? The dispersal of residential areas and the concentration of businesses and shops in large malls on the outskirts of cities will also pose serious problems as the population starts to age. Road safety, too, could suffer the adverse effects of declining driving skills among the elderly. The mobility of ageing populations undoubtedly has many implications that can no longer be ignored. Round Table 112 reviews the experiences of various countries and makes a number of recommendations for policy-makers who wish to adopt a comprehensive approach to this issue.
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789264182127
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Une nouvelle économie ? ; Transformation du rôle de l'innovation et des technologies de l'information dans la croissance
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Une nouvelle économie ? : Transformation du rôle de l'innovation et des technologies de l'information dans la croissance
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: What is driving recent growth in OECD countries? Why is it that their levels of GDP per capita are no longer converging? Why is it that some countries, operating at the technological frontier, where advances are difficult, appear to be widening the gap? Whether or not it is appropriate to speak of a "new economy", innovation and technology play crucial roles. This study shows that success requires not some silver bullet, but a range of complementary factors that support the innovation-intensive growth exemplified by new information and communication technologies such as the Internet and Internet applications like electronic commerce. Supportive policies include those favourable to innovative start-ups and to financial systems able to support them, those that facilitate the reorganisation required to reap the full benefits of ICT, regulatory and institutional frameworks that facilitate links between science and industry, and efforts to train and obtain the necessary human capital, as well as public support for basic scientific research. While this study is far from exhaustive, it represents an important step in understanding the conditions under which economies flourish.
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  • 95
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264182370
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Serie: ECMT Round Tables no.111
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Transport et loisirs
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Leisure-related transport is a poorly known and widely underestimated phenomenon. And yet, it generates more traffic than journey-to-work travel. Indeed, the great number of leisure activities that involve transport range from shopping, visiting family or friends and sporting activities to local and international tourism. This book sets out to describe and analyse leisure-related transport in terms of flow size, points of concentration, modes of transport, temporal trends and structural changes. It then examines the consequences that growth in leisure activities could have for transport policy: integrating local and long-distance transport, increasing the use of environmentally-friendly means of transport, promoting local recreational trips or improving the living environment. This may be seen as a genuine opportunity for policymakers: in responding to the challenge posed by leisure-related transport they can indeed respond to the challenges posed by any kind of transport.
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  • 96
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.269
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; France
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews the performance of French health care system from an economic viewpoint. It also provides some policy recommendations. The health system in France is regarded as delivering high quality services, with freedom of choice and generally no waiting lists for treatments. Access to medical services is equal among the population and, unlike in some other countries, people can get the treatments they need irrespective of their social status or work situation. It is therefore not surprising that the French population is relatively satisfied with the health system. As this paper points out, however, this high quality comes at a price: health expenditure in relation to GDP is among the highest in the OECD and risks increasing further in the future in the absence of adequate measures. Past reform efforts, which have shifted the cost to the patient through higher out-of-pocket payments, have proved ineffective and raised equity questions. A new approach is therefore ...
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  • 97
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 79 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.261
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; United States
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the underpinnings of the successful performance of the US economy in the late 1990s. Relative to the early 1990s, output growth has accelerated by nearly two percentage points. We attribute this to rapid capital accumulation, a surge in hours worked, and faster growth of total factor productivity. The acceleration of productivity growth, driven by information technology, is the most remarkable feature of the US growth resurgence. We consider the implications of these developments for the future growth of the US economy ...
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  • 98
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.249
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Spain
    Kurzfassung: The recent tax reforms have improved incentives to work and removed barriers to the internationalisation of Spanish firms, and have helped to make the tax system simpler and more neutral, especially as regards saving. However, the structure of tax wedges, combined with significant labour market rigidities, continues to inhibit job creation, and particularly job creation for the unskilled. Furthermore, certain tax privileges, in particular incentives favouring owner-occupied housing, and the multiplicity of tax rates and systems applying to business profits, hamper economic efficiency and/or weaken income redistribution. Also, while the territorial authorities’ taxing powers have been increased considerably since 1997, they remain modest by comparison with their prerogatives as regards spending. The absence of adequate mechanism for controlling expenditure at the territorial level, plus the tax revenue guarantees extended to the regions by central government, could jeopardize ...
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  • 99
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.252
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: E-commerce -- an application of the Internet -- has expanded exponentially over the past 5 years and is widely expected to continue to develop rapidly in the medium-term. Much, however, remains to be done to fully exploit the opportunities offered by e-commerce. And as e-commerce develops, it could have profound impacts in individual sectors of the economy as well as for macroeconomic performance and economic policies. This paper assesses the potential outcomes and economic impacts of e-commerce in the business to business and business to consumer spheres; the forces underlying its expansion and the possible implications for structural and macroeconomic policy management ...
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  • 100
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.250
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The structural rate of unemployment and associated non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (the NAIRU) are of major importance to the analysis of macro and structural economic developments, although in practice these concepts are not well defined and there is considerable uncertainty and controversy concerning their measurement and policy use. The present paper reviews a range of conceptual and analytical issues and related empirical studies to examine the usefulness and limitations of such concepts. A reduced-form Phillips curve approach is found the most suitable conceptual framework for representing the NAIRU as currently used by the OECD in its policy analysis and surveillance work. Three distinct classes of NAIRU concept are identified, distinguished by the time-frame in which they are defined, which map directly into the broad requirements for macro and structural policy analysis. In line with a number of recent empirical studies, this general approach is applied ...
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