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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,754)
  • HeBIS  (62)
  • GRASSI Mus. Leipzig  (1)
  • 2015-2019  (1,815)
  • Economics  (1,815)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 0415153808
    Language: English
    DDC: 330.01
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 2
    Language: German , English
    Pages: 25 cm
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dietl, Clara-Erika, - 1996 Wörterbuch für Recht, Wirtschaft und Politik
    Keywords: Recht / Lexikon, Wörterbuch ; Wirtschaft / Lexikon, Wörterbuch ; Politik / Lexikon, Wörterbuch ; Englisch / O.b. Wörterbücher, Fachausdrücke0 ; Law ; Dictionaries ; Economics ; Dictionaries ; Political ; Dictionaries ; English ; Dictionaries ; German ; Law ; Dictionaries ; German ; Economics ; Dictionaries ; German ; Political ; Dictionaries ; German ; German ; Dictionaries ; English ; Mehrsprachiges Wörterbuch ; Wörterbuch ; Deutsch ; Recht ; Englisch ; Deutsch ; Politik ; Englisch ; Deutsch ; Wirtschaft ; Englisch ; Recht ; Wirtschaft ; Politik
    Note: Teil 1, 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Erdsiek, Gerhard: Wörterbuch für Recht, Wirtschaft und Politik , Teil 2, 5. Aufl. mit dem Zusatz: Mit Kommentaren in deutscher und englischer Sprache , 1. - 7. Aufl , Ab 2002 parallele CD-ROM-Ausg. u.d.T.: Wörterbuch für Recht, Wirtschaft und Politik , Teilw. außerdem im Bender-Verl., New York, erschienen
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Uniform Title: Das Kapital
    Keywords: Capital ; Economics
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  • 4
    ISBN: 3320007491
    Language: German
    Edition: Separatausgabe
    Keywords: Capital ; Economics ; Quelle ; Marx, Karl 1818-1883 Das Kapital
    Note: Ausgabe ist identisch mit Bd. 23 - 25 der Werke von Marx und Engels
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  • 5
    ISBN: 0415222400 , 0415222419 , 0415222427 , 0415222435 , 0415222443
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 cm
    Keywords: Spieltheorie ; Verhandlungstheorie ; Nash-Gleichgewicht ; Auktionstheorie ; Makroökonomik ; Sozialwissenschaft ; Theorie ; Wiederholte Spiele ; Evolutionäre Spieltheorie ; Social sciences ; Mathematical models ; Economics ; Mathematical models ; Social sciences ; Methodology ; Economics ; Methodology ; Game theory ; Bibliografie
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9783161583575
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Sociology ; Social sciences ; Economics ; Political science ; Power (Social sciences) ; Social structure ; Social action ; Weber, Max 1864-1920 ; Soziologie ; Soziologische Theorie ; Wirtschaft
    Abstract: Das Umwandlungsrecht stellt ein anspruchsvolles Rechtsgebiet dar, das in der unternehmensrechtlichen Ausbildung eine immer wichtigere Rolle einnimmt. Dieses Lehrbuch soll die Grundzüge erläutern, indem die Grundbegriffe und Verfahrensabläufe systematisch dargestellt werden.Die vorliegende Neuauflage wurde aktualisiert und somit in Teilen geändert und ergänzt, insbesondere wurden die umfangreichen Änderungen durch das EU Company Law Package und das vierte Gesetz zur Änderung des UmwG eingearbeitet. Ganz aktuell sind bereits die Neuerungen berücksichtigt, die durch das Gesetz zur Abmilderung der Folgender COVID-19-Pandemie im Zivil-, Insolvenz- und Strafverfahrensrecht erfolgen.Für Bibliotheken gelten bei diesem Titel abweichende Konditionen; bitte wenden Sie sich an den Vertrieb.
    Note: Vom PDF-Flyer: "Dieses Paket enthält alle Bände der Max-Weber-Gesamtausgabe als PDF"
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9789811336669 , 9811336660
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XXVII, 168 Seiten) , 23 illus., 22 illus. in color.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2019
    Series Statement: Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Development of China’s Cultural Industry
    DDC: 306.3
    Keywords: Economics ; Culture ; Cultural property—Protection ; Cultural policy ; Cultural Economics ; Cultural Resource Management ; Cultural Policy and Politics
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783658261917 , 3658261919
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VII, 75 Seiten) , 11 Abb., 10 Abb. in Farbe.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2019
    Series Statement: Medienwissenschaft: Einführungen kompakt
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Schröter, Jens Medien und Ökonomie
    DDC: 302.2
    Keywords: Medienwirtschaft ; Medienökonomie ; Medientheorie ; Communication ; Economics ; Mass media ; Culture—Study and teaching ; Media and Communication ; Economics ; Media Sociology ; Cultural Studies
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9791036538230
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (228 p.)
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Nachhaltigkeit ; Kultur ; Economics ; Environmental Studies ; culture ; ethics ; knowledge ; sustainable development ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: The emergence of a global and technological world and the accelerating dissemination of technology does not only give rise to technological, economic, social, environmental, political and educational tasks. Significant philosophical questions, epistemic reflections and cultural debates result and have to be pushed forward. To move sustainable development from a political mission statement and scientific challenge into everyday life we have to shift our focus of attention to those who are driving a non-sustainable development: human beings and their societal and cultural conditions and interactions. Ultimately not the ecological footprint is the core challenge, but we and those who are leaving this footprint. The idea of the present volume of Sustainable Development - Relationships to Culture, Knowledge and Ethics was developed in the course of the international conference "Sustainability 2010: The Cultural Dimension", which took place in July 2010 in Berlin. The aim of this book is to provide discussions about cultural, epistemic and ethical implications of contemporary changes and emerging challenges on an interdisciplinary and international level.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9789811399091 , 9811399093
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XII, 150 Seiten) , 28 illus., 3 illus. in color.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2019
    Series Statement: Monograph Series of the Socio-Economic History Society, Japan
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gender and Family in Japan
    DDC: 330.9
    Keywords: Economic history ; Japan—History ; Demography ; Population ; Economics ; Culture ; Economic History ; History of Japan ; Population and Demography ; Cultural Economics
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783030021641 , 3030021645
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XXIV, 312 Seiten) , 11 illus., 8 illus. in color.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2019
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als A Cultural Economic Analysis of Craft
    DDC: 306.3
    Keywords: Economics ; Culture ; Cultural property ; New business enterprises ; Venture capital ; Development economics ; Labor economics ; Economic policy ; Cultural Economics ; Cultural Heritage ; Start-Ups and Venture Capital ; Development Economics ; Labor Economics ; Economic Policy
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783319898759 , 3319898752
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVIII, 725 Seiten) , 65 illus., 53 illus. in color.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2019
    Series Statement: Springer Proceedings in Complexity
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chaos, Complexity and Leadership 2017
    DDC: 306.3
    Keywords: Economic sociology ; Nonlinear Optics ; Operations research ; System theory ; Economics ; Dynamics ; Nonlinear theories ; Economic Sociology ; Nonlinear Optics ; Operations Research and Decision Theory ; Complex Systems ; Political Economy and Economic Systems ; Applied Dynamical Systems
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783030298043 , 3030298043
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XV, 222 Seiten) , 21 illus., 6 illus. in color.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2019
    Series Statement: Contributions to Management Science
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zerwas, Claire Sophie Work-Life Balance and Women's Entrepreneurship
    DDC: 306.3
    Keywords: Economics ; Culture ; Entrepreneurship ; New business enterprises ; Labor economics ; Cultural Economics ; Entrepreneurship ; Labor Economics
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783030021436 , 3030021432
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VII, 246 Seiten)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2019
    Series Statement: Music Business Research
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Graham, Phil Music, Management, Marketing, and Law
    DDC: 306.3
    Keywords: Economics ; Culture ; Music ; Advertising media planning ; Technological innovations ; Information technology—Law and legislation ; Mass media—Law and legislation ; Civilization—History ; Cultural Economics ; Music ; Media Planning ; Innovation and Technology Management ; IT Law, Media Law, Intellectual Property ; Cultural History
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9782713230875
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (304 p.)
    DDC: 306.3
    Keywords: Economics ; Sociology ; économie ; incertitude ; institution ; coordination ; possibilité ; convention
    Abstract: Comment des acteurs ordinaires (personnes ou entreprises) parviennent-ils, avec leurs ressources et leurs capacités limitées, à se coordonner dans la vie économique courante ou dans la réalisation de projets collectifs complexes ? Pour répondre à cette question, les auteurs de ce volume s'écartent de la théorie standard de l'action rationnelle et proposent un nouveau regard sur la réflexivité de l'action. L'acteur n'est plus supposé tendre vers l'omniscience mais vers le jugement et l'action raisonnables. La raison pratique se trouve ainsi placée au fondement de l'action économique. Une telle révision conduit à envisager le problème de la coordination des actions délibérées sous un angle différent. Elle implique en particulier de reconceptualiser la notion d'institution et de redéfinir le lien entre action et institution. Cet ouvrage présente quelques-unes des pistes qu'explore aujourd'hui le programme de recherche dit de « l'économie des conventions ». Il montre ainsi l'omniprésence des conventions dans la vie économique et sociale quotidienne, où elles permettent la formation d'attentes mutuelles entre personnes qui ont à coordonner leurs actions.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783658277734 , 3658277734
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVIII, 244 Seiten) , 42 Abb.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2019
    Series Statement: Wirtschaftswissenschaft und Ökonomische Bildung
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Schulte, Birgit Unternehmensnachfolgen und Entrepreneurship Education
    DDC: 306.3
    Keywords: Economics ; Culture ; Entrepreneurship ; New business enterprises ; Education—Economic aspects ; Cultural Economics ; Entrepreneurship ; Education Economics
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9783658161453 , 3658161450
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XLII, 447 Seiten) , 13 Abb., 6 Abb. in Farbe.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2019
    Series Statement: Wirtschaft + Gesellschaft
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Perspektiven einer pluralen Ökonomik
    DDC: 306.3
    Keywords: Wirtschaftsforschung ; Pluralismus ; Heterodoxe Ökonomie ; Economic sociology ; Economics ; Welfare state ; Social structure ; Equality ; Economic Sociology ; Political Economy and Economic Systems ; Welfare ; Social Structure
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    ISBN: 9783658219628
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 123 S, online resource)
    Series Statement: Neue Bibliothek der Sozialwissenschaften
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice, 1930 - 2019 Welt-System-Analyse
    RVK:
    Keywords: Sociological Theory ; Economics ; Economics ; Economic sociology. ; Economic policy. ; Sociology. ; Einführung ; Weltsystem ; Kapitalismus ; Staatensystem ; Ideologie ; Strukturkrise ; Weltsystem ; Sozialwissenschaften
    Abstract: Die erfolgreiche Einführung in die Welt-System-Analyse von Immanuel Wallerstein liegt nun erstmals in deutscher Übersetzung vor. Immanuel Wallerstein liefert eine prägnante und leicht zugängliche Einführung in den umfangreichen Ansatz der Welt-System-Analyse, den er selbst vor über vierzig Jahren auf den Weg brachte, um die Geschichte und die Entwicklung der modernen Welt zu erklären. Der Autor beschreibt die Wissensstrukturen und Mechanismen, auf denen das Welt-System basiert. Darüber hinaus zeigt er, welche Charakteristika die Welt-System-Analyse kennzeichnen: die Betonung von Welt-Systemen an Stelle von Nationalstaaten, die historischen Prozesse und deren Entfaltung über lange Zeiträume sowie die Integration von Wissensbeständen, die für gewöhnlich voneinander getrennt wahrgenommen werden - wie historisches, politologisches, wirtschaftswissenschaftliches und soziologisches Wissen. Die Welt-System-Analyse hat sich als eine häufig genutzte Methode in den historischen Sozialwissenschaften etabliert und ist zu einem gebräuchlichen Referenzpunkt in Globalisierungsdiskussionen geworden. Die Zielgruppen Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaftlerinnen und -wissenschaftler sowie interessierte Laien Der Autor Prof. Dr. Immanuel Wallerstein ist Senior Research Scholar am Department für Soziologie der Yale University und ehemaliger Präsident der International Sociological Association. Herausgeberin und Herausgeber Julien Bucher ist wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Lehrstuhl für Innovationsforschung und Technologiemanagement der Technischen Universität Chemnitz. Felix Merz ist Mitarbeiter im Referat für Qualität und Akkreditierung an der Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften Coburg. Dr. Sylke Nissen ist Professorin am Institut für Soziologie an der Universität Leipzig
    Abstract: Die Welt verstehen, in der wir leben -- Historische Hintergründe: Von der Sozialwissenschaftlichen Disziplin zur Historischen Sozialwissenschaft -- Das moderne Weltsystem als kapitalistische Welt-Wirtschaft -- Die Entstehung des Staaten-Systems -- Die Erschaffung einer Geo-Kultur -- Das moderne Welt-System in der Krise: Verzweigung, Chaos und Entscheidungen
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2019, 1
    Keywords: Inflation ; Digitalisierung ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Sozialer Wandel ; Verbraucherpreisindex ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The effect on the household consumption price index from possible sources of error in capturing digital products depends on the weight of the affected products. To calculate upper bounds for this effect, we apply weights based on the average structure of household consumption in OECD countries to a maximum plausible overstatement of price change for each affected or potentially affected product. The products account for about 35% of household expenditure in 2005, declining to 32% in 2015. The upper bound simulation effect on the growth rate of the consumption deflator is somewhat less than –0.6 percentage points in 2015 – large enough to improve the picture of GDP and productivity growth in advanced economies. However, this would not overturn the conclusion that productivity growth has slowed substantially compared over the past decades.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper no. 26 (February 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.26
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Informationstechnik ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Technologiepolitik ; Industriepolitik ; Qualifikation ; Wettbewerb ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents a range of policies to enhance adoption of digital technologies and firm productivity. It quantifies illustratively the effect of policy changes by combining the results of two recent OECD analyses on the drivers of adoption and their productivity benefits. Increasing access to high-speed internet, upgrading technical and managerial skills and implementing product and labour market reforms to facilitate the reallocation of resources in the economy are found to be the main factors supporting the efficient adoption of a selection of digital technologies. The most productive firms have benefitted relatively more from digitalisation in the past, contributing to a widening productivity gap with less productive firms. Policies should create the conditions for efficient adoption by less productive firms, which would help them to catch up, achieving a double dividend in terms of growth and inclusiveness. Enhancing skills has a key role to play in this area since less productive firms suffer relatively more from skill shortages.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1532
    Keywords: Kapitalstock ; Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionsentscheidung ; Forschung ; Digitalisierung ; Wirtschaftsdaten ; Türkei ; Economics ; Turkey ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Starting from a low level in early 2000s, Turkey’s total capital stock has since expanded rapidly, but the composition and quality of investment raises questions. This study focuses on business investment, as the main driver of physical and knowledge-based capital formation and, hence, of potential output and the material foundations of well-being. Micro data allow to distinguish four types of firms: small businesses with a high rate of informality, medium-sized family firms, large formal corporations, and skilled start-ups. The relative importance of the challenges facing these different types of firms varies, notably with respect to skill shortcomings, regulatory burdens, labour costs, access to bank lending, over-leveraging and scarce equity capital. Improving the current business environment and overcoming the fragmentation of the business sector will be crucial to upgrade the quality of business investment and to enhance the allocative efficiency of capital formation. This calls for promoting formality, best management practices, the build-up of equity capital, access to long-term bank financing and other market-based financing that can complement traditional bank lending; and a faster and more inclusive transition to the digital economy.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1534
    Keywords: Steuersystem ; Steuermoral ; Ökosteuer ; Öffentliche Einnahmen ; Indonesien ; Economics ; Indonesia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Indonesia’s government needs more revenue to fund spending that can boost GDP growth, raise well-being and reduce poverty. The tax-to-GDP ratio is low relative to other emerging market economies. The difficulty is to raise revenues without denting growth or worsening inequality. Successive reforms have modernised the tax administration and increased the number of taxpayers. Nonetheless, raising compliance is an ongoing challenge and investing in the tax administration rightly remains a government priority. There is also scope to improve the design of various taxes. Broadening the bases of income and consumption taxes would raise more revenue and reduce distortions. Expanding property taxation, if appropriately implemented, could provide additional funds for local governments. Taxes can also be used more extensively to discourage activities and behaviours with negative health and environmental externalities. Strengthening property rights and fighting illegal extraction would increase revenues from Indonesia’s natural resource wealth. This Working Paper relates to the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Indonesia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-indonesia.htm).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1538
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Soziale Mobilität ; Haushaltsstatistik ; Australien ; Economics ; Australia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses income, wealth and earnings inequality in Australia, using the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey as the primary source of data. Income inequality in Australia has risen in the last two decades, but most of the rise occurred prior to the global financial crisis. HILDA data nevertheless show evidence of slower income growth in the middle of the income distribution compared with the top and the bottom. While Australia has experienced a rising inequality in wages – mostly through rapid earnings increases among top earners - this has been offset by increased participation and longer hours worked at the bottom of the distribution. According to HILDA data, relative pay across different levels of education groups has not recorded large shifts over the last 15 years. At the same time, we find evidence for job polarisation; notably, the share of high skilled jobs versus middle skilled jobs has increased. With respect to concerns about the casualisation of the labour force and less stable nature of jobs amid technological change and globalisation, the incidence of casual employment – where workers receive no paid sick leave or holiday leave - in Australia has been reported to have risen since the 1980s, especially for females. According to HILDA data however, the incidence of casual employment has fallen since early 2000s. Furthermore, we find no evidence that contract duration has shortened over time.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD SME and entrepreneurship papers no. 15
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The report contextualises the role of data analytics in the ongoing digital revolution and its potential for SME performance, including for enhancing SME productivity. It presents evidence on the use of data analytics in SMEs, discusses main internal and external barriers to the use of data analytics by SMEs, and illustrates policy approaches to foster data-driven decision-making in SMEs.
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  • 26
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 77 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Documents de travail du Département des Affaires Économiques de l'OCDE no. 1559
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1559
    Keywords: Economics ; France ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Ce chapitre propose une analyse approfondie des performances du marché du travail français suivant la nouvelle Stratégie pour l’emploi de l’OCDE. Depuis 2015, les créations d’emploi ont fait refluer le chômage et les situations de sous emploi ont diminué, mais le marché du travail français reste confronté à de nombreux défis. Le taux d’emploi, bien qu’en hausse, demeure relativement faible, les compétences de la population sont inégales, et la rotation d’une partie des travailleurs sur des contrats de moins d’un mois a augmenté. Les créations d’emplois de qualité ont été insuffisantes pour permettre l’intégration économique et sociale d’un grand nombre de jeunes et des moins qualifiés. Des réformes ambitieuses ont visé à réduire l’incertitude entourant le coût des fins de contrats de travail, tout en améliorant les opportunités de formation pour les moins qualifiés et en renforçant l’accompagnement et l’orientation, de manière cohérente avec les recommandations de la nouvelle Stratégie pour l’emploi de l’OCDE. Le gouvernement a aussi restructuré le dialogue social aux niveaux des entreprises et des branches, réduit les incertitudes sur les procédures de licenciement économique et poursuit une réforme de l’assurance chômage. Afin de maximiser les gains de ces réformes, la priorité doit être de renforcer l’efficacité de la formation continue et de limiter la reproduction des inégalités et les décrochages scolaires. Simplifier l’organisation des services d’accompagnement et faciliter les mobilités professionnelles permettraient aussi un meilleur appariement entre offre et demande de travail et des gains de productivité soutenus. Le dialogue social au niveau des entreprises doit également être encouragé, tout comme l’engagement des employeurs dans la formation initiale et continue. Enfin, la réforme en cours de l’assurance chômage ainsi qu’une unification des systèmes de soutien aux bas revenus améliorerait l’efficacité et la lisibilité des prestations sociales tout en incitant plus fortement à la reprise d’emplois durables. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la France 2019 (http://www.oecd.org/fr/economie/france-en-un-coup-d-oeil/)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1575
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper calculates new measures of human capital. Contrary to the existing literature, they are based on realistic rates of return to education, which are allowed to vary substantially across countries and to some extent over time. The new measures perform well in regression analysis explaining productivity across OECD countries and over time. In OECD samples, coefficient estimates are broadly consistent with the private returns underlying the construction of the new measures of human capital. In a wider sample of countries, most estimates imply additional positive social returns.
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1580
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper assesses Italy’s 2019 tax and benefit reforms, analyses hypothetical reforms and proposes a reform package that balances goals of reducing poverty, encouraging employment and fiscal sustainability. Using the OECD’s Tax-Benefit and the EUROMOD microsimulation models, it shows that the new guaranteed minimum income scheme introduced in 2019 significantly strengthens Italy’s low income protection system but can also financially discourage recipients from working. The debated flattening of personal income tax rates would do little to improve work incentives, but would drastically cut tax revenues and increase inequality, by reducing the progressivity of the personal tax system. A proposed reform package that maintains progressive personal income tax rates, gradually withdraws low-income support and provides additional benefits for low-wage earners would make inroads into poverty and inequality while encouraging formal work. This paper accompanies and extends the results of the in-depth chapter of the OECD 2019 Economic Survey of Italy (2019[1]) on social and regional disparities.
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 79 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1585
    Keywords: Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper studies the association between occupational licensing and job hire and job separation rates along with earnings of job stayers and job-to-job movers. In contrast to previous studies, it attempts to provide macro-level estimates by relying on a novel Job-to-Job Flows database from the U.S. Census Bureau, covering the near universe of job transitions. The empirical analysis exploits variation in licensing regulation across states and industries and constructs indicators for both the share of employment subject to licensing (the extensive margin) and the strictness of regulation (the intensive margin). Results show that more extensive and stricter licensing are both associated with lower job mobility. This holds for job-to-job mobility as well as for transitions in and out of nonemployment. The strictness indicator points to lower job-to-job mobility from entry restrictions and renewal requirements to licensing, while education and training requirements may increase job-to-job mobility. The analysis also finds a negative association between licensing restrictions for people with a criminal record and job hire from nonemployment. Further analysis shows that interstate job-to-job mobility tends to be lower towards states with more extensive and stricter licensing regulation. The results from the analysis of earnings are generally mixed and mostly insignificant. However, there is some evidence of lower earnings gains from job-to-job moves to states with more licensing within the same industry, which may reflect lower productivity growth because of weaker reallocation of labour resources and reduced competition.
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1583
    Keywords: Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: China has surpassed the United States in patent applications and has become world leader. Strong patenting activity, however, did not lead to strong productivity growth. The delinking of patenting activity from productivity growth could be explained by quality and relevance issues. Although the number of patents has been soaring, few are genuine inventions. Relatively low utilisation rates of patents point to a low degree of relevance. This paper uses a representative survey of Chinese patenting firms to provide a detailed picture of the patenting landscape along the dimensions of geographical areas, detailed industrial sectors, traditional and modern industries as defined by the Chinese government, firm age, size and ownership. It also overviews government subsidies across firms. Transport equipment makers hold most patents per firm, followed by electronics manufacturers. State-owned firms spend more on R&D per patent, but hold fewer patents per researcher than private or foreign-invested firms. High patenting performance and government support are not necessarily linked to high utilisation of patents. Smaller, younger and private firms expect a higher return on their patents and so do exterior design patent holders. Furthermore, the paper examines what drives patenting activity. Higher R&D spending by the firm and higher share of researchers in its workforce tend to be associated with higher patents per employee. Smaller and older firms tend to patent more, and government support also appears to matter. Exterior design patents are associated with different firm characteristics: R&D intensity is lower and government support matters less. Most firms consider IPR protection insufficient and the share of firms having experienced patent infringement is the greatest among the largest firms. Many of them do not do anything once their rights are infringed as they do not expect effective remedy. Instead of patenting, which may not provide sufficient protection from imitators, they adopt other strategies like reaping the first mover advantage to market their goods or sign confidentiality agreements with their staff or contracts on commercial secrets. This Working Paper relates to the 2019 Economic Survey of China (http://www.oecd.org/economy/china-economic-snapshot/).
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 81 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1588
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper produces new evidence and stylised facts on housing, wealth accumulation and wealth distribution, relying on an in-depth analysis of micro-based data on household wealth across OECD countries. The analysis addresses several questions: i) How is homeownership and housing tenure distributed across the population along various socio-economic characteristics such as income, wealth and age? What is the weight of housing in households’ balance sheets and how does this vary across socio-economic groups? ii) What is the incidence of mortgage debt across households and how does this vary across socio-economic groups? What is the impact of mortgage debt on access to homeownership and wealth accumulation, and on debt overburden and financial risks among vulnerable groups? iii) Is housing a vehicle for wealth accumulation? Can it be a barrier to residential mobility? iv) Is there a link between homeownership and wealth inequality? Between inequality in housing wealth and in total wealth? A key policy issue addressed in this paper is whether and how housing-related policies affect wealth distribution. Another important issue is whether housing-related policies raise potential trade-offs between equity, or inequality reduction, and other policy objectives such as employment and productivity growth as well as macroeconomic resilience. Informed by the stylised facts and existing evidence, this paper discusses preliminary policy implications of housing reform to promote inclusiveness and social mobility, to enhance efficiency in the allocation of labour and capital and to strengthen macroeconomic resilience.
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1592
    Keywords: Economics ; Russian Federation ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Productivity in Russia has fallen steadily over the past 15 years. This paper explores micro-level data to understand the contribution of individual firms to aggregate productivity. Overall, firm-level data corroborate the decline in aggregate productivity and a widening productivity gap against several European countries. They also show that the gap between “the best” and “the rest” has widened in Russia, similar to other countries. Russian markets are quite concentrated, i.e. dominated by few large firms. Larger firms tend to be more productive, but firms at the productivity frontier have become smaller and younger over time, suggesting that more support for young and innovative firms could help raise productivity. Foreign ownership is associated with higher productivity, and there is evidence that foreign firms generate positive productivity spillovers for domestic firms. Service firms belong to the most productive, yet the service sector remains underdeveloped. Mining is also very productive but less than in other countries. Differences in productivity across regions are large, even controlling for many other determinants, suggesting a lack of capital and labour mobility and knowledge transfer across regional borders.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264661059
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (159 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als In-depth productivity review of Belgium
    Keywords: Produktivität ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Belgien ; Employment ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Belgium ; Belgien ; Produktivität
    Abstract: Belgium has a high level of productivity. However, growth of productivity has declined quite strongly over the past two decades, and more so than in other advanced economies. This is a worrying development, as fewer productivity gains mean less wage growth and a slowdown in improvements to pensions, health care and well-being. This In-Depth Productivity Review of Belgium assesses in detail the drivers of productivity and recommends a 7-Point Action Plan to reignite productivity growth in Belgium. Reviving productivity growth requires action in many areas cutting across governments and ministerial competences. Measures are needed to instil more dynamism in Belgium’s economy, both among businesses and in the labour market, and to make the public finances more growth-oriented. In addition to recommending detailed policy measures to revive productivity growth, the Review contains three analytical chapters that lay out the evidence base: Chapter 1 on economy-wide and sectoral trends in productivity; Chapter 2 on the role of firms for productivity, with a focus on the dispersion of performance among businesses; and Chapter 3 on the worker dimension of productivity, with a focus on the role of wage bargaining and skills.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264587380
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (136 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Études économiques de l'OCDE : Mexique 2019 (version abrégée)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Surveys: Mexico 2019
    Keywords: Economics ; Mexico
    Abstract: El sólido marco de la política macroeconómica de México ha apoyado un crecimiento moderado a pesar de varios vientos en contra en los últimos años. Sin embargo, el bajo crecimiento de la productividad ha obstaculizado la convergencia de México con los países de mayores ingresos de la OCDE y las desigualdades siguen siendo elevadas. Se requiere así una estrategia renovada para aumentar la productividad y la inclusión. El aumento del crimen y de la inseguridad afectan negativamente la actividad económica y el bienestar de los ciudadanos, en particular de los desfavorecidos y las mujeres. Fortalecer la calidad institutional es una prioridad. Mejorar el débil estado de derecho también facilitará la implementación efectiva de iniciativas de políticas en otras áreas. A pesar de los logros recientes, los ingresos fiscales siguen siendo bajos y la política fiscal tiene poco impacto redistributivo. A corto plazo, la mejora de la eficiencia de la recaudación de impuestos y del gasto permitirá que la relación deuda-PIB se estabilice y proporcione cierto margen para un mayor gasto social y de infraestructura. En el mediano plazo, aumentar los ingresos fiscales y modificar la combinación de impuestos permitirá reducciones en la deuda pública, creará más espacio fiscal y permitirá aumentar la progresividad. La reducción de la elevada tasa de informalidad requerirá acciones coordinadas en materia de fortalecimiento del cumplimiento, política fiscal, regulaciones laborales y de las empresas, y de la red de protección social, con el objetivo de mejorar el alineamiento de los incentivos para formalizar e impulsar los recursos hacia empresas más productivas (formales). Mejorar los resultados educativos para todos aumentará la igualdad de oportunidades y permitirá construir las bases para una mayor productividad. Aumentar el acceso a la educación y la atención de la primera infancia de calidad también estimulará una mayor participación femenina en el mercado laboral. Mejorar la planificación urbana y el transporte elevaría el potencial de productividad de las ciudades y también la calidad del medio ambiente. CAPÍTULOS ESPECIALES: FORTALECIENDO EL CRECIMIENTO INCLUYENTE
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing ;
    ISBN: 9788468057552
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (256 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Stratégie 2019 de l'OCDE sur les compétences : Des compétences pour construire un avenir meilleur
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Skills Strategy 2019: Skills to Shape a Better Future
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Economics
    Abstract: La Estrategia de Competencias de la OCDE proporciona un enfoque estratégico y amplio orientado a garantizar el progreso de las personas y los países en un mundo complejo, interconectado y cambiante. La Estrategia de Competencias de la OCDE actualizada en 2019 tiene en cuenta las lecciones aprendidas tras aplicar la estrategia de competencias original en once países desde 2012, e incorpora nuevos datos de la OCDE sobre el modo en que las competencias se ven afectadas por las megatendencias, esto es, por fenómenos como la globalización, la digitalización, el envejecimiento de la población y las migraciones. Asimismo, la Estrategia toma en consideración los nuevos conocimientos adquiridos en la OCDE sobre las políticas de competencias aplicadas en relación con estos tres componentes generales: desarrollar las competencias necesarias a lo largo de la vida, usar las, competencias de manera eficaz en el trabajo y en la sociedad y fortalecer la gobernanza de los sistemas de competencias.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264611498
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Surveys: Latvia 2017
    Keywords: Economics ; Latvia
    Abstract: La Lettonie a enregistré une croissance économique vigoureuse ces dernières années, bien qu'elle ait souffert de la récession mondiale et se trouve dans une situation difficile, compte tenu de la baisse de ses exportations vers la Russie. Les exportateurs lettons ont gagné des parts de marché. La progression des salaires a soutenu la croissance de la consommation des ménages. La situation budgétaire est saine, le budget étant à l’équilibre en 2016 et la dette publique étant proche de 40 % du PIB. L'endettement du secteur privé est retombé à un niveau relativement bas. Le niveau modeste de l’endettement public et privé et la robustesse du secteur financier sous-tendent une solide confiance du secteur financier. Moteur essentiel de la croissance économique, la zone métropolitaine de Riga réunit les secteurs naissants de haute technologie du pays et représente environ 69 % du PIB letton.
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9788381242196
    Language: Polish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (276 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Gewährleistung der Übereinstimmung zwischen Verrechnungspreisergebnissen und Wertschöpfung: Aktionspunkte 8-10: Abschlussbericht 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Aligner les prix de transfert calculés sur la création de valeur, Actions 8-10 - Rapports finaux 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Garantizar que los resultados de los precios de transferencia estén en línea con la creación de valor, Acciones 8 a 10 – Informes finales 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Aligning Transfer Pricing Outcomes with Value Creation, Actions 8-10 - 2015 Final Reports
    Keywords: Taxation ; Economics
    Abstract: Sprawozdanie zawiera zmiany wytycznych OECD dotyczących cen transferowych w celu dostosowania wyników w zakresie cen transferowych do procesu tworzenia wartości. Zaktualizowane wytyczne koncentrują się na następujących kluczowych obszarach: kwestie cen transferowych związane z transakcjami dotyczącymi wartości niematerialnych; ustalenia umowne, w tym umowny podział ryzyka i odpowiadających mu zysków, które nie są wspierane przez faktycznie prowadzone działania; poziom zwrotu z finansowania zapewnianego przez bogatego w kapitał członka grupy MNE, w przypadku gdy zwrot ten nie odpowiada poziomowi działalności podejmowanej przez przedsiębiorstwo finansujące; oraz inne obszary wysokiego ryzyka. W sprawozdaniu przedstawiono również działania następcze, które należy podjąć w związku z metodą podziału zysku z transakcji, które doprowadzą do uzyskania szczegółowych wskazówek co do tego, w jaki sposób metoda ta może być odpowiednio zastosowana w celu dalszego dostosowania wyników w zakresie cen transferowych do procesu tworzenia wartości.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Finland’s cautious path to OECD membership
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Governance ; Economics ; Finland
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1533
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Informationstechnik ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Qualifikation ; EU-Staaten ; Economics ; European Union ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper assesses how the adoption of a range of digital technologies affects firm productivity. It combines cross-country firm-level data on productivity and industry-level data on digital technology adoption in an empirical framework that accounts for firm heterogeneity. The results provide robust evidence that digital adoption in an industry is associated to productivity gains at the firm level. Effects are relatively stronger in manufacturing and routine-intensive activities. They also tend to be stronger for more productive firms and weaker in presence of skill shortages, which may relate to the complementarities between digital technologies and other forms of capital (e.g. skills, organisation, or intangibles). As a result, digital technologies may have contributed to the growing dispersion in productivity performance across firms. Hence, policies to support digital adoption should go hand in hand with creating the conditions to enable the catch-up of lagging firms, notably by easing access to skills.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1539
    Keywords: Armut ; Haushaltsstatistik ; Australien ; Erwerbsarmut ; Erwerbsarmut ; Economics ; Australia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses relative income poverty in Australia of individuals aged 15 or more, based on the HILDA Survey data. Australia has above-average poverty rates among OECD countries, but poverty has decreased in the last 15 years. Certain groups are more at risk than others. People living alone and lone parents are at higher risk of poverty. Old people in Australia have a more than 30% chance of living in poverty, which is one of the highest in the OECD. Among those of working age, being employed significantly reduces the risk, while those out of the labour force and the unemployed are at much higher risk of poverty. Nevertheless, there is poverty also among people that work, typically casual workers and part-time workers. People with low education are also at risk. Those living alone and one-parent households face quite a high risk of poverty, even if they are employed. Indigenous Australians are almost twice as likely to be poor than the rest of Australians and they appear significantly poorer than the rest even after controlling for education, age, industry, skill and geographical remoteness, suggesting a range of socio-economic issues, including poor health and discrimination.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1541
    Keywords: 1995 - 2011 ; Lohnquote ; Politik ; Kausalanalyse ; Ökonometrie ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Labour share developments over the past two decades have differed widely across OECD countries, with about half of them experiencing significant declines. This paper analyses the role of public policies in shaping labour share developments across countries. The results suggest that pro-competition product market reforms raise the labour share by reducing producer rents. Labour market reforms that strengthen the bargaining position of workers, such as tightening employment protection or raising minimum wages, may raise wages in the short term but risk triggering the substitution of capital for labour in the medium term. On average, across countries, such reforms are estimated to reduce the labour share. By contrast, promoting the re-employment of workers who lose their jobs through active labour market policies unambiguously raises the labour share.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1542
    Keywords: Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Konjunktur ; Zentralbank ; Probit-Modell ; Vergleich ; Schweden ; England ; Economics ; United Kingdom ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Fan charts were pioneered by the Bank of England and Riksbank and provide a visually appealing means to convey the uncertainty surrounding a forecast. This paper describes a method for parameterising fan charts around GDP growth forecasts by which the degree of uncertainty is based on past forecast errors, but the skew is derived from a probit modelbased assessment of the probability of a future downturn. The probit-based fan charts clearly out-perform the Bank of England and Riksbank approaches when applied to forecasts made immediately preceding the Global Financial Crisis. These examples also highlight weaknesses with the Bank of England and Riksbank approaches. The Riksbank approach implicitly assumes that forecast errors are normally distributed, but over a long track record this is unlikely to be the case because forecasters are generally poor at predicting downturns, which leads to bias and skew in the pattern of forecast errors. Thus, the Riksbank fan chart is neither an accurate representation of past forecast errors, nor is it a reflection of the risk assessment underlying the forecast. The Bank of England approach relies heavily on the judgment of the members of the Monetary Policy Committee to assess risks. However, even when they have correctly foreseen the nature of future risks, the quantitative translation of these risks into the fan chart skew has been too timid. Perhaps one reason for this is that the fan chart prediction intervals based on historical forecast errors already appear quite wide so that inflating them by adding skew may appear embarrassing (at least ex ante). The approach advocated in this paper addresses these weaknesses by recognising that forecast errors are not symmetrical: firstly, this leads to more compressed prediction intervals in the upper part of the fan chart (representing the possibility of under-prediction); and secondly, using the large forecast errors from past downturns to calibrate downward skew clearly supports a more bold approach when there is a risk of a downturn. A weakness of the probit model-based approach is that it will not predict atypical downturns. For example, in the current conjuncture it would not pick up risks associated with a ‘no deal’ Brexit or a global trade war. However, a downturn triggered by atypical events may be more severe if risk factors describing a typical business-financial cycle are also high.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1544
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Branchenentwicklung ; Brexit ; EU-Mitgliedschaft ; EU-Staaten ; CGE-Modell ; Dänemark ; METRO trade model ; Economics ; Denmark ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides estimates of the potential trade effects on exports and production at the sectoral level as well as GDP in Denmark of the exit of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU). Owing to the high uncertainty regarding the final Brexit deal between the EU and the UK, this paper assumes a worst case outcome where trade relations are governed by World Trade Organization (WTO) most favoured nation (MFN) rules. In doing so, it provides something close to an upper bound estimate of the potential negative economic impact. Any trade agreement that would result in a closer relationship between the United Kingdom and the EU than WTO rules reduces the negative impact. Under the worst case illustrative scenario assumed in this paper, Danish exports to the UK fall by 17%, total exports and GDP decline by 1.3% in the medium term. This effect is from the trade channel absent any change in foreign direct investment (FDI) or productivity. The fall in exports is concentrated in the Danish agri-food and machinery and equipment sectors, which account for half of the export reduction. Exports to the UK of agri-food and machinery and equipment fall by 24% and 17% respectively. Smaller manufacturing sectors such as wood and leather products, metals and textiles see falls of over 20% in their exports to the UK. The chemicals sector, which includes pharmaceuticals, comprises 9.5% of Danish exports to the UK and would experience an 18% reduction in its exports to the UK. Seven Danish sectors experience production declines of over 2.5% in the scenario. The largest decline is in the meat products sectors (7%), metals (3%), material manufacturing (2.3%) and other agri-food sectors (2.2%). These sectors would also see the largest declines in labour demand.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD SME and entrepreneurship papers no. 16
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Based on an extensive review of the academic and policy literature, this paper focuses on the role of managerial skills, workforce skills and business linkages in enhancing SME productivity. The paper is structured as follows. First, it presents estimates on productivity gaps by firm size to show that, while SMEs are on average less productive than large companies, productivity gaps change significantly depending on the specific size and sector of the firm. Second, it provides an overview on the main firm-level drivers of SME productivity, i.e. factors internal to the firm that directly affect SME performance, such as managerial and workforce skills, the use of ICT, R&D investments, etc. Third, it delves into the relation between SME productivity, on the one hand, and managerial skills, workforce skills and business linkages, on the other, which has been investigated through three thematic workshops organised by the OECD in collaboration with the Government of Mexico over the period 2016-2018..
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1546
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides guidance for developing country-specific policy recommendations from the broad policy principles of the new OECD Jobs Strategy. To this end, it identifies countries’ main policy challenges and develops broad policy packages to address them. It highlights the importance of considering countries' initial conditions – in terms of the state of the business cycle, fiscal and administrative capacity, past reforms, preferences and demography – for tailoring policy recommendations to country specific challenges, capabilities and needs. It also contains a checklist with key questions for each of the broad dimensions of labour market performance that should be considered when developing country-specific recommendations.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1547
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Investment in intangible assets has become an increasingly important driver of productivity growth in OECD countries. Facing stronger informational asymmetries and harder to value collateral, intangible investment is subject to more severe financial constraints and relies more on internal rather than external capital. To test the hypothesis that the availability of finance, and financial development in particular, is more important for productivity growth in sectors that are intensive in intangible assets, an empirical analysis is carried over a panel of 32 countries and 30 industries, from 1990 to 2014. Overall, results confirm that the impact of financial development on labour productivity is not uniform across sectors. It varies based on country-specific institutional settings and sector-specific characteristics such as the intangible asset intensity, financial structure and external financial dependence. Policies and institutional settings may relax financial constraints by: i) altering the overall composition of finance; ii) encouraging competition and iii) strengthening the legal environment in which businesses operate.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1549
    Keywords: Economics ; Spain ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Spain is a highly decentralised country, making the effective implementation of national reforms dependent on regional policies. Some regional disparities are high and need to be reduced. High regional dispersion in education and job outcomes, compounded by low inter-regional mobility, emerge as key drivers of regional inequalities in income and wellbeing. Lifelong learning programmes that take into account regional specific needs would help foster regional skills and attract firms to lagging regions. Ensuring full portability of social and housing benefits across regions, by providing temporary assistance either by the region of origin or the central government, would improve inter-regional mobility. At the same time, barriers to achieving a truly single market limit productivity growth of regions, including the most advanced. Reducing regulatory barriers and better innovation policies would boost productivity. Effective intergovernmental coordination bodies and a well designed interregional fiscal equalisation system will be key to ensuring that regions have the incentives to implement policies for inclusive growth.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1552
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Heavy involvement in international trade and global value chains has been an effective way for promoting Slovakia's economic and social catch-up. Large foreign direct investment inflows have helped develop a competitive export-led manufacturing industry, with a strong specialisation in the automotive and electronics sectors, fostering robust growth and productivity performance with good fiscal and external balance results. However, the benefits of this development strategy have diminished since the 2008-09 crisis and the subsequent slowdown in world trade growth. Moreover, over the years Slovakia’s integration into world trade has remained for a large part based on downstream activities of value chains that incorporate little domestic value added, such as the assembly of imported intermediate goods, and further expansion of this growth model is hindered by employers’ increasing difficulties in finding skilled labour. There is a need to help local firms to better benefit from foreign companies’ know-how, further prepare the workforce for the increasing digitalisation and automation of most industries, promote the diversification of the economy and, in particular, strengthen the role of the services sector. This assessment, which is derived from the first part of this chapter, is followed by a discussion of the changes required to better leverage Slovakia’s experience with global value chains. All in all, a broad range of well-coordinated policies is called for. This entails better adapting the skills of the workforce to the changing needs of the labour market, enhancing the business environment, improving transport infrastructure and stimulating firms’ innovation capacity. This Working Paper relates to the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of Slovak Republic (http://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/slovak-republic-economic-snapshot/)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1562
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Housing markets, which are large and subject to sharp swings, shape to a great extent countries’ exposure to economic crises and their capacity to recover from them. This paper analyses the transmission of housing-related shocks to the real economy: it investigates the role that policy plays in (a) mitigating or amplifying shocks and (b) facilitating or hampering a recovery. It considers macroprudential measures, rental regulation, taxation and land use restrictions. The aim is to investigate, which housing policy-related reforms can foster greater economic resilience. Among other results, it finds that a tighter macroprudential stance is generally linked to a lower likelihood of economic crisis and that higher effective rates of housing taxation are associated with smoother housing cycles.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1563
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper describes the methodology used in the OECD Economics Department to produce historical estimates and short-run projections of potential output. These estimates are used mainly in the OECD Economic Outlook, in country surveys and as starting point for long-run scenarios. Total-economy potential output is modelled using a constant-returns-to-scale Cobb-Douglas production function with fixed factor shares. The three main inputs are labour, fixed capital excluding housing and labour efficiency, the latter obtained as a decomposition residual. The trend unemployment rate is estimated by Kalman filtering within a forward-looking Phillips curve. Other trend components are obtained by HP-filtering but labour efficiency and the labour force participation rate are cyclically adjusted before filtering to help alleviate the end-point problem associated with filters. This pre-filtering cyclical adjustment is especially helpful at cyclical turning points. It helps to lower the cyclicality of potential output as well as the extent of future revisions.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1561
    Keywords: Economics ; Spain ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Spain has experienced a dramatic business cycle, starting with a large construction based boom followed by a long recession, resulting in a substantial rise in unemployment, and income and wealth inequality. This paper uses longitudinal data from the Survey of Household Finances over the period 2002 to 2014 to examine the distributions of income and wealth in Spain, as well as the mobility of households within those distributions. Results show an increase in the concentration of both income and wealth following the sharp decline in house prices that occurred since 2008, with house price fluctuations affecting more negatively the young than the old. Furthermore, differences in average income and wealth by education, gender and home ownership status were accentuated during the crisis, with lower and middle group incomes falling on average and top group incomes rising. In addition, higher levels of mobility within the middle of the household wealth distribution are observed than at either the top or bottom, although mobility at the extremes of the distribution increased after 2008. Finally, a number of characteristics of households, including age, property ownership, being employed on a permanent contract and good health, are found to be positively associated with wealth accumulation over time, while having a mortgage is negatively related. Overall, the paper finds it is the young and those with low income, wealth and education, bad health, temporary contracts and a mortgage that became relatively worse off in Spain’s early 21st century boom and bust cycle. This Working Paper relates to the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Spain (http://www.oecd.org/economy/spain-economic-snapshot)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1570
    Keywords: Economics ; Estonia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper studies the impact of tax-benefit policies on the distribution of household incomes and work incentives in Estonia. It makes use of microsimulation modelling approach and applies the EU tax-benefit model EUROMOD to quantify the first-order effects of policy changes in 2016-2018 and of a range of alternative policy scenarios aimed at increasing the adequacy of social benefits. According to the simulations, 2016-2017 policies increased household incomes relative to inflation and were both poverty and inequality reducing. Alternative policy scenarios indicate that, among the considered options, increasing the generosity of the subsistence benefit and relaxing its means test by halving the withdrawal rate (currently at 100%), would have the highest first-order impact for a given fiscal cost. However, these measures would also weaken work incentives, which points to a conventional equity-efficiency trade-off. Other simulations demonstrate some scope for improving work incentives at low and middle-income levels together with modest reductions in poverty and inequality. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Estonia (http://www.oecd.org/economy/estonia-economic-snapshot/)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper no. 27 (September 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.27
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper was prepared in support of Japan’s G20 Presidency. It takes stock of ongoing and projected population ageing across G20 economies and its far-reaching implications for economic growth, productivity, inequality within and between generations and the sustainability of public finances. Rising old-age dependency ratios will put the financing of adequate pensions, health and long-term care under high pressure. The paper provides recommendations on policy responses to address ageing-related challenges and highlights good practices. A comprehensive approach is needed, tailored to each country’s institutional and policy settings and social preferences, and may span many areas of public policy: improving the design of public pensions, incentivising private savings, enhancing the efficiency of health care provision, expanding the coverage of social security systems, promoting employability and skills of older workers, and striving for a better labour market inclusion of women, youth and migrants.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD SME and entrepreneurship papers no. 17
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between workplace organisation and innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It uses data for 30 countries, drawn from the European Company Survey, the OECD Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies and the Community Innovation Survey. It contrasts SMEs adopting a “learning organisation” or “discretionary learning” form of workplace organisation with SMEs adopting more hierarchical organisational forms. Learning organisation or discretionary learning SMEs are characterised by high levels of self-planning of tasks by employees, teamwork, knowledge exchange with employees and supervisors, on-the-job training, and employee performance incentives. They account for approximately one-third of SMEs across the countries examined. SMEs with this form of work organisation are more likely than other SMEs to develop new products/services and processes. At a macro level, countries with high proportions of these SMEs have higher rates of new-to-the-market innovations among SMEs and of SME innovation collaborations with other firms and organisations. The findings point to the potential role of policies favouring organisational change in SMEs as a means of stimulating SME innovation.
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1577
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reviews recent empirical literature on policy drivers of two educational outcomes - years of schooling and rates of return - that form the OECD’s aggregate measure of human capital. The paper sets the literature findings into the context of current educational polices in place in OECD countries. While much of the empirical results are mixed, depend on country and time coverage as well as estimation methods, the review identifies the following policies most likely to promote better educational outcomes: quality pre-primary education, quality teaching, accountability and autonomy of teaching institutions, comprehensive lower secondary education and availability of individual financing for the pursuit of higher education.
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1579
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A statistically significant relationship between the unemployment gap and inflation can be found for a clear majority of OECD countries, but the magnitude of the effect is typically weak. A corollary is that the effect of labour market slack on inflation can often be dominated by other shocks, including imported inflation. The current Secretariat Phillips curve specification assumes inflation expectations are anchored at the central bank’s target, although some experimentation suggests that alternative proxies for expectations sometimes work better and there is some evidence that persistent under-shooting of inflation has led to some de-anchoring of expectations from the target, especially in the euro area. For most OECD countries, a measure of the global output gap is both statistically significant and strongly preferred to a domestic gap measure in explaining the wedge between headline and core inflation, although domestic gaps are strongly preferred in explaining core inflation. Various forms of non-linearity in the Phillips curve provide possible explanations for recent weak inflation outcomes, but statistical testing provides only limited support for such explanations.
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1586
    Keywords: Education ; Economics ; Sweden ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the econometric analysis of lower secondary school performance carried out for the chapter on education of the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of Sweden. The dataset covers most Swedish schools providing education for 9th graders. Student socio-economic background has a considerable impact on academic results. Policy inputs are also correlated with results, notably in schools with pupils from weaker socio-economic backgrounds, but teacher qualifications and spending per student are endogenous. For-profit private schools underperform compared to non-profit and public schools, albeit with strong heterogeneity between schools. The introduction of an indicator of competition, based on the density of schools, suggests that intensified school competition lowers results in schools with a high share of pupils from weaker socio-economic backgrounds. Schools, and especially those achieving weaker results, have scope to raise their performance by improving their adaptation to student needs. This Working Paper relates to the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of Sweden http://www.oecd.org/economy/sweden-economic-snapshot/
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1590
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Making housing more affordable ranks high on the policy agenda across the world. One way to achieve affordable housing is to ensure sufficiently elastic supply of the housing stock in response to demand shocks. This paper aims at disentangling policy from non-policy drivers in explaining cross-regional differences in housing supply elasticities. It uses GIS data to account for the presence of natural and man-made obstacles to residential construction in functional urban areas across the 12 OECD countries that provide sufficiently long time series for regional house prices. The results suggest that the presence of water, steep land, parks and high-density urban areas all restrict the supply of housing. However, there remain very large differences in supply elasticities across countries, which corroborates the finding from national analysis that policies have a strong influence.
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1589
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The trend rise of house prices in many OECD countries suggests weakness in the adjustment of supply to demand. This paper estimates long-term elasticities of housing supply to prices in OECD countries before exploring their drivers with a focus on policies. It finds a significant association between weaker supply responsiveness and a proxy measure for more restrictive land-use regulation. Besides, tighter rent controls are linked with lower supply elasticities. In turn, weak supply responsiveness implies that house prices rise more following stronger demand. The sensitivity of house prices to household income is also higher in countries that provide larger amounts of tax relief for homeowners.
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1587
    Keywords: Education ; Economics ; Sweden ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Swedish school results declined for two decades following a series of reforms in the early 1990s decentralising the school system and introducing choice, competition and management by objectives. The general aims and direction of reform were not destined to lower results, but weaknesses of reform design and implementation, against the backdrop of a deep recession, likely contributed to falling outcomes. Residential segregation and the current model of competition and choice increase school segregation and likely reduce equality of opportunity. A coherent set of reforms should strengthen central government institutions, rebuild a regional governance structure and increasingly target funding to pupils’ needs. Better steering of competition and school choice implies ensuring that grades fairly represent pupils’ skills and knowledge, that municipalities increasingly take the socio-economic mix of pupils into account in entry and investment decisions, and that entry and expansion of private schools are better coordinated to counter school segregation. Teaching needs to become more attractive to raise the quality of recruitment to the profession and to address current and future teacher shortages by improving teacher education, strengthening continuous learning and instigating more cooperation, feedback and support between colleagues. This Working Paper relates to the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of Sweden (http://www.oecd.org/economy/sweden-economic-snapshot/).
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264657748 , 9789264388215 , 9789264313736
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (164 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Pension Systems
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD reviews of pensions systems
    Keywords: Altersvorsorge ; Portugal ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Portugal ; Portugal ; Altersversorgung
    Abstract: This review provides policy recommendations on how to improve the Portuguese pension system, building on the OECD’s best practices in pension design. It details the Portuguese pension system and identifies its strengths and weaknesses based on cross-country comparisons. The Portuguese pension system consists of an old-age safety net, a pay-as-you-go defined benefit scheme and voluntary private savings. The safety net includes an old-age social pension and a complement (the so-called Complemento Solidário para Idosos or CSI), both of which pursue similar objectives but have different eligibility criteria. The defined benefit scheme has two main components: the general social security scheme (regime geral da Segurança Social) and the civil-servant pension scheme (Caixa Geral de Aposentações or CGA). The latter has been closed to new entrants since 2006 with new civil servants contributing to the general scheme. Funded voluntary pensions make up a very small share of total pension entitlements. The OECD Reviews of Pension Systems: Portugal is the fourth in the series, after Ireland (2014), Mexico (2016) and Latvia (2018), with a fifth review on Peru under preparation.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264785397
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Surveys: Latvia 2019
    Keywords: Economics ; Latvia
    Abstract: La croissance économique est forte et la convergence des revenus se poursuit, quoique à un rythme plus lent qu'avant 2008. Le marché du travail est tendu, étant donné que le taux de chômage a chuté à son plus bas niveau depuis dix ans et que le nombre d'emplois vacants augmente rapidement. La croissance des salaires est forte, soutenant le pouvoir d'achat des ménages. Malgré la hausse des coûts de main-d'œuvre, les exportateurs lettons sont restés compétitifs et ont gagné des parts de marché. La situation macroéconomique semble globalement équilibrée, l'inflation, la dette publique et le déficit étant maîtrisés. Les marchés de capitaux semblent stables, étayés par une politique macroprudentielle judicieuse.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264300453 , 9789264300880 , 9789264300897
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (292 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Environment: Further Developments and Policy Use
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: La présente publication examine les avancées récentes de l’analyse coûts-avantages (ACA) environnementale. Celle-ci correspond à l’application de l’ACA aux projets ou aux politiques qui visent explicitement à améliorer la qualité de l’environnement ou qui ont, d’une manière ou d’une autre, un effet indirect sur les milieux naturels. Cette publication s’appuie sur l’ouvrage précédent de l’OCDE rédigé par David Pearce et al. (2006), qui partait du constat que la conjonction d’un certain nombre d’avancées de l’ACA modifiait la manière dont bien des économistes recommanderaient de mettre en œuvre cet instrument, surtout dans le contexte de projets ou de politiques ayant des impacts environnementaux considérables. Cette publication n’a pas seulement pour principal objectif d’évaluer les progrès accomplis : elle cherche également à déterminer en quoi certaines évolutions illustrent des questions thématiques centrales ayant des conséquences pour l’application concrète de l’ACA environnementale dans le cadre de l’élaboration des politiques et de l’évaluation des projets d’investissement. Le thème sans doute le plus important a trait à la contribution de l’économie du climat face au défi que constitue l’évaluation des mesures publiques visant à atténuer le changement climatique (ou à s’y adapter). Les travaux dans ce domaine ont accru l’intérêt porté au mode d’évaluation des coûts et des avantages à très long terme et ils ont notamment montré à quel point les procédures classiques de détermination du taux d’actualisation social deviennent problématiques dans un contexte intergénérationnel et quelles pourraient être les nouvelles approches requises. La contribution de l’économie du climat a également suscité une réflexion plus poussée sur l’incertitude dans le cadre de l’ACA, en particulier en présence d’effets incertains qui peuvent avoir des impacts (négatifs) de grande ampleur.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264310278
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (144 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD economic survey of the United States
    Keywords: Wirtschaftslage ; Großbritannien ; Development ; Economics ; United States ; USA ; Wirtschaftliche Lage ; Wirtschaftliche Stabilität
    Abstract: This volume collects four studies that were prepared as background research to the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of the United States. Using micro-data survey responses, regional and sectorial data, these studies seek to provide insights into how employment responds to labour market disruption and the drivers of household financial vulnerability in the United States. This volume represents a collaborative effort by a team of OECD and academic researchers.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789264313859 , 9789264762121 , 9789264487604
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (260 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Skills Strategy 2019: Skills to Shape a Better Future
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Estrategia de Competencias de la OCDE 2019 : Competencias para construir un futuro mejor
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Economics
    Abstract: La Stratégie de l’OCDE sur les compétences propose une approche stratégique et globale afin que les peuples et les pays puissent se doter de compétences leur permettant de s’épanouir dans un monde complexe, interconnecté et en pleine évolution. La nouvelle Stratégie 2019 de l’OCDE sur les compétences tient compte depuis 2012 des enseignements tirés de la mise en œuvre initiale de la stratégie des compétences de l’OCDE dans 11 pays, et intègre également es récentes constatations des effets des mégatendances sur les compétences, telles que la mondialisation, la transformation numérique, le vieillissement de la population et les migrations. La Stratégie tient également compte des nouvelles connaissances de l’OCDE sur les politiques en matière de compétences efficacesqui reposent sur ces trois grands axes: acquérir des compétences utiles tout au long de la vie, utiliser efficacement les compétences dans le cadre professionnel et social et, renforcer la gouvernance des systèmes de compétences.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The platform economy can deliver for its workers too
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Are platform workers really their own boss?
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Economics
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1536
    Keywords: Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Verbindlichkeiten ; China ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: While China’s overall debt-to-GDP ratio is not particularly high, its non-financial corporate debt relative to GDP is higher than in other major economies. State-owned enterprises account for over three quarters of that debt with a size exceeding GDP. This paper provides insights into the size of debt, leverage and debt service burden by various non-financial SOE groupings including by size, extent of state ownership, level of the owner, broad and detailed sector and region. Although the debt stock of local SOEs increased the fastest, firms under government agencies leveraged up more quickly and their debt service burden also grew most rapidly. SOEs in services industries increased their debt fastest, in particular in social services, transportation, real estate and construction. In turn, warehousing and real estate firms have the highest leverage. Firms in the three provinces of Xinjiang, Shanxi and Qinghai rank among the top five in all the three indicators of debt to revenues, leverage and debt service burden. Large SOEs owe most debt and leveraged up, while small and medium-size ones reduced their leverage. The surge in the debt service burden of small SOEs coincided with an increase in state assets in this group of firms. Sector-wise, state assets increased most in competitive industries. Empirical analysis shows that higher leverage and labour productivity are more conducive to a surge in SOE debt. Such surges appear to be triggered by falling interest costs, pointing to the role for easy monetary conditions in the rapid SOE debt accumulation. Recent corporate governance reforms of SOEs will likely act as disciplining device on SOE borrowing.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1543
    Keywords: Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Probit-Modell ; Neuseeland ; Economics ; New Zealand ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Macroeconomic forecasters typically forecast fewer recessions than the number experienced, which means economic growth tends to be over-predicted on average. Consequently, forecast errors are not normally distributed, making it difficult to convey the uncertainty and risks based on the historical forecast track record. To characterise this risk, recent OECD work constructed fan charts parameterised on historical forecast errors and the probability of a future downturn estimated from a probit model comprising a range of potential macroeconomic and financial early warning indicators. As the probability of a downturn increases the associated fan chart is wider, reflecting increased uncertainty, and more skewed to the downside, reflecting greater downside risks. This paper applies this methodology to New Zealand; although one important difference compared to other OECD economies is that the time span of macroeconomic data without major structural change is significantly shorter. Forecast errors for GDP by the OECD, Reserve Bank of New Zealand and New Zealand Treasury all appear to be non-normally distributed. Fan charts for GDP forecasts from the mid-year 2018 OECD Economic Outlook are symmetric due to the low probability of a downturn. Fan charts estimated for the period preceding the global financial crisis using currently-available data have a downwards skew. However, those estimated using data only available in the lead up to the crisis have many insignificant coefficients, likely due to the structural changes that have occurred in the New Zealand economy since the 1980s.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 69 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1545
    Keywords: Economics ; Denmark ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Danish firms are close to the technological frontier compared to other OECD countries, making the introduction of new – potentially disruptive – technologies key to boost productivity growth. Despite a high level of digitalisation and good framework conditions, aggregate productivity growth in Denmark has been only average compared to other advanced OECD countries and lags behind in less knowledge-intensive service industries. Policy needs to embrace innovative technologies by leaning against attempts to discourage or exclude them and by tackling unintended or outmoded obstacles in legislation and regulation. Analysis based on Danish firm-level data suggests that digital adoption through investment in ICT capital increases firm productivity and contributes to business dynamics and firm growth. Improving economic incentives for such investment as well as facilitating adoption of new business models require a shift of taxation away from capital and labour income. Ensuring supply of the right skills and maintaining effective upskilling will help workers cope with disruptive changes and ensure that economic growth benefits all.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Luxembourg : Publications Office of the European Union
    ISBN: 9789279966828
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD SME and entrepreneurship papers no. 13
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers
    Keywords: Gründungsförderung ; Unternehmenswachstum ; Business Angels ; Mittelstandspolitik ; Vergleich ; EU-Staaten ; USA ; Economics ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This policy brief explores the benefits of incubators and accelerators, how they support inclusive entrepreneurship, what makes them successful and how the EU can learn from the experiences of other countries. While there are relatively few examples of business incubators and accelerators that are fully dedicated to supporting entrepreneurs from under-represented and disadvantaged groups, there is a small body of evidence that shows positive results (survival rates, jobs, revenue, etc.). Policy makers can support incubators and accelerators by providing funding, launching their own dedicated programmes and improving access to existing programmes.
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 18 (January 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents new evidence on industry concentration trends in Europe and in North America. It uses two novel data sources: representative firm-level concentration measures from the OECD MultiProd project, and business-group-level concentration measures using matched Orbis-Worldscope-Zephyr data. Based on the MultiProd data, it finds that between 2001 and 2012 the average industry across 10 European economies saw a 2-3-percentage-point increase in the share of the 10% largest companies in industry sales. Using the Orbis-Worldscope-Zephyr data, it documents a clear increase in industry concentration in Europe as well as in North America between 2000 and 2014 of the order of 4-8 percentage points for the average industry. Over the period, about 3 out of 4 (2-digit) industries in each region saw their concentration increase. The increase is observed for both manufacturing and non-financial services and is not driven by digital-intensive sectors.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 19 (October 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Productivity growth has declined in most advanced economies in the past two decades and there are signs that the pace of global value chain (GVC) integration has slowed in the post-crisis period. This paper explores the role of GVCs - international trade in intermediate inputs - for multi-factor productivity growth using a range of cross-country industry-level data sources. We find that greater participation in GVCs is associated with faster domestic productivity growth at the industry level. We estimate that if GVCs had continued to grow at their pre-crisis trend, productivity growth would have been around 1 percentage point faster over the subsequent five years in both manufacturing and services. We also find that the productivity-enhancing direction of trade differs between sectors. For manufacturing sectors, greater use of intermediate inputs from foreign sources (backward participation) is linked with faster productivity growth, reflecting the beneficial effects of having access to better quality or cheaper inputs. For services sectors, it is more the sales of intermediates (forward participation) that is associated with productivity gains, in line with the traditional role of services in foreign trade as providing inputs to other activities. Looking by partner country, GVC participation with higher productivity countries is particularly productivity enhancing. We also find that GVC integration spurs greater domestic innovation activity.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1550
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The rapid emergence of gig economy platforms that use digital technologies to intermediate labour on a per-task basis has triggered an intense policy debate about the economic and social implications. This paper takes stock of the emerging evidence. The results suggest that gig economy platforms’ size remains modest (1-3 per cent of overall employment). Their growth has been most pronounced in a small number of services industries with high shares of own-account workers, suggesting that thus far they have been a substitute for traditional self-employment rather than dependent employment. New evidence provided in this paper is consistent with positive effects of platform growth on overall employment and small negative or insignificant effects on dependent employment and wages. While most empirical studies suggest that platforms are more efficient in matching workers to clients, reductions in barriers to work could offset such productivity-enhancing effects by creating employment opportunities for low-productivity workers. Fully reaping the potential benefits from gig economy platforms while protecting workers and consumers requires adapting existing policy settings in product and labour markets and applying them to traditional businesses and platforms on an equal footing.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1555
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Housing markets are large and highly volatile: they can thus create large macroeconomic risks. The current paper provides a bird’s eye view of where the housing markets of major OECD economies currently stand. It then uses the results of recently developed models to provide indications of where macroeconomic risks exist. Finally, the paper draws on recent empirical analyses to suggest how economic policies can enhance economic resilience by reducing housing-related risks through macroprudential measures and housing market reforms (such as changes in rent regulation, taxation and land use policies).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1556
    Keywords: Economics ; Portugal ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Portugal’s export performance over the past decade has been impressive, helping to reduce external imbalances. This partly owed to a sequence of structural reforms that benefited the productivity of the export sector and led to an increase in its size. Nonetheless, exports as a share of GDP and the stock of foreign direct investment remain below that of other comparable small European economies. Further shifting the orientation of the economy to the external sector is vital for Portugal given the strong link between trade openness and GDP per capita. To do this, policymakers must ensure that policy settings incentivise exporting firms to expand and improve their competitiveness, both through lower price and improved quality. For example, regulatory barriers that reduce competition in professional services should be lowered to improve the cost and quality of intermediate inputs. Increasing the efficiency of domestic infrastructure is also key, especially through competition-enhancing reforms to the port sector. To further differentiate and improve Portuguese export products, skills in the business sector need to be enhanced through better-targeted lifelong learning opportunities. At the same time, there is a need to focus innovation policies on raising the participation of small and medium enterprises in innovative activities.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1557
    Keywords: Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: China’s regions have been experiencing impressive growth over the past decades, but their potentials could be better exploited by creating a single product and labour market. Local protectionism increases transaction costs and hinders competition, thereby taking a toll on productivity. Administrative monopolies have long thrived and are hard to dismantle. Restrictions on the hukou and the fragmented pension system limit labour mobility. Local regulations aim at, among other things, securing the collection of local taxes, without which cities could not afford to offer the same public services to migrants as to urbanites. Hence, dismantling local regulations and creating a single product and labour market needs to go hand-in-hand with the reform of inter-governmental finances. Recent measures on both the product and labour market front appear to aim at making up for the slow progress over the past decade or so. There are signs that these efforts are helping China’s regions at various levels to converge toward each other. Disparities are shrinking faster across provinces, compared to within provinces. Integration of product and labour markets will boost productivity over the medium-to long term by reducing transaction costs, but could potentially widen regional disparities, which are already relatively high. This will necessitate enhanced transfers and re-centralisation of the financing of spending in some key categories such as education and health. Policies to help catching up of laggard regions by better connectivity through infrastructure investment are bearing fruit, but such investments should be subject to rigorous cost-benefit criteria to enhance capital allocation efficiency and should take into account externalities. Notwithstanding significant disparities along multiple dimensions across provinces, inequalities, be it in terms of income, wealth or education, are actually most striking along the rural-urban dimension. The rural revitalisation strategy, a novel element of the 19th Party Congress outcomes, is expected to address this issue. The other recent strategy of nurturing the formation of city groups will also likely benefit rural areas in-between those cities. This Working Paper relates to the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of China (http://www.oecd.org/economy/china-economic-snapshot/).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1564
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Complementing the Product Market Regulation (PMR) survey, the Indicators on the Governance of Sector Regulators map the regulatory arrangements of 130 regulators across 38 countries and five network sectors: energy, e-communications, rail and air transport, and water. The indicators are structured along three components: independence, accountability and scope of action. For the 2018 update, the OECD Secretariat and delegates of the Network of Economic Regulators (NER) revised the structure and content of the survey based on new best practice principles, guidance documents and the growing body of work of the NER on the performance of regulators. The analysis shows that, while the governance arrangements of regulators vary considerably across countries and sectors, some key trends and correlations can be observed. These insights can support countries and regulators wishing to benchmark their governance practices and reform their governance arrangements.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1565
    Keywords: Economics ; New Zealand ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: New Zealand’s housing supply has not kept pace with rising demand, including from net immigration. Affordability has worsened, particularly for low-income renters. Government action is underway to allow new housing through initiatives such as the Urban Growth Agenda, KiwiBuild and the Housing and Urban Development Authority, but further steps are needed to improve well-being. Clear overarching principles for sustainable urban development and rationalisation of strict regulatory containment policies would allow the planning system to better respond to demand for land. Incentives for local governments to accommodate growth could be increased by giving them access to additional revenue linked to local development. More user charging and targeted rates would also help to fund infrastructure required to service new housing. Government delivery of affordable housing through KiwiBuild should be re-focused towards enabling the supply of land to developers, supporting development of affordable rental housing and further expanding social housing in areas facing shortages.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1569
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Japan’s gross government debt of 226% of GDP in 2018 is the highest ever recorded in the OECD area, and places the economy at risk. The government now aims to achieve a primary surplus by FY 2025. Additional fiscal consolidation, based on a detailed plan covering specific spending cuts and tax increases, is necessary to put the government debt ratio on a downward trend in the face of rapid population ageing. This is a very difficult task and a stronger fiscal framework would help keep policy on track to achieve fiscal targets. Controlling social spending requires making better use of healthcare resources, in p art by reducing overinvestment in hospitals and increasing the use of generic drugs. Another priority is ensuring the sustainability of local government spending, in part by reducing costs through the joint provision of local public services and infrastructure across jurisdictions and the development of compact cities in the context of depopulation in many parts of Japan. Increased revenue should come primarily from hikes in the consumption tax rate, which is among the lowest in the OECD. In addition, disincentives to employment in the tax and benefit system should be removed, as sustained economic growth is crucial to ensure fiscal sustainability. This Working Paper relates to the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of Japan (http://www.oecd.org/economy/japan-economic-snapshot/)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1571
    Keywords: Economics ; Latvia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Latvia’s productivity growth is held back by weak innovation and inefficient resource allocation. The shortage of skilled workers which constrains innovation and the adoption of digital technologies must be addressed through further alignment of vocational and tertiary education with labour market demand. Strengthening the innovation ecosystem by improving the quality of research and collaboration between firms and research institutions would help to diffuse digital technologies more widely across the economy. Fighting widespread informality, improving the low debt recovery through a more efficient insolvency regime, and reducing substantial state ownership would improve the allocation of resources. Latvia also relies heavily on EU funds to finance its important structural policies. The continuity of the most effective EU funded policy instruments needs to be ensured in the medium term, by integrating them into the national budget. This Working Paper relates to the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of Latvia (http://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/latvia-economic-snapshot/)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1573
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the causal effect of public administration efficiency on firm-level productivity. To this purpose, we combine newly available data from Italy on public administration efficiency of subnational governments with geo-localised firm-level data for the years 2004-2014. Italy provides a relevant setting to examine the relationship between public administration efficiency and firm productivity because of large and persistent spatial disparities in economic performance and local administrative capacity. The identification strategy exploits discontinuities that occur in local public-administration efficiency across provincial borders. The results suggest that local public administration efficiency has a large effect on firms’ productivity growth. Increasing local public administration efficiency from the 25th percentile to the 75th percentile would raise the firm-level labour productivity in Italy by 2.4 percentage points.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1574
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The negative interest rate policy (NIRP) has been in place in the euro area since June 2014. While the NIRP can provide additional monetary accommodation in the situation where the neutral rate of interest is most likely negative, there are also unintended consequences for banks’ profitability and potential financial stability risks associated with this policy. The paper assesses the effect of the NIRP on the net interest rate margins of the euro area banks using quarterly consolidated bank level data for some 50 banking groups directly supervised by the Single Supervisory Mechanism. Since our data set extends to 2018, it allows us to examine the period of negative short-term interest rates separately from the period of low, but positive policy rates. The econometric results confirm the effect of the interest rate level on bank profitability and, in some specifications, also suggest an additional negative effect on bank profitability in the period of negative euro area short-term interest rates. This additional effect of the NIRP is the strongest when looking at the disaggregated components of net interest income, i.e. interest income and interest expense. However, the effects are not particularly robust across various profitability measures and tend to disappear when conditioning on macroeconomic variables, such as expected real GDP growth and inflation expectations. Therefore, in line with other existing studies, we find weak evidence of possible negative effects on bank profitability from keeping rates low for an extended period of time. Statistical analysis of the bank-level data also points to an ongoing compression of non-interest income, in particular for the best performing banks, and a slow recovery in return on total assets among all banks over the analysed period. This Working Paper relates to the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Euro Area (https://www.oecd.org/economy/euro-area-and-european-union-economic-snapshot/)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2019, 2
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As well-being has matured as a statistical and measurement agenda, it has become increasingly relevant as a “compass” for policy, with a growing number of countries using well-being metrics to guide decision-making and inform budgetary processes. One remaining challenge has consisted in providing policy-makers with a better understanding of the linkages between the drivers of well-being and economic growth. This paper develops the concept of an “Economy of Well-being” as a basis for highlighting these linkages and showing how policy can most effectively leverage them. The paper defines an economy of well-being around the idea of a “virtuous circle” in which individual well-being and long-term economic growth are mutually reinforcing. It also explores the characteristics of an economy of well-being and the conditions under which it can be sustained. Secondly, based on a survey of existing empirical evidence, the paper contributes to outline how economies of well-being can be built. It provides analysis of several important channels through which economic growth and well-being support and reinforce one another, focusing on the multidimensional impact of policies in four areas that research has shown to be important for well-being: Education and Skills; Health; Social Protection and Redistribution; and Gender Equality.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1576
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses a new measure of human capital that works much better in explaining productivity in OECD countries compared to earlier measures of human capital to investigate the educational policy drivers of human capital. A novel methodology is utilised by interacting educational policies, for which time series coverage is very poor, with time-varying core drivers of human capital such as public spending on education. In such a framework, policy effects can only be assessed indirectly as they amplify or attenuate the effect of education spending on human capital. The results suggest that higher attendance at pre-primary education, greater autonomy of schools and universities, a lower student-to-teacher ratio, higher age of first tracking in secondary education and lower barriers to funding to students in tertiary education all tend to boost human capital through amplifying the positive effects of greater public spending on education. Benefits from pre-primary education are particularly high for countries with an above-average share of disadvantaged students. School autonomy yields high benefits especially in countries where schools are subject to external accountability.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1581
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper documents recent extensions and revisions made to the model underlying the long-run global macroeconomic scenarios that are published every few years. First, a fiscal block is added for 11 countries that previously lacked one. Second, public pension expenditure projections are made endogenous to the projected ratio of retirees to workers and to a hypothesis on the future evolution of benefit ratios. Cross-country differences in projected public pension expenditure thus reflect many factors, including the speed of population ageing, the evolution of employment rates for older people, especially females, and rules regarding the evolution of statutory retirement ages. Third, revised public health expenditure projections introduce a higher income elasticity in middle-income than high-income countries and makes the excess of health care inflation over GDP inflation (Baumol effect) endogenous to the projected labour productivity growth rate. And fourth, the determination of long-term interest rates is revised to associate the fiscal risk premium to net, as opposed to gross, government debt, and make its size conditional on euro area membership, the quality of public governance and the occurrence of systemic banking crises, while allowing a flight-to-safety effect during such crises to lower bond yields in countries that are providers of global safe assets.
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris] : OECD, UNDP | Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264580213
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Keywords: Education ; Energy ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Development ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: As the world's premier forum for international economic co-operation, the G20 plays a critical role in helping to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Based on robust evidence and available data, this report examines how the G20's contributions to the global goals across key sectors are already making a difference, while also suggesting where it could go further in leading by example to support the global goals. Collectively, G20 members account for around 85% of global gross domestic product, 75% of world trade and 80% of global carbon dioxide emissions – to name just a few areas of the G20's influence. This report, commissioned by the Government of Japan in support of its 2019 G20 Presidency, takes stock of the G20's progress to date against its Action Plan on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing ;
    ISBN: 9789264312555
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (492 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How's Life? 2017: 웰빙의 측정
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Comment va la vie ? 2017 : Mesurer le bien-être
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How's Life? 2017: Measuring Well-being
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: En ¿Cómo va la vida? se presentan los aspectos promisorios y los riesgos para el bienestar de los habitantes de los 35 países miembros de la OCDE y seis países asociados. Se proporciona la evidencia más reciente de 50 indicadores, que cubren los resultados del bienestar actual y también los recursos para el bienestar futuro, e incluyen los cambios registrados desde 2005. Durante este periodo se han observado señales de avance, pero las ganancias en algunos aspectos de la vida se han contrarrestado con pérdidas en otros. Esta cuarta edición destaca los múltiples rostros de la desigualdad y muestra que las brechas en los logros y las oportunidades para las personas se extienden a lo largo de las diferentes dimensiones de bienestar. Expone las divisiones existentes según la edad, el género y la educación, y revela los focos de desigualdad en todos los países de la OCDE. Asimismo, pone de manifiesto las muchas desventajas en cuanto a bienestar que los migrantes afrontan al adaptarse a vivir en el extranjero. Además, en el informe se examina la gobernanza desde la perspectiva del ciudadano y se revelan las brechas que predominan entre las instituciones públicas y las personas a quienes sirven. Por último, aporta una perspectiva por país individual, señalando los puntos fuertes, los retos y los cambios en bienestar ocurridos con el tiempo en 41 perfiles de países. ¿Cómo va la vida? forma parte de la Iniciativa para una Vida Mejor de la OCDE, la cual incluye un conjunto de estudios y análisis relativos al bienestar de las personas y cómo medirlo, e incluye el sitio web Tu Índice para una Vida Mejor.
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264879591 , 9789264615403 , 9789264630437
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (152 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Surveys: Argentina 2019
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Études économiques de l'OCDE : Argentine 2019 (version abrégée)
    Keywords: Economics ; Argentina
    Abstract: Durante muchas décadas, la economía Argentina se ha visto frenada por la debilidad de las políticas adoptadas y la productividad se ha estancado. A mediano plazo, las reformas recientemente iniciadas asi como reformas adicionales contribuirán a aumentar la prosperidad de todos los argentinos. Fortalecer la competencia reduciendo barreras de entrada a los mercados y reduciendo barreras al comercio internacional tiene un potencial particularmente prometedor. Barreras arancelarias elevadas han impedido una integración más fuerte en la economía global. Reducir esas barreras puede aumentar el poder de compra de los hogares, reducir los costos de los insumos para las empresas y empujar a las empresas en sectores protegidos de aumentar su productividad. Muchos empleos están actualmente atrapados en actividades con un limitado potencial de crecimiento de la productividad y de los salarios. Visto que la reasignación de puestos de trabajo puede causar pérdidas de ingresos a corto plazo, las políticas deberían facilitar la transición impulsando programas de formación y fortaleciendo la protección social. Las políticas sociales son efectivas para reducir la desigualdad. La pobreza continuó su descenso durante 2016 y 2017, hasta que una crisis severa empujó a la economía a una profunda recesión en 2018. Eso ha desplazado la atención inmediata de las políticas hacia el restablecimiento de la confianza y la corrección de importantes desequilibrios fiscales y externos. Ha sido necesaria la adopción de respuestas políticas rápidas y decisivas, que sentarán las bases para el retorno de la estabilidad macroeconómica y una recuperación económica, aunque persisten importantes riesgos. CAPÍTULOS ESPECIALES: FOMENTAR LA INTEGRACIÓN EN LA ECONOMÍA GLOBAL
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264311268 , 9789264311275 , 9789264306585
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (144 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Administrative Simplification in the Mexican Social Security Institute
    Keywords: Governance ; Economics ; Mexico
    Abstract: El presente informe mide el impacto en ciudadanos y empresas de las acciones de simplificación administrativa desarrolladas por el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Las cargas administrativas tienen un costo, medido en el tiempo que les lleva a los ciudadanos y las empresas completar formularios y esperar en fila para solicitar o entregar información al gobierno. Usando una adaptación del Modelo de Costeo Estándar, el informe encuentra que las cargas administrativas para los usuarios han disminuido en al menos un 25% gracias a la simplificación y digitalización de trámites. El informe también sugiere cómo el Instituto podría reducir aún más estas cargas. Al promover el uso de trámites en línea, las cargas podrían reducirse en un 11% adicional.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264869943 , 9789264416222 , 9789264707023
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (190 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Surveys: Colombia 2019
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Études économiques de l'OCDE : Colombie 2019 (version abrégée)
    Keywords: Economics ; Colombia
    Abstract: Colombia ha logrado importantes avances económicos y sociales en las últimas dos décadas. Las políticas macroeconómicas son sólidas y han conseguido un crecimiento sostenido y un suave ajuste a los shocks a lo largo de los años. El mantenimiento y fortalecimiento del marco de políticas es clave para la sostenibilidad de las políticas macroeconómicas y para sentar las bases de una mayor productividad e inclusión. Para que Colombia se embarque en la senda de un crecimiento más sólido e inclusivo y reduzca su dependencia de los recursos naturales, es necesario impulsar la productividad mediante la adopción de reformas estructurales en materia de competencia, regulación, política comercial, infraestructuras, innovación y habilidades. La reducción de la informalidad y el fomento del empleo de calidad harían extensivos a todos los colombianos los beneficios del crecimiento, respaldando el apoyo económico y político a las reformas. CAPÍTULOS ESPECIALES: IMPULSAR LAS EXPORTACIONES Y LA INTEGRACIÓN EN LA ECONOMÍA MUNDIAL; FOMENTAR EMPLEOS DE CALIDAD PARA TODOS
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264456433 , 9789264306561 , 9789264544345
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (158 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Simplificación Administrativa en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Administrative simplification in the Mexican Social Security Institute
    Keywords: Sozialverwaltung ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Verwaltungsreform ; Mexiko ; Governance ; Economics ; Mexico
    Abstract: This report assesses the impact on citizens and businesses of the administrative simplification measures carried out by the Mexican Social Security Institute. Administrative burdens are measured in the time it takes citizens and businesses to complete forms and wait in line to request or deliver information to the government. Using an adaptation of the Standard Cost Model, this report finds that such burdens for users have decreased by at least 25% thanks to the simplification and digitalisation of administrative formalities. It also suggests how the Institute could reduce burdens even further. By promoting the use of online formalities, IMSS could reduce administrative burdens by an additional 11%.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264443211
    Language: Italian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (172 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Études économiques de l'OCDE : Italie 2019 (version abrégée)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Surveys: Italy 2019
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
    Abstract: Negli ultimi anni, l’economia italiana ha segnato una modesta ripresa, sostenuta dalle condizioni economiche globali, da una politica monetaria espansiva e dalle riforme strutturali. Tuttavia, recentemente, la ripresa è rallentata e l’Italia continua a subire le conseguenze di problemi sociali ed economici che perdurano. Il tenore di vita degli italiani è quasi pari al livello rilevato nel 2000 e i tassi di povertà dei giovani restano alti. Negli ultimi decenni, le grandi disparità regionali si sono ampliate. Un pacchetto di riforme completo volto ad aumentare la produttività e la crescita dell’occupazione è essenziale per una crescita e un’inclusione sociale più solide. Le prestazioni relative all'esercizio di un’attività professionale e un regime di reddito garantito moderato dovrebbero far crescere l’occupazione e ridurre la povertà, a condizione che tali strumenti siano sostenuti da migliori programmi di ricerca di lavoro e di formazione. L’azione volta a razionalizzare e a migliorare il coordinamento tra gli organi interessati dalle politiche di sviluppo regionale e il rafforzamento della capacità al livello delle amministrazioni locali aiuterebbero a promuovere la crescita e l’inclusione sociale nelle regioni meno sviluppate. CAPITOLO SPECIALE: AFFRONTARE IL DIVARIO SOCIALE E REGIONALE DELL’ITALIA
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264405110 , 9789264311428 , 9789264691445
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (112 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Business models for the circular economy
    Keywords: Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Geschäftsmodell ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Geschäftsmodell ; Recycling ; Natürliche Ressourcen
    Abstract: Natural resources, and the materials derived from them, represent the physical basis for the economic system. Recent decades have witnessed an unprecedented growth in demand for these resources, which has triggered interest from policy makers in transitioning to a more resource efficient and circular economy. This report presents a typology of five circular business models that could support the transition to a more resource efficient and circular economy: circular supply, resource recovery, product life extension, sharing, and product service system models. It reviews the current market penetration and assesses the potential scalability of each business model. Environmental potential is also discussed, as well as risks and unintended consequences that could result from a more widespread adoption of these business models. The report provides a broad set of policy approaches that could help alleviate some of the barriers that currently hinder the widespread adoption of circular business models.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Why statistical offices should hire a comedian
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Finland leads the climate charge in the Arctic Council
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Trade ; Finland
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Education ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Finland
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Education ; Economics ; Finland
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Multilateralism and global challenges: “The work of the OECD is vital”
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Observer Roundtable on Finland
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Education ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Finland
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