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  • 1
    ISBN: 9780833046574 , 0833047108 , 9781282081659 , 1282081659 , 9780833047106 , 0833046578
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xxv, 130 pages)
    Serie: RAND Corporation monograph series
    Paralleltitel: Print version Saudi-Iranian relations since the fall of Saddam
    Schlagwort(e): Middle East ; Persian Gulf States ; Saudi Arabia ; United States ; Diplomatic relations ; international relations ; Saudi Arabia ; Iran ; Middle East ; Regions & Countries - Asia & the Middle East ; Iran ; History & Archaeology ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Government ; International ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; International Relations ; General ; United States Foreign relations ; Iran Foreign relations ; Saudi Arabia Foreign relations ; Persian Gulf States Foreign relations ; United States ; Iran ; Saudi Arabia ; Persian Gulf States ; Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: The often tense relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran has been at the center of many of the major political shifts that have occurred in the Middle East since the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003. This volume documents a study of how relations between the two powers have unfolded in the Persian Gulf, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine from 2003 through January 2009. Wehrey et al. detail the complex and multidimensional relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran and its implications for regional stability and U.S. interests. In doing so, the authors challenge conventional thinking about Saudi-Iranian relations, arguing, for example, that Sunni-Shi'a distinctions are not the key driver in dealings between the two nations, that the two states have a tendency to engage on areas of common interest, and that the notion of a watertight bloc of Gulf Arab states opposing Iran is increasingly unrealistic. The study concludes with U.S. policy recommendations for leveraging the Saudi-Iranian relationship, particularly in the context of a U.S. drawdown in Iraq, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, and the Iranian nuclear issue
    Kurzfassung: The often tense relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran has been at the center of many of the major political shifts that have occurred in the Middle East since the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003. This volume documents a study of how relations between the two powers have unfolded in the Persian Gulf, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine from 2003 through January 2009. Wehrey et al. detail the complex and multidimensional relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran and its implications for regional stability and U.S. interests. In doing so, the authors challenge conventional thinking about Saudi-Iranian relations, arguing, for example, that Sunni-Shi'a distinctions are not the key driver in dealings between the two nations, that the two states have a tendency to engage on areas of common interest, and that the notion of a watertight bloc of Gulf Arab states opposing Iran is increasingly unrealistic. The study concludes with U.S. policy recommendations for leveraging the Saudi-Iranian relationship, particularly in the context of a U.S. drawdown in Iraq, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, and the Iranian nuclear issue
    Anmerkung: "Sponsored by the Smith Richardson Foundation , Issued by: RAND National Security Research Division , Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF title page (viewed Apr. 2, 2009)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Fiscal equalisation
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: La péréquation financière constitue un transfert de ressources budgétaires entre les autorités infranationales visant à compenser les disparités territoriales en termes de capacité fiscale ou de coût des services publics. Ce transfert représente 2.5 % du PIB ou 5 % de l’ensemble des dépenses publiques en moyenne pour l’ensemble des pays de l’OCDE. La péréquation permet de réduire de deux tiers en moyenne les disparités financières voire de virtuellement les combler entièrement dans certains pays. Cependant la péréquation ne va pas sans coût : en moyenne près de 70 % du revenu fiscal additionnel d’une autorité infranationale se trouve dédié à un fonds national de péréquation. Le taux de péréquation est en général plus élevé pour les collectivités territoriales disposant d’une faible capacité fiscale, ce qui limite leur effort fiscal et risque de ralentir la convergence économique entre les régions. La péréquation selon les coûts représente un pourcentage de PIB plus important que celle qui repose sur les revenus, et ce bien que les disparités soient moins élevées en termes de coût qu’en termes de revenus. Ce constat souligne les inefficacités des formules de péréquation. En particulier, la péréquation financière peut s’avérer pro-cyclique même si la plupart des pays parviennent à contenir les variations des engagements de dépense des collectivités territoriales, parfois même au prix de leurs besoins budgétaires. Les systèmes de péréquation financière sont en fait très marqués par les spécificités nationales, aussi les données comme les conclusions de l’analyse comparative doivent être prises avec précaution. Par Hansjörg Blöchliger et Claire Charbit
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  • 3
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe The macroeconomic policy challenges of continued globalisation
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Cet article étudie les défis de politiques économiques posés par la poursuite éventuelle au cours des deux prochaines décennies de l’intégration commerciale et financière internationales. Cette étude est fondée sur l’utilisation d’un modèle macroéconomique mondial récemment développé par l’OCDE. L’analyse conduit à plusieurs implications politiques importantes. Tout d’abord, avec une part croissante des économies non membres de l’OCDE dans la production mondiale, le commerce et les marchés financiers, les changements économiques mondiaux deviendront beaucoup plus dépendants de ceux de ces économies. Ensuite, la soutenabilité des déséquilibres mondiaux des comptes courants existants dépendra en partie de la construction et de la composition futures des avoirs et engagements internationaux. Alors que les déséquilibres devraient être soutenables un certain temps si l’intégration économique continue à ce rythme, un ralentissement du processus de mondialisation augmenterait la possibilité d’un ajustement brutal des marchés financiers. Enfin, l’accroissement des liens commerciaux et internationaux implique que les chocs macroéconomiques affectant un pays ou une région donnée auront dans le futur un impact plus fort sur les autres économies que maintenant. Les décideurs politiques des pays de l’OCDE devraient donc agir plus rapidement et plus fortement aux chocs économiques affectant les économies non membres de l’OCDE afin d’en limiter l’impact sur les économies membres.
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  • 4
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe The incidence of carbon pricing: Norway, Russia and the Middle East
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Norway ; Russian Federation
    Kurzfassung: La Russie, la Norvège et les pays du Moyen-Orient sont trois régions du monde caractérisées par des héritages différents en matière de politiques énergétiques. Ces caractéristiques sont telles qu’elles rendent plus problématiques la mise en place de politiques de réduction des gaz à effet de serre en Russie, et dans les pays du Moyen-Orient, qu’en Norvège. Et ce, même si toutes trois sont des économies largement productrices d’énergie primaire. Par rapport au coût économique moyen d’une telle politique pour l’ensemble des pays du monde, la Russie sera durement touchée, le Moyen-Orient aussi, quoique dans une proportion moindre, la Norvège, en revanche, ne le sera guère plus que le reste du monde. Cette asymétrie souligne que si ces différences en termes d’impact sont mal appréhendées, alors des négociations internationales seraient sujettes à des marchandages sous informations asymétriques. Ces derniers pourraient alors empêcher d’aboutir à un accord global. Ce résultat n’est qu’une première illustration des efforts à fournir afin de surmonter de tels problèmes d’asymétries. Néanmoins certaines conclusions de cet article sont clairement explicites : en ce qui concerne le rythme des réformes des marchés de l’énergie en Russie, ou quant à la diversification des économies du Moyen Orient.
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  • 5
    Sprache: Französisch
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe The contribution of economic geography to GDP per capita
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Cet article examine dans quelle mesure la dispersion des performances économiques entre pays de l’OCDE peut être expliquée par la proximité de zones denses d’activités économiques. Pour ce faire, divers indicateurs de distance par rapport aux marchés et de coûts de transports sont ajoutés comme déterminants dans un modèle de Solow augmenté, utilisé comme référence. Diverses mesures de distance sont estimées avoir un effet significatif sur le PIB par habitant. De plus, l’impact économique estimé est loin d’être négligeable. L’éloignement par rapport aux marchés pourrait pénaliser l’Australie et la Nouvelle Zélande, par rapport à la moyenne des pays de l’OCDE, à hauteur de 11 % du PIB. A l’inverse, la Belgique et les Pays-Bas bénéficieraient de leur position centrale pour environ 6-7 % du PIB. Des premières indications suggèrent également que les dépenses en R-D et en capital humain peuvent avoir un effet plus fort sur le PIB par tête dans les pays ayant un fort degré de concentration urbaine.
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  • 6
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Globalisation and employment in the OECD
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Nous examinons dans cet article certains des changements qui pourraient se produire sur les marchés nationaux du travail de nombreux pays de l’OCDE en raison de l’internationalisation de la production des entreprises multinationales, en mettant plus particulièrement l’accent sur l’impact des flux d’investissement direct étranger (IDE) en provenance des pays de l’OCDE sur l’emploi dans le pays d’origine des entreprises investisseuses. Les études existantes laissent à penser que l’effet global des échanges et de l’internationalisation de la production sur la situation d’ensemble du marché du travail a été relativement modeste, même si certaines catégories de qualifications et de professions ont été plus fortement touchées. Les résultats empiriques présentés dans cet article tendent à indiquer que l’impact global sur l’emploi des flux sortants d’IDE varie suivant les branches d’activité et les pays. En ce qui concerne les secteurs manufacturiers entretenant des liens commerciaux étroits avec les économies non membres de l’OCDE, certains éléments montrent que l’emploi intérieur est devenu plus sensible aux variations des coûts de main-d’œuvre dans le pays considéré. À l’échelon national, nous parvenons à la conclusion que la croissance de l’investissement à l’étranger exerce un effet positif significatif sur la croissance de l’emploi intérieur aux États-Unis. À l’inverse, on constate l’existence d’une relation négative au Japon, en particulier pour les flux d’IDE à destination de la Chine. Par Margit Molnar, Nigel Pain et Daria Taglioni.
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 97-123
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 27 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 97-123
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: According to the Commission recommendations, ISAE has recently restructured the methodological framework of its survey on firms operating in the Italian construction sector and in retail trade. The innovations specifically regard the sampling design and the weight system for both sectors; this last revision, in particular, allowed the reconstruction of the ISAE historical series. In the light of the changes introduced, first of all the aim of this paper is to analyze the cyclical features and to evaluate the "leading" performances of the new ISAE series with respect to the quantitative ISTAT data. Finally, we are going to build a "leading indicator" for both construction and retail trade in Italy. We first apply the NBER methodology in order to establish the main cyclical features of the series. Then we use cross-correlation analysis to estimate the extent to which the ISAE variables and the ISTAT series are correlated. Later on the Granger causality and out of sample tests were used to evaluate the forecasting performance of the ISAE series. On the basis of the results obtained, we finally build a leading indicator for both sectors, and test its performance comparing the results to those of the confidence index elaborated by ISAE.
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-22
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 22 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-22
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; India
    Kurzfassung: This article examines recent micro-evidence on the productivity of Indian firms, helping to explain why India’s manufacturing sector has not performed as well as many observers expected. A series of structural distortions are documented, all of which may depress the performance of manufacturing, and thus the economy as a whole. These distortions exist at multiple levels, and reflect long-standing problems with the reallocation of labour across sectors, the excessively small scale of firms, low firm turnover, poor product market integration, high industry concentration and persistent state ownership. Combined, these phenomena represent severe restraints on the level and growth of productivity in manufacturing, and suggest that much remains to be done to improve the strength and sustainability of India’s development path.
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-12
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 12 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-12
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The information content of qualitative survey responses are confronted with the corresponding quantitative figures on a firm-by-firm basis. This comparison permits to directly check the information content of the qualitative data. The findings indicate that survey respondents provide correct information, by and large. The results lend support to the Carlson-Parkin method and may pave the way towards improving variance estimates within this method.
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 53-127
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 76 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 53-127
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Research in a number of countries has shown that many people lack the ability to manage their money well. At the same time, the consequences, both to individuals and to society at large, of a failure by people to take adequate steps to safeguard their financial future are becoming increasingly serious.
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-25
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 25 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-25
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; India
    Kurzfassung: This paper assesses the extent to which India's regulatory environment promotes or inhibits competition in markets where technology and market conditions make competition viable. The analysis is based on the OECD’s indicators of Product Market Regulation (PMR) which have been used extensively over the last decade to benchmark regulatory frameworks in OECD countries and have proven useful in encouraging countries to implement structural reforms that enhance economic performance.
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 9-36
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 28 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 9-36
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Finding a good forecasting model in a data-rich environment is a complex problem which challenges forecasters and statistical methods. In such an environment, automated modelling strategies are necessary for an efficient use of the information in the data. In contrast to frequently applied methods used for large data sets we propose a model selection approach for dynamic single equation regressions that are used to make forecasts. This paper proposes a new approach for quantitative forecasting that is able to deal with both an increasing number of variables that are potentially important for forecasting, as well as an increasing number of observations simultaneously. Another characteristic of the proposed approach is that evaluation of the goodness of forecast models is based on different criteria. As we are interested in finding forecast models with high-quality criteria we define the search for a forecast model as a multi-criteria optimization problem. We define the quality criteria in our goal function by in-sample measures and out-of-sample measures, as well as by a balance between them, and apply a genetic algorithm to solve this complex, global and discrete multi-criteria optimization problem. The efficiency of the approach is illustrated by forecasting German industrial production based on a data set containing key economic indicators and leading indicators. It is shown that, for short forecast horizons, the proposed approach provides forecasts with a high accuracy.
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 33-51
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 19 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 33-51
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Mali
    Kurzfassung: The Malian economy faces the challenge of reducing its over-dependence on cotton and gold. In order to do so, a search for “green gold” — commercial agriculture beyond cotton — is underway. Mali has started to exploit export market opportunities for horticulture products in Europe as well as in neighbouring countries. Moreover, the country is currently testing the introduction of domestic wheat production for local processing. Although donors are increasingly supporting the development of these new agricultural products, the reform of the cotton sector continues to receive their special attention. Moreover, certain agricultural sub-sectors such as livestock and fishing receive only limited support. The development of a vibrant private sector in agriculture requires further improvements in government policies and donor support, but also more active private sector participation. The government should re-engage in agricultural diversification, and donors should strive to increase the sustainability of their interventions. To this end, greater co-ordination between donors and government is needed in tandem with strengthening the capacity of the local private actors. The study highlights progress towards better donor co-ordination in agriculture and encouraging results, especially with respect to facilitating access to credit for farmers and fostering producers’ organisations. At the same time, it argues that there remains ample room for improvement. Donors tend to crowd in certain segments of the agricultural value chain and to specialise in specific export crops (e.g. the mango sector where 12 donors are currently operating) at the expense of some other important areas, which require additional support (e.g. livestock, transport infrastructure and logistics). A more balanced and coherent approach is warranted.
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-37
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 37 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-37
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The purpose of this article is to discuss how policies can affect investment in tertiary education in ways that would eliminate some of the perceived shortcomings of existing systems, while preserving or (preferably) enhancing equality of access to higher education. To this end, the analysis focuses on the institutional set-up of tertiary education that provides incentives for supplying quality educational services; the private returns from higher education which act to attract prospective students; and, individual funding mechanisms to help overcome the liquidity constraints that may restrict participation in higher education. These mechanisms should also be designed so as to prevent uncertainty about future incomes from unduly deterring investment in tertiary studies by risk-averse individuals. Joaquim Oliveira Martins, Romina Boarini, Hubert Strauss and Christine de la Maisonneuve
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 307-345
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 40 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 307-345
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Financial consumers are facing paradoxical situations. On the one hand, they are overly solicited to use credits on various forms. On the other hand, segments of the population do not have access to credit. In this paper, we examine some emerging issues regarding consumer protection and information in four OECD countries: Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. These four countries have much in common but nevertheless develop their own specific experience. By comparing their recent experience we identify some questions of emerging importance.
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 189-218
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 31 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 189-218
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; New Zealand
    Kurzfassung: This case study examines the effect of domestic reform including trade on New Zealand’s agriculture sector. Agricultural and trade reform has increased competition and brought substantial changes in innovation in the commercial agriculture sector, such as wine, fruit, livestock and dairy, which in turn has led to important changes in composition and an across the board increase in innovation and productivity. Keywords: innovation, agricultural reform, trade reform, New Zealand, agriculture, agricultural machinery, sheep, dairy, wine, horticulture, foreign investment.
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  • 17
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 173-215
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 44 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 173-215
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Life annuities – financial products that help individuals convert a lump-sum of wealth into a guaranteed life-long income stream – have an important role to play in providing a secure source of retirement income. Because annuities provide valuable insurance against longevity risk, much of the theoretical work in economics suggests that life annuities ought to comprise a large share of the retirement portfolios of most households. Yet around the world, voluntary annuity markets remain small.
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 99-115
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 17 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Travaux législatifs et réglementaires nationaux
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 99-115
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; Belgium ; Brazil ; France ; Ireland ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Moldova, Republic of ; Romania ; Serbia ; Slovenia ; Switzerland ; Turkey ; United States
    Kurzfassung: One amendment changes the funding of the activities of the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) whereby part of the fees is transformed into taxes. Besides taxes, fees and administrative fines, funding is possible by means of donations, legacies and extra fees.
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 109-127
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 19 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. National Legislative and Regulatory Activities
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 109-127
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; Belgium ; Brazil ; France ; Ireland ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Moldova, Republic of ; Romania ; Serbia ; Slovenia ; Switzerland ; Turkey ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Le premier amendement modifie le financement des activités de l’Agence fédérale de contrôle nucléaire (AFCN) dans la mesure où une partie des frais de fonctionnement est transformée en ressource d’origine fiscale. En plus de ces ressources fiscales, des frais de fonctionnement et des amendes administratives, le financement peut s’opérer par le biais de donations, de legs et d’autres modes de financement.
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  • 20
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 9-32
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 24 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 9-32
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Ghana
    Kurzfassung: Ghana’s agricultural sector has two faces. On the one hand, Ghana continues to face food security problems due to stagnating productivity in the food crop sector and undeveloped internal food markets. On the other hand, horticultural exports have been increasing and recent investments in cocoa and pineapple processing can been seen as signs of an emerging modern agricultural sector. The horticultural sector currently receives a lot of attention from donors and the Ghanaian government. The examination of several large donor projects in this sector reveals that donors are increasingly taking a value chain approach and trying to link smallholder farmers to exporters via outgrower schemes. Donors are also making an effort to connect their projects with other ongoing interventions. However, donor approaches vary according to donor preferences, and multi-donor programmes would probably be a better solution. While the current focus of donors and the Ghanaian government in the horticultural sector is welcome, it bears the risk of leaving the north of Ghana, where food crop production and poverty are concentrated, further behind. Food crops should receive more attention not only to resolve Ghana’s food security problem but also to take advantage of growing demand from Ghana’s middle-income class, which provides the opportunity for developing a local food industry.
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  • 21
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 21, no. 2, p. 1-18
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 18 p
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 21, no. 2, p. 1-18
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Higher education in the United States has received much scrutiny in the recent past from the federal and state governments, the press and the general public. In response to this scrutiny, a number of blue ribbon panels have been formed to examine how effectively higher education is serving American society. In this article, I analyse the proceedings and impact of the most recent prominent panel, the Secretary of Education’s Commission on the Future of Higher Education, commonly known as the Spellings Commission. I also briefly examine how the new administration of President Barack Obama is likely to affect colleges and universities in light of the global economic crisis. Le contexte de la réforme de l’enseignement supérieur aux États-Unis Ces dernières années, le gouvernement fédéral, les États, la presse et l’opinion publique ont placé l’enseignement supérieur aux États-Unis au centre d’une attention toute particulière. En conséquence de cela, de nombreux groupes d’experts se sont formés pour étudier dans quelle mesure le système d’enseignement supérieur sert efficacement la société américaine. Cet article examinera les procédures et l’impact de la commission du ministre de l’Éducation sur le futur de l’enseignement supérieur, plus généralement dénommée la commission Spellings, qui constitue le plus important groupe d’experts récemment constitué. Nous étudierons ensuite brièvement dans quelle mesure la nouvelle administration du Président Barack Obama est susceptible d’affecter les universités dans un contexte marqué par la crise économique mondiale.
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  • 22
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 139-160
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 22 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 139-160
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Several factor-based models are estimated to investigate the role of country-specific trade and survey data in forecasting euro area manufacturing production. Following Boivin and Ng (2006), the emphasis is put on the choice of the dataset chosen to estimate the factors. Four datasets are built and common factors are estimated separately on each of them following two methodologies, Stock and Watson (2002a, 2002b) and Forni et al. (2005). Then, a rolling out of sample forecast comparison exercise is carried out on nine models to compare the forecast performance of the models and the datasets. Compared to univariate benchmarks, our results are supportive of factor-based models up to two quarters. They show that incorporating survey and external trade information improves the forecast of manufacturing production. They also confirm the findings of Marcellino, Stock and Watson (2003) that, using country information, it is possible to improve forecasts for the euro area. Interestingly, the medium-sized highly opened economies provide valuable information to monitor area wide developments, beyond their weight in the aggregate. Conversely, the large countries do not add much to the monitoring of the aggregate, when considered separately.
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  • 23
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-29
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 29 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-29
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This study focuses on the single most important component of the private return on tertiary education, the gross wage premium. There are at least two additional reasons for paying particular attention to wage premia. First, the wage premium earned by existing graduates is easy to observe, so high-school leavers can be assumed to take it into account when deciding for or against enrolment in tertiary education. Second, to the extent that wages reflect marginal labour productivity, estimates of wage premia are sometimes used to assess the quality of human capital in an economy with a view to correcting simpler measures based on years of schooling or attainment levels.
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  • 24
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 63-85
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 24 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 63-85
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: More action is needed, by both Africa and the wider international community. Building peace and security is essential, both for economic development and for poverty reduction. Leadership is being taken by Africa itself. The number of conflicts has fallen. But even so, one-fifth of the population of Africa still live in conflict zones. More action is needed both to strengthen and support Africa’s own efforts to bring peace to the continent, and to tackle the wider global drivers of conflict, including the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons, and the trade in conflict resources.
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  • 25
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 19-41
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 23 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 19-41
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Singapore
    Kurzfassung: A dynamic factor model is applied to a large panel dataset of Singapore’s macroeconomic variables and global economic indicators with the initial objective of analysing business cycles in a small open economy. The empirical results suggest that four common factors – which can broadly be interpreted as world, regional, electronics and domestic economic cycles – capture a large proportion of the co-variation in the quarterly time series. The estimated factor model also explains well the observed fluctuations in real economic activity and price inflation, leading us to use it in forecasting Singapore’s business cycles. We find that the forecasts generated by the factors are generally more accurate than the predictions of univariate models and vector autoregressions that employ leading indicators.
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  • 26
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 65-107
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 44 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 65-107
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Finland
    Kurzfassung: This case study examines how recent trade and investment patterns (including “trade in tasks” resulting from supply chain fragmentation) and Finnish and global policies that promote market openness and free trade have affected the innovation process in the Finnish mobile telecom equipment industry. It illustrates, first, how regulatory, trade and investment policy choices have helped, alongside other key policies, provide the adequate framework conditions for innovation in this country of 5.2 million people. Secondly, it examines how the private sector, and more particularly Nokia, has taken advantage of those conditions to enhance its innovation capacity. This case study does not constitute an in-depth evaluation of the effectiveness of Finnish public policies nor of Nokia’s business strategy, but provides an illustration of how certain public policy choices and business strategies can contribute to a country’s innovation performance. Keywords: Innovation, trade reform, intra-industry trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), deregulation, Finland, Nokia, telecom equipment industry, information and communication technologies (ICT), R&D investments, Information Technology Agreement.
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  • 27
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 109-155
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 48 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 109-155
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This case study analyses the effect of trade and investment liberalisation on Korea’s information and communication technology (ICT) sector and finds that trade and investment have played a crucial role in innovation in this sector. In the initial stages of development, imported capital goods and components, joint ventures, licensing and Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) contracts were important sources of technology and exports were key to obtain the necessary economies of scale for innovation. Free trade and investment policies in the 1990s and stronger protection of intellectual property rights have led to an increase in R&D and innovation, which in turn has led to the transformation of Korea into a knowledge-based economy. Keywords: innovation, Korea, information and communication technology, ICT, trade reform, Samsung, production network, intellectual property rights, IPR protection, patents, ITA, Information Technology Agreement
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  • 28
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 9-51
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 44 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 9-51
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Policy makers in many countries are giving more attention to ‘financial literacy’ or ‘financial capability’, and there are many financial education programmes. The need to evaluate the effectiveness of these programmes is likely to increase. But little evaluation is currently taking place, and the evaluations made so far show mixed and inconclusive results. It is not clear whether this is a consequence of poor evaluation methods or poor programme design, or, that financial education works patchily. But it does mean that a positive impact from financial education has not been unambiguously proven; nor has a clear picture emerged of what works best and why. Evaluation of financial education is inherently difficult, and the impact of any one programme can probably never be fully isolated. Nevertheless, this paper suggests that evaluating the effectiveness of financial education can and should be improved. It begins to develop an approach to do so, including a Financial Education Evaluation (FEE) Framework which can be tailored for any programme in any country. This paper also suggests guidelines for governments and other public authorities to lead the way towards better evaluation of the benefits, costs and value for money of financial education.
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  • 29
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 5-35
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 32 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 5-35
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Climate change is a major threat to sustainable growth and development in Africa, and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its overdependence on rain-fed agriculture, compounded by factors such as widespread poverty and weak capacity. The main longer-term impacts include: changing rainfall patterns affecting agriculture and reducing food security; worsening water security; decreasing fish resources in large lakes due to rising temperature; shifting vectorborne diseases; rising sea level affecting low-lying coastal areas with large populations; and rising water stress.
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  • 30
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 37-62
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 27 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 37-62
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: It is now time to invest in Africa. The prospects are good. Africa is already attracting growing flows of private resources, as a result of its greater political stability and economic reforms. Significant new investors are now engaging in Africa, from within and outside the continent. Development assistance and debt relief alone will not be sufficient to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Africa now needs more and sustainable investment, both domestic and foreign, in order to accelerate economic growth and progress in poverty reduction, and become better integrated into the global economy. We call for the fulfilment of commitments made at African and G8 Summits and other global fora, including support from development partners to help Africa mobilise more investment, and better focus on mobilisible domestic revenue sources and indigenous resources. Areas such as infrastructure, extractive industry, tourism, agribusiness and ICT are particularly important drivers of development, and require support from development partners.
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  • 31
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 157-188
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 33 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 157-188
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Sri Lanka
    Kurzfassung: This case study analyses the effect that the end of the Multi-Fibre Agreement (MFA) has had on innovation in the Sri Lankan textile and clothing sector. The ending of the quota system under the MFA led to an increase in the US and EU markets which has motivated a large number of innovations in the Sri Lankan textile and clothing sector. Some large companies have become a total services provider, while others are trying to establish their own brands. Product innovations with foreign partners, process innovations such as introduction of CAD/CAM, and various marketing and organisational innovations have been implemented. Keywords: innovation, textiles and clothing, garment, Sri Lanka, Multi-Fibre Agreement, MFA, competition , CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility, marketing, brands, fair-trade, outsourcing, FDI, joint-ventures
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  • 32
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 53-78
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 26 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 53-78
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Senegal
    Kurzfassung: Senegal is a showcase of donors’ support to horticultural export development in sub-Saharan Africa. The first direct donor support to the Senegalese horticultural value chain dates back to 1998, with the World Bank-funded Agricultural Export Promotion Project (PPEA). Early recognition of the need to tackle the whole agricultural value chain, from inputs to production, processing and marketing, characterises donors’ support to the agricultural sector in Senegal. Facing declining traditional export sectors, groundnuts and fishing, Senegal has been undergoing a difficult transition process from traditional to commercial agriculture over the past decade. The 1994 devaluation of the CFA franc has benefited Senegal’s fruit and vegetables sub-sector, which presents the main hope of diversifying the country’s agricultural export structure. Consequently, the primary sector grew annually at an average 6.2 per cent between 2002 and 2005, which was much higher than real annual GDP growth. The chapter shows that aid to the agricultural sector has been proving positive in supporting the Senegalese government’s new sectoral development principle, the Accelerated Growth Strategy (SCA). Senegal has started to attract foreign investment in the export-oriented horticultural sector. Moreover, small and medium-sized horticultural producers and exporters, better organised and more empowered, have succeeded in increasing production and export volume, while simultaneously satisfying the stringent sanitary and phytosanitary requirements of the OECD markets. Today, Senegal’s agriculture faces challenges of expanding targeted products and markets. Donor assistance to Senegalese agriculture has evolved and donors are now applying a differentiated market approach for multiple private actors to work better with agricultural entrepreneurs. Strengthening Senegal’s agricultural potential and diversifying its agricultural production and export profile both horizontally and vertically are the long-term goals for both donors and the country.
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  • 33
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 79-102
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 24 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 79-102
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Tanzania, United Republic of
    Kurzfassung: Tanzania could be a major food-exporting country but its dependence on rainfall, poor transport and marketing infrastructures, as well as low access to technology, lead to persistent food security problems. The Tanzanian government has decided to focus its Agricultural Sector Development Programme (ASDP) on irrigation. However, even though the importance of irrigation to reduce Tanzania’s dependency on rainfall is undisputed, it would have been better to have a two-fold programme with one part focusing on production-related investments such as irrigation and the other fostering commercial agriculture and the private sector. While donor commitments to agriculture show a mixed trend, Tanzania is one of the few African countries with a basket fund in agriculture. The Tanzanian government aims to establish the ASDP as the sector programme to which all donor interventions should be aligned. First reviews of the ASDP reveal that capacity to implement the programme is lacking at all levels. A lot of capacity building and a change of mindset in Local Government Authorities (LGAs) are needed to make farmer empowerment and private sector involvement a reality. Furthermore, rural and agricultural development efforts should be better co-ordinated as both draw on the same limited capacities at the local level.
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  • 34
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 21, no. 3, p. 1-18
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 18 p
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 21, no. 3, p. 1-18
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: There have been calls to increase the autonomy of higher education institutions in Europe for a number of years. They have been counterbalanced by demands for increasing accountability and a European quality assurance system. In London in 2007, the European ministers of education decided to implement a European register of accredited quality agencies, and defined standards for registration. Being part of the register requires “substantial compliance with all standards” instead of “full-compliance”. This might take into consideration the context of the national higher education system, the role of the agency in the quality assurance system, and even the national culture and traditions, allowing for different interpretations, some imprecision, and diverse degrees of flexibility and compliance. Indications from the United States suggest an emerging desire at the federal level to play a more visible role in regulating higher education through intervention in the accreditation system to ensure increased institutional accountability. This may have a parallel in the European situation. While in the United States the attempts at increased federal control have so far apparently failed, in Europe quality systems linked to higher education institutions were replaced with “independent” accrediting agencies. We analyse these changes and offer a possible interpretation for the differences on the two sides of the Atlantic. Accréditation supranationale, confiance et autonomie des établissements : Contrastes du développement de l’accréditation entre l’Europe et les États-Unis À l’échelon européen, certains soulignent depuis plusieurs années la nécessité de conférer une autonomie accrue aux établissements d’enseignement supérieur, alors même que d’autres exigent que ces derniers rendent davantage de comptes concernant leurs activités et leurs performances. À Londres en 2007, les ministres européens de l’éducation ont décidé la mise en place d’un registre européen où figureront les agences accréditées et où seront définies les normes auxquelles ces agences devront se plier pour être autorisées à y figurer. Les conditions à respecter pour pouvoir être inscrit au registre européen sont ainsi passées d’une « conformité totale à l’ensemble des normes » à une « large conformité ». L’interprétation de ces normes pourrait s’effectuer en tenant compte des spécificités propres à chaque système d’enseignement supérieur national, au rôle de chaque agence au sein du système d’assurance qualité, voire de la culture et des traditions nationales, laissant la voie ouverte à des divergences d’interprétation, à une certaine marge d’imprécision et à divers degrés de flexibilité et de conformité. Des indications provenant des États-Unis suggèrent l’émergence d’un souhait, au niveau fédéral, de jouer un rôle plus visible dans la régulation de l’enseignement supérieur, via l’intervention du système d’accréditation pour assurer un développement de la responsabilité institutionnelle. Cette tendance incite naturellement à établir un parallèle avec la situation observée en Europe. Tandis qu’aux États-Unis, les tentatives visant à renforcer le contrôle par les autorités fédérales semblent avoir échoué, en Europe, les systèmes de qualité liés aux établissements d’enseignement supérieur ont été remplacés par des agences d’accréditation « indépendantes ». Dans ce rapport, les auteurs proposent une analyse de ces changements et suggèrent une interprétation possible des différences existant des deux côtés de l’Atlantique.
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  • 35
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 7-63
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 58 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 7-63
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This study examines the role of trade and investment in technology transfer, the effects of competition in trade and investment on innovation, and economies of scale. It also examines global value chains as an organisational innovation in its own right, which is supported by a freer trade and investment environment. Keywords: innovation, multinational enterprises, MNEs, global value chains, technology transfer, competition, scale economies, licensing, intellectual property rights, TRIPs, absorption capacity, Doha Development Agenda.
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  • 36
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-18
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 18 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-18
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This article uses patent data to assess policy factors (domestic and international) for patenting activity in automotive emission control technologies. Particular attention is paid to the role of different policy types and fuel prices on both post-combustion and integrated abatement technologies. The results confirm that fuel prices have played a role in the development of integrated strategies, while regulatory standards have been more important with respect to post-combustion technologies. In addition, ‘integrated’ abatement strategies are more closely linked to general determinants of innovation than is the case for post-combustion technologies. This has implications for the design of policies which encourage innovations with both private and public benefits.
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  • 37
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 131-171
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 42 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 131-171
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The world’s allegedly shortest mail correspondence took place in 1862. The French author Victor Hugo had gone on vacation as his big novel Les miserable was published. But Hugo could not refrain himself from writing to the publisher to ask how it went. The letter read: « ? » and the publishers’ reply « ! ».
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  • 38
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 125-140
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 16 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. National Legislative and Regulatory Activities
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 125-140
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; Belarus ; France ; Germany ; Hungary ; Indonesia ; Italy ; Montenegro ; Romania ; Russian Federation ; Ukraine ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Allemagne Amendement à la Loi de 1986 relative aux mesures préventives destinées à protéger la population contre les dangers des rayonnements ionisants (2008) Règlement relatif au transport international ferroviaire des marchandises dangereuses (2008) Loi relative aux Protocoles de 2004 portant modification de la Convention de Paris et de la Convention complémentaire de Bruxelles ; Amendement à la Loi sur l’énergie atomique (2008) République Du Bélarus Loi relative à l’utilisation de l’énergie nucléaire (2008) États-Unis Stratégie de délivrance d’autorisation pour les centrales nucléaires de nouvelle génération (2008) Santé publique et normes environnementales de protection contre les rayonnements pour le site de Yucca Mountain, Nevada (2008) Ajustement de l’inflation sur la loi Price-Anderson (2008) France Guide de sûreté relative au stockage définitif des déchets radioactifs en formation géologique profonde (2008) Décret relatif aux procédures applicables au traitement des combustibles usés et des déchets radioactifs provenant de l’étranger (2008) Hongrie Stratégie cadre de la Politique énergétique 2007-2020 (2008) Indonésie Règlement sur la délivrance d’autorisations des usages de sources de rayonnements ionisants et de matières nucléaires (2008) Italie Mise en oeuvre de la loi relative aux dispositions urgentes pour le développement économique etc. (2008) Montenegro Loi sur l’environnement (2008) Cadre législatif et réglementaire au Monténégro Roumanie Décision relative à la structure de l’Agence nucléaire (2008) Décision relative à la sélection des investisseurs pour les unités 3 et 4 de la centrale nucléaire de Cernavoda (2008) Version consolidée de la Loi de Protection Civile (2008)Stratégie nationale de prévention des situations d’urgence (2008) Stratégie nationale pour le partage de l’information et la communication en cas de situation d’urgence (2008) Fédération De Russie Décret relatif à un transfert de responsabilités au Ministre des Ressources naturelles et de l’Écologie (2008) République Slovaque Transposition de la Directive du Conseil 2006/117/Euratom (2008) Royaume-Uni Nouveau Ministère de l’Énergie et du Changement Climatique (2008) Ukraine Décret instituant l’entreprise d’État « Combustible Nucléaire » (2008) Amendement à la loi sur la gestion des déchets radioactifs (2008)
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  • 39
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    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 37-61
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 25 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 37-61
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Switzerland
    Kurzfassung: Macroeconomic data are indispensable for modern governance, yet it is often unclear how reliable these data are. The production process of macroeconomic data inside the statistical offices is often not very transparent for the general public. Bystanders usually have no choice but to take for granted the published data because criteria by which to judge data quality are wanting. Hoping to contribute to a better understanding of the quality of macroeconomic data, this paper proposes several plausibility checks and applies them to recently published Swiss labour productivity growth figures. Although the proposed checks cannot "prove" or "disprove" the official data, they are capable of either strengthening our confidence in the official data or, alternatively, of casting them into doubt. Policy debates drawing on official data will hardly be able to ignore differences in the degree of confidence with which these data are held to be accurate.
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  • 40
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 117-124
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 8 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Case Law
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 117-124
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; Canada ; Germany ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Allemagne Jugement de la Cour Administrative Fédérale relatif aux supposées « Biblis-obligations » (2008) Canada La Cour du Banc de la Reine du Nouveau-Brunswick refuse la divulgation en vertu de la loi sur le droit à l’information de la province d’une étude de faisabilité sur l’énergie nucléaire (2008) États-Unis Jugement de la Cour fédérale relatif à l’interprétation du « Standard Contract » du Département de l’Énergie américain (2008) Décision sommaire de la Cour d’Appel des États-Unis sur les demandes de révision des règlements de la Commission de la réglementation nucléaire (2008)
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  • 41
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 43-69
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 27 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 43-69
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Turkey
    Kurzfassung: We pursue a two-fold objective in this paper. First, we try to describe comprehensively the behaviour of sectoral growth cycles in Turkish manufacturing by using several statistical measures and to analyse the co-movement between them via correlation and peak-through analysis. One of the remarkable results of this study is the emergence of the "chemicals" and "paper and paper products"sectors as the leading sectors of total manufacturing. Another important result reveals that export-oriented sectors, which have a high correlation with total manufacturing and with each other, appear as the main drivers of total manufacturing. The second objective of this study is to investigate the response of output in Turkish manufacturing industries to monetary policy shocks within the vector autoregressive framework. The results show that all manufacturing sectors respond to a contractionary monetary policy shock with a reduction in absolute output but that the degree of output reduction is not the same in all sectors. The total manufacturing output declines very quickly after the shock, reaching its minimum value within three quarters.
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  • 42
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 217-305
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 90 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 3, p. 217-305
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The growing cost and frequency of natural catastrophes and their implications for economic growth and development have led to a concern over the level of public awareness and education relative to large-scale catastrophes and disaster risk reduction measures. Public awareness and education of disaster risk reduction are, in particular, increasingly acknowledged as important components of effective risk management of natural catastrophes. The financial component of disaster risk management and mitigation strategies, involving risk transfer and compensation strategies, is also recognised as being important for reducing the financial impact of catastrophes on individuals, businesses, and governments, and permitting more rapid economic and social recovery. As such, systematic promotion of public awareness and education of risks and risk reduction measures, including financial loss-sharing and risk transfer tools, is an important aspect of national and international strategies to reduce vulnerability and losses from catastrophic events.
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  • 43
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 63-95
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 33 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 63-95
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Euro Area
    Kurzfassung: This paper uses several recent advances in time-varying spectral methods to analyse the growth cycles of the core of the euro area in terms of frequency content and phasing of cycles. There are two main findings. First that coherence and phasing between the three core members of the euro area (France, Germany and Italy) continue to differ, and that for France they increased in the 1990s but not noticeably since the launch of the euro. Second that similarities vary considerably according to the length of cycle. They are high for low frequencies but lower at traditional business cycle frequencies. Simply looking at business cycles loses much of the detail of the extent of co-movement in different frequency cycles within the euro area.
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  • 44
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 183-213
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 31 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 183-213
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper focuses on Swiss GDP revisions and the uncertainty they generate from the point of view of monetary policy. After a description of the revisions features, we use GDP vintages to compute real-time output gaps using a production function approach. Then, with a nominal feedback rule, we assess the impact of GDP – and hence output gap – on revisions monetary policy. The main results are threefold. First, Swiss GDP revisions – similarly to those of other small economies – are large, and estimates converge slowly to their final value. Second, GDP mismeasurements clearly exacerbate the difficulty in estimating output gaps. Third, the impact of revisions on monetary policy varies over time. Via its effect on output gaps, ceteris paribus, the inaccuracy of GDP estimates risks introducing a procyclical bias in monetary policy decisions.
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  • 45
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 219-255
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 38 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 4, p. 219-255
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This case study examines the effect of deregulation and trade reform on South Africa’s agriculture sector, which is highly dualistic consisting of a developed commercial sector and a subsistence farming sector. Deregulation and trade reform has led to substantial changes in innovation in the commercial agriculture sector, such as wine and fruit, leading to a large change in composition while innovation seems to have been more limited in subsistence agriculture, which lacks absorption capacity. Legal uncertainties related to land reform may also be a factor which can negatively affect innovation in the commercial farming sector. Keywords: innovation, deregulation, trade reform, South Africa, agriculture, wine, fruit, field crops, foreign investment, absorption capacity.
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  • 46
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 161-181
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 21 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 161-181
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyses revisions of Swiss current account data, taking into account the actual data revision process and the implied types of revisions. In addition we investigate whether the first release of current account data can be improved upon by the use of survey results as gathered by the KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich. An answer in the affirmative indicates that it is possible to improve first releases and thereby enhance the current assessment of the Swiss economy.
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  • 47
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-12
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 12 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-12
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Kurzfassung: A business cycle is recognized as a growth cycle in a continuously growing economy such as Korea. This paper suggests reasonable dating rules for the reference date of a business cycle using various measures of a growth cycle. These measures are a cyclical component of the coincident composite index (CI), a coincident cumulative diffusion index, and a historical diffusion index with coincident component indicators. Dating rules include identifying turning points based on these measures of the growth cycle, and various approaches which confirm and review whether these turning points are appropriate for reference dates. And the dating rules are backed up by an administrative process to determine and disseminate these turning points as the reference dates of growth cycles in Korea. The process provides a strategy that gives authority to the released reference dates and minimises errorsin the dating. However, these dating rules have strict procedures to determine the reference date because the measures of a growth cycle are revised annually and their turning points could be affected by their revisions. Usually, a new reference date requires approximately three years before it is released officially. Due to the delayed dating strategy, the present and future business conditions need to be reviewed by detecting and forecasting models of the coming turning points with leading indexes and coincident indexes.
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  • 48
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-39
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 39 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-39
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This article investigates the policy determinants of hours worked among employed individuals in OECD countries, focussing on the impact of taxation, working-time regulations, and other labour and product market policies. It explores the factors underlying cross-country differences in hours worked — in line with previous aggregate approaches — while at the same time it looks more closely at labour force heterogeneity — in the vein of microeconomic labour supply models. The paper shows that policies and institutions have a different impact on working hours of men and women. Firstly, while high marginal taxes create a disincentive to work longer hours for women, their impact on hours worked by men is almost insignificant. Secondly, working-time regulations have a significant impact on hours worked by men, and this impact differs across education categories. Thirdly, other labour and product market policies, in particular stringent employment protection of workers on regular contracts and competition-restraining product market policies, have a negative impact on hours worked by men, over and beyond their impact on employment levels.
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  • 49
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-30
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 30 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-30
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Influenced by the perceived link between higher levels of educational attainment and growth, the education sector has seen significant reform efforts in recent years in a number of countries. Public spending in this sector has increased on average by one-fifth in real terms over the past decade and growth in terms of spending per student has also been marked in many countries (Figure 1, upper panel); governments in the OECD area now spend on average around 3% of GDP on primary and secondary education. However, a close correspondence between the level of resources and educational outcomes is difficult to demonstrate empirically: cross-sectional evidence reveals only a weak correlation between national spending per student or teaching resources and mean pupil performance in standardised tests (Figure 1, lower panels). Extra resources devoted to education do not automatically lead to commensurate improvements in outcomes.
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  • 50
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 103-131
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 29 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 2, p. 103-131
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Zambia
    Kurzfassung: Zambia has a huge agricultural potential, which is still largely untapped, and could play a key role in growth and poverty eradication. Since the early 2000s, the government has implemented important reforms to promote privatisation and trade reforms, leading to higher investment and a strong growth in export crops such as cotton and horticulture. Despite this success, agricultural productivity, especially for food crops, remains low. The study shows that public resources to the agricultural sector have drastically decreased since the early 1990s, while private sector providers have not stepped in to fill the void left by the government disengagement from input supply and marketing. Despite a strong government commitment to reverse this trend, budget figures show that the share in total allocations dropped again in the 2008 budget. The study also argues that evaluations of past donor interventions in agriculture are not very positive, especially in terms of their sustainability. Projects often paid little attention to local absorptive and implementing capacity, had too narrow a focus on production and food security, and lacked an adequate understanding of the socio-economic conditions and behaviour of the target groups. Lack of co-ordination resulted in duplications and insufficient scale. A new generation of donor projects emerged in the early 2000s, with a strong focus on commercialisation and the development of market linkages, especially via contract farming. These projects have borne good results in terms of production volumes, quality standards and access to international commodity chains, as well as farmers’ income. The key challenge for donors is to scale up these success cases and ensure sustainability. The implementation of the Joint Assistance Strategy for Zambia 2007-2010 is an opportunity to achieve a better division of labour, strengthen synergies on the ground and reduce transaction costs for government. Acknowledgements The Zambia
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  • 51
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 87-126
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 41 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 87-126
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: It is time to deliver for women and girls. Africa’s growth and development agenda can only succeed if the continent is able to draw on all its resources and talents, and if women are able to participate fully in economic, social and political life. This will require intensified efforts to eliminate discrimination and promote equal rights. The strong commitment which has been demonstrated by African governments needs to be complemented by strong support from the wider international community, within the framework of a clear allocation of responsibilities, and the clear mapping out of specific steps and measures.
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  • 52
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-20
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 20 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-20
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Educational outcomes are shaped by a wide range of factors, including innate students’ characteristics, family and school background and other environmental factors. But a key-question for policy-makers is what schools and school policies can do to raise overall student performance. Several studies have indeed shown the positive effect of an increase in cognitive skills and competencies on both social and individual economic welfare. From a macroeconomic viewpoint, international differences in student achievement tests have been shown to increase long-run economic growth. Our analysis focuses on the quality of school systems, i.e. on the association of educational policies with average learning outcomes.
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  • 53
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264061972
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (214 p.)
    Serie: Des emplois pour les jeunes/Jobs for Youth
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes; France 2009
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; France
    Kurzfassung: Les premières expériences sur le marché du travail à la sortie de l’école conditionnent fortement la trajectoire professionnelle. Présente une analyse des principales barrières à l'emploi des jeunes en France et évalue la pertinence et l'efficacité des dispositifs existants pour faciliter la transition de l'école à l'emploi. Une série de recommandations sur les politiques que les autorités publiques et les partenaires sociaux devraient mener complète l'ouvrage.
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  • 54
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060265 , 9789264107137
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Serie: OECD Insights
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Le commerce international ; Libre, équitable et ouvert ?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Internationaler Handel; Frei, fair und offen?
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Love, Patrick International trade
    DDC: 382.1
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Internationale Wirtschaft ; Welt ; Außenhandel ; Handelsvertrag ; Freihandel ; Fairer Handel ; Liberalisierung ; Economics ; Trade ; Erde ; Welthandel
    Kurzfassung: International trade affects the price and availability of practically everything we buy. It also plays a role in many other domains, including jobs, the environment and the fight against poverty. OECD Insights: International Trade argues that prosperity has rarely, if ever, been achieved or sustained without trade. Trade alone, however, is not enough. Policies targeting employment, education, health and other issues are also needed to promote well-being and tackle the challenges of a globalised economy. "The OECD is a major source for insightful analyses of current trade issues. It also plays a role in disseminating skilfully the results of less accessible writings on trade. This short book is a valuable addition to the latter endeavour and should be on the shelf of policy makers." -Jagdish Bhagwati, Columbia University
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  • 55
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264055902
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (102 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The State of the Public Service
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Governance
    Kurzfassung: Au cours des 20 dernières années, la gestion de l’emploi public a évolué de façon spectaculaire dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE. Premièrement, les gouvernements se sont efforcés de réduire sa taille afin de diminuer les coûts de la production de services publics, soit directement, soit indirectement en sous-traitant la prestation de services au secteur privé dans la recherche d’une plus grande efficacité. Deuxièmement, dans nombre de cas, les gouvernements ont tenté d’appliquer les bons principes de gestion à la gestion de la fonction publique. C’est ainsi que l’emploi public dans nombre de secteurs de l’administration a perdu son caractère unique et est devenu assez semblable au système d’emploi général des différents pays. Cette publication dresse un bilan des principaux changements intervenus dans la gestion de l’emploi public dans les pays de l’OCDE. Elle examine également la manière dont les pays trouvent un équilibre entre, d’une part, le soutien des valeurs fondamentales comme l’équité, la justice et la cohésion sociale, de façon à préserver la confiance politique dans l’ensemble de l’appareil gouvernemental et, de l’autre, l’attention à l’efficience, à la productivité et à l’efficacité.
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  • 56
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264056237
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Rural Policy Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Italy
    Schlagwort(e): Ländliche Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsplanung ; Italien ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Italy ; Italien ; Ländliche Entwicklung
    Kurzfassung: OECD's comprehensive review of rural policy in Italy. On average, rural regions in Italy have some of the highest GDP per capita among the OECD countries, yet unexploited potential remains. This analysis of rural Italy reveals heterogeneous economic conditions, an increasing elderly population and a diminished focus on environmental concerns. This suggests the need for a broader rural policy approach that reflects the changing demands upon rural resources and that considers other aspects of rurality including health, education and quality of life.
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  • 57
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264077263
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (126 p.)
    Serie: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Poland
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Polen ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Poland ; Polen ; Jugendlicher Arbeitnehmer
    Kurzfassung: First experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. This report on Poland contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners.
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  • 58
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060791
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (222 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Chile 2009 ; (Spanish version)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Chile
    Schlagwort(e): Regionalentwicklung ; Regionales Wachstum ; Regionalpolitik ; Chile ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Chile ; Chile ; Regionalentwicklung ; Regionalpolitik
    Kurzfassung: Chile has achieved strong economic growth during the last 20 years. Nevertheless, its economy depends on a few resource-based sectors located in a small number of regions. The performance of Chilean regions varies significantly and regional disparities in GDP per capita are very high compared to those in OECD countries. Chilean regions have thus far so not fully utilised their assets and reached their potential for growth. This report recommends moving towards a territorial approach to development in Chile in order to better adapt public management to the different opportunities and needs of the diverse territories of the country. Chilean regions would particularly benefit from context-specific policies to boost productivity, such as those targeting innovation and entrepreneurship, and to improve education and training.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789264073111
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (498 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'économie politique de la réforme ; Retraites, emplois et déréglementation dans dix pays de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Tompson, William The political economy of reform
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Rentenreform ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Deregulierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; OECD ; Rentenreform ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Deregulierung
    Kurzfassung: This report examines why some policy reforms get implemented and others languish by examining 20 structural reform efforts in 10 OECD countries over the past two decades. The case studies cover a wide variety of reform attempts in three key areas: pensions, labour- and product-market regulation. Key factors in the political, economic and reform-specific arenas are identified as helping or hindering reform, and these findings are cross-checked using a relatively simple set of Spearman rank correlations. The report’s two-pronged analytical approach – quantitative and qualitative – results in unique insights for policy makers designing, adopting and implementing structural policy reforms.
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  • 60
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060616
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (183 p.)
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Labour Market and Social Policies
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Adema, Willem Chile
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitsmarkt ; Armut ; Einkommensverteilung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Sozialpolitik ; Altersvorsorge ; Chile ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Chile ; Chile ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Sozialpolitik
    Kurzfassung: This report analyses in detail the implications of recent developments in Chile's labour market and social policy and considers the available policy options from the perspective of OECD countries’ experience. The report finds that Chile has enjoyed rising living standards over two decades of strong economic growth. The incidence of poverty is now much lower and there is better access to adequate housing, education and healthcare. Nevertheless, Chile’s income distribution remains disturbingly unequal by OECD standards. This is partly due to Chile’s a relatively low employment rate, especially for women, but it also reflects a segmented labour market, where much of the recent job creation has occurred in relatively low-productive sectors. Moreover, despite the existence of an internationally renowned pension programme, Chile’s social protection system as a whole has still a relatively long way to go before reaching the standards of developed countries in terms of effective coverage and capacity to assist needy households. Chilean policy makers have begun to develop and implement a series of ambitious reforms, intended to promote the twin goals of work and equity.
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  • 61
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060036
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (292 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Copenhagen, Denmark
    Schlagwort(e): Stadtwachstum ; Wirtschaftsförderung ; Ballungsraum ; Kopenhagen ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Denmark ; Kopenhagen ; Ballungsraum ; Stadtentwicklung
    Kurzfassung: The Copenhagen metropolitan region accounts for nearly half of Denmark's national output and plays a key role for the country as a whole. Nevertheless, it has witnessed only modest economic growth over the last decade. This review of metropolitan area policy for Copenhagen examines key challenges including modest economic growth, scarcity of skilled workers and barriers to research and development. The report also examines how public institutions affect regional economic growth. Issues considered include: inter-municipal co-operation, local finance, public management, political leadership, and coordination mechanisms between the central government and the region.
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  • 62
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264076884
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Cities, towns & renewable energy
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung ; Stadt ; Energieversorgung ; Energieeinsparung ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Stadtökologie ; Energieversorgung ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Energieeinsparung
    Kurzfassung: Local governments have the power to influence the energy choices of their citizens. Many cities and towns have already encouraged energy efficiency measures. Even so, as demand for energy services continues to grow, the energy infrastructure that every city and town depends on will need to be expanded, upgraded or replaced. This provides the opportunity to increase the deployment of renewable energy technologies and decentralised energy systems, and hence gain the multi-benefits of increased energy security, climate change mitigation and sustainable development, but also the social benefits of reduced air pollution, such as improved health and employment. Many combinations of policies have been employed to stimulate local renewable energy development. These policies include: local governance by authority; providing resources; enabling private actors; leading by example; allowing self-governance. Mega-city mayors, down to small-town officials, have successfully introduced such policies, although these vary with location, local resources and population. Cities, Towns and Renewable Energy – “ Yes In My Front Yard “ includes several case studies chosen to illustrate how enhanced deployment of renewable energy projects can result, regardless of a community’s size or location. The goals of this report are to inspire city stakeholders by showing how renewable energy systems can benefit citizens and businesses, assist national governments to better appreciate the role that local municipalities might play in meeting national and international objectives, and help accelerate the necessary transition to a sustainable energy future.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789282102213
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Cognitive Impairment, Mental Health and Transport; Design with Everyone in Mind
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Pour la partie de plus en plus nombreuse de la population qui est atteinte de déficiences cognitives ou d’un problème de santé mentale, l’utilisation des transports publics peut être vécue comme un défi. La publication analyse ce domaine négligé en proposant des solutions allant de la formation des personnels de services à l'utilisation d'une meilleure signalétique, à des changements dans la présentation des horaires ainsi qu'à une présence accrue de personnel pour aider les voyageurs à prendre confiance.
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  • 64
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264073975
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (266 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Innovation and growth
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Innovation ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; BRICS-Staaten ; Forschung ; Entwicklung ; Innovation ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Aufsatzsammlung ; OECD ; Entwicklungsländer ; Innovation ; Technischer Fortschritt
    Kurzfassung: Innovation is crucial to long-term economic growth, even more so in the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis. In this volume, the OECD and the World Bank jointly take stock of how globalisation is posing new challenges for innovation and growth in both developed and developing countries, and how countries are coping with them. The authors discuss options for policy initiatives that can foster technological innovation in the pursuit of faster and sustainable growth. The various chapters highlight how the emergence of an integrated global market affects the impact of national innovation policy. What seemed like effective innovation strategies (e.g. policies designed to strengthen the R&D capacity of domestic firms) are no longer sufficient for effective catch-up. The more open and global nature of innovation makes innovation policies more difficult to design and implement at the national scale alone. These challenges are further complicated by new phenomena, such as global value chains and the fragmentation of production, the growing role of global corporations, and the ICT revolution. Where and why a global corporation chooses to anchor its production affects the playing field for OECD and developing economies alike. Selected as a 2009 Notable Document by the American Library Association Government Documents Round Table.
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  • 65
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264056909
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (368 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The Bioeconomy to 2030; Designing a Policy Agenda
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Les sciences biologiques apportent une valeur ajoutée à de très nombreux biens et services qui sont génériquement réunis sous le terme de « bioéconomie » et les progrès dans ce domaine peuvent aboutir à des avancées socioéconomiques majeures, dans les pays de l’OCDE. En utilisant des analyses quantitatives des données concernant les innovations en cours et les dépenses de recherche et développement tirées des bases de données privées et publiques, elle estime les évolutions futures dans le domaine des biotechnologies d’ici 2015. Adoptant un point de vue institutionnel plus large, elle examine également les rôles joués par le financement de la recherche et du développement, les ressources humaines, la propriété intellectuelle et la réglementation de la bioéconomie, ainsi que les évolutions futures qui seraient susceptibles d’influer sur les nouveaux modèles économiques. Des scénarios fictifs à l’horizon 2030 sont pris en compte pour encourager les lecteurs à réfléchir sur l’interaction entre les choix de politique économique et les avancées technologiques dans la mise en place de la bioéconomie. Enfin, l’ouvrage étudie les différentes options de politique économique permettant de tirer parti des avantages sociaux, environnementaux et économiques de la bioéconomie.
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  • 66
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264039469
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Régions et croissance ; Une analyse des tendances
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als How regions grow
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Regionales Wachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; OECD ; Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung
    Kurzfassung: Regional differences within OECD countries are often greater than those between countries and much inequality remains. This report explores what generates growth at the regional level. Based on in-depth econometric modelling and analyses, this report reframes the debate on regional policy and development, emphasising that opportunities for growth exist in all regions.
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  • 67
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264056886
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (323 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La bioéconomie à l'horizon 2030 ; Quel programme d'action ?
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als The bioeconomy to 2030
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Biotechnologie ; Gentechnisch erzeugtes Produkt ; Biotechnologie-Industrie ; Politik ; Industriepolitik ; Technologiepolitik ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Biowissenschaften ; Industriepolitik
    Kurzfassung: The biological sciences are adding value to a host of products and services, producing what some have labelled the “bioeconomy” and offering the potential to make major socio-economic contributions in OECD countries. Using quantitative analyses of data on development pipelines and R&D expenditures from private and public databases, this book estimates biotechnological developments to 2015. Moving to a broader institutional view, it also looks at the roles of R&D funding, human resources, intellectual property, and regulation in the bioeconomy, as well as at possible developments that could influence emerging business models to create scenarios to 2030. These scenarios are included to stimulate reflection on the interplay between policy choices and technological advances in shaping the bioeconomy. Finally, the book explores policy options to support the social, environmental and economic benefits of a bioeconomy.
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  • 68
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264044326
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (234 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Pôles de compétitivité, innovation et entrepreneuriat
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Clusters, innovation and entrepreneurship
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Regionales Cluster ; Innovation ; Entrepreneurship ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Cluster ; Innovation ; Entrepreneurship
    Kurzfassung: This publication explores the success of major innovation and entrepreneurship clusters in OECD countries, the challenges they now face in sustaining their positions and the lessons for other places seeking to build successful clusters. What are the key factors for cluster success? What problems are emerging on the horizon? Which is the appropriate role of the public sector in supporting the expansion of clusters and overcoming the obstacles? The book addresses these and other issues, analysing seven internationally reputed clusters in depth: Grenoble in France, Vienna in Austria, Waterloo in Canada, Dunedin in New Zealand, Medicon Valley in Scandinavia, Oxfordshire in the United Kingdom, and Madison, Wisconsin, in the United States. For each cluster, it looks at the factors that have contributed to its growth, the impact of the cluster on local entrepreneurship performance, and the challenges faced for further expansion. It also puts forward a set of policy recommendations geared to the broader context of cluster development. This publication is essential reading for policy makers, practitioners and academics wishing to obtain good practices in cluster development and guidance on how to enhance the economic impact of clusters.
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  • 69
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264068995
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Labour Market and Social Policies
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Henrard, Valentine Slovenia
    DDC: 331.12094973
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitsmarkt ; Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Flexicurity ; Sozialpolitik ; Slowenien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Slovenia ; Slowenien ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Beschäftigungsentwicklung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Rentenversicherung ; Sozialpolitik
    Kurzfassung: This report analyses the main challenges for labour market and social policies in Slovenia and considers the available policy options from the perspective of OECD countries' experience. It finds that Slovenia has one of the most equal income distributions in the world and a tradition of social dialogue. However, its unemployment insurance and employment service system are not sufficient to deal effectively with the present economic crisis and the country is also faced with rapid population ageing and a low employment rate among 55-to-64 year olds. This report makes recommendations to deal with these issues.
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  • 70
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264039162
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (250 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Piedmont, Italy
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Technologiepolitik ; Regionalpolitik ; Piemont ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Italy ; Piemont ; Innovationsförderung ; Regionale Wirtschaftsförderung
    Kurzfassung: Piedmont is one of the top ten manufacturing regions in Europe and enjoys the highest levels of business investment in R&D in Italy. Birthplace of the most famous Italian automotive company - Fiat – and home to many heavy engineering and manufacturing firms, the region has long been a central part of the national industrial core. Yet since the early 1970s, the fragility of Piedmont's production system has slowly became evident. This report reviews how Piedmont’s new regional strategy supports innovation and how its efforts can be improved.
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  • 71
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264056015
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (250 p.) , ill.
    Serie: West African Studies
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les enjeux régionaux des migrations ouest-africaines ; Perspectives africaines et européennes
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Trémolières, Marie Regional challenges of West African migration
    DDC: 325/.266
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Community of West African States ; Internationale Migration ; Westafrika ; Internationale Migration ; Zuwanderer ; Repatriierung ; Migrationspolitik ; Freizügigkeit ; Internationale Organisation ; Politik ; Fallstudie ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Westafrika ; Europa ; Maghreb ; Mauretanien ; Senegal ; Westafrika ; Flüchtling
    Kurzfassung: This publication presents contributions by international experts on various aspects of West African migration. It provides a contrasting perspective to current debates which essentially focus on security issues. This rather non-institutional approach promotes a constant dialogue based on analyses of the actual situation: the authors encourage "win-win" mobility for all parties involved (Europe, North Africa and West Africa), whether it be a host, transit or departure country.
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789282102183
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Déficience cognitive, santé mentale et transports ; Vers une accessibilité pour tous
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Cognitive impairment and mental health affect a large number of people, for whom the use of public transport can present a challenge. This book examines this neglected area, presenting various suggestions from transport staff training to better signage, clearer timetables, and increased staff presence to help build users' confidence.
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  • 73
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282102466
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Serie: ITF Round Tables no.145
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Concurrence et interactions entre aéroports, services de transports aériens et ferroviaires
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: How should airports be regulated to contain market power? This round table proceedings first examines whether they need to be regulated at all. It concludes that because regulation is inevitably imperfect and costly, policy makers should establish conditions for competition to emerge between airports in preference to comprehensive regulation, whenever possible. Economic regulation is sometimes necessary, such as when airports are heavily congested. The proceedings determines which approaches are likely to work best and also assesses strategies for managing greenhouse gas emissions. It finds that although including aviation in an open emission trading scheme could help mitigate emissions efficiently across the economy, it should not be expected to produce major cuts in CO2-emissions in aviation itself. Finally the proceedings identifies the economic conditions under which high-speed rail can provide a competitive substitute for aviation, revealing the limited relevance of rail to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from this part of the transport market.
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  • 74
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060289 , 9789264107144
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Serie: Les essentiels de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. International Trade; Free, Fair and Open?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Internationaler Handel; Frei, fair und offen?
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Le commerce international influence directement le prix et la disponibilité de tout ce que nous achetons ou presque. Son rôle est également notable dans beaucoup d’autres domaines, notamment l’emploi, l’environnement et la lutte contre la pauvreté. Les essentiels de l'OCDE : Le commerce international soutient que la prospérité a rarement, voire jamais, été atteinte ou maintenue sans le concours du commerce. Néanmoins, à lui seul, il ne constitue pas une condition suffisante, et des politiques orientées vers l’emploi, l’éducation, la santé et bien d’autres domaines encore sont nécessaires pour favoriser le bien-être et s’attaquer aux défis d’une économie mondialisée.
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  • 75
    ISBN: 9789282102480
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (228 p.)
    Serie: Tables rondes FIT no.145
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Competitive Interaction between Airports, Airlines and High-Speed Rail
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Konferenzschrift ; Verkehrsmittel ; Wettbewerb ; Luftverkehr ; Wettbewerb ; Hochgeschwindigkeitszug
    Kurzfassung: Comment réglementer les aéroports de façon à limiter leur pouvoir de marché ? Ce rapport part du principe que la question préalable à se poser est de savoir s’il est indiqué de réglementer. La réglementation étant imparfaite et coûteuse, les pouvoirs publics devraient chaque fois que c’est possible établir les conditions propices au développement de la concurrence entre aéroports en lieu et place d’une réglementation détaillée. Lorsque la réglementation économique se justifie, par exemple pour des aéroports très encombrés, le rapport examine les différentes approches réglementaires possibles pour déterminer celle qui est, en définitive, la plus adaptée. Il évalue aussi les stratégies de gestion des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. En intégrant l’aviation aux systèmes ouverts d’échange de droits d’émission, on pourrait réduire efficacement les émissions, mais on ne saurait en attendre des réductions importantes des émissions de CO2 dans le transport aérien proprement dit. Enfin, le rapport recense les conditions économiques dans lesquelles le train à grande vitesse peut devenir un substitut concurrentiel de l’avion. Cependant il conclut que le rail offre seulement des possibilités limitées en matière de réduction des ; émissions de gaz à effet de serre sur la partie correspondante du marché des transports.
    Anmerkung: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Competitive interaction between airports, airlines and high-speed rail
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  • 76
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282102237
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Turkey
    Kurzfassung: Turkey’s continuing economic expansion depends on the diversification of its transport modes and especially on the development of efficient multimodal services. Its role as a hub for Europe, Asia, and the Middle East and as a facilitator of global exchange will be enhanced with a strategy and measures to support a range of intermodal logistic and transport services. This work analyses the current situation and sets forth some of the actions and policies needed to stimulate the development of a truly multimodal transport system.
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789264059269
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (170 p.)
    Serie: Etudes du Centre de Développement
    Serie: Études du Centre de développement
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Is Informal Normal ?; Towards More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Development
    Kurzfassung: Le secteur informel prive les États de recettes publiques et les salariés de protection sociale. Cependant, il constitue souvent la partie la plus dynamique de l’économie et crée massivement des emplois. L’emploi informel est omniprésent et croissant. La crise financière qui a débuté en 2008 a fait de la gestion de l’emploi informel un sujet encore plus brûlant. Il est impératif de répondre à ce nouveau défi, non seulement pour le bien-être de millions de salariés mais aussi pour le développement social. Cet ouvrage donne des indications aux responsables politiques sur les moyens de traiter cette question d’une importance essentielle pour les pays en développement comme pour les pays industrialisés. « Dans des pays comme la Chine, l’ampleur exceptionnelle des migrations rurales vers les villes amplifie les problèmes posés par l’économie informelle. Ces travaux offrent des résultats analytiques précieux pour la compréhension de cette transformation majeure, de ses problèmes et de ses impacts. » Professeur Li Shi, Université Normale de Pékin « Cet ouvrage constitue une contribution importante aux débats actuels de politique économique sur l’économie informelle. Il recommande l’attribution d’aides aux travailleurs pauvres de l’économie informelle, ce qui permettrait de rendre les structures formelles plus efficientes, plus souples et plus créatrices d’emplois formels ». Professeur Marty Chen, Harvard Kennedy School et WIEGO « Les qualités de cet ouvrage sont nombreuses : des données montrant que « l’économie informelle est normale » ; des références à de nombreuses études et modes de pensée plus récents ; la stratégie cohérente à trois volets ; l’accessibilité. Ce livre servira de référence dans les travaux sur l’économie informelle au cours des années à venir ». Professeur Gary Fields, Université de Cornell
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789264059245
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (164 p.)
    Serie: Development Centre Studies
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'emploi informel dans les pays en développement ; Une normalité indépassable ?
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Is informal normal?
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Informelle Wirtschaft ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Entwicklungsländer ; Employment ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer ; Schattenwirtschaft ; Beschäftigung
    Kurzfassung: The informal sector deprives states of revenues and workers of social protection. It also, however, frequently constitutes the most dynamic part of the economy and creates massive employment. Informal employment is ubiquitous and growing. The financial crisis that began in 2008 has made the management of informal employment even more challenging. Responding to this emerging challenge is critical, not only for the well being of millions of workers but also for social development. Is Informal Normal? provides evidence for policy makers on how to deal with this issue of crucial importance for developing and developed countries alike. This book includes StatLinks, URLs linking charts and graphs to Excel files containing the data. “In countries such as China, the exceptional scale of rural to urban migration amplifies the challenges from informality. This work provides valuable analytical results for understanding this major transformation, its problems and impacts.” -Professor Li Shi, Beijing Normal University “This volume is an important contribution to the current policy debates on the informal economy. It recommends providing support to the working poor in the informal economy, making formal structures more efficient and flexible and creating more formal jobs.” -Professor Marty Chen, Harvard Kennedy School and WIEGO “The strengths of this volume are many: evidence that “Informal Is Normal;” references to many newer studies and ways of thinking; the consistent three-pronged strategy; accessibility. Is Informal Normal? will serve as a reference in the literature on informality for years to come.” -Professor Gary Fields, Cornell University
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  • 79
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060135
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (418 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Estudios de la OCDE de Innovación Regional; 15 estados mexicanos
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als 15 Mexican states
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Regionalökonomik ; Regionales Cluster ; Technologiepolitik ; Mexiko ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Mexico ; Mexiko ; Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Technische Innovation
    Kurzfassung: Despite macro-economic stability in recent years, Mexico still suffers from stagnant productivity growth. Mexico’s long-term competitiveness in a global context will require greater public and private action to spur innovation and economic growth in regions throughout the country. This report reviews how both national and state policies in Mexico can better support regional innovation systems and includes profiles of 15 states.
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  • 80
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282102251
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Serie: ITF Round Tables no.143
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Concurrence entre les ports et les liaisons terrestres avec l'arrière-pays
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: This Round Table publication discusses the policy and regulatory challenges posed by the rapidly changing port environment. The sector has changed tremendously in recent decades with technological and organisational innovation and a powerful expansion of trade. Although ports serve hinterlands that now run deep into continents, competition among ports is increasingly intense and their bargaining power in the supply chain has consequently weakened. Greater port throughput is meeting with increasing resistance from local communities because of pollution and congestion. In addition, local regulation is warranted but made difficult by the distribution of bargaining power among stakeholders. Higher-level authorities could develop more effective policies.
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  • 81
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264075290
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (192 p.)
    Serie: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als United States
    DDC: 331.34
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Junge Arbeitskräfte ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United States ; USA ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik
    Kurzfassung: First experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. This report on the United States contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action.
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  • 82
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264076129
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (226 p.)
    Serie: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Trans-border Urban Co-operation in the Pan Yellow Sea Region, 2009; (Korean version)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Trans-border urban co-operation in the Pan Yellow Sea Region
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Ostasien ; Gelbes Meer ; Internationale Kooperation ; Wirtschaftskooperation ; Soziokultureller Wandel ; Transnationale Politik ; Bericht ; OECD
    Kurzfassung: The Pan Yellow Sea Region (PYSR) covers the coasts of Northern China (Bohai Rim), western and southern Korea and south-western Japan (Kyushu). It has been one of the fastest growing economic zones in East Asia since China’s opening in the early 1990s, thanks to the region’s extensive manufacturing and transportation networks. Development has been driven by cities such as Dalian, Qingdao and Tianjin in China, Busan and Incheon in Korea, and Fukuoka and Kitakyushu in Japan. However, the PYSR has yet not fully utilised its assets nor reached its potential for growth. Further economic integration has been hindered by excessive competition and inadequate co-operation within the region. The regional transportation system requires structural changes to be integrated, especially in the container transportation market. Deepening the region’s social and cultural network remains a challenge. And environmental concerns are increasingly attracting attention. This report analyses these factors and assesses a wide range of policies to improve the PYSR’s competitiveness and integration. In particular, the report examines the PYSR’s trans-border governance system, which has emerged since the 1990s as a key regional policy agenda. The harmonisation of authorities within the region is a prerequisite to achieving economic success and addressing the PYSR’s diverse challenges. A comparative analysis of trans-border cooperation in OECD countries in Europe and North America is also included in an annex. This report will be of special interest to policy makers, researchers, NGOs and others active in trans-border development or Asian economic development.
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  • 83
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264061958
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Serie: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Des emplois pour les jeunes/Jobs for Youth; France 2009
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als France
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ; Frankreich ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; France ; Frankreich ; Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik
    Kurzfassung: First experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. This report on France contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners.
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  • 84
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.675
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; United States
    Kurzfassung: The aim of this paper is to assess the ability of social spending to smooth output shocks and to provide stabilization. The results show that overall social spending is able to smooth about 16 percent of a shock to GDP. Among its subcategories, social spending devoted to Old Age and Unemployment are those that contribute more to provide smoothing. Moreover, the stabilization effects of social spending are significantly larger in those countries where the size of social spending is higher. The empirical results are economically and statistically significant and robust.
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  • 85
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264055513
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (274 p.)
    Serie: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als The changing boundaries of social enterprises
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Nonprofit-Organisation ; Sozialwirtschaft ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Entrepreneurship ; Nonprofit-Organisation
    Kurzfassung: Social enterprises are entering a new phase of consolidation after overcoming various challenges over the last 10 years in their efforts to foster sustainable local development, help create local wealth and jobs, and fight social exclusion. This book contains recommendations for national and local policy makers and presents a set of international best practices based on new legislation that has been enacted, novel frontiers that have opened up, and support and financial tools that have been developed.
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  • 86
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264059573
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (258 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Rural Policy Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als China
    Schlagwort(e): Ländliche Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsplanung ; China ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: With more than 700 million residents living in rural areas, China is still a predominantly rural country. But despite substantial improvements in standards of living, the Chinese countryside is largely lagging behind. This report analyses the key socio-economic forces at work in China's rural areas and discusses the current government strategy for rural development. It argues that in order to bridge rural-urban divides the current policy approach needs to go further in recognising rural-urban complementarities beyond agriculture and that food-security targets need to be balanced with wider rural development objectives.
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  • 87
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264055674
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Serie: OECD Insights
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Sustainable Development; Linking Economy, Society, Environment
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Le développement durable ; À la croisée de l'économie, de la société et de l'environnement
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Sustainable Development: Linking Economy, Society, Environment
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Le développement durable : À la croisée de l'économie, de la société et de l'environnement
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Was bedeutet “nachhaltige Entwicklung” tatsächlich? Welchen Einfluss haben Produktion, Konsum und Globalisierung auf Nachhaltigkeit? Wie kann Nachhaltigkeit gemessen werden? Und was können Regierungen, Unternehmen und der Einzelne tun, um nachhaltige Entwicklung zu fördern? Zu vielen Themen, die nachhaltige Entwicklung betreffen, erstellt die OECD Daten und veröffentlicht Empfehlungen für Forschung und Politik; dazu gehören der Klimawandel, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und verantwortungsvolle Unternehmensführung. Die neue Veröffentlichung „Sustainable Development“ aus der Buchreihe „OECD Insights“ stützt sich auf diese Fachkompetenz. Um nachhaltige Entwicklung zu erreichen, müssen die drei Bereiche Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Umwelt zusammen berücksichtigt werden.
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  • 88
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264059528
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (189 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Flexible policy for more and better jobs
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; OECD ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik
    Kurzfassung: In today’s economic context, governments are required to take centre stage, helping workers to compete in the global market whilst also supporting employers so that they may retain jobs, increase productivity and offer better-quality employment at the local level. This book provides a new indicator for benchmarking labour-market policy, reviewing the flexibility available in its management throughout OECD countries. The research offers new evidence of the link between flexibility and employment outcomes. Concrete examples of how localities can harness greater flexibility to generate better economic and social outcomes are provided. The new style of management recommended in this book will be key to any national strategy for returning economies to prosperity.
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  • 89
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264075740
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (172 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Insights
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. International Migration; The Human Face of Globalisation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les migrations internationales ; Le visage humain de la mondialisation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. International Migration: The Human Face of Globalisation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les migrations internationales : Le visage humain de la mondialisation
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Kurzfassung: Etwa 190 Millionen Menschen leben weltweit außerhalb ihres Herkunftslands. Diese Zuwanderer bereichern unsere Gesellschaften durch ihre Energie, ihren Unternehmergeist und ihre Ideen. Dabei gibt es aber auch negative Aspekte wie schulisches Versagen unter jungen Zuwanderern, Arbeitslosigkeit unter Migranten und natürlich irreguläre Migration. Solche Herausforderungen können die Zuwanderung zu einem politischen Zankapfel und heiß umstrittenen Diskussionsthema machen. Gestützt auf die einzigartige Fachkompetenz der OECD betrachtet diese Publikation die Realitäten internationaler Migration in der heutigen Zeit jenseits aller rhetorischen Floskeln: Woher kommen die Zuwanderer, und wohin gehen sie? Wie steuern die Staaten die Migration? Mit welchem Erfolg nehmen Zuwanderer an Bildung und Arbeitsleben teil? Und hilft Zuwanderung – oder schadet sie – den Entwicklungsländern?
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.704
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Brazil
    Kurzfassung: Brazil, like other natural resource-exporting countries, has benefited from a sharp increase in commodity prices over the last few years. To investigate the possible impact of terms-of-trade gains on the real economy, this paper estimates normalised quadratic input demand and output supply functions for the Brazilian economy during 1997-2008. Technological change is modelled in a flexible manner through the inclusion of quadratic splines in the profit function. The paper contributes to the literature by using nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression techniques to estimate the input demand and output supply functions and by disaggregating exports and imports into capital, consumption and intermediate goods. Improvements in the terms of trade due to rising export prices and/or falling import prices are associated with hikes in export volumes on the back of rising import demand and some labour shedding in the sectors using imported capital goods. The direct impact of terms-of-trade changes on domestic consumption and investment is comparatively modest, possibly due to the fact that the Brazilian economy remains relatively closed to trade.
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  • 91
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.673
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Kurzfassung: Labour productivity growth in the service sector has been low relative to manufacturing. This is explained in part by weak competition in services resulting from strict product market regulation and the low level of import penetration and inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI). Increasing productivity growth in the service sector, which accounts for 67% of employment and 58% of value added in Korea, is essential to sustain high potential growth. The priority is to strengthen competition by eliminating domestic entry barriers, accelerating regulatory reform, upgrading competition policy and reducing barriers to trade and inflows of FDI. Another challenge is to enhance the performance and accelerate the restructuring of small and medium-sized enterprises, which account for over 90% of service-sector employment. Furthermore, it is essential to boost productivity in service industries with high growth potential, such as telecommunications and financial and business.
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  • 92
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.714
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Economic growth is the basis of increased prosperity. This makes the attainment of growth a key objective for governments across the world. The rate of growth can be affected by policy choices through the effect that taxation has upon economic decisions and through productive public expenditures. This paper surveys research that has undertaken empirical analysis of aggregate data. The focus of the survey is the identification of the factors that determine the rate of growth.
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  • 93
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.743
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Fédéralisme budgétaire en Belgique : Défis principaux et réformes envisageables
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Belgium
    Kurzfassung: The paper discusses the current state of fiscal relations across levels of government in Belgium and how it has developed over time. As the current system of fiscal federalism is creating imbalances between the federal and the sub-federal governments (vertical imbalance), and between sub-federal governments (horizontal imbalance) the paper also suggests directions for improvements. Without reform, the vertical imbalance will widen as the fiscal burden from the ageing of the population falls mainly on the federal level. Reform should therefore strengthen the fiscal capacity of the federal government by improving its revenue sources and by shifting some spending obligations to sub-federal governments. The imbalance between regions arises because of the lack of coherence between taxation and spending. Shared revenues from the personal income tax are allocated to the region of residence, while the region of the workplace does not benefit, which particularly affects Brussels’ revenue level. This imbalance could be eliminated by allocating more of the shared personal income tax to the region of the workplace. Furthermore, the system of equalisation grants should be re-designed to provide incentives to the recipient regions to develop their own revenue base. The performance of the fiscal system could further be improved by raising the efficiency of spending in areas of national interest, which have been assigned to sub-federal governments or where there are overlapping responsibilities, such as in employment, R&D, training, education, energy and environmental policies.
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  • 94
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.737
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Erdölpreis ; Geschichte 2009
    Kurzfassung: Crude oil prices have trended up since the end of the 1990s, peaking at a historic high in mid-2008 that was followed by a steep price correction with a subsequent rebound. This paper considers major forces behind the evolution of the oil price, using a simple model of supply and demand elasticities as a benchmark, highlights implications for inflation and economic activity and draws some conclusions for macroeconomic policy. The analysis suggests that the run-up in crude oil prices since 2003 was due to both vigorous oil demand growth by emerging markets and, from the middle of the decade onward, a weaker than expected oil supply response to rising prices. Prices are unlikely to fall back to levels seen in the first years of the decade either over the short or medium term.
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  • 95
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.721
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: There is a case, but there are also counter-arguments. With sufficient forward-looking behaviour among firms and households, price-level targeting can act as a powerful built-in stabiliser through automatic shifts in inflation expectations. This stabilisation mechanism reduces the need for large shifts in policy rates, alleviating the risk of hitting the zero lower bound of nominal interest rates and falling into a liquidity trap. Furthermore, credible price-level targeting can support capital accumulation by protecting the long-run purchasing power of money and reducing the inflation risk premium embedded in actual long-term real interest rates. However, price-level targeting can imply welfare-reducing policy-induced output volatility in situations where the degree of forward-looking behaviour is very low. The self-regulating capacity of price-level targeting can be undermined if central banks are not fully credible. Besides, aggressive inflation targeting can replicate some of (but not all) the benefits of price-level targeting. On balance, the case for adopting price-level targeting is not clear-cut, all the more so since transition costs are likely to be significant.
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  • 96
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.727
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Italy
    Kurzfassung: Compulsory school education in Italy produces poor results in terms of 15-year olds’ performance on PISA tests, compared with other OECD countries, despite a relatively high level of expenditure. While the influence of social background is smaller than in many OECD countries, it is largely transmitted through a kind of self-segregation resulting from family choices among the different types of upper secondary school. Large differences in pupils’ performance between regions cannot be explained by the quantity of resources available; separating the influence of socio-economic conditions from school efficiency is difficult and must be treated carefully in plans for extending fiscal federalism. The Italian government is rightly concerned to get better value for money and this chapter argues that policies to improve the information available to schools and teachers on the results they are achieving, while giving them appropriate incentives, responsibility and power to respond to such information, are necessary accompaniments to expenditure-saving policies. An improved focus on good quality training, both for new recruits and experienced teachers, and recruitment procedures themselves, should also pay dividends on efficiency.
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  • 97
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 67 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Regional Development Working Papers no.2009/01
    Schlagwort(e): Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: China has become the world’s largest urban nation, with over 600 million urban citizens today. Projections indicate that this level may reach 900 million in 2030. The way this urbanisation process is managed will have important policy implications for China and beyond. This paper provides an introduction to urban trends and policies in China. It describes urban growth trends, where and in what kinds of cities growth is occurring, how China’s cities are governed, and how public policy has influenced the extent, pace, and spatial distribution of urbanisation. As China continues to integrate with the globalising economy, its competitiveness will increasingly be driven by the capacities of its metropolitan regions to improve the productivity of enterprises in ever-widening supply chains. The report concludes with a description of some of the key policy challenges facing central and local urban governments in this global context, including: 1) institutional constraints to markets and factor mobility; 2) environmental challenges; 3) ensuring equity and helping vulnerable groups; and 4) metropolitan governance.
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  • 98
    ISBN: 9789264060906
    Sprache: Spanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (445 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation; 15 Mexican States 2009
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation: 15 Mexican States 2009
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: Aunque México ha presentado estabilidad macroeconómica en años recientes, el país aún padece de un estancamiento en el crecimiento de su productividad. En un contexto mundial, la competitividad de México a largo plazo necesitará mayor acción tanto en el sector público como en el privado para estimular la innovación y el crecimiento económico en todas las regiones del territorio nacional. En este informe se revisan tanto las políticas nacionales como estatales de México y la manera en que pueden fomentar mejor los sistemas de innovación regional; incluye una semblanza de 15 estados.
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  • 99
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.728
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Estonia
    Kurzfassung: Estonia gave up the exchange rate and monetary policy tools of macroeconomic management when it introduced its currency board in 1992. While the currency board arrangement served the country well during transition in the 1990s, it offers limited flexibility to implement policies that would ease the EU convergence as well as mitigate the global financial and economic crisis. The ongoing financial crisis has made euro adoption more attractive than ever and put it on the top of the country’s policy agenda. However, shocks affecting Estonia are only weakly synchronized with those of the euro area, and the structure of its economy also notably differs from the euro zone. To benefit fully from joining the EMU, Estonia must strengthen other adjustment mechanisms to shocks, including flexibility of the labour market, further improving its environment to do business and a framework, which allows for anti-cyclical fiscal policies.
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  • 100
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.685
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Investment in network infrastructure can boost long-term economic growth in OECD countries. Moreover, infrastructure investment can have a positive effect on growth that goes beyond the effect of the capital stock because of economies of scale, the existence of network externalities and competition enhancing effects. This paper, which is part of a project examining the links between infrastructure and growth and the role of public policies, reports the results on the links with growth from a variety of econometric approaches. Time-series results reveal a positive impact of infrastructure investment on growth. They also show that this effect varies across countries and sectors and over time. In some cases, these results reveal evidence of possible over-investment, which may be related to inefficient use of infrastructure. Bayesian model averaging of cross-section growth regressions confirm that infrastructure investment in telecommunications and the electricity sectors has a robust positive effect on long-term growth (but not in railways and road networks). Furthermore, this effect is highly nonlinear as the impact is stronger if the physical stock is lower.
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