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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (319)
  • Kalliope (Nachlässe)
  • 2020-2024  (319)
  • 1955-1959
  • 2021  (319)
  • Environment  (319)
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  • 2020-2024  (319)
  • 1955-1959
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pollution in Ugandan Cities : Do Managers Avoid it or Adapt in Place? (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Bassi, Vittorio Pollution in Ugandan Cities: Do Managers Avoid it or Adapt in Place?
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Brown Issues and Health ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Managerial Decisions ; Pollution ; Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises ; Traffic ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development
    Abstract: Developing countries suffer from rising urban pollution levels, with associated negative effects on health and worker productivity. This paper studies how managers in developing country cities cope with the polluted environment. High-resolution pollution measurements were collected in Ugandan cities and matched with a novel firm survey. The analysis finds that firms locate in close proximity to major polluted roads, which bundle a bad (exposure to pollution) with a good (market demand). Higher ability managers do not avoid polluted areas; instead, they adapt to the pollution by protecting their workers through the provision of equipment and flexibility in work schedule
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9743
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Toward an Eco-Industrial Park Framework in Punjab : Regulatory and Institutional Strengthening for Industrial Estates (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy-Environment Review
    Keywords: Air Quality and Clean Air ; Energy ; Energy and Environment ; Energy and Natural Resources ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Special Economic Zones
    Abstract: The aim of this report is to provide the Government of Punjab with a preliminary overview of opportunities and obstacles for the adoption of the EIP Framework by industrial estates (IEs) in Punjab, based on the World Bank Group's experience with emerging economies in implementation of the EIP Framework, as well as the results from research on policy regimes and industrial practices in Punjab. As part of this analysis, Sundar Industrial Estate (SIE) has been selected to pilot the high-level technical analysis on the environmental, social, and economic areas to improve, to operationalize the EIP Framework. Results and recommendations in this report are delivered as part of the broader support of the World Bank Group to the government through the Punjab Green Development Program (P165388). In a 2014 assessment of environmental management for Pakistan's industrial growth, the main findings and recommendations suggest that "to strengthen Pakistan's industrial growth and industrial estates, the government must provide: (i) sectoral policies that support the greening of Pakistan's industrial sector to enhance international competitiveness; (ii) upgraded trade facilitation and sustainable infrastructure (particularly transport and energy infrastructure) to address some of the spatial aspects of industrialization; and (iii) strong institutions for effective industrialization initiatives, including those for small and medium enterprises." As IEs can play a pivotal role in industrial development, it is expected that the EIP Framework will help achieve the vision of Punjab's Growth Strategy 2023 to create "a globally connected and competitive, equitable, culturally vibrant and technologically advanced Punjab with sustainable economic growth driven through a dynamic private sector, an efficient public sector, rich and productive human capital and, a regionally equalized development footprint by 2023."
    DOI: 10.1596/36215
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Argentina : Valuing Water (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Environment ; Environmental Policy ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Water Policy and Governance ; Water Resource Management ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Management ; Water Security ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Economics ; Water Utilities
    Abstract: This report assesses water security in Argentina, using a conceptual framework developed by the World Bank. The effects of the pandemic reinforce the importance of safe access to water, hygiene, and sanitation, both as the first barrier against virus transmission and as an essential factor during recovery to mitigate secondary impacts on livelihoods and community well-being. The clear need to ensure that water is available in sufficient quantity and quality for human and productive uses, together with controlling the effects of the excess of water, highlights its central role in the economy, and in particular in securing the well-being of vulnerable communities. Argentina is already taking key steps to close water security gaps. It is increasing access to water and sanitation services with a focus on the most vulnerable; defining planning instruments such as national water plans; reinforcing tools such as the national information system for water and sanitation, the national water network information system (SNIH) and management and results plans (PGRs) for public service companies; expanding the regulatory framework with law 27,520 on minimum budgets for adaptation to and mitigation of climate change; and creating new entities such as the national directorate of drinking water and sanitation (DNAPyS). This study builds on these efforts and recommends steps to take toward becoming a more water-secure country by 2030
    DOI: 10.1596/36204
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Unlocking Nature-Smart Development : An Approach Paper on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Sustainable Land Management ; Water Resources Management
    Abstract: Unlocking Nature-Smart Development: An Approach Paper on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services is part of a series of papers by the World Bank Group that outlines the development challenges and opportunities associated with blue and green biodiversity and ecosystem services. The paper makes the case that the rapid global decline in nature is a development issue and proposes six global response areas intended to guide governments and inform broader discussions on how to integrate nature into development agendas. As countries formulate a set of new global biodiversity targets, this paper also offers insights that could inform the design and implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, as well as the World Bank Group's ongoing support to this agenda
    DOI: 10.1596/36047
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Climate Modeling for Macroeconomic Policy : A Case Study for Pakistan (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (116 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Burns, Andrew Climate Modeling for Macroeconomic Policy: A Case Study for Pakistan
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Carbon Pricing ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Economic Modeling ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: As the effects of climate change become increasingly evident, the design and implementation of climate-aware policies have assumed a more central role in the macroeconomic policy debate. With this has come an increasing recognition of the importance of introducing climate into the economic policy making tools used by central economic policy making agencies (such as ministries of finance and ministries of planning). This paper integrates climate outcomes into a macro-structural model for Pakistan, the kind of model that is suitable for use on a regular basis by ministry staff. The model includes the standard set of variables and economic logic that are necessary for the kinds of forecasting, economic policy, and budgetary planning analysis typically conducted by central ministries. In addition to standard outputs (unemployment, inflation, gross domestic product growth, and fiscal and current accounts), the model generates climate outcomes (tons of carbon emitted and economic and health damages due to higher temperatures and pollution). These outcomes are generated when specific climate policies such as mitigation are analyzed, but also when other policies are analyzed that might have unanticipated climate impacts. The paper describes the changes made to the World Bank's standard macro structural model, MFMod, in integrated climate outcomes, climate policies, and the economic impacts of climate on Pakistan's economy. Notably, carbon-tax scenarios show that a USD 20 carbon tax can reduce emissions in Pakistan by 36 percent by 2050. Gross domestic product impacts could also be positive, if the revenues from the carbon tax were used to reduce reliance on heavily distorting taxes. The model also quantifies associated co-benefits from reduced local air pollution and better health and productivity outcomes. In the absence of action to restrain climate change, the model suggests that increased temperatures and rain variability could reduce output by as much as 10 percent compared with a scenario where global temperature rises were minimized
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9780
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nature-Related Financial Risks in Brazil (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Calice, Pietro Nature-Related Financial Risks in Brazil
    Keywords: Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Biodiversity ; Corporate Borrowing ; Debt Markets ; Ecosystem Services ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Risk ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: Biodiversity loss and associated economic costs are increasingly recognized as a source of financial risks. This paper explores how and to what extent Brazilian banks are exposed to the loss of biodiversity through their lending to non-financial corporates. The results suggest that such exposures are material. Forty-six percent of Brazilian banks' non-financial corporate loan portfolio is concentrated in sectors highly or very highly dependent on one or more ecosystem services. Output losses associated with the collapse in ecosystem services could translate into a cumulative long-term increase in corporate nonperforming loans of 9 percentage points. Moreover, 15 percent of Brazilian banks' corporate loan portfolio is to firms potentially operating in protected areas, which could increase to 25 percent should conservation gaps close, and 38 percent should all priority areas become protected. Finally, 7 percent of corporate loans are to firms for which environmental controversies have been recorded. While preliminary, the results have important policy implications for both Brazilian banks and Banco Central do Brasil
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9759
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    From City to Sea : Integrated Management of Litter and Plastics and Their Effects on Waterways - A Guide for Municipalities (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water and Sanitation Program
    Keywords: Brown Issues and Health ; Environment ; Urban Development ; Urban Environment ; Urban Water and Waste Management ; Waste Disposal and Utilization ; Waste Management ; Water Resources Management ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: This Guide for Municipalities is intended for use by municipal officers and service providers concerned with: (a) policies and programs that influence waste generation and management; (b) the urban environment in which litter is generated, accumulated, and transported; and (c) the waterways they affect, this includes those in charge of policy, municipal planning, urban planning, public works, and solid waste management. The guide was created to help municipal decision makers, service providers, and municipal planners understand the potentially critical consequences of litter in their cities and develop comprehensive, interdisciplinary approaches to managing litter flows. It introduces an array of management measures and describes when they would be appropriate based on local circumstances. To strengthen the case for taking an integrated litter management approach, it provides background information on the social and environmental challenges posed by litter and how these have been tackled in some cities
    DOI: 10.1596/36523
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  • 8
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    Groundswell Africa : A Deep Dive Into Internal Climate Migration in Uganda (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Uganda is a diverse and verdant country. From the tall volcanic mountains along the eastern and western borders to the densely forested wetlands of the Albert Nile River and the rainforests in the center of the country, it encompasses many different ecosystems. Kampala, the capital city, is built around seven hills not far from the shores of Lake Victoria. These varying landscapes provide Ugandans with ample resources to capitalize on tourism and cultivate crops, including Ugandan coffee, which has become a favorite of coffee drinkers around the world. These rich and beautiful landscapes, however, are under threat from climate change, which could have disastrous effects for Ugandans. This report shows that by 2050, as many as 12 million people, or 11 percent of the population could move within Uganda because of slow onset climate factors, without concrete climate and development action. Immediate, rapid, and aggressive action on the cutting down emissions as a global community and pursuing inclusive resilient development at the national level could bring down this scale of climate migration by about 35 per century Contextualizing the results from an innovative climate migration model applied to Lake Victoria Basin countries, it finds that such climate-induced migration, if unattended, may deepen existing vulnerabilities across the country, potentially leading to greater poverty, fragility, and conflict. As lives, livelihoods, and the economy are integrally linked to the environment, addressing climate change is an imperative for Uganda. Adopting inclusive development policies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and integrate climate resilience could decrease the number of internal migrants significantly. Acting early and focusing on improved management of forest and other landscapes, developing local job opportunities, and providing basic services for both host communities and refugees will be important to help these communities survive and thrive in a changing climate. The right mix of policies would also encourage the ingenuity and energy of Uganda's youthful population, which is projected to almost triple by 2050
    DOI: 10.1596/36447
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Resilience of the Caribbean Tourism Industry - New Evidence from a Firm Survey : 360 Degree Resilience Background Paper (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Natural Disasters ; Tourism and Ecotourism ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Natural hazards, including hurricanes, floods and landslides, are a common phenomenon in the Caribbean, affecting both residents and private companies. Researchers estimate probability of Caribbean country to be hit by a natural hazard as 14% in any given year, making it one of the most vulnerable regions in the world. In recent years, several super storms have devastated the region, including Hurricane Maria, Hurricane Irma, Hurricane Matthew and Tropical Storm Dorian causing immense damages. The World Travel and Tourism Council ranks the Caribbean as the most tourism-dependent region relative to the contribution of travel and tourism to gross domestic product (GDP). The sector has grown continuously since the 1970s. Between 2080 and 1995 average annual growth in tourist arrivals was 5 percent. The growth continued for the following 15 years, but average annual growth slowed to 2.4 percent. Before the COVID-19 crisis, arrivals were expected to continue to grow but slower than international average. COVID-19 has completely changed the outlook for tourism, and it is still early to tell what recovery will look like as the crisis is still unfolding
    DOI: 10.1596/36410
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  • 10
    Online Resource
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    Private and Financial Sector Resilience in the Caribbean : 360 Degree Resilience Background Paper (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change Impacts ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Natural Disasters ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The private sector in the Caribbean is crucial for economic growth and job creation and economic resilience is thus heavily determined by the shock absorbing capacity of individual firms and households. As the definition of the private sector is generally broad and includes economic agents of various size operating across different sectors, the assessment conducted in this chapter is multifaceted and considers different elements that determine vulnerabilities and resilience to exogenous shocks. The focus of the analysis is on the private sector's vulnerability to tropical storms, the type of disaster most prevalent in the region, but the discussion of risks and vulnerabilities is also more broadly applied to other types of shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic
    DOI: 10.1596/36419
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  • 11
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    Nature-Based Solutions for Improving Resilience in the Caribbean : 360 Degree Resilience Background Paper (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: Sustainable management of environment and natural resources is essential for the long-term and sustainable growth of key economic sectors, such as fisheries, forestry or tourism, across the Caribbean. In addition to being important generators of GDP and beneficial to the human well-being overall, natural resources also provide a range of ecosystem services that play a critical role in the Caribbean countries' efforts to reduce disaster risks and adapt to mounting climate change risks. The region is facing a number of challenges in this area, including the climate change impacts, limited access to financing, and narrow fiscal space, among others. Such challenges are being exacerbated by the unprecedented health, economic and social impacts of COVID-19 pandemic. However, with great challenges come great opportunities, including to grow and shift the development pathway into a green recovery, based on the richness of the natural resources and biodiversity that this region possesses
    DOI: 10.1596/36421
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  • 12
    Online Resource
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    Macroeconomic Resilience in the Caribbean : 360 Degree Resilience Background Paper (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Debt ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Diversification ; Environment ; Financial Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Macroprudential Policy ; Monetary Policy ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: Macroeconomic shocks refer to any unpredicted disturbance to the economy through internal or external factors. Economic resilience is broadly defined as the inherent or policy-induced ability of individuals or communities to withstand or recover from the effects of the various shocks. The external shocks lead to volatilities and impose high risks on the economies. This chapter aims to characterize the overall macroeconomic resilience in the Caribbean region against a broad range of external shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/36423
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  • 13
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    2021 Annual Meetings Press Conference (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Environment ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Poverty ; Public Sector Development ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Youth
    Abstract: World Bank Group President David Malpass spoke about the world suffering from a dramatically uneven recovery, and inequality worsening across country groups. The highest priority is to secure access to vaccines and speed up shots in arms. He explained that the World Bank Group is working as hard as it can 24/7 to expand the number of doses as soon as it can get, and delivery schedules from the advanced economies and from the manufacturers. Regarding the IDA20 replenishment in December, African heads of state have already called for donors to be ambitious in their support for IDA's mission. He spoke about 1) making public spending more efficient in a country like Mexico; 2) climate finance provided to the developing countries should be doubled in the next few years; 3) opportunities presented by climate change and to support climate private sector investment in Africa; 4) the role of young people in global climate action; 5) boosting health systems and making them more resilient to shocks like COVID-19 in MENA region; 6) the pandemic impact on India's poor; 7) measures to save companies in difficulty during COVID-19; 8) lessons that developing countries draw from this health crisis, particularly on the social level; and 9) support to low-income countries efforts against pandemic
    DOI: 10.1596/36488
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  • 14
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    Mozambique 2021 Systematic Country Diagnostic : Coming Together for a Better Future (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Employment and Unemployment ; Environment ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Job Creation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources Management ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Debt ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: In the last five years, since the last Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) was written in 2016, Mozambique experienced several severe shocks affecting economic growth, poverty reduction, and stability. These events have changed the context for policy making in Mozambique, calling for a greater focus on governance and accountability, productivity, social safety nets, and a stronger social contract. Despite these new challenges, most of the development trials that were already relevant when the last SCD was written in 2016, remain relevant today
    DOI: 10.1596/36438
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  • 15
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    Opportunity Assessment to Strengthen Collective Land Tenure Rights in FCPF Countries (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change and Environment ; Environment ; Forest Carbon Partnership Facility ; Forestry Management ; Indigenous Communities ; Land Tenure ; Social Inclusion
    Abstract: Governments, development institutions, and the private sector are increasingly turning to nature-based solutions to address the world's climate and biodiversity crisis. Countries, corporations, and investors are increasingly looking to forest- and land-based emission reduction programs (ERPs) to achieve early mitigation gains while they develop longer-term strategies and solutions to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. Central to emerging natural climate solutions are efforts to reduce deforestation and forest degradation while encouraging restoration, conservation, and sustainable use of forests in developing countries. The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), which became operational in June 2008, is a global partnership focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, forest carbon stock conservation, the sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+). Communal land and forest tenure rights for Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IPLCs) is critical for the success of emission reduction program (ERP) implementation. The remainder of this report is structured as follows. Section 2 provides an overview of the analytical and methodological approach of the study. Section 3 discusses core findings about the nature and range of emergent opportunities associated with efforts to advance, strengthen, and leverage rights and presents the main opportunities in six selected countries. Section 4 discusses lessons learned and cross-cutting areas for further development of rights recognition as a global process. Section 5 provides a summary of the country profiles
    DOI: 10.1596/36499
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  • 16
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    Republique de Cote d'Ivoire 2021-2030 - Sustaining High, Inclusive, and Resilient Growth Post COVID-19 : A World Bank Group Input to the 2030 Development Strategy (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Development Policy Review
    Keywords: Agricultural Productivity ; Business Environment ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Gender ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources Management ; Poverty Reduction ; Urban Planning ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: This report, initiated at the request of His Excellency President Alassane Ouattara to Hafez M. H. Ghanem, the World Bank Group Regional Vice President for Eastern and Southern Africa, is the first country application of the new regional strategy, Supporting Africa's Transformation. Albert Zeufack, the Chief Economist of the World Bank Group Africa Region, led a team to synthesize knowledge and experience from Cote d'Ivoire and across the world. The report incorporates the perspective of the new International Development Association agenda, Jobs and Economic Transformation, and addresses three operational objectives for Cote d'Ivoire: create sustainable and inclusive growth by maintaining macroeconomic stability, fighting corruption, advancing digital transformation, and maximizing private finance; strengthen human capital by empowering women, reducing child mortality and stunting, and improving education, health, and social protection; build resilience against fragility and climate change. The National Development Plan 2016-20 consolidated promarket reforms and reaffirmed the ambition to reach upper-middle-income status. Cote d'Ivoire is embarking on a strategy to sustain strong gross domestic product (GDP) growth through 2030 while rapidly reducing poverty. Cote d'Ivoire's aspiration of becoming an emerging market economy with low levels of poverty requires a long period of strong and inclusive growth. The report analyzes growth trajectories and identifies the investments needed to achieve and sustain desired levels of growth, along with the corresponding financing needs. It discusses the opportunities presented by the country's surplus labor, young population, and huge diversification potential
    DOI: 10.1596/36454
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  • 17
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    Climate Change Risk Analysis of Argentina's Land Transport Network (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Environment ; Natural Disasters ; Railways Transport ; Roads and Highways ; Transport
    Abstract: Argentina's vast networks of national, provincial, and rural roads, spanning more than 240,000 kilometers, are critical for the country's growth and development. However, climate change-induced hydrological extremes often disrupt road travel and raise logistics costs. The objective of this study is to quantify the impact of climate change induced flood risk on the transport network in Argentina. The study analyzes both current and future flooding scenarios, examines the resulting disruptions in the transport network, and estimates the direct and indirect macroeconomic losses. The study uses a system-of-systems approach, where network models are developed to suitably represent the transport system as nodes and links. For each node and link, the study analyzes criticality, vulnerability, and risk, and provides adaptation strategies. This paper is organized into four sections. Following the methodology and approach laid out in Section 2, the analysis and results are detailed in Section 3,Conclusions and policy recommendations are presented in Section 4
    DOI: 10.1596/36504
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  • 18
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    Bangladesh : Finding It Difficult to Keep Cool (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Climate and Meteorology ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change and Health ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Humidity ; Precipitation ; Science and Technology Development
    Abstract: Bangladesh is a low-lying ...
    DOI: 10.1596/36534
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  • 19
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    Priorities for Sustainably Managing Sri Lanka's Marine Fisheries, Coastal Aquaculture, and the Ecosystems that Support Them (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Water Resources
    Abstract: The World Bank has engaged with the government of Sri Lanka in an advisory services and analytics (ASA) work entitled priorities for sustainably managing Sri Lanka's marine fisheries, coastal aquaculture and the ecosystems that support them. The development objective of this ASA is to support the government in prioritizing investment and policy actions to enhance the welfare and resilience of coastal fishing communities and fisheries' contribution to the national economy, including in light of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and climate risks. This ASA forms part of the Bank's support to the government in its effort to respond to, recover from, and build back better after the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, given the important role that the fisheries sector plays in the livelihoods of the coastal communities and food security of the nation as a whole. The government took swift measures to provide immediate relief and restore domestic fisheries production and the associated value chain in the first phase of the pandemic. For the recovery and build-back-better phases, the government is prioritizing sustainability and resilience, as well as infrastructure enhancement, adoption of innovative technology, institutional strengthening, and skill development to enhance productivity and global competitiveness as a means to generate employment and local value added and contribute to the balance of payments
    DOI: 10.1596/36503
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  • 20
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    360 Degree Resilience : A Guide to Prepare the Caribbean for a New Generation of Shocks (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Human Capital ; Infrastructure ; Natural Disasters ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Caribbean countries, a set of mostly Small Island Developing States (SIDS), have a history of dealing with large shocks. The region is threatened by both economic and natural hazards. Nations have specialized in tourism and commodity exports, disproportionately exposing them to global economic cycles through changes in tourism demand and commodity prices. They are also located in a region that is highly exposed to a range of natural hazards, from volcanic eruptions to earthquakes and hurricanes, which damage their infrastructure stock, reduce tourism demand, and destroy agricultural production. Hazards have often caused severe damage to economies and livelihoods in the region. This report reviews existing assessments of past losses from natural and economic shocks in the Caribbean, looking at impacts on physical capital, private sector activity (especially tourism and agriculture), economic growth, poverty, and well-being. It concludes that, despite the damage to physical capital experienced by countries due to natural hazards (especially in housing and transport infrastructure), the impacts on growth are short-lived, possibly because many mechanisms are in place to help economies bounce back rapidly. However, natural hazards have a high impact on poverty and human capital and threaten the sustainability of economic growth
    DOI: 10.1596/36405
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    Carbon Asset Development Process (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies
    Abstract: The Paris Agreement provides a framework for all countries - both developed and developing - to voluntarily adopt individual targets, elaborated in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This effectively introduces commitments on the country in the sectors covered by their NDCs. Consequently, there is a need for countries to ensure that mitigation outcomes (MOs) and their international transfer are accompanied by robust accounting. Beyond international climate markets under Article 6, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) decided to establish a global market-based mechanism, in the form of the carbon offsetting and reduction scheme for international aviation (CORSIA), to help achieve ICAO's global goal of carbon-neutral growth. This note seeks to identify processes for the generation and transfer of carbon assets in post-2020 international climate markets and to suggest standard terminology in the carbon asset development cycle across key independent standards. The note builds on existing practices among different independent standards to streamline and harmonize process flows and ensure that country governments have greater clarity on the process for engaging in climate markets. This note reflects inputs from the informal working group on carbon assets, pilot transactions under different initiatives, as well as knowledge produced in relevant platforms
    DOI: 10.1596/36246
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    Social Protection and Labor : A Key Enabler for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper reviews the role of Social Protection and Labor in supporting both climate adaptation and mitigation efforts. The Climate Crisis is impacting the poor and vulnerable disproportionally, both as a consequence of climate shocks and through the distributional impacts of climate mitigation policies. The paper discusses how - even without explicit environmental objectives - Social Protection and Labor strengthens resilience against climate shocks. However, integrating crisis-sensitive elements into social protection and labor programs increases substantially their ability to respond to shocks. Social protection and labor programs also facilitate green and Just Transitions by supporting equitable policies and can ease transitions towards Green jobs. Finally, Social protection and labor programs can also directly support mitigation measures by positively affecting behaviors. While investments in climate-related Social Protection and Labor are rapidly expanding, its full potential to support adaptation, decarbonization and mitigation is still to be realized
    DOI: 10.1596/36669
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    Financing Low Carbon Transport Solutions in Developing Countries (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Carbon Emissions ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; City Development Strategies ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Green Issues ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Transport is a key component to climate solution and therefore, pivotal to reach benchmarks established by the ambitious Paris Agreement. We have the technology, tools, and opportunities to advance markets, unlock investments, and scale up action. The climate action pathway - transport provides clear insights to advance and align transport with the objectives of the Paris Agreement, and is complemented by the global roadmap toward sustainable mobility. However, by most measures, action is well off-track, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transport are on the rise. At the same time, the momentum increases to drive action on transport and accelerate the transition to zero or low carbon transport modes. There are calls for decarbonizing transport and for improving the international community's understanding of how specific investments and innovative finance solutions can create the conditions for market uptake of climate-smart solutions across transport sectors. Policy, technology, and investment are all critical in accelerating the transition toward carbon neutral transport. This document is organized as follows. Chapter 2 describes the trends on greenhouse gas emissions while Chapter 3 reviews the challenge to reduce emissions in developing countries summarizing the findings on the other TDI notes. Chapter 4 discusses the experience and trends in funding public investments and policies in the transportation sector while Chapter 5 describes the architecture of climate finance for transport decarbonization. Chapter 6 presents some innovative financial approaches and finally, Chapter 7 develops a series of recommendations for a transition to a low carbon pathway in transport
    DOI: 10.1596/36610
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    Not-So-Magical Realism : A Climate Stress Test of the Colombian Banking System (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Banking Sector ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: This report identifies and assesses relevant physical and transition risks with focus on the banking sector. Banks constitute the largest segment of the Colombian financial sector with asset holdings of Colombian peso (Col dollars) 720 trillion (US209 billion dollars or 78 percent of gross domestic product [GDP]) in 2020. This includes both foreign and domestic banks. Some banks are parts of larger conglomerates in which the related entities could be exposed to similar climate-related financial risks, such as foreign banks, insurance companies, and asset managers. Insurance companies and asset managers are, however, not part of this report. The scope of our analysis includes both physical risks (that is, those emanating from weather-related events and gradual changes in climatic conditions) and transition risks (that is, those emanating from decarbonization of the global economy in line with targets in the Paris Agreement). The authors note that we use a broad definition of physical risks, covering both climate-related disaster risks and the effects of climate change on their probability distribution. In the remainder of the report, authors refer to the collection of these risks as climate-related financial risks, or climate-related risks in short. The report also builds on quantitative data from a range of sources to explore the vulnerability of banks in specific scenarios. The report bases its analysis on data provided by the SFC, the Central Bank of Colombia (BR), the National Planning Department (DNP), and the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM), and further desk research. In general, the report focuses on three main channels through which climate-related risks affect Colombian banks' balance sheet: the effects on credit risk in the loan portfolio, the effects on the market value of government bonds, and the effects on exposures through investments in other financial institutions. These three channels represent the most important asset classes, covering 79 percent of total assets in the Colombian banking sector. However, in some of our quantitative assessments, we limit our scope further owing to data limitations, including investments in related entities and noncorporate loans (the latter only for transition risk). Because data are not available for all potential channels that affect the financial sector, our outcomes can be conservative and lead to an underestimation of the total effect of climate risks on banks
    DOI: 10.1596/36586
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    Clean Air and Cool Planet : Cost-Effective Air Quality Management in Kazakhstan and Its Impact on Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Air Quality ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Particulate Matter ; Pollution Management and Control
    Abstract: This report provides the first national-level approximation of priority sources and actions to address air pollution while maximizing synergies with climate mitigation and managing trade-off challenges. The study uses mean population exposure as the best approximation of air quality impact currently available. It is a scoping exercise to determine the least-cost priority measures to improve air quality and identify potential key synergies or trade-offs with climate change mitigation that can be managed through coherent application of air and climate protection policies
    DOI: 10.1596/36791
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    Kazakhstan Economic Update, Winter 2021/2022 : Economic Recovery during Challenging Times (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Economic Recovery ; Environment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: After suffering a pandemic-driven slump in 2020, Kazakhstan's economic recovery is on track, having sustained quarterly growth throughout Q3 2021. Reduced COVID-19 cases and the loosening of mobility restrictions support business activities and maintain the rebound in consumer demand. However, annual inflation surged to the highest recorded level since 2016, driven mostly by food price inflation and large-scale disruptions in global supply chains, eroding purchasing power, particularly for lower-income households. We project real GDP growth in the 3.5-4.0 percent range in 2022, although the economy will remain below the pre-pandemic baseline path for the entire forecast horizon. Growth will be supported by robust domestic activity, a supportive fiscal stance, and further progress in vaccination. Despite the improving economic outlook, downside risks remain. The risk of another potential COVID-19 outbreak cannot be ruled out. Rising inflation is another concern and would require a tighter monetary stance, potentially affecting domestic borrowing conditions. Volatile prices and uncertainty over the scale of demand growth for oil are other risks that could weaken the current account and pressure the exchange rate
    DOI: 10.1596/36772
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    Russia and Global Green Transition : Risks and Opportunities (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy-Environment Review
    Keywords: Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies
    Abstract: Greener economic development in Russia will allow the country to overcome the limits of its current fossil fuel-dependent growth model. It can deliver prosperity to Russia's citizens that is more sustainable and more resilient to external shocks in a rapidly changing global economy. The choices toward carbon neutrality made by an increasing number of countries and companies bring a new wave of uncertainty to the value of fossil fuel assets. This uncertainty is likely to result in lower and more volatile revenue from exports of hydrocarbons and energy-intensive industrial products
    DOI: 10.1596/36757
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    Towards a Trash-Free Addis Ababa : Pathways for Sustainable, Climate-Friendly Solid Waste Management (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Infrastructure Investment ; Pollution Management and Control ; Recycling ; Urban Development ; Urban Water and Waste Management ; Waste Disposal and Utilization ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, has experienced significant population growth and an increase in living standards for years, resulting in increased solid waste generation and solid waste management (SWM) challenges. Inadequate SWM in the city causes land, water, and air pollution as well as negative impacts on natural ecosystems, local economies, public health, social equality, and the global environment. Despite efforts made by the Addis Ababa government and some stakeholders, the city's SWM systems urgently need to be upgraded and modernized. This report prioritizes and proposes a set of SWM interventions that Addis Ababa may include in its investment program over the next decade. The interventions are grouped in institutional strengthening, research and technical assistance, and physical investments. Additionally, the report designs three scenarios to implement the interventions for SWM in Addis Ababa: Business-as-usual, conservative, and aggressive. The changes in waste generation, treatment, and greenhouse gas emissions in 2020-2030 across the three scenarios were projected
    DOI: 10.1596/36746
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    The Global Diffusion of Electric Vehicles : Lessons from the First Decade (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Li, Shanjun The Global Diffusion of Electric Vehicles: Lessons from the First Decade
    Keywords: Air Quality and Clean Air ; Charging Infrastructure ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Consumer Demand ; Electric Vehicle ; Energy ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Incentives ; Pollution Management and Control ; Transport ; Transport Infrastructure
    Abstract: Electrifying the transportation sector is key to reaching the goal of carbon neutrality. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the diffusion of passenger electric vehicles based on detailed data on model-level electrical vehicle sales across the world from 2013 to 2020. The analysis shows that the highly uneven electrical vehicle penetration across countries is partly driven by cross-country variation in incentives and especially in the availability of charging infrastructure. Investment in charging infrastructure would have been much more cost-effective than consumer purchase subsidies in promoting electrical vehicle adoption. This finding highlights the importance of expanding charging infrastructure in the next phase of deeper electrical vehicle diffusion
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9882
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    Financial Protection of Critical Infrastructure Services (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: E-Finance and E-Security ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: This report uses the term critical infrastructure to refer to all the aspects required to deliver the critical services (e.g., transport, health care, energy). Six sectors are widely classified as being critical: energy, transport, water, information and communications technologies, health care, and finance. Some economies include education and critical economic and manufacturing sectors within their definitions. The focus of this report is on the financial protection of critical infrastructure services. This focus complements existing, well-documented evidence and frameworks, including evidence collated by the World Bank30, about the operational and physical protection and the resilience of critical infrastructure assets, and about best practice in incorporating resilience within PPPs in infrastructure. The financial aspects of resilience of critical infrastructure services are not widely discussed in the existing literature, yet this is a critical component of overall resilience. A 2014 publication by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) titled Recommendations on Managing Critical Risks emphasized the role of financial preparedness in managing critical infrastructure risks to protect public finances and the fiscal position of a country. The 2018 and 2019 APEC Joint Ministerial Statements explicitly highlight the importance of quality and resilience, of the infrastructure's strengths against climate and disasters, and of the role of financial protection in this context
    DOI: 10.1596/36902
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    Russia Economic Report, No. 46, December 2021 : Amidst Strong Economic Recovery, Risks Stemming from COVID-19 and Inflation Build (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Green Issues ; Inflation ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy
    Abstract: Russia saw strong growth in 2021, with momentum weakening late in the year. Growth will slow as Russia battles COVID-19 and elevated inflation. Globally, environmental sustainability is becoming central to the economic agenda. The challenge for Russia is to fundamentally transform its economic structure
    DOI: 10.1596/36827
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    Bulgaria Systematic Country Diagnostic (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Demographics ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Fiscal Policy ; Infrastructure ; Innovation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience ; Social Protections and Labor ; Waste
    Abstract: The Systematic Country Diagnostic Update examines the key constraints to and opportunities for sustainably accelerating inclusive growth and boosting shared prosperity in Bulgaria. It builds on the first Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) published in 2015, entitled "Bulgaria's Potential for Sustainable Growth and Shared Prosperity". The analysis is organized in three components related to economic growth: strength, inclusiveness and sustainability. Although the earlier diagnostic remains valid for the most part, several contextual factors such as the health, social and economic repercussions of COVID-19, a drive to embrace the digital and green transformation, and a rapidly aging population-have emerged or gained prominence, creating new challenges or sharpening existing ones in all three growth areas. Alongside these mega-trends, institutions and governance continue to play a prominent role through their impacts on all segments of growth
    DOI: 10.1596/36842
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    Amazon Sustainable Landscapes Program : Annual Conference 2021 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Climate Change and Environment ; Culture in Sustainable Development ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Global Environment Facility ; Indigenous Communities
    Abstract: The Amazon Sustainable Landscapes Program (ASL) is an initiative funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) that seeks to improve integrated landscape management and ecosystem conservation in priority areas of the Amazon in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru and Suriname. The national level environmental agencies of each country lead the implementation of the respective projects, and multiple public and private institutions co-execute the projects, along with civil society and community organizations. The World Bank (WB) is the lead agency for the Program and, together with WWF, CAF, FAO, UNIDO, IFAD and UNDP, supports countries in the preparation and monitoring of national projects. The ASL also includes a regional project executed by the WB that promotes coordination and exchange of experiences. The ASL, particularly its regional coordination project, works to establish and strengthen networks of people and institutions to share ideas, lessons learned and innovations, accelerate learning, and generate/systematize/socialize knowledge at various levels and for diverse audiences. The ASL Annual Conference is designed to be the largest gathering of the ASL community. The Fourth ASL Conference was held from November 17-18, 2021. Considering the current mobility restrictions due to COVID-19, this conference was held virtually
    DOI: 10.1596/37096
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    Strategy for Sustainable Hydropower Development in the Jhelum Poonch River Basin Pakistan (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Environmental Protection ; Hydro Power ; Hydropower ; Law and Development ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Law
    Abstract: IFC has remained financer and development partner in hydropower projects in Pakistan. In this process, IFC has developed a comprehensive approach for developing sustainable hydropower as a cheaper and cleaner energy that benefits the environment as well as the communities in the area. A key part of the approach involves raising environmental and social standards in hydropower development through its advisory engagements. Strategy for Sustainable Hydropower Development in the Jhelum Poonch River Basin (JPRB) is one such IFC initiative implemented through a multistakeholder-engagement process to provide practical guidance for government, developers, and other stakeholders. The proposed strategy presents key lessons learned from hydropower projects in the Jhelum-Poonch River Basin as well as other related basins during construction and operation. It enhances the knowledge base of the Jhelum-Poonch Basin and provides recommendations for hydropower developers and government to implement best practice in their projects. This helps strike a balance between conservation and development by minimizing negative environmental and social impacts from hydropower projects in the basin. The strategy provides recommendations for government and regulators on how to improve policy and regulation to strengthen the hydropower sector. Developers can make good use of this report to strengthen their planning, systems, and business operations
    DOI: 10.1596/37865
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    Solomon Islands Tourism : Investable Site Identification and Selection; A Guide To The Identification And Selection Of Land For Future Tourism Investment (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Keywords: Accommodation and Tourism Industry ; Environment ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Tourism and Ecotourism
    Abstract: A key ingredient for private sector investment in tourism is land. However, land has been identified by foreign investors as a key barrier to investing in Solomon Islands' tourism sector. More specifically, two key land-related aspects have been pinpointed as investment barriers: i) limited investable land: there is a perception from investors that very little land, if any, is available for tourism development and ii) land tenure issues, including land disputes, which contribute to a high-risk investment profile for Solomon Islands.2 In response to these two key barriers, International Finance Corporation (IFC), in collaboration with Solomon Islands' Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MCT), has developed this Guide to provide practical support to SIG investment teams on identifying, prioritizing and profiling investable sites for the purpose of tourism in Solomon Islands
    DOI: 10.1596/37856
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    Trishuli Assessment Tool - Field Manual : A Standardized Methodology for Freshwater Aquatic Biodiversity Sampling and Long-Term Monitoring for Hydropower Projects in the Himalayan Region (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Keywords: Environment ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Management
    Abstract: The Trishuli Assessment Tool is a standardized methodology for sampling freshwater aquatic biodiversity in hydropower projects. This tool was developed to: 1) strengthen the collection of aquatic biodiversity data for environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and international-level environmental and social impact assessments (ESIAs); and 2) provide a simple yet standardized method for the long-term monitoring of aquatic biodiversity in relation to hydropower projects. The tool was developed by a group of 30 international and Nepalese aquatic scientists at a workshop in 2019 and tested during a field survey in 2020. It provides a field sampling methodology for three focal groups of aquatic biodiversity: fish, macroinvertebrates, and periphyton as indicators of overall aquatic biodiversity. This field manual provides guidance for implementing the Trishuli assessment tool in the rivers of Nepal and other Himalayan regions. The manual is applicable to all types of hydropower projects (HPPs), from small run-of-river to larger peaking projects because all of them have some impact on the aquatic environment
    DOI: 10.1596/37869
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    Algeria Economic Update - Fall 2021 : Restoring the Algerian Economy after the Pandemic (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Disaster Management ; Economic Recovery ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Inequality ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Social Risk Management ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Algeria is enjoying temporarily breathing space, as hydrocarbon prices reach new highs and the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic eases. After peaking during the summer, the number of daily Coronavirus (COVID-19) cases plummeted in the Fall, while the vaccination campaign accelerated. Meanwhile, global oil and gas prices are reaching levels unseen since before the 2014 oil crisis, allowing for a gradual recovery in crude oil production quotas, and a surge in natural gas production and exports. Surging hydrocarbon exports revenues are contributing to a marked decline in external financing needs and to the short-term stabilization in growing domestic financing needs. Meanwhile, the economic recovery in non-hydrocarbon sectors lost steam, remaining largely incomplete, while inflationary risks are materializing. Absent decisive implementation of the reform agenda, the economic outlook points to a fragile recovery, and to deteriorating fiscal and external balances in the medium-term. Algeria's intact dependance on hydrocarbon revenues, the spread of new Coronavirus (COVID-19) variants and the pace of the announced reform effort remain the key sources of risks to the outlook
    DOI: 10.1596/37048
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    Groundswell Africa : A Deep Dive into Internal Climate Migration in Senegal (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The World Bank's flagship report Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration finds that Sub-Saharan Africa is likely to witness high levels of climate-induced mobility (Rigaud and others 2018). An expanded and deeper analysis through Groundswell Africa, focusing on West African countries, reaffirms this pattern region. The recent study projects that by 2050, without concrete climate and development action, West Africa could see as many as 32.0 million people move because of slow-onset climate impacts, such as water stress, drops in crop and ecosystem productivity, and sea level rise compounded by storm surge. These spatial population shifts will represent up to 3.5 percent of the total population of West Africa. Understanding the scale and the patterns of these climate-induced spatial population shifts is critical to inform policy dialogue, planning, and action to avert, minimize, and better manage climate-induced migration for dignified, productive, and sustainable outcomes. By 2050, internal climate migration in Senegal could reach more than 1 million. This figure represents 3.3 percent of the population, at the high end of the confidence interval under the pessimistic scenario, which combines high emissions with unequal development. In alternative scenarios, more inclusive and climate-friendly, the scale of climate migration would be reduced. The greatest gains in modulating the scale of climate migration are realized under the optimistic scenario, which combines low emissions with moderate development pathways. The number of climate migrants would drop from a mean value of 600,000 under the pessimistic and reference scenario in 2050 to 90,000 in 2050 under the optimistic scenario, which translates into a reduction of 85 percent. This major drop underscores the critical need for both inclusive development and low emissions to modulate the scale of climate migration, with the greatest gains achieved through early action
    DOI: 10.1596/36445
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    Adapting Fiscal Decentralization Design to Combat Climate Change (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance ; Local Government ; National Governance ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: There are still many countries around the world that have not effectively engaged their subnational governments in their climate change strategies and policy frameworks. Where subnational levels are involved, generally they still play a relatively small role. This paper examines how the principles of fiscal decentralization design (in expenditure and revenue assignments, transfers, and borrowing) can be adapted to successfully engage subnational governments in fighting climate change. In addition, the paper critically reviews ongoing international practices, both effective and less effective, that involve subnational governments in climate change mitigation and adaptation. Shared responsibility for policy and program design and implementation, fee-or charge-funded adaptation activities, objective-targeted intergovernmental transfers, and the use of green bonds are some of the most promising approaches analyzed. Clearly, there is ample space ahead for the further involvement of subnational governments across the world in combating climate change
    DOI: 10.1596/35899
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    Chad SME Competitiveness and Global Value Chain Upgrading Diagnostics with Focus on Opportunities in the Domestic and Regional Markets (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mining, Oil and Gas
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Oil and Gas ; Water Resource Management ; Water Resources Management
    Abstract: This study aims to explore ways in which key competencies of the oil and gas industry could be leveraged to support the diversification of the Chadian economy. The analysis focused on identifying opportunities and prioritizing core competencies in specific segments of the oil and gas value chain where economic activities have the potential to grow and increase cross pollination, which can be achieved through policy reforms or the provision of public and private inputs
    DOI: 10.1596/36214
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    Sustainable Lowland Agriculture Development in Indonesia (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Forestry Management ; Oil Palm ; Sustainable Land Management
    Abstract: For Indonesia's agricultural sector to continue to make a significant sustainable social and economic contribution, it will need to undergo a transformation. While the contribution of Indonesia's agriculture sector to national gross domestic product (13 percent) has declined greatly over the past three decades, it is still significant, ranking in third place in 2019 after the oil and gas processing sector (20 percent) and the non-oil and gas processing sector (18 percent). To ensure continued contribution of this sector, the Indonesian government has implemented a number of strategies and measures, including REDD+,1 low carbon development, Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) action plans, and green growth strategies. However, despite these efforts, performance in terms of environmental sustainability indicators and contributions to smallholders' livelihoods, particularly in lowland areas, is still suboptimal. Indonesia's lowland areas, in particular, have significant potential to contribute to increased agricultural production, especially in the case of rice, but also for a range of other food and non-food commodities. Indonesia's lowlands cover about 20 percent of Indonesia's total area of which about half are peatlands. Most of this area is found on Indonesia's three largest islands (Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua) amounting to 33.7 million hectares, or about 25 percent of the total land area of these islands (World Bank 2018). Indonesia has the largest area of tropical peatlands of any nation, of which more than 90 percent are distributed in the lowland areas of these three islands. However, lowlands are also of great importance for biodiversity, including mangroves, peat swamp forest and freshwater swamp forest with their specific flora and fauna. Despite the significance of lowland agriculture for the achievement of higher levels of national economic growth and environmental sustainability and for improving rural livelihoods in Indonesia, lowland agriculture must overcome several challenges if it is to realize its full potential
    DOI: 10.1596/36223
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    Tanzania Economic Update, July 2021 : Transforming Tourism - Toward a Sustainable, Resilient, and Inclusive Sector (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Business Environment ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Economic Recovery ; Environment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience ; Tourism and Ecotourism
    Abstract: The pandemic severely disrupted economic activity in Tanzania, and the World Bank's latest firm-level data suggest that the situation had only modestly improved by the end of 2020. New data sources show that COVID-19 continues to weigh heavily on employment and income. Data for the first quarter of 2021 suggest that recovery remains fragile and uneven across sectors, but economic activity could accelerate in the second half of 2021. The tourism-dependent economy of Zanzibar has been particularly impacted by the COVID-19 crisis. Tanzania's macroeconomic framework remains sound, with low inflation and moderate external and fiscal vulnerabilities
    DOI: 10.1596/36048
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    Climate Shocks, Vulnerability, Resilience and Livelihoods in Rural Zambia (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Ngoma, Hambulo Climate Shocks, Vulnerability, Resilience and Livelihoods in Rural Zambia
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Resilience ; Climate Shocks ; Environment ; Inequality ; Livelihoods ; Living Standards ; Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Farmers ; Sustainable Land and Crop Management ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: To what extent do the behavioral choices of Zambian smallholder farmers influence the negative effects of climate shocks, and what impact do these choices have on vulnerability and resilience? This paper uses nationally representative, three-wave household-level panel data to investigate these questions. The empirical estimation employs an instrumental variable probit regression model, which also controls for the endogeneity of key choice variables. There are four main empirical findings. First, droughts are the most prevalent climate shock rural smallholder farmers in Zambia face, but the extent of exposure differs spatially, with the Southern and Western Provinces being the hardest hit. Nationally, about three-quarters of all smallholder farmers are vulnerable and only about one-quarter are resilient. Second, increased climate shocks correlate with both increased vulnerability and reduced resilience, with short- and long-term deviations in seasonal rainfall worsening vulnerability and resilience. Third, higher asset endowments and education level of the household head reduce vulnerability and increase resilience among smallholder farmers. Female-headed households are more vulnerable and less resilient, on average. Fourth, the use of climate-smart agricultural practices-namely, minimum tillage and use of inorganic fertilizers or hybrid maize seed-significantly improves household resilience in the short term. The paper draws two main policy implications from the findings. First, the results point to an urgent need to invest in research and development for climate shock-tolerant crop varieties and in broader climate-smart agricultural technologies to scale out and scale up context-specific practices through innovative digital platforms. Second, more investment is needed in risk mitigation strategies such as weather indexed insurance, targeted social cash transfers and how to make these work effectively for smallholder farmers. Other important complementary elements include investment in innovative digital platforms that can facilitate timely delivery of climate information services and facilitating asset accumulation and education that can enable farmers to improve climate shock resilience over time
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9758
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    Cleaner Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure : Greening Passenger Fleets for Sustainable Mobility (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Electric Power ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Environment ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Transport
    Abstract: Mobility is essential for economic and social development, but the transport sector in most countries is not sustainable in its existing form. Reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and local pollutants in the transport sector will create a cleaner, healthier and more livable future for everyone. Electric mobility (e-mobility) represents a crucial opportunity to develop a more sustainable transport system. Electrification of transport offers significant environmental benefits and at the same time produces a long-lasting economic impact. E-mobility is an important way to mitigate air pollution by reducing carbon intensity of the transport sector as it has better efficiency than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and has zero tailpipe emissions. Through electrification of transport, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that electric vehicles can reduce GHG emissions by almost half compared to an equivalent fleet of ICE vehicles under existing government policies. The note identifies tangible actions and policies that governments can adopt to facilitate the adoption of e-mobility in passenger transport. In doing so, it identifies practical considerations that governments should keep in mind when facilitating e-mobility adoption. Passenger transport includes public, shared, and private transport. This technical note places a strong emphasis on public and shared transport as improving it: (i) helps make the transport system less congested, reducing the need for many separate trips by private vehicles; (ii) can benefit people across all income strata; and (iii) can, with higher utilization, harness the operational cost savings of electrification faster than relatively low utilization private vehicles
    DOI: 10.1596/36516
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    Adaptive Social Protection in the Caribbean - Building Human Capital for Resilience : 360 Degree Resilience Background Paper (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access of Poor to Social Services ; Climate Change Impacts ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The Caribbean region is highly exposed to different types of shocks, some with devastating effects, ranging from climate change and disasters to external economic stresses and epidemics like the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Most Caribbean economies are small and open, and reliant on tourism and foreign investments, combined with high levels of poverty, which makes countries in the region vulnerable to such shocks. Shocks disproportionally affect the poor because they are often not only more exposed to them (e.g. due to their geographical location), but they are also more vulnerable to their effects. The sources of resilience available to the poor are more limited, and therefore they are often less equipped to anticipate, absorb, and recover from shocks. The social protection (SP), health, and education sectors play key roles in helping people to build human capital for resilience. These sectors contribute to strengthening the capacities of households and individuals, and in particular the poor, to anticipate, absorb, and recover from shocks. In this regard, ensuring business continuity for these services during shock events is crucial, alongside developing the capacity to rapidly adapt and deploy adequate support to people affected by shocks. Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) is concerned with how SP programs, services and systems can contribute to addressing covariate shocks through preventive, preparedness, and response actions: that is, adapting and using the capacity of the SP sector, typically developed for addressing idiosyncratic shocks, to enhance the resilience of households - and of the poor in particular
    DOI: 10.1596/36418
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    Disaster Risk Financing in the Caribbean Region - Framework and Assessments : 360 Degree Resilience Background Paper (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Natural Disasters ; Public Sector Development ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The Caribbean Disaster Risk Financing (DRF) framework of the World Bank has been collaboratively designed in partnerships with Caribbean Governments and local and international stakeholders. The framework helps consolidate and preserve physical disaster risk reduction measures in countries by limiting the residual fiscal impacts, caused by the materialization of public contingent liabilities in the wake of a disaster. Most Caribbean countries show strong volatilities in their budgets in the wake of disasters or during a health crisis such as the current Covid-19 pandemic. Their economies have historically lacked enough diversity to be flexible in adapting to rapid and, in some cases, relatively frequent economic shocks caused by disasters. A comprehensive DRF strategy helps alleviate the financial burden of disaster response and, ultimately, ensure the sustainability of public finances
    DOI: 10.1596/36413
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    Prosperity for All Saotomeans : Priorities to End Poverty, Promote Growth, and Build Resilience in Sao Tome and Principe (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Education ; Education Sector Strategy and Lending ; Electric Power ; Electricity ; Employment ; Energy ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Human Capital ; Job Creation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Investment ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: Sao Tome and Principe (STP), a small island nation of 215,000 people in the Gulf of Guinea off the coast of Central Africa, is in many ways a country of great untapped wealth. One of Africa's least known countries, its striking volcanic landscape is home to virgin rainforests with rich biodiversity, while its large exclusive economic zone (EEZ), approximately 160 times larger than the archipelago, is a marine biodiversity hotspot and supports high numbers of species unique to the area. It has among the lowest violence and crime rates in Africa and has had peaceful elections and transitions of power since becoming a multiparty democracy in 1991, making it an outlier in the region. It also has a young population, half of which is under 18 years of age, raising the prospect of a demographic dividend to be tapped in the years ahead. Its economy has grown steadily over the past two decades, outpacing its high population growth. This growth reflects strong inflows of overseas development aid (ODA) and revenues from oil exploration that have enabled the government to expand public investments, particularly in infrastructure, social protection, health, and education. This has enabled STP to bridge the gap caused by years of underinvestment in local human and physical capital, a legacy of the country's colonial past (its first secondary school was established only in 1952). This growth model has not been able to spark the fundamental changes needed for the economy to generate resilient poverty reduction and shared prosperity. Few jobs are being created, and indicators and consultations with civil society reveal a broad sense of social exclusion even as the economy has grown. This model is not sustainable.A new growth model is needed, one that will be able to provide more opportunities for its growing population. In the context of STP, a small nation with low capacity facing increasing vulnerabilities and in need of a new growth model, it is important to think strategically to identify an effective way forward. To this end, this Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) identifies the most critical vulnerabilities and constraints facing the country and, from these, a set of actionable priorities that will contribute to reducing poverty while promoting sustainable growth and shared prosperity
    DOI: 10.1596/36562
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    The Value of Landscape Restoration in Uzbekistan to Reduce Sand and Dust Storms from the Aral Seabed (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Brown Issues and Health ; Drylands and Desertification ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Particulate Matter ; Sustainable Land Management
    Abstract: Central Asia experiences frequent sand and dust storms (SDS), which have been made worse by human activity. The main objective of this study is to provide an economic analysis of the benefits of afforestation of the former Aral Seabed in Uzbekistan. The objective of this study is to estimate economic benefits attributed to afforestation of the former Aral Seabed in Uzbekistan. Proper estimation and categorization of economic benefits associated with each scenario of landscape restoration enables the Government of Uzbekistan and local authorities to allocate limited resources in an efficient way, supporting promising rehabilitation techniques and practices. Based on wind erosion modeling results, this study measures soil retention ecosystem services in the former Aral Seabed in Uzbekistan. To understand the value of soil retention ecosystem services, several scenarios of landscape restoration are considered
    DOI: 10.1596/36461
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    Environmental, Social, and Governance Investing : A Primer for Central Banks' Reserve Managers (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Asset Allocation ; Environment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Financial Structures ; Green Issues ; Public Sector Development ; Social Inclusion
    Abstract: This primer responds to central banks' growing demand for knowledge on social, governance, and environmental considerations (ESG) in the investment process. This area has gained traction in the last two decades. More recently, central banks' interest in ESG has increased, but much of the information available is aimed at investors with different investment objectives and broadly diversified portfolios. The authors fill that information gap by reviewing the definitions of ESG and the main ESG investment approaches, including their applicability to asset classes. The authors then examine how foreign reserve managers can apply ESG investing in their reserve management operations. The authors find limited scope for implementing ESG strategies in reserve management, given that most central banks still invest primarily in sovereign bonds of major economies. Yet, the authors also identify opportunities and critical considerations for central banks interested in implementing ESG investing in their reserve management operations
    DOI: 10.1596/36285
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  • 50
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    The Restless River : Yarlung Tsangpo-Siang-Brahmaputra-Jamuna (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Environment ; River Basin Management ; Transboundary Water Management ; Voice ; Water Policy and Governance ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Management ; Watershed Management
    Abstract: This report on the Yarlung-Tsangpo-Siang-Brahmaputra-Jamuna River Basin, is a first attempt at documenting the Brahmaputra as a one river system and presenting a multi-layered, holistic perspective of the entire river basin from the perspectives of the four riparian countries. The genesis of the report is the stakeholders from the riparian countries themselves, who highlighted the need for one comprehensive, fact-based document that provides information on the various aspects of the entire river basin and that comprehensively captures the viewpoints of those from all riparian countries. It was felt that a document of this type would be important for supporting the dialogue process and policy discussions on cooperative river basin management. It is natural to expect that such a document should be co-written by various stakeholders across the basin, along with other international experts. The authors are pleased that the report includes contributions from over ninety authors, which is a powerful expression of cooperation in and of itself. The report consolidates the existing wealth of knowledge and information on the river system. At its heart, however, are the riparian's perspectives and insights that reflect how the river is deeply embedded in the cultures and the lives of the people living within it. The report portrays the inextricable interlinkages between those living in the countries that share the river system: even though they are divided by international borders, they are tightly connected through the basin's water resources
    DOI: 10.1596/36258
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    Nesting of REDD+ Initiatives : Manual for Policymakers (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Deforestation ; Environment ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies
    Abstract: Tropical forest countries that seek to reduce deforestation and participate in REDD+ are being challenged to develop policies that conserve forests in the long term; create incentives for local actors to protect forests; and align forest policies with agricultural and rural development and other land-use policies. Developing a REDD+ implementation strategy requires consideration of government budgetary resources as well as the various types of international finance that are available to support REDD+. In assessing this landscape of potential funding sources, policymakers can determine which types of finance to access; which financing conditions they can realistically achieve; and within what time frame it can be done, given national circumstances and institutional constraints. Many countries are participating in, or hosting initiatives to reduce deforestation. Since 2007, when REDD+ was first considered in the negotiations of the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC), several initiatives for implementing REDD+ have been developed. The REDD+ activities advanced under these initiatives have operated at various levels, ranging from the project level, (geographically demarcated areas within which an activity takes place), to subnational and/or country-wide programs. Many countries already have received, or are seeking, payments for subnational and national REDD+ results. Many of these same countries already host, or intend to host, REDD+ projects, which are usually developed by private actors
    DOI: 10.1596/36363
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    Urban Nature and Biodiversity for Cities : Policy Brief (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: City Development Strategies ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Protection ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development ; Urban Environment ; Urban Sprawl ; Urbanization
    Abstract: This is the urban century; over half of humanity now lives in cities and more than 70 percent are expected to do so by 2050. Today, cities are hubs of social interchange, economic vitality, and innovation. Yet the pace and scale of global transformation in where and how people live pose threats to biodiversity and nature that demand serious attention. In today's complex world, it is natural - and sometimes necessary - to compartmentalize sectors and realms of experience. Thus, urban planning traditionally occurs without much consideration of biodiversity and nature. It is therefore imperative that cities are designed in ways that maintain the provision of ecosystem services and that national and international conservation plans consider urban centers. This report presents the scientific basis for why and how incorporating biodiversity and nature into urban design is crucial for achieving sustainability, livability, resilience, and equity in cities and beyond. Section one defines key terms and concepts, section two examines what is at stake regarding urban nature and biodiversity, section three explores what urban leaders can do to promote them, section four offers some practical tools and approaches for incorporating urban nature and biodiversity into urban decision-making, and section five concludes
    DOI: 10.1596/36325
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    Country Policy Framework for Cooperative Approaches Under Article 6.2 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies
    Abstract: Policy framework has been drafted on a unilateral basis for a Party to declare its preferred approach towards implementing a cooperative approach under Article 6.2. The policy framework is intended to provide the minimum legal foundation required to give Parties (including private sector entities) the necessary certainty regarding their rights and obligations as participants to the cooperative approach, including the ability to enforce cross-border contractual arrangements. The policy framework is intended to facilitate negotiations and subsequent agreement between two or more Parties, and the policy framework does not in itself create an effective and binding cooperative approach between Parties. The policy framework is accompanied by several schedules to the policy framework, which play an integral role in setting out the specific requirements. It is intended that these schedules contain the detailed and technical information related to, among other things, environmental integrity, sustainability requirements, approved sectors and activities, and approved standards and methodologies, for the purposes of implementing a cooperative approach. The development of schedules will also benefit from inputs from various technical experts and consultations in platforms such as the climate market club, alongside the final article 6.2 guidance
    DOI: 10.1596/36303
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    Urban CO2 Emissions : A Global Analysis with New Satellite Data (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Dasgupta, Susmita Urban CO2 Emissions: A Global Analysis with New Satellite Data
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide Emissions ; City Carbon Performance ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environment Kuznets Curve ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Greenhouse Gas Emissions ; Railways Transport ; Satellite Date ; Subway ; Transport ; Urban Development ; Urban Environment ; Urban Pollution
    Abstract: This paper estimates an urban carbon dioxide emissions model using satellite-measured carbon dioxide concentrations from 2014 to 2020, for 1,236 cities in 138 countries. The model incorporates the global trend in carbon dioxide concentration, seasonal fluctuations by hemisphere, and a large set of georeferenced variables that incorporate carbon dioxide-intensive industry structure, emissions from agricultural and forest fires in neighboring areas, demography, the component of income that is uncorrelated with industry structure, and relevant geographic conditions. The income results provide the first test of an Environmental Kuznets Curve relationship for carbon dioxide based on actual observations. They suggest an environmental Kuznets curve that reaches a peak near or above USD 40,000 per capita, which is at the 90th percentile internationally. The research also finds that economic development has a significant effect on the direction of the relationship between population density and carbon dioxide emissions. The relationship is positive at very low incomes but becomes negative at higher incomes. The paper also uses cities' mean regression residuals to index their carbon dioxide emissions performance within and across regions, decomposes model carbon dioxide predictions into broad source categories for each city, and uses the regression residuals to explore the impact of subway systems. The findings show significantly lower carbon dioxide emissions for subway cities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9845
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    The Value of Trade and Regional Investments in The Pan-Arab Electricity Market : Integrating Power Systems and Building Economies (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Electric Power ; Energy ; Energy and Environment ; Energy Demand ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Markets ; Energy Trade ; Environment ; Power Sector ; Rural Development
    Abstract: Energy demand in Arab countries continues to grow at a higher rate than economic growth. Meeting national electricity demand and exploiting their significant renewable energy resources (particularly, solar and wind) in a sustainable manner is a common challenge across all Arab countries. A number of analyses have pointed out that such countries would benefit greatly from the increased integration of their power systems, and the resulting opportunities for electricity trade. This study quantifies the potential economic benefits that a Pan-Arab Electricity Market (PAEM) could bring if the countries across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) were engaged in full electricity trade on a commercial basis. The World Bank's Electricity Planning Model (EPM) was used to prepare the region's least-cost capacity expansion and dispatch scenarios optimizing the regional power systems in the period 2018-2035
    DOI: 10.1596/36614
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    Iraq Economic Monitor, Fall 2021 : The Slippery Road to Economic Recovery (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Economic Growth ; Energy ; Environment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Oil and Gas ; Public Finance ; Risk ; Water Resource Management ; Water Resources Management ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Utilities
    Abstract: The fall 2021 issue of the Iraq Economic Monitor provides an in-depth review of the latest macroeconomic and policy developments amidst a global recovery in international oil markets and as COVID-19 restrictions begin to ease. As a result, the monitor finds that the economic prospects for Iraq have improved, with GDP projected to grow from 2.6 percent in 2021 to exceed 6 percent in 2022-23, turning both fiscal and external deficits into surpluses. Nevertheless, upstream risks like oil shocks, droughts, and new COVID-19 variants; coupled with fiscal risks like growing budget rigidities, slow clearance of arrears, large exposure of state-owned banks and the central bank to the sovereign, and public investment management constraints that impact public service delivery can all materialize anytime to turn the tide as Iraq's recent history has repeatedly shown. The breadth and depth of these challenges underscore the need for an accelerated implementation of structural reforms by the new government along the lines of the White of Paper. The Special Focus of the report discusses water scarcity and the degradation of water quality in Iraq. It highlights the large losses water issues impose across multiple sectors of the economy and the impact on vulnerable people. Indeed, a 20 percent reduction in water supply with changes in crop yields could reduce real GDP in Iraq by up to 4 percent, or USD 6.6 billion. The monitor highlights the importance of dealing with those issues to reduce fragilities and identifies three reform areas to improve resilience to water scarcity and climate change impacts through water efficiency, productivity, and demand management policies; institutional solutions; and regional solutions
    DOI: 10.1596/36620
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    Uganda Systematic Country Diagnostic Update (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Agricultural Productivity ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources Management ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Sustainability
    Abstract: Since the 2015 SCD, some economic progress had been shared and progress in poverty reduction was achieved, but the COVID-19 crisis has in part reversed these developments. Uganda's broad development narrative has not changed significantly since the 2015 SCD, with the COVID-19 crisis further aggravating the existing challenges. Improvements in economic developments have slowed over the past five years compared to peers, with a particularly sharp deceleration in real per capita GDP growth. Addressing the inequality of opportunities, which is pervasive in Uganda, is key for the postCOVID recovery. The SCD Update revisits the priority areas and actions for Uganda today, based on the latest developments and analysis of constraints
    DOI: 10.1596/36734
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Indonesia Economic Prospects, December 2021 : A Green Horizon - Toward a High Growth and Low Carbon Economy (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Economic Growth ; Economic Recovery ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Power Sector
    Abstract: The Indonesia Economic Prospects (IEP) is a bi-annual World Bank report that assesses recent macroeconomic developments, outlook and risks, as well as specific development challenges for the Indonesian economy. In doing so, the IEP aims to inform the public policy debate and is geared towards a wide audience, including the general public, the government, the private sector, civil society organizations, and other domestic and international stakeholders
    DOI: 10.1596/36732
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Ukraine : Building Climate Resilience in Agriculture and Forestry (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Forestry Management ; Income Distribution ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Ukraine has made impressive progress on key reforms and restored macro-financial stability, but weak growth and poverty remain a concern. Despite these economic challenges, Ukraine recognizes climate change as the most consequential factor this century, affecting the economy and future generations. This study is the first detailed assessment of the potential impacts of climate change on Ukraine, with a focus on agriculture, a key driver of the economy and jobs. The analysis provides an insight into the spatial dimension of climate change, how these changes would be experienced in different oblasts in the country. This report is supported by four background technical reports on climate projections, impact on agriculture, impact on forests and distributional analysis. In addition, climate datasets of over two terabytes generated for this assessment are housed at the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Kyiv. The results of this study are expected to inform Ukraine's national adaptation strategy, which is now being finalized. This study also paves the way for the development of sub-national and sectoral adaptation strategies with the spatially disaggregated information that has been generated for all oblasts
    DOI: 10.1596/36939
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Learning from Tropical Cyclone Seroja : Building Disaster and Climate Resilience in Timor-Leste (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change and Environment ; Conflict and Development ; Disaster Management ; Environment ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Housing ; Roads and Highways ; Transport ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing
    Abstract: Tropical Cyclone (TC) Seroja impacted Timor-Leste with heavy torrential rains over a 24-hour period on April 4, 2021, with an average intensity of over 14 millimeters per hour and a peak intensity of over 70 millimeters per hour. The heavy precipitation and the country's natural topography led to flash floods, landslides, and liquefaction, causing significant damage. The disaster affected all 13 municipalities of Timor-Leste, caused at least 44 fatalities, damaged critical infrastructure such as roads, bridges, water supply infrastructure, schools, and health facilities, and impacted rural areas and agricultural assets. This report is part of the World Bank's response to the Government's request for support in assessing damages as well as longer-term implications for disaster risk management. It will serve as inputs to a more detailed Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) under development and could inform the methodology of future similar remote-based assessments. It is also a contribution to the policy dialogue with the Governmentand its partners about how to plan and invest more effectively to mitigate disasters in the future
    DOI: 10.1596/36806
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    Agricultural Land Use and Sustainable Livelihoods in the Mekong Delta : Alternative Scenarios and Policy Implications (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Environment ; Sustainable Land Management
    Abstract: The Mekong Delta (MKD) is Vietnam's most productive agricultural region, and its agroeconomy is well integrated into international markets. Nevertheless, there are increasing threats to the MKD's agricultural achievements, and other serious questions are emerging about the sustainability of many of the prevailing production systems. Sea level rise, caused by climate change, is increasingly threatening the viability of once protected cropping systems in the coastal areas. This study seeks to contribute to the planning effort for the MKD by addressing some analytical gaps, especially around the technical feasibility and socioeconomic characteristics of alternative agricultural production systems in the context of the evolving natural conditions in the region, and more specifically in the MKD's three subregions (that is, Upper, Middle, and Coastal). The primary purpose of the study is to fill in that gap by reviewing and assessing different livelihood models and land-use scenarios in the MKD using multi-criteria of technical feasibly, climate change, environmental adaptability, economic and financial, and social aspects to inform the ongoing agricultural transformation in the MKD
    DOI: 10.1596/38142
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Groundswell Africa : A Deep Dive on Internal Climate Migration in Tanzania (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Between its natural wealth with diverse cultures, increasingly rapid urbanization, and some of the world's most impressive wildlife, Tanzania strikes visitors as a country of diversity and dynamism. At the same time, the country is facing challenges from climate change that will put its people, policymakers, and ecosystems to a test. Migration has long been a strategy of Tanzanians to deal with adverse climatic conditions, but as this report illustrates, climate change will put further pressure on people to leave their homes and look for new opportunities elsewhere within the country's borders. This study shows that Tanzania could see as many as 16.6 million internal climate migrants by 2050. Immediate, rapid and aggressive action on the cutting down emissions as a global community, and pursuing inclusive resilient development at the national level could bring down this scale of climate migration, on average, by about 27 percent
    DOI: 10.1596/36446
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Lake Chad Regional Economic Memorandum : Technical Paper 2. Climate Change, Rural Livelihoods, and Urbanization - Evidence from the Permanent Shrinking of Lake Chad (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Drought Management ; Environment ; Hydrology ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Resources Management ; Poverty Reduction ; Urbanization ; Water Resources
    Abstract: There is a vast economic literature studying the effects of climate change on long-run growth, migration, urbanization, and human capital, among several other outcomes. The paper is structured as follows: Section 3.2 dives into some of the physical characteristics of Lake Chad and its water sources. Section 3.3 introduces our novel data. Section 3.4 presents the hypothesis and empirical strategy behind our analysis. Sections 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7 present results on total population, cities and roads, respectively. Finally, section 3.8 concludes
    DOI: 10.1596/36573
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Putting the Green Back in Greenbacks : Opportunities for a Truly Green Stimulus (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Taheripour, Farzad Putting the Green Back in Greenbacks: Opportunities for a Truly Green Stimulus
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Green Growth ; Green Issues ; Green Jobs ; Greenhouse Gas Emissions ; Input-Output Analysis
    Abstract: Can countries reorient their productive capacity to become more environmentally friendly and inclusive? To investigate this question, this paper uses a standard input-output modeling framework and data from 141 countries and regions to construct a new global data set of employment, value-added, greenhouse gas emissions (disaggregated into carbon dioxide and non-carbon dioxide elements), and air pollution (including nine categories of air pollutants such as fine particulate matter multipliers from supply-side investments. The analysis finds that many of the traditional sectors in agriculture and industry have large employment multipliers, but also generate male dominant, lower skill employment, and tend to have higher emissions multipliers. It is in economies dominated by these sectors that trade-offs to a "greener" transition will emerge most sharply. However, the analysis finds substantial heterogeneity in outcomes, so even in these economies, there exist other sectors with high employment multipliers and low emissions, including sectors that are more conducive to female employment. In addition, the analysis finds a high correlation between industries that generate greenhouse gas emissions, which cause long-term climate impacts, and those that generate air pollution, which have immediate harmful impacts on human health, suggesting that policies could be designed to confer longer climate benefits simultaneously with immediate health improvements. The results confirm some of the findings from recent research and shed new light on opportunities for greening economies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9742
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    Toward a Holistic Approach to Sustainable Development : A Guide to Integrated Land-Use Initiatives (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Forestry Management ; Sustainable Land Management
    Abstract: Through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the international community has recognized the need for an approach to development that considers the interdependence of human and natural systems. Single-sector approaches to development challenges are insufficient to produce sustainable landscapes that promote resilience and help communities mitigate and adapt to climate change. Achieving sustainable development requires stakeholders to work together to minimize trade-offs and increase synergies between different, and often competing, sector-focused goals. Integrated land use initiatives offer a holistic approach to addressing complex environmental and development challenges. This approach seeks to sustainably manage multiple land uses across landscapes, considering both the natural and human systems that depend on them. The objective of this report is to take stock of lessons learned, document best practices from a range of integrated land use initiatives, facilitate knowledge sharing, and provide a guide for practitioners who are looking to implement this approach. This report provides a basic toolkit for practitioners and raises awareness of the cutting-edge work happening in this space
    DOI: 10.1596/36139
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    A Trade-Based Analysis of the Economic Impact of Non-Compliance with Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing : The Case of Vietnam (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Aquaculture ; Environment ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Trade
    Abstract: Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a threat to the sustainable use of fishing resources. To eliminate the destructive fishing practices, the whole value chain of fish trade needs to be well regulated. Trade-related policy measures show potential for contributing towards the elimination of unsustainable fishing practices. The EU's launch of the IUU-combating fishing program and the introduction of measures to deal with countries that exploit, produce and export fishery products with illegal fishing origin, is indispensable in addressing harmful trends and a concern of the whole world, especially the fishing community. The EU is a very important trading partner for Vietnam and major importer of Vietnam's fish products, of which seafood plays an important role. The EU market helps pave the way for Vietnamese seafood to enter the world market. Vietnam's seafood export to the EU has increased sharply over the past twenty years. The year of 2017 marked a critical turning point for Vietnam's fisheries when the EU issued a yellow card warning to Vietnam for not cooperating and making enough efforts to combat IUU fishing. There will be many other consequences from the IUU yellow card warning and the impact will be more serious if Vietnam does not remove the yellow card soon or receives a red card warning. The main objective of this study is to assess the economic impact of the IUU yellow card, and a possible red card, on Vietnam's fisheries sector in the short term and medium term. The report also reviews the new challenges faced by the seafood sector as a result of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic
    DOI: 10.1596/36132
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    Carbon Pricing for Climate Action (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies
    Abstract: Carbon prices are needed to incorporate climate change costs into economic decision making. Carbon pricing should be included as part of a broader arsenal of tools to achieve domestic climate targets, but it is not a silver bullet: other policy instruments and investments (for example, public transport, power transmission infrastructure) are needed to complement carbon pricing and to enable consumers to respond to higher prices by switching to lower emission alternatives. A carbon tax can be effective in smaller economies with human capacity constraints and in jurisdictions with well-established and transparent tax frameworks. Emission trading systems may be chosen by larger, more established, and market-linked economies with political economy barriers to tax reform. Successful carbon pricing reforms require integrating many stakeholders' considerations and increasing the capacity of governments and domestic businesses. The World Bank Group, through its climate change action plan, is well positioned to leverage its convening power, knowledge and research, and country program support to help countries make informed decisions on carbon pricing policies, their design, and implementation
    DOI: 10.1596/36080
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    Decarbonizing Cities by Improving Public Transport and Managing Land Use and Traffic (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; National Urban Development Policies and Strategies ; Transport ; Urban Development ; Urban Environment ; Urban Planning
    Abstract: Urban transport is a significant contributor to climate-warming greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in cities, with most urban transport emissions coming from cars. More than seventy percent of global carbon dioxide emissions come from cities, making mitigation efforts at the local level an important contributor to decarbonization. Urban transport also plays a fundamental role in the economic activity and welfare of urban citizens. Therefore, developing cities must find a way to continue to improve accessibility, while decoupling growth in travel demand from growth in GHG emissions. Affordable, safe, and convenient urban passenger mobility systems are critical for the welfare of urban residents, connecting people to jobs, education, health care, and recreation. This paper argues that cities in developing countries have a unique opportunity to preserve and encourage sustainable urban passenger mobility by building on their existing modal shares in public transport, walking, and biking the low carbon modes. Section 2 of this paper provides additional detail on key mobility and land use challenges that developing cities are facing. Section 3 outlines strategies to overcome the challenges. Section 4 summarizes the high-level takeaways and suggests a way forward for the international community to support city governments in providing better transport infrastructure, services, and enabling environments to ensure their long-term financial and environmental sustainability
    DOI: 10.1596/36517
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Motorization Management and the Trade of Used Vehicles : How Collective Action and Investment Can Help Decarbonize the Global Transport Sector (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Air Quality and Clean Air ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Green Issues ; Transport
    Abstract: Globally, the transport sector contributes almost one-fourth of total carbon dioxide emissions (CO2). The road transport sector is responsible for more than 77 percent of transport-related CO2 emissions globally, with light-duty road vehicles (LDVs) encompassing passenger cars, SUVs, and pickup trucks accounting for as much as 40 percent. Therefore, decarbonizing road transport is one of the most critical challenges of the coming decade. The development objectives that encompass sustainable mobility go well beyond mitigation and adaptation to climate change, including expanding access to economic opportunities and enhancing road safety, strengthening community resilience, and improving air quality, among others. Due to high levels of motor vehicle ownership and use, the transport sector's carbon footprint per capita in high-income countries (HICs) is an order of magnitude higher than in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Even as HICs are poised to adopt a less fossil fuel-intensive fleet in the coming years, the obsolete, less safe, and more polluting vehicles that are displaced may make their way to LMICs to meet their increasing demand for motorization. As motorization in LMICs increases, addressing the trade and quality of used vehicles and managing motorization throughout the vehicle lifecycle are critical for decarbonizing the road transport sector and achieving other sustainable development goals. If these impacts can be successfully managed, then the global trade in "good quality" used vehicles can be an important component in promoting sustainable transport and can also benefit the wider economy through industry and technological transition, job creation, and lowering vehicle operating and maintenance costs
    DOI: 10.1596/36518
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    Disaster Resilient and Responsive Public Financial Management : 360 Degree Resilience Background Paper (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Natural Disasters ; Public Sector Development ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Public financial management (PFM) is one of the key government instruments of supporting effective preparation, response, and resilience to disasters. Yet many PFM institutions, systems, and processes lack disaster resilience and responsiveness. In times of growing awareness of the impacts of climate change on good governance as well as the impacts of the recent COVID-19 pandemic on the way public finances are planned, executed, and accounted for, governments need to be able to optimize the allocation and execution of public resources. Disaster resilient and responsive public financial management (DRR-PFM) promotes (i) proactive and planned disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation; and (ii) timely and fiscally prudent response and recovery from natural disasters and other shocks and stresses. Fiscal response to disasters in the Caribbean is neither strategic nor efficient in most instances, and emergency finance procedures are often undocumented, ad hoc, coincidental and sometimes inefficient. Surprisingly, given the frequency of natural disasters in the Caribbean, national authorities provide little guidance on how to expedite public financial, public procurement, and public investment management to swiftly respond to or rebuild after disasters. Public assets are not systematically tracked and are financially under-protected, making it difficult to quickly carry out accurate post-disaster needs assessments or to replace destroyed assets
    DOI: 10.1596/36420
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    The Building Regulation for Resilience Program - Resilient Building Regulation in the Caribbean : 360 Degree Resilience Background Paper (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Natural Disasters ; Urban Development ; Urban Governance and Management ; Urban Housing
    Abstract: The Caribbean region's ex ...
    DOI: 10.1596/36414
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    Overview of Engineering Options for Increasing Infrastructure Resilience in the Caribbean : 360 Degree Resilience Background Paper (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Natural Disasters ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The geographical location of Caribbean counties makes them particularly vulnerable to natural hazards. Buildings, water, transport, and power infrastructure represent key assets for these countries, yet many of these assets are located in highly hazard-prone zones and thus are exposed to the resulting hazard impacts. The continuous operation of critical public buildings, water, transport, and power infrastructure allows for ongoing economic growth and societal well-being. Damage to these sectors results in direct economic losses, operation interruption, and has cascading effects on other infrastructure. To enhance the resiliency of this critical infrastructure, it is important to undertake an evaluation program (condition assessment), identify the vulnerable components, and devise effective strengthening techniques for vulnerable components; the goal of such a program is a reduction in damage, economic losses, and downtime in future natural hazard events
    DOI: 10.1596/36407
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    Building an Equitable Society in Colombia (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Fiscal Policy ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Finance ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Colombia's high level of inequality is a core constraint to economic growth and social progress. The country has one of the highest levels of income inequality in the world, the second highest among 18 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and the highest among all OECD countries. The disparities in income across adults grow from gaps that open early in life in opportunities for high-quality childhood development, education, and health care services. Inequality in access to good jobs further amplifies these gaps, making Colombia among the countries where inequalities are the most persistent across generations. Longstanding inequality across regions overlaps with the large gaps in welfare between Afro-descendants and indigenous Colombians and the rest of the population. The COVID-19 pandemic has further amplified disparities and threatens to have prolonged negative effects, but this is just one of many potential extreme shocks, including climate change, related disruptions, that could substantially widen the inequality gaps. Current tax and transfer policies at best have only a modest positive impact on these imbalances, so there is clearly ample potential to improve the redistributive role of fiscal policy in Colombia. Policy reforms across many areas could help to chart a more equitable future for the country
    DOI: 10.1596/36535
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    The Cold Road to Paris : Mapping Pathways Toward Sustainable Cooling for Resilient People and Economies by 2050 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Energy ; Energy and Environment ; Energy Efficiency ; Environment
    Abstract: The report provides insights into the relationship between cooling and already-agreed-upon climate and development goals; presents the barriers, critical step-changes, and solutions needed to accelerate innovation and transformation; proposes aspirational targets and actions for each decade with the aim of achieving net-zero GHG emissions from cooling applications by 2050; considers financing solutions; and suggests a framework for governments and the global cooling community to take action
    DOI: 10.1596/36439
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    Steering Towards Cleaner Air : Measures to Mitigate Transport Air Pollution in Addis Ababa (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Brown Issues and Health ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Pollution Management and Control ; Public Transit ; Transport ; Urban Development ; Vehicle Emissions
    Abstract: Air pollution, exacerbated by urbanization and motorization, is a growing concern in Addis Ababa and many other SSA cities. In Addis Ababa, air pollution from the urban transport sector is attributable to rapid motorization, an aging vehicle fleet, high sulfur fuels, lack of emission standards, and inadequate vehicle inspection and enforcement, calling for a shift towards integrated transport and air quality management. The report is one of the deliverables of the World Bank's Advisory Services and Analytics program entitled "Ethiopia: Air Quality Management and Urban Mobility." It aims to assess mitigation options for transport emissions for Addis Ababa (AA) in the Ethiopian context and recommend priority measures for short- and mid-term actions. The formulation of potential mitigation options builds upon a review of relevant development strategies and ongoing initiatives of the Federal and AA governments and development partners, the Ethiopian and international experiences, the results of Addis Ababa's source apportionment study including vehicle emission inventory conducted for this ASA, and consultations with relevant stakeholders. A set of transport air pollution mitigation measures are assessed, prioritized and recommended for Addis Ababa
    DOI: 10.1596/36286
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    Developing Insurance Markets : The Insurance Sector's Contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Sustainable Development Goals
    Abstract: Insurance can play a significant role in helping countries achieve the UN SDGs in terms of economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection. This can be achieved through the risk transfer mechanisms of households, businesses, and the public sector. The paper has a twofold purpose. First, to help regulators and insurance policymakers in emerging markets make the case for supporting insurance market development through drawing more attention to contribution the sector can make to achieving national SDGs. Secondly, to help investors, donors, international organizations focus their insurance market development efforts in countries where the sector has the maximum potential to contribute to the achievement of SDGs. This paper considers the role of insurance companies as underwriters facilitating risk transfer, as investors and asset managers and as corporate citizens and employers. The underwriting dimension is currently the most significant but all three have a role to play in supporting the SDGs. The paper also discusses how insurance can contribute more to these goals, including through targeted interventions in countries where conditions for right for insurance market development and SGD targets will need greater support to be met. Countries were screened for performance vs. the selected SDGs, by the potential for insurance sector development, as well as for minimum necessary enabling conditions for market growth. The paper concludes that the role of insurance has been somewhat overlooked in the context of the SDGs and that this is largely because the current indicators largely do not capture metrics relating to insurance. To be able to better assess the role of insurance and motivate the industry to contribute more to the SDGs, more consistent and disaggregated data collection on the following is recommended: lines of business; invested assets; gender disaggregated data. The UN, governments and the insurance industry are also encouraged to put greater emphasis on developing the sector as a means to achieving the SDGs
    DOI: 10.1596/36353
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    Investing for Impact : The Global Impact Investing Market 2020 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Capital Markets and Capital Flows ; Corporate Social Responsibility ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Green Issues ; International Financial Markets ; Mutual Funds ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Social Accountability ; Social Development
    Abstract: Impact investing has seen a boost in popularity during the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic due to increased awareness of climate change and social challenges such as unequal access to healthcare and racial and gender inequality. In 2020, the market saw an increasing level of maturity compared to 2019 with more assets being invested with identifiable impact management systems. This report covers impact investments by privately owned funds and institutions, and by publicly owned development finance institutions and development banks. It includes all investments with an intent for impact and identifies a core which have impact management systems to provide a credible contribution to impact and measurement of impact. Intent, contribution and measurement are the key attributes which differentiate impact investing from other forms of sustainable or responsible investing. In total, the report identifies a total of 2.3 trillion Dollars being invested for impact in 2020. This is equivalent to about 2 percent of global AUM. Impact investing remains a small market niche, but one that is attracting growing interest. Additionally, the report shares findings on broader trends relating to investing for impact, including opportunities in publicly traded assets. IFC's report is the most comprehensive assessment so far of the size of the global impact investing market. Findings from the report are based on publicly available information and verifiable data from selected proprietary databases
    DOI: 10.1596/36263
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    Groundswell Part 2 : Acting on Internal Climate Migration (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Demographics ; Environment ; Fragile States ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This sequel to the Groundswell report includes projections and analysis of internal climate migration for three new regions: East Asia and the Pacific, North Africa, and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Qualitative analyses of climate-related mobility in countries of the Mashreq and in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are also provided. This new report builds on the scenario-based modeling approach of the previous Groundswell report from 2018, which covered Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America. The two reports' combined findings provide, for the first time, a global picture of the potential scale of internal climate migration across the six regions, allowing for a better understanding of how slow-onset climate change impacts, population dynamics, and development contexts shape mobility trends. They also highlight the far-sighted planning needed to meet this challenge and ensure positive and sustainable development outcomes. The combined results across the six regions show that without early and concerted climate and development action, as many as 216 million people could move within their own countries due to slow-onset climate change impacts by 2050. They will migrate from areas with lower water availability and crop productivity and from areas affected by sea-level rise and storm surges. Hotspots of internal climate migration could emerge as early as 2030 and continue to spread and intensify by 2050. The reports also finds that rapid and concerted action to reduce global emissions, and support green, inclusive, and resilient development, could significantly reduce the scale of internal climate migration
    DOI: 10.1596/36248
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  • 79
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    Climate Responsive Economic Recovery : Post-Pandemic Opportunities in Mashreq (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Partnership for Market Readiness Technical Papers
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Conflict and Development ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Gas ; Renewable Energy
    Abstract: In Mashreq, climate change and fragility form a vicious cycle wherein current fragility hinders climate action and climate threats will exacerbate fragility. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has brought an acute disruption to the global economy, yet its most profound effects have been felt in weak and fragile states, including Mashreq countries. Reimagining a post-Covid-19 climate-responsive economic recovery presents a critical opportunity to break away from this cycle and align economic, development, and climate agendas. This report highlights some of the opportunities available for Mashreq countries, focusing on Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon, to couple climate action with post-pandemic economic recovery. The main audience of this report are the governments, policy makers, development community and stakeholders in Mashreq interested in exploring climate responsive opportunities to support economic recovery
    DOI: 10.1596/36268
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  • 80
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    Education Quality, Green Technology, and the Economic Impact of Carbon Pricing (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Macdonald, Kevin Education Quality, Green Technology, and the Economic Impact of Carbon Pricing
    Keywords: Carbon Policy and Trading ; Carbon Pricing ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Education ; Education For All ; Education Indicators and Statistics ; Education Quality ; Emission Reduction ; Environment ; Learning Outcomes ; Skills Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Carbon pricing is increasingly used by governments to reduce emissions. The effect of carbon pricing on economic outcomes as well as mitigating factors has been studied extensively since the early 1990s. One mitigating factor that has received less attention is education quality. If technological change that reduces the reliance of production on emissions is skill-biased, then carbon pricing may increase the skill premium of earnings and subsequent wage inequality; however, a more elastic skill supply through better education quality may mitigate adverse economic outcomes, including wage inequality, and enhance the effect of carbon pricing on technological change and subsequently emissions. A general equilibrium, overlapping-generations model is proposed, with endogenous skill investment in which the average skill level of the workforce can affect the need for emissions in an aggregate production function. This study uses data on industrial emissions linked to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies dataset for European Union countries. The findings show that, within countries, cognitive skills are positively associated with employment in industries that rely less on emissions for production and in industries that, over time, have been able to reduce their reliance on emissions for production. In the estimated general equilibrium model, higher cognitive skills reduce an economy's reliance on emissions for production. Having higher quality education-defined as the level of cognitive skills attained by workers per unit of cost-increases the elasticity of skill supply and, as a result, mitigates a carbon tax's economic costs including output loss and wage inequity, and enhances its effect on emissions reduction. The implication is that investments in education quality are needed for better enabling green technological innovation and adaptation and reducing inequality that results from carbon pricing
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9808
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  • 81
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    Fiscal Policies for a Sustainable Recovery and a Green Transformation (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Catalano, Michele Fiscal Policies for a Sustainable Recovery and a Green Transformation
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fiscal Policy ; Global Warming ; Government Policy ; Green Growth ; Green Issues ; International Economics ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: This paper compares the effectiveness of different fiscal policy instruments-carbon pricing, fiscal incentives for private green investments, and public green investment-in supporting a green recovery that is also fiscally sustainable. It argues that relying on carbon pricing or green investments is not sufficient to achieve the transition to a low-carbon economy in a timely and sustainable way. Carbon pricing alone would result in rapid and significant energy price increases that would be recessionary. Similarly, the level of public green investment needed to reach the Paris goals without recourse to carbon pricing would be so great that it would endanger debt sustainability. The conclusion from the simulations supports the view that a mix of supply-side policies (carbon pricing) and demand-side interventions (deficit financed green public investment) is necessary to achieve the Paris goals within the specified period and with a fiscally sustainable outcome. The paper also assesses the costs associated with transitioning to a low-carbon economy by geographic area. It finds that deficit financed public green investment by high-emitting countries only (typically advanced and emerging economies), would have positive growth impacts for those countries and enhance their fiscal sustainability, while also providing large positive spillovers to other countries, particularly to highly climate sensitive nations. In turn, the simulations show that wherever fiscally feasible it is in the best interest of all countries to increase public investment in the green economy
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9799
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  • 82
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    Lake Chad Regional Economic Memorandum : Technical Paper 5. Conflict and Climate Change in the Lake Chad Region (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Climate and Meteorology ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Conflict and Development ; Environment ; Natural Disasters ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Science and Technology Development
    Abstract: Peace and security are basic conditions for economic and social development. Conflict, on the other hand, can reverse years of economic growth and induce long-term harm on almost all aspects of development. For the past decade, the Lake Chad region has been the setting of conflicts between government forces and armed groups, most notably the Boko Haram. Although the intensity of fighting has petered off in recent years, the conflict has spread from Northern Nigeria and now affects all four countries of the region. Due to the paramount importance of avoiding armed conflict, a large economic literature exists that seeks to find explanations for the onset and prevalence of conflict in developing countries. Blattman and Miguel [2010] list some of the most common theories of conflict including competition for resources, economic grievances, and the possibility of looting. This paper attempts to shed light on the geographical distribution of conflict and its climatic determinants in the Lake Chad region following a sub-national approach where readily available spatial data is employed at two different units of aggregation: Firstly, 90 second level administrative areas, and secondly, around 5,318 grid cells covering the same region. Exposure to conflict is here defined as the intensity (for districts) or incidence (for cells) of conflict in a given unit each year. Parts of the population may not be directly exposed by this definition, but since the units of analysis are relatively small, most will be affected in some ways, for instance by safety concerns when visiting the nearest towns to trade or by the general economic consequences
    DOI: 10.1596/36576
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  • 83
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    Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate Migration Development Nexus : A World Bank Portfolio Review with a Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This portfolio review examines the design features of World Bank interventions operating at the intersection of climate-migration-development with the aim to draw actionable insights and recommendations. The review identifies 165 projects against a set of mobility-related keywords with commitments totaling to USd 197.5 billion for the period from 2006 to 2019 classified into two thematic categories: migration-focused projects that cater specifically to migrants, refugees, displaced, or the host-communities as their beneficiaries; and development focused projects which have a broader remit but include within its components a focus on mobility. The Inter-Governmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) risk framework is used to assess how project interventions can be effective and deliver durable outcomes-through cross-learning across the two categories of projects. Climate change is emerging as a potent driver of mobility-immobility dynamics, and it carries wider development implications that cannot be ignored. The World Bank flagship report Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration (Rigaud and others 2018) projects that by 2050 just over 143 million people across Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and South Asia could be forced to move within their own countries to escape the slow onset impacts of climate change. The review underscores the wealth of good practice that can inform projects to innovate and devise more integrative solution by sharpening attention to underlying causes of migration along with immediate and urgent needs of the stakeholders; and where possible to design interventions that are proactive in anticipating future climate risks from slow- and rapid-onset climate impacts
    DOI: 10.1596/36771
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  • 84
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    Blue Public Expenditure Review : Guidance Note (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equity ; Fiscal Sustainability ; Public Sector Development ; Public-Private Partnerships ; State-Owned Enterprises ; Water Resources Management
    Abstract: This guidance note helps World Bank teams answer 6 key questions to help prepare a country's blue public expenditure review (PER), a valuable tool for countries on their journey to a sustainable blue economy: (1) what is the scope of the review, (2) how much does the government spend and on what, (3) how much is spent now (adequacy) and what can be afforded in the medium and long term (sustainability), (4) are public resources being used efficiently and effectively, (5) is the public financial management system set up to enhance financial accountability, and (6) does public spending promote equity
    DOI: 10.1596/36753
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  • 85
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    The Impact of COVID-19 on Plastic Waste Management in South Asia : Challenges and Policy Recommendations (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Brown Issues and Health ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Environment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pollution Management and Control ; Recycling ; Waste Disposal and Utilization ; Waste Management ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: This report is part of a larger series of stocktaking and analytical products on plastic pollution in South Asia. It supports the Bank's commitment to work with countries of South Asia to pursue and scale-up policies and programs that help them move toward a circular plastic economy and, in partnership with civil society and the private sector, harnesses the power of innovation to bring viable and sustainable solutions for plastic waste reduction and management across the region. This report is supported through the South Asia Water Initiative (SAWI), a multi-donor trust fund administered by the World Bank and designed to build a shared understanding of transboundary river pollution flows in South Asia, especially plastics pollution
    DOI: 10.1596/36760
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  • 86
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    Developing Ecotourism in Cambodia : Cambodia Policy Note (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Accommodation and Tourism Industry ; Ecotourism ; Environment ; Industry ; Tourism and Ecotourism
    Abstract: Cambodia is blessed with a vast array of spectacular landscapes and pristine natural riches. This natural beauty, along with the country's cultural wonders, is what ecotourists come to Cambodia for. The opportunities for supporting the expansion of the ecotourism industry to meet this demand are immense. Ecotourism involves traveling to areas of pristine nature, usually protected, to appreciate the environment while causing minimal impact. Ecotourism offers multiple benefits. However, the impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on the tourism industry in Cambodia has been significant. The epidemic has escalated rapidly from a health emergency to a full economic crisis. Since the beginning of the outbreak, several local and international surveys have been conducted that can help us understand the impacts of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Cambodia's tourism sector and guide the recovery. This note presents policy options to support the sustainable development of ecotourism as part of a broader strategy for sustainable management of the country's natural capital. In addition, the policy note provides recommendations to the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) to help the recovery of the tourism sector post-COVID-19
    DOI: 10.1596/37071
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  • 87
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    Chile - Financial Sector Assessment Program : Climate Risks and Finance (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Environment ; Financial Sector ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: This technical note explores the consequences of climate risks for the Chilean financial sector, and the role the financial sector can play in mobilizing resources to finance Chile's transition to a climate resilient and low carbon economy. Globally, there is increasing attention being paid to the impact of climate related and environment risks (CRER) on the financial sector. Regulators and central banks - through the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) among other fora - are warning of the impact of CRER on the stability and soundness of financial sectors. These calls follow attention paid to this topic by the FSB Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) and the G20 Sustainable Finance Working Group. There is also global recognition of the importance of financial sectors in mobilizing resources to meet the investment need coming from transitioning to a climate resilient and low carbon society as public resources and concessional finance are not sufficient. Part one will assess how the financial authorities understand and address climate risks. Part two will assess Chile's efforts to stimulate climate finance
    DOI: 10.1596/37763
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  • 88
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    Architectural And Cultural Heritage Tourism Products In Nepal : An Assessment of New Private Sector Investment Opportunities in the Tourism Sector in Annapurna Conservation Area (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Keywords: Accommodation and Tourism Industry ; Business in Development ; Cultural Assets for Poverty Reduction ; Employment ; Environment ; Industry ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Tourism and Ecotourism ; Tourism Industry
    Abstract: IFC supports the tourism industry because of its strong development impact. It is easily accessible to rural entrepreneurs, allows for local approaches and products, has a bias towards female participation, and enables excellent supply-chain linkages. Our activities in tourism are aimed at promoting private sector-investments leading to sustainable and inclusive growth. In Nepal, tourism development also enables the creation of cultural, adventure, and sightseeing experiences that have appeal and significance among its established global, loyal market of visitors-ranging from pilgrims to mountaineers, hikers, and wellness and sightseeing travelers. But the COVID-19 pandemic has hit the tourism industry especially hard. The potential loss to the country's GDP from the collapse of tourism activities is estimated at USD 460 million. Around 230,000 jobs are at risk; 20,000 tour and trekking guides are unemployed, and 2,600 trekking agencies are closed, some maybe permanently. Now, as outbound markets begin to show signs of recovery, it is time to implement strategic adjustments to Nepal's tourism sector and implement policies that will align the destination with the new market reality
    DOI: 10.1596/37854
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  • 89
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    Pieces for Development : Policy Notes for Chile (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Decentralization ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Green Issues ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Resources Management ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: There is no doubt that more sustainable, resistant, and beneficial growth would benefit Chile and its inhabitants. However, this is a difficult and complex issue, with several interconnecting pieces and many different opinions about the best way to achieve this. At the same time, the experience of other countries shows that certain pieces must be in their place in order to achieve this objective. Chile has incorporated several pieces in this puzzle. However, some critical pieces are still needed in order to overcome this challenge. These notes seek to make recommendations about what some of those pieces can be and how to integrate them to complete the puzzle of Chile's development
    DOI: 10.1596/36466
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  • 90
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    Climate Risk Country Profile : Azerbaijan (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: This document aims to succinctly summarize the climate risks faced by Azerbaijan. This includes rapid onset and long-term changes in key climate parameters, as well as impacts of these changes on communities, livelihoods, and economies, many of which are already underway. This is a high-level synthesis of existing research and analyses, focusing on the geographic domain of Azerbaijan, therefore potentially excluding some international influences and localized impacts. The core data presented is sourced from the database sitting behind the World Bank Group's Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP), incorporating climate projections from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). This document is primarily meant for WBG and ADB staff to inform their climate actions and to direct them to many useful sources of secondary data and research
    DOI: 10.1596/36383
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  • 91
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    Resource and Case Studies Booklet : Supplement to Toward a Holistic Approach to Sustainable Development (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Environment ; Environmental Protection ; Forestry Management ; Sustainable Land Management
    Abstract: Through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the international community has recognized the need for an approach to development that considers the interdependence of human and natural systems. Single-sector approaches to development challenges are insufficient to produce sustainable landscapes that promote resilience and help communities mitigate and adapt to climate change. Achieving sustainable development requires stakeholders to work together to minimize trade-offs and increase synergies between different, and often competing, sector-focused goals. Integrated land use initiatives offer a holistic approach to addressing complex environmental and development challenges. This approach seeks to sustainably manage multiple land uses across landscapes, considering both the natural and human systems that depend on them. The objective of this report is to take stock of lessons learned, document best practices from a range of integrated land use initiatives, facilitate knowledge sharing, and provide a guide for practitioners who are looking to implement this approach. This report provides a basic toolkit for practitioners and raises awareness of the cutting-edge work happening in this space
    DOI: 10.1596/36140
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  • 92
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    Improving Governance of Indonesia's Peatlands and Other Lowland Ecosystems (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Deforestation ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Forestry Management ; Sustainable Land Management
    Abstract: The report aims to advance a policy dialogue on how to address sustainability challenges from lowland developments. The specific approach discussed in this report is the "landscape approach" which, in turn, calls for improved "landscape governance." As a technical background study, the report serves four functions. First, it summarizes the principles of a landscape approach, elaborated in the context of Indonesia's lowlands through two previous technical studies. Second, it takes stock of current governance challenges in Indonesia's lowlands, focusing on those related to the government sector, and discusses how these challenges currently prevent a landscape approach from being implemented in Indonesia's lowlands. Third, it reviews Indonesia's recent efforts to address the governance challenges in the management of peatlands and other lowland ecosystems. Fourth, it offers recommendations on options to improve lowland governance in order to shift toward integrated management of Indonesia's lowlands based on a landscape approach.The report focuses on the lowland areas in eight fire-prone provinces, and on key landscape governance issues related to peatlands. Indonesia suffered many years of repeated fires and haze crises, with landmark events in 1982/83, 1997/98, 2002, 2006, 2009, and 2015. The 2015 El Nino-driven fires were particularly extensive and costly. Almost 80 percent of the 2015-16 fires occurred within the lowland areas in eight fire-prone provinces-Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Jambi, Papua, Riau, South Kalimantan, South Sumatra, and West Kalimantan-which together account for 87 percent of lowland areas nationally. The report highlights the importance of sustainable landscape management of lowland areas, particularly of the peatlands within lowland boundaries, for achieving the Government of Indonesia's objective in preventing land and forest fires
    DOI: 10.1596/36224
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    Floods and Their Impacts on Firms : Evidence from Tanzania (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Rentschler, Jun Floods and Their Impacts on Firms: Evidence from Tanzania
    Keywords: Business Support ; Conflict and Development ; Disaster Management ; Disaster Resilience ; Electricity Access ; Environment ; Flood Control ; Floods ; Hazard Risk Management ; Microenterprises ; Natural Disasters ; Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises ; Transport ; Transport Infrastructure
    Abstract: This study explores how businesses in Tanzania are impacted by floods, and which strategies they use to cope and adapt. These insights are based on firm survey data collected in 2018 using a tailored questionnaire, covering a sample of more than 800 firms. To assess the impact of disasters on businesses, the study considers direct damages and indirect effects through infrastructure systems, supply chains, and workers. While direct on-site damages from flooding can be substantial, they tend to affect a relatively small share of firms. Indirect impacts of floods are more prevalent and sizable. Flood-induced infrastructure disruptions-especially electricity and transport-obstruct the operations of firms even when they are not directly located in flood zones. The effects of such disruptions are further propagated and multiplied along supply chains. The study estimates that supply chain multipliers are responsible for 30 to 50 percent of all flood-related delivery delays. To cope with these impacts, firms apply a variety of strategies. Firms mitigate supply disruptions by adjusting the size and geographical reach of their supply networks, and by adjusting inventory holdings. By investing in costly backup capacity (such as water tanks and electricity generators), firms mitigate the impact of infrastructure disruptions. The study estimates that only 13 percent of firms receive government support in the aftermath of floods
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9774
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  • 94
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    Revisiting Resilience in the Caribbean - Water Supply and Sanitation : 360 Degree Resilience Background Paper (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Natural Disasters ; Urban Development ; Water Resource Management ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Economics
    Abstract: This report provides guidance to policy and decision makers on holistic approaches to resilient services for water supply and sanitation (WSS) in the Caribbean, a high-risk region that struggles to manage natural disasters and other periodic shocks. WSS services are critical for societies everywhere. They should be predictable, robust, and able to come back online quickly following a disaster or shock. However, WSS services in the Caribbean are particularly vulnerable to shocks. Sea-level rise, land-use changes, demographic shifts, pandemics, and other factors can hamper service delivery throughout the region. To increase resilience in the sector, a water service provider needs to identify the threats and vulnerabilities and address those posing the greatest risks
    DOI: 10.1596/36409
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    Mangroves as a Coastal Protection of Local Economic Activities from Hurricanes in the Caribbean : 360 Degree Resilience Background Paper (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Environmental Protection ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: In recent decades, hurricane frequency and intensity have increased in the Caribbean basin. From 2000 to 2012, more than 100 hurricanes impacted lives, infrastructure, gross domestic product, and natural environments along the coastal shorelines. Recent academic references mention that the dense root system of mangrove forests might mitigate the impact of hurricanes, which would help stabilize the coastline and prevents erosion from waves and storms. Many tropical mangroves are found on the coasts of Caribbean islands, unfortunately, these wetland ecosystems have been cleared at a rate of one percent per year since the nineties by climatic and anthropogenic events. Given this critical context, this study quantifies the causal effects hurricane windstorms on local economic activity, using as a proxy nightlights in the Caribbean region at the highest spatial resolution data available (1 square kilometer), and then measure the level of mangrove natural protection against the impact of hurricanes, employing different widths of the mangroves belt, which leads to a broader socio-economic and environmental perspective study. The results suggest that major hurricanes show negative effects of approximately two percent in nightlights and even a greater negative impact of sixteen percent in storm surge prone areas. However, the presence of mangroves on the coast minimizes the impact of hurricanes, shows a reduction of nightlights between one and six percent. The paper contributes to the literature of natural coastal protection against natural disasters by providing robust estimates of the causal effects of major hurricanes windstorms in the Caribbean, producing regional evidence that could improve targeting of environmental policies and disaster risk management toward those most impacted islands
    DOI: 10.1596/36422
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 96
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    Improving Resilience to Climate Change for Caribbean Agriculture and Fisheries Sectors : 360 Degree Resilience Background Paper (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Food Security ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: Caribbean small island developing states (SIDS) depend heavily on their limited natural resources, with the largest sectors generally being agriculture, fisheries, and tourism. Agriculture has always been an integral part of the Caribbean economy as a result of slavery and colonialism. In the post-emancipation period, a local peasantry of former slaves emerged and established independent communities with economies based on small-scale agriculture and other informal activities, including fishing, small-scale retailing, and charcoal-burning. At the same time, export agriculture based on sugar production persisted. The result was a system with a large-scale, export-oriented sector based on traditional plantation crops such as sugarcane and bananas juxtaposing a small-scale farming sector focusing on crops that are staples in local diets. This duality characterizes the agriculture sector in most Caribbean SIDs. Today, agriculture accounts for 23% of employment in the Caribbean, with Haiti having the largest share in the Caribbean of 62%. The majority of the Caribbean's poor rely on agriculture for the provision of their livelihood. For example, nine of Jamaica's fourteen parishes are over 70% rural while 65% of the population depends on agriculture as a major source of their livelihood
    DOI: 10.1596/36412
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 97
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    Education Sector Background Note : 360 Degree Resilience Background Paper (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Education ; Educational Institutions and Facilities ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Natural Disasters ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Natural disasters and pandemics present as external shocks to Caribbean economies and affect provision of education and learning outcomes through multiple channels. This paper analyzes resilience in the education sector to climate, disaster and health shocks in Caribbean countries through the lenses of continuity of learning during emergency situations, infrastructure and skills
    DOI: 10.1596/36415
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 98
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    Health Systems Resilience in the Caribbean : 360 Degree Resilience Background Paper (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health Care Services Industry ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Natural Disasters ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Caribbean islands are vulnerable to external shocks such as natural disasters, disease outbreaks, and economic decline due to their geographic location, geologies, and economic structures. Most Caribbean countries have small-scale economies that are highly dependent on climate-related activities such as tourism and agriculture. Shocks can therefore have devastating impacts on individuals and communities, and stymie development efforts. Health system resilience (HSR) refers to the capacity of a health system to prepare for and effectively respond to shocks, such as natural disasters and disease outbreaks. While there are important differences between the risks posed by natural disasters and disease outbreaks, both types of hazards have the potential to cripple multiple facets of the health sector at a time of increased demand for health services. As a result, population health outcomes may be adversely affected. Thus, increasing the resilience capacity of a health system ultimately reduces the negative impacts of shocks on population health
    DOI: 10.1596/36416
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 99
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    Remarks at the COP26 B3W Event Co-Hosted by Presidents Joseph Biden and Ursula von der Leyen (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development
    Abstract: World Bank Group President David Malpass discussed how the World Bank Group can play a leading role in tackling climate change by bringing together all parties, by helping design the transitions, by quantifying the costs and benefits, by drawing in private sector investment to the bankable portions of projects, and by providing key portions of the funding, including IDA's grant and zero-rate financing for the poorest countries. IDA has been a main source of funding and preparedness for vulnerable countries and explicitly supports climate action
    DOI: 10.1596/36491
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 100
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    Remarks at the United Nations Biodiversity Conference : Aligning Finance and Building Capacity for an Ecological Civilization (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Conservation ; Environment ; Environmental Protection
    Abstract: World Bank Group President David Malpass discussed biodiversity and climate change being closely interlinked, with terrestrial and marine ecosystems serving as critically important carbon sinks. At the same time climate change acts as a direct driver of biodiversity and ecosystem services loss. The World Bank has financed biodiversity conservation around the world, including over 116 million hectares of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas, 10 million hectares of Terrestrial Protected Areas, and over 300 protected habitats, biological buffer zones and reserves. The COVID pandemic, biodiversity loss, climate change are all reminders of how connected we are. The recovery from this pandemic is an opportunity to put in place more effective policies, institutions, and resources to address biodiversity loss
    DOI: 10.1596/36489
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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