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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (90)
  • HeBIS
  • 1995-1999  (90)
  • 1996  (90)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (90)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (90)
  • HeBIS
Material
Language
Years
  • 1995-1999  (90)
Year
  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264062535
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p)
    Series Statement: Public Management Occasional Papers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réforme des rémunérations dans le secteur public ; Impact initial sur la dispersion des rémunérations en Australie, au Royaume-Uni et en Suède n 10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réforme des rémunérations dans le secteur public : Impact initial sur la dispersion des rémunérations en Australie, au Royaume-Uni et en Suède n 10
    Keywords: Governance ; Australia ; Sweden ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This report assesses the impact of pay reforms on pay dispersion in the public service. To do so, it draws on recent experiences in Australia, Sweden andthe United Kingdom.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789282107607
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (674 p.)
    Series Statement: International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transports ; A problèmes nouveaux, solutions nouvelles ; Treizième symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This publication comprises the twenty introductory reports written by specialists for the Symposium and a full summary of discussions of the Thirteenth International Symposium on theory and practice in transport economics held in Luxembourg, 9-11 May 1995. The conference focused on new problems and solutions in transport.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789282105597
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (215 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.102
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réduire ou repenser la mobilité urbaine quotidienne ? ; Rapport de la cent-deuxième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 9-10 mai 1996
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Surveys in a number of European towns reveal that no less than 30 per cent of car journeys could be made by some ecological form of transport. Achieving this shift requires a sea change in our thinking. In some towns, for example, efforts to raise consciousness among car drivers have effectively and enduringly changed their behaviour at little cost. If car drivers simply eliminated two car trips every three months, car use levels would be reduced to those of fifteen years ago. Public transport should target a high quality service for which people are prepared to pay. A systematic transport evaluation made prior to all new construction projects would be a means of officially recognizing the importance of the environment to society. Indeed, many options exist for reversing today's trends. {Round Table 102} brings together the leading European experts on these issues, and identifies the key policies for the immediate future that could reconcile towns and transport.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789282105573
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (117 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.101
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La messagerie express ; Rapport de la cent-unième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 16-17 novembre 1995
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Buoyed by the globalisation of trade, international express delivery of documents, packets and parcels is expanding rapidly. At the same time, express delivery and parcel services are tending to resemble each other greatly, at least in Europe. Express delivery and parcel service operators -- integrators, forwarders, traditional carriers or public undertakings like the Post Office -- compete increasingly. How will markets evolve? What will be the role of the various players? Will they enter into strategic alliances, and will these alliances be lasting? Should the authorities intervene? These and other questions were raised at the Round Table where experts and express delivery service operators compared their opinions. The Round Table showed clearly that the express delivery business in Europe is poised to undergo major changes.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789264302310
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (216 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Soldiers to the Rescue: Humanitarian Lessons from Rwanda
    Keywords: Development ; Rwanda
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.160
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper uses options pricing techniques to estimate the value of the government’s tax claim on household or business incomes. It treats the annual tax claim as a European call option on taxable income (a European call is an option that can be exercised at its expiration date and not before). The option’s expiration date is the end of the fiscal year and its strike price is the threshold level of income below which income is not subject to tax. The paper derives three alternative valuation formulas, each associated with an alternative functional form for the tax code (a flat tax, a step-function and a more general tax function). The application of options pricing theory to tax claims is found to be relatively straightforward. The approach proposed here could be used to refine accounting on the assets side of the government’s balance sheet. It would not be more difficult to implement than many common applications of options theory ...
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.161
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper surveys the empirical literature on the links between innovation, market structure and firm size. The review shows that there is little evidence in support of the Schumpeterian hypothesis that market power and large firms stimulate innovations: R&D spending seems to rise more or less proportionally with firm size after a certain threshold level has been passed, and there is little evidence of a positive relationship between R&D intensity and concentration in general. However, positive linkages between concentration/size and innovative activity can occur when certain conditions are met, including high sunk costs per individual project, economies of scale and scope in the production of innovation rents. Recent empirical work suggests that R&D intensity and market structure are jointly determined by technology, the characteristics of demand, the institutional framework, strategic interaction and chance ...
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 336 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Budget et décisions politiques
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The purpose of this volume is to provide a reference book and a training manual for public administrators in the transitional economies, and in particular for officials with budgeting and policy-making responsibilities. The book is a follow-up to the Multicountry Seminar in Ljubljana (1-2 April 1996). It compiles the papers that were presented at the seminar in a format suitable for use as a reference book or training manual. For example, at the beginning of each part the reader will find an explanation of terms intended to facilitate understanding and consultation, along with brief summaries and notes comparing the systems and experiences presented in the articles. Similarly, after each article the reader is directed to ready sources of further information.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264065482
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer le capital humain ; Vers une comptabilité du savoir acquis
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer le capital humain : Vers une comptabilité du savoir acquis
    Keywords: Education ; Employment
    Abstract: A review of innovative policies in OECD countries shows that progress has already been made in moving beyond the poor information provided by standardised educational certification. Spurred by the emerging "knowledge economy", government policy makers, human resource managers, financial accountants and educators are developing methods for systematically evaluating and recording knowledge assets acquired through experience, education and training. This book explains why it is possible, in terms of economic theory, and feasible, from the perspective of accounting practices, to implement new human capital information and decision-making systems.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789264302303
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Soldats à la rescousse : Les leçons humanitaires des événements du Rwanda
    Keywords: Development ; Rwanda
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264062177
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (342 p.)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Faced with increased unemployment, declining productivity and weak public finances, most OECD countries have adopted policies of fiscal consolidation and structural reform in goods, labour and financial markets. Price stability is now at hand, but progress in improving fiscal positions has been slow. In Europe, unemployment remains high. To assess progress to date and the challenges ahead, an international conference on "Interactions between Structural Reform, Macroeconomic Policies and Economic Performance" took place as part of a follow-up programme of work on the OECD Jobs Study. This publication presents the conference papers and the discussions following them.
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.18
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This publication reviews the recent evidence from programme evaluations on the effectiveness of active labour market policies (ALMPs) in helping unemployed individuals return to work. ALMPs differ widely in their objectives and their impacts, both across countries and within countries over time. Programme evaluations attempt to determine the impact of various ALMPs, both for the individual and on society at large. Individual impacts are usually measured in terms of post-programme earnings and/or employment performance. Societal impacts include an estimation of deadweight, displacement and substitution effects, along with some accounting for possible externalities. Recent evaluations suggest some ALMPs can help most groups of the unemployed. Many unemployed benefit from early intervention through the provision of counselling and job-search assistance. Others benefit through targeted employment subsidies, particularly in the private sector. The picture is more mixed with respect to ...
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.9
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour une communication efficace entre les services publics et les médias
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Citizens have a right to know the policies and activities of their government. In a well-functioning democracy, the government provides reliable and timely information to the public. Effective communications between the government and the public is especially important in countries in transition, where major changes in state institutions - indeed in all aspects of life - have left the citizenry uncertain about the new roles of the government and public administration, and how to convey their views to representatives of the state. This publication comprises six papers presented at the seminar by five experts in communications, three working in public administrations in Western Europe and Canada, and two journalists based in Budapest. A background issues paper which sets the stage for seminar discussions precedes these other papers. The annexes comprise sample codes of ethics for journalists and government communicators.
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789264065079
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (326 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating People Management into Public Service Reform
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Dans de nombreux pays de l'OCDE les réformes de la fonction publique accordent une attention croissante à la gestion des ressources humaines. Ces politiques et ces pratiques permettent aux cadres de la fonction publique de mieux structurer et guider les effectifs, afin de réaliser de nouveaux objectifs en matière d'organisation. Mais l'expérience montre qu'améliorer les politiques et les pratiques individuelles n'est qu'un aspect des réformes : le point capital est d'intégrer la gestion des ressources humaines aux activités opérationnelles de la fonction publique -- aux objectifs en terme d'impact et de résultat des différents ministères et organismes publics. Et de souligner ainsi qu'une gestion efficace des individus est indispensable à la réalisation de la mission de l'administration. En se fondant sur des enquêtes et des études de cas par pays, ce rapport identifie les facteurs qui ont conduit à réformer la gestion des ressources humaines dans les pays de l'OCDE. Il dégage de ce large évantail d'expériences des enseignements précieux pour les décideurs politiques et les praticiens. Il présente des stratégies de réformes prometteuses, permettant de s'assurer que l'évolution de la gestion des ressources humaines est bien conforme aux réformes plus larges de la gestion publique, destinées à rendre la fonction publique plus productive, davantage orientée vers les résultats et à l'écoute des citoyens.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264070981
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 422; Étude combinée de toxicité à doses répétées et de dépistage de la toxicité pour la reproduction et le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 422: Étude combinée de toxicité à doses répétées et de dépistage de la toxicité pour la reproduction et le développement
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The test substance is administered in graduated doses to several groups of males and females. Males should be dosed for a minimum of four weeks; females should be dosed throughout the study (approximately 54 days). Normally, matings “one male to one female” should be used in this study. This Test Guideline is designed for use with the rat. It is recommended that the test substance be administered orally by gavage. This should be done in a single dose daily to the animals using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula. Each group should be started with at least 10 animals of each sex. Generally, at least three test groups and a control group should be used. Dose levels should be selected taking into account any existing toxicity and (toxico-) kinetic data available. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of at least 1000 mg/kg body weight. The results of this study include measurements (weighing, food/water consumption) and daily detailed observations (including sensory reactivity to stimuli), preferably each day at the same time, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. The findings of this toxicity study should be evaluated in terms of the observed effects, necropsy and microscopic findings. The evaluation will include the relationship between the dose of the test substance and the presence or absence of observations. Because of the short period of treatment of the male, the histopathology of the testis and epididymus must be considered along with the fertility data, when assessing male reproduction effects.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In this 1996 report, the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) set a number of measurable international development goals. Subsequently, the commitment to halve world poverty became the focus of most donor organisations through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Long central to UN programmes, this focus on poverty reduction became key to IMF and World Bank lending to low‑income countries.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789282105603
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (233 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.102
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Changing Daily Urban Mobility; Report of the One-Hundred and Second Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 9-19 May 1996
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Selon des enquêtes menées dans plusieurs villes européennes, au moins 30 pour cent des déplacements automobiles pourraient être transférés vers un mode de transport écologique. Mais comment parvenir à un tel transfert modal ? L'important est de penser autrement. Dans certaines villes, par exemple, l'information et la sensibilisation ont permis d'infléchir durablement et pour un faible coût les choix des usagers {a priori} tournés vers l'automobile. Si chaque automobiliste renonçait à utiliser sa voiture deux fois par trimestre, on retrouverait le niveau d'usage de la voiture d'il y a 15 ans. En matière de transport public, l'objectif idéal serait d'assurer une haute qualité de service que les usagers seraient alors disposés à payer. Établir systématiquement un "bilan" transport avant toute nouvelle implantation d'activité consacrerait l'importance de l'environnement pour la société... En fait, il existe de nombreuses pistes pour modifier la tendance actuelle. La {Table Ronde 102} a réuni les meilleurs experts européens de ces questions et dégagé les principales actions politiques envisageables dans un futur immédiat pour réconcilier la ville et les transports.
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789282107447
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (724 p.)
    Series Statement: Symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport; New Problems, New Solutions; Thirteenth International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics, Luxembourg, 9-11 May 1995
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette publication présente les vingt rapports introductifs rédigés par des spécialistes pour le Symposium ainsi qu'une synthèse complète des débats.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Political Feasibility of Adjustment
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Les risques politiques de la stabilisation dépendent des mesures prises. • Un bon calendrier de mise en œuvre, une constitution adaptée et un affaiblissement des corporatismes réduisent les risques. • L'ajustement structurel présente beaucoup moins de risques, exception faite de la réforme des entreprises publiques. • Une nouvelle conception de la conditionnalité et des aides bilatérales adaptées diminueraient les risques.
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Statut de la fonction publique : Liste de critères de références
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The political agendas in the central and eastern European countries (CEECs) imply major democratic and economic reform programmes. Macro-economic stabilisation, privatisation, European integration, reform of the welfare systems, reform of tax systems, decentralisation to self-government are typical areas of reform. The number of new laws regulating reforms and changing old systems is considerable. In this context the need for an effective civil service becomes evident. A permanent and professional administration is the instrument, not only to develop policies and draft laws, but also to implement them and to manage the systems defined in the laws. Development of the administration as an instrument to carry through political and economic reforms and to manage the systems requires long-term investment and must be protected from short-term abuse and mismanagement. Skills and experience in each of the reform areas and providing professional continuity are thus essential objectives for the establishment of civil services in the CEECs.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.12
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quelles politiques pour un décollage économique ?
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . Political commitment is the key ingredient needed for economic take-off and long-term growth. Poor countries will be unable to escape the vicious circle of poverty unless they and the international community join forces. . Inappropriate financial policies can lead to a decline in and poor allocation of savings, subsequently holding back growth. . Trade liberalisation not only strengthens growth, but also enhances the effectiveness of other economic policies. . Basic education is a prerequisite for economic take-off, just as the subsequent training of skilled labour is one of the keys to long-term growth. . Policies aimed at fostering long-term growth must be complementary; mistakes in one area can totally undermine efforts made elsewhere.
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9789282105580
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (125 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.101
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Express Delivery Services; Report of the One-Hundred and First Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 16-17 November 1995
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Le transport international express de documents, paquets ou colis, connaît une expansion considérable, soutenue par la mondialisation des échanges. Dans le même temps, le transport express et la messagerie tendent à devenir, en Europe tout au moins, des produits très voisins. Les opérateurs de l'express ou de la messagerie -- qu'il s'agisse des {integrators}, des transitaires, des messagers traditionnels ou d'entreprises publiques comme les Postes entrent de plus en plus fortement en concurrence. Comment évolueront les marchés ? Quelle sera la place des différents intervenants ? Vont-ils conclure des alliances stratégiques ? Ces alliances seront-elles durables ? Les pouvoirs publics doivent-ils intervenir ? Voici quelques-unes des questions auxquelles la Table Ronde s'est attachée à répondre en confrontant l'avis d'experts et le point de vue de professionnels de la messagerie express. Cette Table Ronde montre clairement que la profession du transport express est appelée à connaître d'importants changements en Europe.
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  • 23
    Language: French
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Civil Service Legislation Contents Checklist
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Des réformes démocratiques et économiques majeures doivent être accomplies dans les pays d’Europe centrale et orientale (PECO). La stabilisation macro-économique, la privatisation, l’intégration européenne, la réforme des systèmes de protection sociale, la réforme du système fiscal, la décentralisation en vue de conférer une autonomie aux collectivités locales constituent des domaines de réforme typiques. Le nombre des législations nouvelles qui mettent en place des réformes et qui modifient les anciens systèmes est considérable. Dans ce contexte, il est évident qu’une fonction publique efficace est nécessaire. Une administration permanente et compétente constitue l’instrument non seulement de l’élaboration des politiques et de la rédaction des textes législatifs mais aussi de leur application et de la gestion des systèmes définis par la loi. Un investissement à long terme est nécessaire pour faire de l’administration un instrument d’exécution des réformes politiques et économiques et de gestion du système. Par ailleurs, l’administration doit être protégée à court terme contre les abus et la mauvaise gestion. Doter la fonction publique des qualifications et de l’expérience nécessaires dans chacun des domaines de la réforme et assurer en permanence le professionnalisme requis constituent donc des objectifs essentiels de l’établissement de la fonction publique dans les PECO.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Policy Challenges of Globalisation and Regionalisation
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • La globalisation et la régionalisation tendent naturellement à se renforcer. Mais les responsables politiques, dans les pays Membres ou non membres de l’OCDE, doivent veiller à ce que les accords régionaux n’aillent pas à l’encontre de la globalisation. • La globalisation présente des risques pour la cohésion sociale et pour la souveraineté des politiques économiques des États. • Ce sont les méthodes flexibles post-tayloriennes d’organisation de l’activité économique qui constituent la force micro-économique motrice de la vague actuelle de globalisation. • L’une des principales causes des problèmes structurels que connaissent les marchés du travail aux États-Unis et en Europe réside dans la crise des organisations tayloriennes, et non dans les importations en provenance des pays en développement. • Contrairement à une opinion largement répandue, la globalisation ne semble pas accélérer d’une manière importante la délocalisation de l’activité industrielle des pays de l’OCDE.
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.113
    Keywords: Development ; Hong Kong, China
    Abstract: Over the last decade, China has been the leading investor among developing countries and Hong Kong is the foremost destination of Chinese investment. However, China’s outward investment has been grossly understated in official statistics due to avoidance of China’s foreign exchange controls. This paper tries to appraise those investment flows both quantitatively and qualitatively. It examines the many estimates of Chinese investment in Hong Kong, tracing their sources and bases of estimation. Most of these estimates are found to be crude guesses with very little empirical support. However, from the data on asset value and market capitalisation of listed Chinese companies in Hong Kong, and also from interviews with knowledgeable sources, it is possible to gauge the rough size of Chinese investment in Hong Kong. The paper also examines China’s economic presence in major sectors of the Hong Kong economy. It discusses the composition of Chinese investment by industry and by ownership ...
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  • 26
    Language: French
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.110
    Keywords: Development ; Costa Rica
    Abstract: This paper analyses linkages between growth, trade and the environment in Costa Rica with a Computable General Equilibrium economy-wide model. The investigation considers trade liberalisation and environmental policy reform, and their impact on economic activity and polluting emissions. Environmental taxes are shown to have a small negative impact on growth while allowing a sharp decrease of emissions. Outward orientation promotes growth, but induces a risk of wholesale specialisation in “dirty” activities. Free trade, combined with appropriate effluent taxes, enhance factor reallocation towards competitive industries, and hence growth, while significantly abating emissions ...
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.167
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: If a macroeconometric model is to be useful for policy analyses which go beyond short-term forecasting requirements, particular attention must be paid to the form and consistency of its various components with respect to longer-term equilibria. In particular, long-run properties and ultimate stability of such models with respect to output, employment and inflation depend crucially on the consistency and form of the supply-side specification. This paper presents recent work by the OECD contributing to its INTERLINK world model. It focuses on the specification and estimation of the supply-side aspects of the sub-models for the seven major OECD Member countries. It presents a general analytical framework for the specification of a consistent model of business sector behaviour within a dynamic form which meets both short-term forecasting and longer-term theoretical requirements. Comparative estimation results are reported for individual economies along with simulation results for a ...
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  • 28
    Language: French
    Pages: 13 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.7
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Audit of Secret and Politically Sensitive Subjects: Comparative Audit Practices
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Dans tous les pays d’Europe centrale et orientale, des institutions parlementaires indépendantes sont chargées de l’audit depuis 1989. Ces institutions supérieures de contrôle (ISC) des finances publiques ont été créées tantôt par une législation nouvelle, tantôt par modification du mandat des institutions existantes, voire la restauration d’institutions antérieures au régime communiste. Comme on pouvait s’y attendre, l’application des nouvelles méthodes suppose un apprentissage continu et la résolution des problèmes par tous les intéressés. Le rôle des ISC, celui d’autres organes de contrôle et, surtout, la mise en place de relations de travail productives entre l’administration et le vérificateur continuent de demander beaucoup d’attention.
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.170
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the usefulness of consumer and business surveys in assessing the cyclical position of the economy and for forecasting output movements. To that effect, after a brief review of the nature of sentiment measures, the empirical relationship between confidence indicators and output components is explored. Graphical examination, correlation analysis and Granger causality tests are used to asses that relationship. The paper finds that sentiment measures obtained from business surveys provide valuable information for the assessment of the economic situation and forecasting. However, the relationship between sentiment indicators and output varies considerably across countries and sentiment measures. It is also found that consumer confidence indicators are much less useful than business confidence indicators for economic analysis due to their much looser relationship with output movements ...
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9789264062559
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p)
    Series Statement: Public Management Occasional Papers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Priorité aux citoyens ; La réforme de la gestion publique au Portugal n 13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Priorité aux citoyens : La réforme de la gestion publique au Portugal n 13
    Keywords: Governance ; Portugal
    Abstract: The Public Management Occasional Papers are specialised reports prepared for the work of the OECD's Public Management Committee. This publication focuses on the reform strategies used in Portugal. The success or failure of reforms depends largely on how the questions of "how to start" and "how to proceed" are addressed. Portugal offers a valuable example. Twenty years ago, a reform movement was launched to modernise the country and its public service. This publication describes that reform, which came to put service to the citizen first, underlines its innovative aspects, and draws some interesting lessons to the attention of practitioners in other countries.
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.112
    Keywords: Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: Trade-policy reform is an essential feature of China’s economic transition to a market economy. On the one hand, the liberalisation and decentralisation of export activities has boosted exports. On the other hand, the reform of China’s import regime has been progressing much more slowly. This has two negative consequences. The persisting combination of high nominal protection rates and numerous tariff exemptions creates a dual regime: export-oriented firms enjoy free access to imports, while the domestic sector remains highly protected from international competition, which allows for continuing misallocation of resources. This incompleteness of trade reforms currently prevents China from joining the WTO, which might eventually hamper its further integration into the world economy ...
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789264069855
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 118; Determination of the Number-Average Molecular Weight and the Molecular Weight Distribution of Polymers using Gel Permeation Chromatography
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 118: Determination of the Number-Average Molecular Weight and the Molecular Weight Distribution of Polymers using Gel Permeation Chromatography
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit la chromatographie sur gel perméable (CPG). Cette méthode permet de déterminer la distribution des masses moléculaires et les masses moléculaires moyennes (Mn, Mw). La CPG est un type particulier de chromatographie liquide dans lequel l'échantillon est séparé selon les volumes hydrodynamiques des différents constituants.Selon leur taille, les molécules éluées peuvent ou non pénétrer dans le matériel poreux (typiquement un gel organique) dont les colonnes sont remplies. Ainsi, les plus petites molécules sont retenues tandis que les plus grandes s'éluent plus rapidement. À la sortie de la colonne, les détecteurs (généralement par réfractométrie différentielle) fournissent l'indice de réfraction ou l'absorption dans l’UV et donnent une courbe de répartition simple. Cependant, pour attribuer des valeurs réelles de poids moléculaire à la courbe, il est nécessaire de calibrer la colonne l’élution de polymères de poids moléculaires connus et, idéalement, de structure semblable, par exemple divers polystyrènes étalons. Pour chaque échantillon analysé, deux expériences indépendantes doivent être réalisées. Elles doivent être analysées individuellement. Les paramètres Mn, Mw, Mw/Mn doivent être déterminés pour chaque mesure.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.111
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper is a contribution to the ongoing debate on the relationship between economic growth and the environment. Through a contrast of the experiences of two regional groupings of countries — East Asia and Eastern Europe — that have both experienced rapid industrialisation, it makes clear the importance of sound economic policy in encouraging efficient resource use. At the same, by contrasting the experiences of different East Asian countries, it demonstrates that economic policy is not sufficient. In the absence of reinforcing and enforceable environmental policies, rapid urban and industrial growth can cause severe environmental degradation. The paper addresses indirectly the question: what are the costs and benefits of delaying environmental expenditures until late in the development process as some of the high performing East Asian economies have done? It finds that those countries which invested early in environmental improvements experienced virtually no tradeoff in ...
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789264062573
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 p)
    Series Statement: Etudes hors série sur la gestion publique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Putting Citizens First; Portuguese Experience in Public Management Reform No. 13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Putting Citizens First: Portuguese Experience in Public Management Reform No. 13
    Keywords: Governance ; Portugal
    Abstract: Les Études hors série sur la gestion publique sont des rapports spécialisés préparés pour les travaux du Comité de la gestion publique de l'OCDE. Ce rapport est consacré à l'étude des stratégies de réforme introduites au Portugal. Le succès, ou l'échec, des réformes dépend largement de la façon dont on traite les questions telles que "de quelle façon commencer ?", ou encore, "quelle démarche adopter ?". Le Portugal offre une expérience précieuse. Un mouvement de réforme y a été lancé il y a vingt ans pour moderniser le pays et son service public. Cette publication décrit ce mouvement qui a donné la priorité au service rendu au citoyen, souligne ses aspects innovateurs et présente à l'attention des responsables des autres pays les leçons intéressantes à tirer de cette expérience.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789264069879
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 119; Determination of the Low Molecular Weight Content of a Polymer Using Gel Permeation Chromatography
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 119: Determination of the Low Molecular Weight Content of a Polymer Using Gel Permeation Chromatography
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit la chromatographie sur gel perméable (CGP). Cette méthode permet de déterminer la distribution des masses moléculaires et les masses moléculaires moyennes (Mn, Mw). La CGP est un type particulier de chromatographie liquide dans lequel l'échantillon est séparé selon les volumes hydrodynamiques des différents constituants. On définit arbitrairement une masse moléculaire faible comme étant une masse moléculaire inférieure à 1000 daltons. Selon leur taille, les molécules éluées peuvent ou non pénétrer dans le matériel poreux (typiquement un gel organique) dont les colonnes sont remplies. Ainsi, les plus petites molécules sont retenues tandis que les plus grandes s'éluent plus rapidement. À la sortie de la colonne, les détecteurs (généralement par réfractométrie différentielle) fournissent l'indice de réfraction ou l'absorption dans l’UV et donnent une courbe de répartition simple. Cependant, pour attribuer des valeurs réelles de poids moléculaire à la courbe, il est nécessaire de calibrer la colonne l’élution de polymères de poids moléculaire connu et, idéalement, de structure semblable, par exemple divers polystyrènes étalons. Pour chaque échantillon analysé, deux expériences indépendantes doivent être menées.
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9789264062542
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 p)
    Series Statement: Etudes hors série sur la gestion publique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pay Reform in the Public Service; Initial Impact on Pay Dispersion in Australia, Sweden and the United Kingdom No. 10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pay Reform in the Public Service: Initial Impact on Pay Dispersion in Australia, Sweden and the United Kingdom No. 10
    Keywords: Governance ; Australia ; Sweden ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Les Études hors série sur la gestion publique se composent principalement de rapports spécialisés préparés pour les travaux du Comité de la gestion publique de l'OCDE. Quel est l'impact initial des réformes intervenues en matière de détermination des rémunérations dans le secteur public sur la dispersion des rémunérations des agents de l'État en Australie, en Suède et au Royaume-Uni ? A l'avenir, les modes de rémunération du secteur public s'orienteront probablement davantage vers une prise en compte de la performance individuelle ou collective, ce qui entraînera une dispersion accrue des rémunérations. Bien qu'ils soient encore dans la phase de mise en ÷uvre des réformes, les trois pays étudiés offrent une expérience intéressante en la matière. Ils révèlent l'importance d'analyser l'évolution de la dispersion des rémunérations au sein du secteur public, entre individus et entre groupes professionnels, mais aussi entre hommes et femmes, ainsi qu'entre secteurs public et privé.
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 13 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.7
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'audit des domaines secrets et politiquement sensibles : Méthodes comparées
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This paper is the result of a comparison of the audit practices with respect to the audit of secret and politically sensitive subjects by the Supreme Audit Institutions (SAI’s) of France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Not only do the practices differ but the mandate and composition of the SAI’s themselves are also different. This also influences the way the SAI’s operate.
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/03
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Short-term economic indicators play an important role in the assessment of current cyclical situations and in the establishment of forecasts. Broadly, two types of short-term indicators can be distinguished: qualitative indicators, reflecting businessmen’s subjective assessment of the cyclical situation (e.g., production prospects or judgements on orderbooks), and quantitative indicators, reflecting past developments of production or employment. The usefulness of qualitative indicators rests on their reliability to approximate the possible evolution of the quantitative ones. The present document shows the results of a pilot study for six industrial sectors in seven Member countries whereby short-term qualitative indicators are used to “nowcast” a quantitative indicator, the production index. The objective is to enhance the timeliness of short-term industrial statistics through estimation of data points for the most recent periods for which they are not yet available. From the current ...
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  • 39
    ISBN: 9789264065499
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring What People Know; Human Capital Accounting for the Knowledge Economy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring What People Know: Human Capital Accounting for the Knowledge Economy
    Keywords: Education ; Employment
    Abstract: Une étude des politiques novatrices menées dans les pays de l'OCDE montre les progrès déjà accomplis par rapport aux maigres informations que constituent les titres ou les diplômes obtenus. Avec l'apparition de l'économie de la connaissance, les dirigeants, les responsables de la gestion des ressources humaines et des comptes financiers s'efforcent de mettre au point des méthodes permettant d'évaluer et de consigner les connaissances acquises par l'expérience, l'éducation et la formation. Cet ouvrage explique pourquoi il est possible, en termes de théorie économique, et faisable du point de vue des pratiques comptables, de mettre en place de nouveaux systèmes d'information et de décision en matière de capital humain.
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/06
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The steel industry in OECD countries has undergone profound change during the past several decades. Capacity has been reduced significantly, while substantial investment has been made to improve processing efficiency and product quality. Two key technological developments have driven this process. The first is rapid expansion of the use of continuous casting, a technology that has improved product quality, reduced energy consumption and greatly increased efficiency. The second is significant growth in electric furnace steelmaking, particularly at highly efficient small-scale mini-mills, that produce an expanding range of steel products using ferrous scrap as the principal raw material. These and other technological changes, combined with plant closures and other restructuring, have greatly reduced industry employment. Despite growth in finished steel production, employment has fallen by close to 40 per cent in the OECD area since 1980. This document examines how the employment ...
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 179 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le contrôle de gestion dans les administrations publiques modernes : Études comparatives des pratiques
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This publication focuses on the control mechanisms and procedures that need to be built into an organisation’s systems in order to provide reasonable assurance that top management’s objectives will be met, rather than on the design and application of management information systems, which, we believe, are generally well understood in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). The studies included give examples of management controls in widely different areas of the public sector -- such as road construction, overseas aid, and social welfare -- and in countries with differing constitutional and cultural backgrounds, political and legislative structures, and public service traditions. They examine the importance of management controls to the manager and auditor and discuss the role played by different government institutions -- including the finance or budget ministry, the supreme audit institution (SAI), and other central institutions -- in developing and implementing management control systems.
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  • 42
    Language: French
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.9
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Effective Communications Between the Public Service and the Media
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Cette publication comprend six exposés présentés au cours du séminaire par cinq experts en communication, dont trois travaillent auprès d'administrations publiques d'Europe occidentale et du Canada et deux sont journalistes en poste à Budapest. Un exposé de présentation générale des problèmes qui a posé le cadre des discussions du séminaire précède les autres exposés. Les annexes comprennent des modèles de codes de déontologie pour les journalistes et les spécialistes de communication du gouvernement. Les citoyens ont le droit de connaître les politiques et les activités du gouvernement. Dans une démocratie fonctionnant de manière correcte, le gouvernement fournit en temps utile une information fiable au public. Une communication efficace entre le gouvernement et les citoyens est particulièrement importante dans les pays en transition où des changements majeurs dans les institutions d’État - de fait, dans tous les aspects de la vie - ont laissé les citoyens perplexes quant au nouveau rôle du gouvernement et de l’administration publique et sur la manière de faire part de leurs avis aux représentants de l’État.
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  • 43
    Language: French
    Pages: 101 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Internationalism of Policy-making
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: La présente publication est le résultat du Séminaire sur l’internationalisation des politiques que SIGMA a organisé en 1995 au Collège de l’Europe, à Natolin près de Varsovie. L’objet du séminaire était de permettre à de hauts responsables des pays d’Europe centrale et orientale d’examiner les conséquences de l’internationalisation des politiques pour les systèmes gouvernementaux et d’examiner les structures et les processus pour l’intégration des aspects nationaux et internationaux des politiques. En s’appuyant sur l’expérience des pays Membres de l’OCDE et de différentes "générations" de pays membres de l’Union européenne, le Séminaire a permis aux participants de comparer différents types de mécanismes de coordination et d’en tirer des conseils pratiques pour l’amélioration des systèmes d’élaboration des politiques.
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/04
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: High and rising unemployment rates in the early 1990s have moved the employment question centrestage in the policy debate. Among the structural aspects, the relation between firm size and employment creation has attracted policy makers’ attention, triggered by empirical work on the United States which showed that the small business sector had been a major source of net job creation. This work and the rising interest by policymakers led to further studies of the subject, the identification of important methodological and data questions and a broader body of empirical research about the relation between firm size and job creation. This document aims at identifying common results and trends from national studies, as well as identifying “best practices” of analysis and data gathering, and thereby promoting international harmonisation of such analytical work. Principal results from a survey of national studies include: (a) both the rates of gross job creations and gross job losses are ...
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: 11 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.21
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The primary findings of this report are: markets with infrastructure competition, and in particular where there is competition in both fixed and mobile networks, are delivering best practice performance in terms of market expansion; while there is evidence that monopoly markets are improved by the introduction of a second operator, developments in duopoly markets have been far from optimal, and substantial gains are being lost by delaying further liberalisation; competitive mobile markets are delivering the most employment gains; universal service applications and social gains are being enhanced by the application of competition in mobile telecommunication.
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789264070998
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 422; Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 422: Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La substance d’essai est administrée par doses graduées à plusieurs groupes de mâles et de femelles. Les mâles doivent être traités pendant au moins quatre semaines ; les femelles doivent être traitées tout au long de l’étude (approximativement 54 jours). Normalement des accouplements « un mâle pour une femelle » doivent être employés dans cette étude. Cette Ligne directrice utilise le rat. Il est recommandé que la substance d’essai soit administrée oralement par gavage. Ceci devrait être fait avec une dose unique quotidienne en utilisant une sonde gastrique ou une canule d'intubation appropriée. Chaque groupe devrait initialement inclure au moins 10 animaux de chaque sexe. Généralement, au moins trois groupes d'essai et un groupe de contrôle devraient être employés. Des niveaux de dose devraient être choisis, en tenant compte de toutes données de toxicité existantes et de (toxico-) cinétique disponibles. L'essai limite correspond à un niveau de dose d’au moins de 1000 mg/kg de poids corporel. Les résultats de cette étude incluent des mesures (pesée, consommation de nourriture/eau) et observations quotidiennes détaillées (y compris la réactivité sensorielle aux stimulus), de préférence chaque jour au même moment, de même qu’une autopsie générale et l'histopathologie. Les résultats de cette étude de toxicité devraient être évalués en termes d'effets observés, autopsie et résultats microscopiques. L'évaluation inclura le rapport entre la dose de la substance d'essai et la présence ou l'absence d’observations. En raison de la période courte du traitement du mâle, l'histopathologie du testicule et l'épididyme doivent être pris en compte avec les données de fertilité, lors de l’évaluation des effets reproducteurs mâles.
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  • 47
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 p)
    Edition: Troisième édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment; Third Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment: Third Edition
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.24
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the economic and policy implications of various technologies available to provide local telecommunication access. This part of the network is referred to as the "local loop". For the purposes of this document the switching functions in local access networks are assumed to be part of the local loop.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.20
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Modern society relies heavily on information and communications. New advanced information technologies are being developed and exploited on an increasing scale by both the private and public sectors, providing new business opportunities for supplying industries as well as user industries. Governments realise that adequate action is needed to facilitate and accelerate this transition in order to benefit fully from the economic and social opportunities. Their conviction is that information infrastructures are expected to stimulate economic growth, increase productivity, create jobs, and improve the quality of life. Therefore, governments view that the developments in information infrastructures must be encouraged and supported, and existing or foreseen obstacles need to be removed. Governments themselves have an important role in adjusting the legal and regulatory frameworks. These frameworks cover a range of policy areas (employment, culture, legal, etc.), usually addressed by separate ministries and agencies. In addition, as information infrastructures are not limited by national boundaries, governments have begun to co-operate to discuss a set of common rules in order to build a global information society. Such co-operation began at the G-7 Information Society Conference, in Brussels (February 1995), and continued at the Information Society and Development Conference in South Africa (May 1996). This paper aims to provide an outline of positions adopted by, or proposed for adoption by governments on the issues of information infrastructures, as of May 1996. Reports from the following OECD countries have been examined: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. The EU initiatives are expected to provide an integrated vision for the European Union countries.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.117
    Keywords: Development ; Viet Nam
    Abstract: State-owned enterprise (SOE) restructuring has proceeded more rapidly in Viet Nam than, for example, in China and India. The government tightened the budget constraints facing SOEs virtually simultaneously with price liberalisation. While a large number of mostly small SOEs were liquidated soon after reform began, others were able to adjust through various cost-cutting measures, including sizeable labour force reductions. The government put in place a safety net composed of severance pay and early retirement schemes that, combined with natural attrition, yielded a reduction in the SOE workforce of almost one million people in less than a decade. While the largely voluntary nature of the schemes may have caused some adverse selection and made them more costly than necessary, the benefit has been to avoid social discontent. High private-sector employment growth has been a major contributor to the programme’s success. Still, the process is not complete. Initial restructuring was ...
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 11 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.18
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This statement is an initial response to the OECD Council, meeting at Ministerial level, in May 1995 to provide a policy report on the Global Information Infrastructure - Global Information Society (GII-GIS), at its meeting in May 1996.
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.22
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Information is power. Nowhere is this truer than in regulation; and in telecommunications regulation particularly. For the complexity of the telecommunications systems to be regulated and the rapidly developing technology involved means that, in telecommunications even more than elsewhere, detailed information is the indispensable basis for the knowledge that the regulator needs to perform his role effectively.
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/01
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper examines the process of embodied technology diffusion in 10 OECD countries with the help of a methodology whereby the purchases of intermediate and capital goods act as carriers of technology across industries and countries. In terms of supply and demand of technology, it establishes that while innovations are developed mainly in a cluster of high technology manufacturing industries, a different cluster of industries in the services sector are the main acquirers of technologically sophisticated machinery and equipment. R&D performance is more concentrated (the top 5 industries account for between 60-80% of total) than technology use (the top 5 user industries account in most countries for 40-50% of total). In terms of the channels of technology diffusion, the share of technology obtained through capital investment is less than 50% of total acquired technology for every country, with the US leading in the diffusion of technology through capital investment. Imports are also an ...
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.165
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: With the gradual dismantling of tariffs and the growing integration of markets across countries, non-tariff and non-border barriers to international trade, investment and competition have become more visible, a greater source of trade tensions and costly with regard to the foregone global benefits of increased efficiency. In many OECD and non-OECD economies, market regulations were not designed with a view to their international ramifications, and domestic policies in the domain of trade, competition and investment, with few exceptions, take little account of international repercussions of non-border obstacles to the functioning of markets. Against this background, this paper examines the main issues underlying the current discussion of trade, investment and competition policy interactions, and the scope for further international co-operation ...
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  • 55
    Language: French
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.118
    Keywords: Development ; Senegal
    Abstract: This paper analyses the role of total factor productivity as a determinant of competitivity in Senegalese manufacturing industries. It is based upon a panel of ten industrial manufacturing groups and covers the period 1974-94. Following an estimation of the production function of manufacturing industry, the paper identifies the roles of public investment, protectionist measures, and the level of qualification of the workforce used by the different sectors in the evolution of industrial total factor productivity. Particular attention is given to external economies as a source of improved productivity and the role of public investment as a factor in favour of such gains. The results show major differences between Senegalese manufacturing industries as far as the growth of total factor productivity is concerned. Insufficient public investment in infrastructure and the high level of protectionism appear to plan an important role in the unfavourable evolution of productivity and ...
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789264065062
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (278 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gestion du capital humain et réforme de la fonction publique
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: In the context of major public sector reform efforts in many OECD countries, increasing attention is being focused on the people-side of the reform equation -- the human resource management policies and practices available to public sector managers to shape and direct the workforce to achieve new organisational goals. The experiences of OECD countries show, however, that improving individual policies and practices is only part of the reform equation. The key factor lies in integrating human resource management with the core business of the public service -- the outcome and output goals of individual departments and agencies -- and in doing so, ensuring that effective management of people is recognised as an indispensable ingredient for accomplishing the business of government. Using surveys and selected country case studies, this monograph identifies the factors driving human resource management reforms in the national public administrations of OECD countries. In offering the lessons drawn from these wide-ranging experiences to the attention of policy makers and practitioners, it identifies promising reform strategies for ensuring that human resource management policies evolve in ways consistent with broader public management reforms aimed at building more productive, performance-oriented and responsive public services.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/05
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The economy’s entry into its globalisation phase has radically altered the nature of competition. Now, numerous new actors from every market in the world (see section 1 and summary table) are simultaneously in competition on every market. This new competition has accentuated the interdependence of the different levels of globalisation (trade in goods and services, direct investment, technology transfers, capital movements), with direct investment becoming a central factor in the process of industrial restructuring and the development of genuine world industries. To contend with the challenges of globalisation, firms have altered their strategies, strengthening the activities in which they were in a dominant position (refocusing), seeking to achieve critical size and attaching priority to external growth (mergers and acquisitions). At the same time, they have multiplied the number of co-operation agreements and alliances and changed their internal organisation. Globalisation has ...
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789264104884
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p)
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Recent years have witnessed growing concern over the controversial issue of trade and labour standards. In a context of intensified international competition, alleged cases of child labour exploitation or of denial of rights to freedom of association and collective bargaining in some developing countries have been perceived by some in developed countries not only as a violation of human rights but also as unfair trade practices. On the other hand, developing countries generally respond that these concerns are unfounded and reflect disguised protectionist preoccupations. What are the relevant core labour standards in this discussion? Do countries with low levels of core labour standards gain an unfair trade advantage over countries with high standards? What are the advantages and disadvantages of possible mechanisms to promote core labour standards? This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of these questions and reviews evidence for a large number of countries throughout the world.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789264069862
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 119; Détermination de la teneur en polymères de faible masse moléculaire par chromatographie sur gel perméable
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 119: Détermination de la teneur en polymères de faible masse moléculaire par chromatographie sur gel perméable
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test guideline describes the Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). This method permits to determine the molecular weight distribution and the average molecular weights (Mn, Mw). GPC is a special type of liquid chromatography in which the sample is separated according to the hydrodynamic volumes of the individual constituents. Low molecular weight is arbitrarily defined as a molecular weight below 1000 dalton.According to their size, the eluted molecules can or not penetrate in the porous material (typically an organic gel) of which the columns are filled. Thus, the smallest molecules are retained whereas largest elute more quickly. At exit of column, detectors (generally by differential refractometry) provide the refractive index or UV-absorption and yield a simple distribution curve. However, to attribute actual molecular weight values to the curve, it is necessary to calibrate the column by passing down polymers of known molecular weight and, ideally, of broadly similar structure, e.g. various polystyrene standards. For each sample analyzed, two independent experiments must be undertaken.
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.2
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; European Union
    Abstract: Service contracts which involve the movement of workers can result in a certain number of social problems. For example, it is generally difficult to measure labour flows stemming from such contracts and to know their impact on the labour market. In addition, legislation on social matters, in particular that relating to labour and to social security, differs from one country to another. In this context, international labour mobility can give rise to a fraudulent use of service contracts and lead to forms of "social dumping".In her report, the author defines service contracts in the context of Community law and specifies the conditions under which contracted services can be freely supplied in the European Communities. This right has been extended to other non-Community countries and was considered in the GATT negotiations on trade in services. The author then identifies restrictions on the free supply of services and examines their impact on movements of non-EC workers and on fraudulent ...
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9789264069848
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 118; Détermination de la masse moléculaire moyenne en nombre et de la distribution des masses moléculaires des polymères par chromatographie sur gel perméable
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 118: Détermination de la masse moléculaire moyenne en nombre et de la distribution des masses moléculaires des polymères par chromatographie sur gel perméable
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test guideline describes the Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). This method permits to determine the molecular weight distribution and the average molecular weights (Mn, Mw). GPC is a special type of liquid chromatography in which the sample is separated according to the hydrodynamic volumes of the individual constituents.According to their size, the eluted molecules can or not penetrate in the porous material (typically an organic gel) of which the columns are filled. Thus, the smallest molecules are retained whereas largest elute more quickly. At exit of column, detectors (generally by differential refractometry) provide the refractive index or UV-absorption and yield a simple distribution curve. However, to attribute actual molecular weight values to the curve, it is necessary to calibrate the column by passing down polymers of known molecular weight and, ideally, of broadly similar structure, e.g. various polystyrene standards. For each sample analyzed, two independent experiments must be undertaken. They have to be analysed individually. Mn, Mw, Mw/Mn must be provided for every measurement.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 73 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.163
    Keywords: Economics ; European Union
    Abstract: This paper reviews fiscal relations within the European Union in the context of the theory of fiscal federalism and of the principle of subsidiarity. It analyses the fiscal policy implications of the introduction of the single currency, tax harmonisation and competition issues and spending at the EU level. It also speculates as to whether there are economic gains from centralising more expenditure functions at the EU level ...
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/07
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is to identify the main problems of comparison between countries and over time of the data on R&D performed in the services industries collected by Member countries and reported to OECD, given the recent rapid growth in their share of total R&D expenditures in the business enterprise sector. The degree to which national R&D surveys cover the service industries varies considerably. Some have made substantial efforts to extend this coverage recently in response both to national policy needs and to the implementation the revised OECD R&D questionnaire, notably concerning the computer services industry/software R&D. The coverage and classification of special R&D institutes continues to vary between countries. The coverage and quality of the data is clearly improving but considerable further progress will be needed before the R&D statistics for service industries can be used for integrated economic studies. Despite these variations in coverage, the data already ...
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  • 64
    Language: French
    Pages: 198 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Management Control in Modern Government Administration: Some Comparative Practices
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: La présente publication a pour objet de servir de référence aux responsables des administrations publiques et des institutions supérieures de contrôle des finances publiques des pays d’Europe centrale et orientale (PECO) qui cherchent à édifier des structures de contrôle économiquement rationnelles et appropriées au fonctionnement de la démocratie en économie de marché. Elle a également pour objet de servir d’appui aux séminaires consacrés au contrôle de gestion, que le programme SIGMA continuera d’organiser au profit des administrations nationales et des institutions supérieures de contrôle des finances publiques, à leur demande. Cet ouvrage est consacré au contrôle de gestion. Il se concentre sur un concept et un ensemble de pratiques qui sont, depuis quelques dizaines d’années, reconnus comme l’une des conditions essentielles de l’efficacité de la gestion dans les organismes relevant aussi bien du secteur public que du secteur privé. A mesure de la modernisation des pratiques de gestion dans le secteur public des PECO, les hauts responsables des ministères de tutelle, des ministères des finances et des institutions supérieures de contrôle s’efforcent de bâtir une "architecture" formée de systèmes et d’organismes de contrôle qui permette d’obtenir des résultats satisfaisants à un coût qui ne soit pas trop onéreux, en faisant par ailleurs progresser le processus de transition vers la démocratie et l’économie de marché. SIGMA estime que les idées rassemblées sous le vocable de contrôle de gestion contribueront utilement au dialogue entre ces trois différents groupes.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.114
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper examines the issue of intra-industry trade in a transition economy. We address the question of whether the market-opening reforms in China have resulted in an increasing exchange of similar products, or whether foreign trade is still playing the role of filling the gap of products not produced within the country. We find that the proportion of intra-industry trade in China-OECD trade has increased from 12 per cent of total manufacturing trade in 1980 to over 20 per cent in 1992. The highest shares of intra-industry trade with China are reported for Japan and the United Kingdom. Due to the large differences between China and the OECD countries in terms of factor endowments, we expect intra-industry trade to be of the vertical nature, i.e., two-way trade in varieties of a product characterised by different qualities. Empirical evidence indeed shows that the majority of the intra-industry trade between China and the OECD is of the vertical nature; China exports lower quality ...
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 96 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'internationalisation des politiques options institutionnelles pour intégrer les aspects nationaux et internationaux des politiques
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This publication is the product of the Workshop on the Internationalisation of Policy Making which SIGMA organised in July 1995 at the College of Europe Natolin, near Warsaw. The purpose of the Workshop was to provide an opportunity to senior practitioners from Central and Eastern European countries to discuss the implications of the internationalisation of policies for governmental systems, and to examine structures and processes for the integration of domestic and international aspects of policy making. Drawing on the experience of OECD Member countries, and of different "generations" of Member countries of the European Union, the Workshop enabled the participants to compare different types of coordination mechanisms, and to draw practical advice for the improvement of policy-making systems.
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 96 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Formation des agents de la fonction publique dans le contexte de l'internationalisation
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This publication contains those papers presented at the seminar: the Issues Paper prepared by Professor Jacques Ziller, University of Sorbonne, and five country papers prepared by national experts, presenting the situation and experience in their countries. SIGMA has published these documents because of the broad, current interest shown in central and eastern European countries. Public servants in all countries are exposed to a growing internationalisation in most of the tasks that are carried out in a national public service. Many public servants have to cope with supra-national legal frameworks and with international standards in their daily work. Many have to perform in multilateral and bilateral contexts to promote the interests of their countries. The fact of working in an international context is a continuing part of life for public servants, requiring adaptation of public service management systems. But when a state makes a radical change in its international involvement, for example when it joins an international body and accepts new obligations, there must be a heavy "up-front" preparatory investment.
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.169
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides estimates of labour productivity levels in OECD manufacturing, for 9 countries and 36 industrial sectors. It also provides an overview of some of the available evidence on cross-country productivity differences in the service sector. The paper uses industry-specific conversion factors to calculate productivity levels, based on available industry-of-origin studies and material from the expenditure approach to international comparisons. After a discussion of some methodological issues, the paper describes the estimation of manufacturing productivity levels in detail, while also referring to some other recent work on the issue. The variation in cross-country productivity levels appears to be quite large in the OECD area, suggesting that there may be scope for further productivity catch-up in many countries and many sectors ...
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les défis politiques de la globalisation et de la régionalisation
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Globalisation and regionalisation tend to be mutually reinforcing. Policies must ensure that this outcome prevails, for non-OECD and OECD countries alike. • Globalisation can weaken social cohesion and States’ economic policy autonomy. • Post-taylorist “flexible” forms of organisation now drive and shape globalisation. • The crisis of taylorist organisations is an important cause of the “structural” labour-market problems that now plague the United States and Europe; imports from developing countries are not. • Globalisation today does not show any significant acceleration of industrial redeployment from OECD countries.
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.166
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents a new data set on the number of enterprises, employees, gross output and value added in manufacturing by size category. The figures are obtained from censuses of manufactures and industrial surveys for three years (one year in the 1960s, one year in the 1970s, and one year in the late 1980s or 1990) and five OECD countries (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States). There are five or six size categories, which are established on the basis of the number of employees per enterprise or establishment. The level of industry disaggregation is according to that in the STAN database. The paper discusses the basic sources and presents the complete data set. It also contains a brief analysis of average firm size, relative productivity levels per size category and concentration ratios ...
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.19
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The OECD Social Expenditure data base (SOCX) allows the monitoring of trends in aggregate social expenditure and changes in its composition. But aggregate social expenditure may sometimes fail to reflect the true ‘effort’ of a country in providing social support. Account needs to be taken of the effects of tax systems and transfers which, although mandatory, are not paid by government. In order to get from a “gross” to a “net” concept of social expenditure various adjustments to raw data are needed. These adjustments concern: methods of benefit payment (“net” or “gross” of tax); the varying extent with which governments use fiscal instruments rather than cash transfers to pursue social policy goals; and the different degree to which government requires other economic agents to provide social expenditures. The analysis also addresses the automatic budget effects related to the stage of the economic cycle. This analysis is a first attempt to capture in a comprehensive manner the effect ...
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789264149472
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Coup d'oeil sur les économies de l'OCDE ; Indicateurs structurels
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Coup d'oeil sur les économies de l'OCDE : Indicateurs structurels
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: How many passenger cars are there per inhabitant in Spain? How can you become eligible for unemployment benefits in Canada? How did the total final consumption of energy evolve over the last few decades in OECD countries? How is privatisation of telecommunications firms progressing in various OECD countries? This publication answers these and many other questions concerning economic structure and policy in the OECD area, and its evolution over time, giving a broad set of valuable and reliable data in a range of areas -- labour markets, banking, regulation and competition, public finance and expenditures, social services, agriculture, energy, and environment, among others -- as well as some general indicators on basic living standards
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789264070462
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 305; Bioconcentration; Essai dynamique chez le poisson
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 305: Bioconcentration: Essai dynamique chez le poisson
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a procedure for characterising the bioconcentration potential of substances in fish, under flow-through conditions (but semi-static regimes are permissible). The test consists of two phases: the exposure (uptake) and post-exposure (depuration) phases. During the uptake phase (28 days normally and 60 days maximum), separate groups of four fishes of one species are exposed to at least two concentrations of the test substance. They are then transferred to a medium free of the test substance for the depuration phase. A depuration phase is always necessary unless uptake of the substance during the uptake phase has been insignificant. In addition to the two test concentrations, a control group of fish is held without the test substance. The concentration of the test substance in/on the fish is followed through both phases of the test. During the test, dissolved oxygen, TOC, pH, total hardness and salinity, and temperature should be measured in vessels. The lipid content should be determined on the same biological material as is used to determine the concentration of the test substance, when feasible. Where possible the bioconcentration factor at apparent steady-state (BCF), expressed as a function of the total wet weight of the fish, and the kinetic bioconcentration factor (BCFK) are calculated. The bioconcentration should be expressed in relation to lipid content in addition to whole body weight.
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La faisabilité politique de l'ajustement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In the history of adjustment, concern with the political aspects appeared only after long reflection. At the beginning of the 1980s, given the urgency of the financial crises afflicting many developing countries, the only thought was to restore macroeconomic balances, particularly the balance of payments, by means of short-term measures — budget cuts and tight monetary policy — and through devaluation. Adjustment was limited to a stabilization programme, the sole criterion being the reduction of the external deficit as rapidly as possible. It was soon realised, however, that stabilization is not an end in itself: reducing demand is not enough; it is also necessary to increase supply by improving resource allocation. Under the goading of the international organisations, stabilization measures were therefore supplemented by structural adjustment measures, such as reducing customs duties, deregulating financial markets and eliminating distortions in agricultural prices. This distinction between stabilization and structural adjustment is important from the political standpoint. In fact, a stabilization programme is a kind of emergency treatment....
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  • 75
    Language: French
    Pages: 101 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Training Civil Servants for Internationalisation
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Les fonctionnaires de tous les pays sont confrontés à l’internationalisation croissante de la plupart des tâches qui incombent à une administration publique nationale. Beaucoup doivent tenir compte de législations supranationales et de normes internationales dans leurs activités quotidiennes. Beaucoup doivent se placer dans une perspective multilatérale et bilatérale pour servir les intérêts de leur pays. Le fait de travailler dans un cadre international est une réalité permanente pour les fonctionnaires, ce qui nécessite une adaptation des systèmes de gestion de la fonction publique. Or, lorsqu’un État prend une initiative qui modifie de manière fondamentale sa situation sur le plan international, par exemple lorsqu’il adhère à un organisme international et accepte de nouvelles obligations, il faut un investissement préparatoire important. L’adhésion à l’UE, qui a donné lieu à quatre "vagues" successives jusqu’à présent, est un processus d’internationalisation clairement défini qui montre bien les nouvelles compétences exigées des fonctionnaires dans la plupart des domaines, que ce soit pour l’investissement initial ou pour l’évolution continue des modes de gestion. La formation des fonctionnaires en prévision de l’adhésion à l’Union a été choisie comme justification de ce séminaire sur "La formation dans la perspective de l’internationalisation" afin de sensibiliser les pays participant au Programme SIGMA aux besoins de formation de caractère général et spécifique, alors qu’ils se préparent à respecter leurs obligations en vertu des accords européens.
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.162
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides estimates of mark-ups of product prices over marginal costs for 36 manufacturing industries in 14 OECD countries over the 1970- 1992 period. The estimates are based on the methodology put forward by Roeger (1995), extended to include intermediate inputs. After a discussion of analytical and data issues, the estimates are presented and shown to be smaller than those of previous studies. It is also shown that the level and dispersion of mark-ups are consistent with a priori views about characteristics of the market structure prevailing in each industry. Finally, the paper examines how mark-up estimates affect the estimated rate of growth of total factor productivity (TFP) ...
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  • 77
    Language: French
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.12
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Policies for Economic Take-Off
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • La volonté politique est la clé du décollage et de la croissance à long terme : sans la combinaison des efforts des pays pauvres et de la communauté internationale, ces pays ne sortiront pas du cercle vicieux de la pauvreté. • Des politiques financières erronées peuvent conduire à la chute de l’épargne et à sa mauvaise allocation et, par suite, bloquer la croissance. • L’ouverture commerciale renforce non seulement la croissance mais aussi l’efficacité des autres politiques économiques. • L’éducation de base est une condition préalable du décollage, de même que, par la suite, la formation d’une main-d’œuvre qualifiée est l’une des clés de la croissance à long terme. • Les différentes politiques de promotion de la croissance à long terme sont complémentaires : des erreurs dans un domaine peuvent réduire à néant les efforts consentis par ailleurs.
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789264070479
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 305; Bioconcentration; Flow-through Fish Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 305: Bioconcentration: Flow-through Fish Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit une procédure pour déterminer le potentiel de bioconcentration de substances dans les poissons, en régime d’écoulement continu (mais les régimes semi-statiques sont acceptables). L'essai se compose de deux phases : l'exposition (absorption) et phases post-exposition (élimination). Pendant la phase d’absorption (28 jours normalement et maximum de 60 jours), des groupes séparés de quatre poissons d’une espèce sont exposés à au moins deux concentrations de la substance d'essai. Ils sont alors transférés à un milieu exempt de la substance d'essai pour la phase d’élimination. Une phase d’élimination est toujours nécessaire à moins que l’absorption de la substance pendant la première phase soit négligeable. En plus des deux concentrations d'essai, un groupe de contrôle de poissons est maintenu sans substance d'essai. La concentration de la substance d'essai dans/sur les poissons est suivie pendant les deux phases de l'essai. Pendant l'essai, l'oxygène dissous, le carbone organique total, le pH, la dureté et la salinité totale, et la température sont mesurés dans les récipients. La teneur en lipides et la concentration de la substance d'essai sont déterminées, si possible, sur le même matériel biologique. Dans la mesure du possible, le facteur de bioconcentration à l’état stationnaire apparent (BCF), exprimé en fonction du poids humide total des poissons, et le facteur de bioconcentration cinétique (BCFK) sont calculés. La bioconcentration est exprimée par rapport au contenu de lipide en plus du poids de corps entier.
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.19
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This document was prepared by Mr Peter Davies, consultant, in collaboration with the Secretariat. The main conclusions are that: Copyright is the right regime for software protection on the information superhighway. Exclusive reproduction rights should remain with the copyright holder. Content owners will place their goods on the superhighway and decide for themselves about price, payment and the risk of piracy. Schemes for electronic payment for the use of services on the superhighway are being tried. For many people, the traditional means of payment will suffice for some time.
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  • 80
    ISBN: 9789264064805
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Edition: Third Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Définition de référence de l'OCDE des investissements directs internationaux ; Troisième édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Définition de référence de l'OCDE des investissements directs internationaux : Troisième édition
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Recording comprehensive, comparable and up-to-date statistics on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a prerequisite for economic analysis and policy making. The Third Edition of the OECD Benchmark Definition, fully consistent with the IMF Balance of Payments Manual, Fifth Edition, provides operational guidance on how FDI data should be compiled to meet internationally agreed standards. It reviews the main statistical concepts and definitions of FDI, the valuation of FDI flows and stocks, and issues related to specific transactions and entities. Practical solutions are proposed and concrete examples are used wherever possible.
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 350 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Budgeting and Policy Making
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage vise à fournir des références et un instrument de formation pour les gestionnaires publics des économies en transition, particulièrement ceux responsables des budgets et de l'élaboration des politiques. Ce livre fait suite au séminaire multinational de Ljubljana (1er et 2 avril 1996). Il reproduit les textes qui y furent présentés dans un format approprié à leur utilisation comme références et instrument de formation. Par exemple, on trouvera au début de chacune des parties des précisions terminologiques susceptibles d'en faciliter la lecture et la consultation ainsi que des survols et des notes comparatives quant aux systèmes et expériences présentés dans les textes. De même, à la fin de chaque texte, des outils de suivi offrent au lecteur la possibilité de compléter aisément son information.
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  • 82
    Language: French
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.115
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper analyses the links between growth and public capital for a sample of 28 developing countries over eleven years (1981-91). We estimate a simultaneous equations model to explain the GDP, as well as public and private capital formation. Public, private and human capital are positive and significant factors of growth. Nevertheless, public capital formation has produced crowding-out effects, since the budget constraint was differentiated between public and private sectors. Our results suggest that the majority of the sample countries tended rather to diverge from the optimal allocation of capital — in terms of growth — between public and private sectors ...
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.164
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper examines interrelations between corporate governance, competition and performance. Traditional theories emphasise the importance of managerial incentives and disciplining in corporate governance, and how institutional arrangements affect financing. The paper argues that ownership and control, rather than incentives, disciplining and corporate finance, are the distinguishing features of different financial systems. The insider systems of Continental Europe and Japan may be superior at implementing policies which involve relations with stakeholders. Outsider, Anglo-American, systems may be more responsive to change. Concentration of ownership may be required to establish relations between stakeholders, and this may impede product market competition ...
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/02
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper examines the empirical evidence on the impact of performed R&D and of embodied R&D on productivity performance in 10 major OECD countries (the G7 countries, Australia, Denmark and the Netherlands) over the last two decades. Industry-level performed R&D and embodied R&D variables were constructed from an input-output model developed in a previous paper on technology diffusion. The productivity variables used in this paper are Divisia growth indexes of TFP which were consistently estimated by an input-output based growth accounting procedure. The aggregate TFP estimates showed some recovery in the 1980s in most countries and notably in the United States, where most of this recovery was in manufacturing. The results from pooled regressions across countries and across industries during the 1970s and 1980s indicate that the rates of return of both R&D variables are positively significant and increasing in the 1980s. The estimated rate of return of direct R&D for manufacturing ...
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789264249479
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economies at a Glance; Structural Indicators
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economies at a Glance: Structural Indicators
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Combien y a-t-il de voitures par habitant en Espagne ? Quelles sont les conditions d'admission au régime d'assurance-chômage au Canada ? Quelle a été, au cours des dernières décennies, l'évolution de la consommation finale totale d'énergie dans les pays de l'OCDE ? Où en est la privatisation des entreprises de télécommunications dans divers pays de l'OCDE ? Cette publication répond à ces questions et à bien d'autres concernant la structure économique et l'action gouvernementale dans la zone de l'OCDE et leur évolution dans le temps. Elle présente un large éventail de données utiles et fiables dans des domaines aussi divers que le marché du travail, le système bancaire, la réglementation et la concurrence, les dépenses et les finances publiques, les services sociaux, l'agriculture, l'énergie et l'environnement, ainsi que des indicateurs généraux sur les niveaux de vie.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.116
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The environmental impacts of economic activity have become an increasingly urgent concern in both OECD Member countries, as well as in non-Member countries. Research in this area is still in its infancy, and the data required to buttress analytical studies is still sparse. This paper describes the base model specification for a series of six country case studies undertaken at the OECD Development Centre to analyse the links between growth and emissions, and emissions and trade instruments. The model attempts to capture some of the key features relating to environmental emissions. These features include: a) linking emissions to the consumption of polluting inputs (as opposed to output); b) including emissions generated by final demand consumption; c) integrating substitutability between polluting and non-polluting inputs (including capital and labour); d) capturing important dynamic effects such as capital accumulation, population growth, productivity and technological ...
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.168
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents simulations of the impact of age-related public expenditures on overall government budget positions and on national savings for 20 countries. Using demographic projections prepared by the World Bank, models have been constructed for the evolution of public pension expenditures and contributions, on the assumption that present policies continue. Sensitivity analysis and some illustrative scenarios of possible reform options are also presented. Scenarios for the evolution of public health-care expenditures are also presented with sensitivity analysis of the assumptions linking age and health-care costs and the evolution of treatment costs. These scenarios for pensions and health care are set within the wider framework of general government balances to capture the effects of public debt accumulation and debt servicing costs ...
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/08
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is two-fold: to highlight stylised facts about recent trends in the skill distribution of employment and to analyse the role that technological change might have in explaining these dynamics. Data on industrial employment broken down by occupation recently assembled by the OECD Secretariat are used to examine the changing skill composition of OECD economies, the occupational structure of industry and services, and the dynamics of upskilling. They show that in most OECD countries during the 1980s, employment grew fastest in high-skilled jobs and slowest – or declined – in low-skilled jobs. The upskilling trend is more apparent in manufacturing than in services, while overall the shift to higher skilled jobs has occurred primarily within industries, rather than between them. Econometric work that explores the role of technology in the changing skill mix in five of the G7 countries in the 1980s shows that upskilling has occurred faster in industries that have ...
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 81 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.23
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Competition is driving growth of mobile telecommunication into new markets, particularly personal communication markets.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.119
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper synthesizes nine in-depth developing country (LDC) studies on the impact of trade upon wages. It is traditionally assumed that in LDCs trade liberalization lowers relative wage dispersion, while raising wage dispersion in DCs. Evidence from cross-sectional household data for Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines, Chinese Taipei and Uruguay show: first, counter to one model in Leamer (1995), for countries with diversified trade, labor supply shifts generally shift wages. Second, liberalization was accompanied by rising relative wages and labor demand. And third, trade liberalization often increases the inflow of machinery, and may partly explain positive relative demand shifts accompanying trade liberalization ...
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