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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,130)
  • MPI-MMG  (15)
  • HU Berlin  (2)
  • Online Resource  (1,146)
  • 2010-2014  (1,146)
  • Graue Literatur  (1,146)
Datasource
Material
Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Migration und Bevölkerung : Newsletter (1998-)
    Berlin : Netzwerk Migration in Europa e.V. | Berlin : Lehrstuhl Bevölkerungswissenschaft, Humboldt-Univ. zu Berlin ; 1998 -
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1998 -
    Former Title: Druckausg. u. Vorg Migration und Bevölkerung
    Former Title: Newsletter zu Migration, Integration und Bevölkerungsentwicklung
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Internationale Migration ; Migrationspolitik ; Deutschland ; Welt ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 08.04.09 , Urh. anfangs: Lehrstuhl Bevölkerungswissenschaft, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; beteil. Körp. teils: Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung (bpb) und Hamburgisches WeltWirtschaftsInstitut (HWWI) , Ersch. ca. 10x jährl.; auch als E-Mail-Subskription erhältlich
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2143032-9
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Africa Spectrum (1966-)
    London : SAGE Publishing | Pfaffenhofen : Afrika-Verl. | Hamburg : Inst. of African Affairs | Hamburg : Hamburg Univ. Press ; 1.1966 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1868-6869 , 1868-6869 , 0002-0397
    Language: German , English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1966 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Africa Spectrum
    Former Title: Afrika Spectrum
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Politologie ; Soziologie ; Wirtschaftswissenschaften ; Afrika ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Herausgebendes Organ bis 1975: Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung; bis 2006: Institut für Afrika-Kunde; bis 30.04.2020: Institut für Afrika-Studien , Erscheint unregelmäßig , Gesehen am 26.02.2020 , Text teils dt., teils engl., teils franz.
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2466495
    URL: kostenfrei
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    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africaspec
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    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africaspec
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/doaj/00020397
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2466495-9
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africaspec
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/doaj/00020397
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2466495-9
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africaspec
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/doaj/00020397
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2466495-9
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africaspec
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/doaj/00020397
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2466495-9
    URL: kostenfrei
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    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africaspec
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/doaj/00020397
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2466495-9
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    DNB
    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    HeBIS
    HBZ
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Das Parlament (2009-)
    Bonn : Bundeszentrale ; 59.2009 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISSN: 2194-3745 , 0031-2258 , 0031-2258
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 59.2009 -
    Additional Information: Beil Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Das Parlament
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Zeitung ; Deutschland ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitung ; Deutschland Deutscher Bundestag ; Parlament ; Politik ; Politische Kultur ; Politische Bildung ; Staatsrecht ; Deutschland ; Recht
    Note: Gesehen am 1.7.2021 , Verantw. Red.: Alexander Weinlein , Frühere Jg. online nicht mehr verfügbar
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2059002-7
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Unternehmen Region (2004-)
    Bonn : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; 2004 -
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 2004 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Unternehmen Region
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Regionalpolitik ; Ostdeutschland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 02.09.2022
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2324886-5
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    World development indicators (2000-)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; Nachgewiesen 2000 -
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2000 -
    Additional Information: In Beziehung stehendes Werk World development indicators online Washington, DC : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar], 2006 Datenbank
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World development indicators
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World development indicators CD-ROM
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World development indicators
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Entwicklungsindikator ; Welt ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: Fortsetzung der Druck-Ausgabe , Gesehen am 05.12.13 , Frühere Jg. online nicht mehr verfügbar
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2194916-5
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/action/showPublications?SeriesKey=c18
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Jahresbericht / Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft : Aufgaben und Ergebnisse (2002-)
    Bonn : DFG ; Nachgewiesen 2001(2002) -
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2001(2002) -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Jahresbericht. Aufgaben und Ergebnisse
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Jahresbericht / Aufgaben und Ergebnisse, Programme und Projekte
    Former Title: DVD-Ausg. 2007 - 2009 u. Vorg Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Jahresbericht ... / Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
    DDC: 000
    Keywords: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ; Technologiepolitik ; Deutschland ; Graue Literatur ; Jahresbericht ; Zeitschrift ; Bericht ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ; Forschungsförderung ; Deutschland
    Note: Gesehen am 19.02.2024 , Frühere Jg. online nicht mehr verfügbar
    URN: urn:nbn:de:hbz:5:2-23415
    URL: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5:2-23415
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2055267-1
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Schriften aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung (1988-)
    Frankfurt, M. [u.a.] : Campus-Verl. ; 1.1988 -
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1988 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung Schriften aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung Köln
    Former Title: Schriften des Max-Planck-Instituts für Gesellschaftsforschung
    Keywords: Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Gesehen am 26.09.22
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/69241
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2377483-6
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD social, employment and migration working papers (2003-)
    Paris : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; 1.2003 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1815-199X
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.2003 -
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Gesehen am 20.04.2022
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2113676-2
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Religions and development working paper (2007-)
    Birmingham ; Nr. 1.2007 -
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.2007 -
    DDC: 200
    Keywords: Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    COMPAS working papers (2004-)
    Oxford ; Nr. 1.2004 -
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.2004 -
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EUI Working papers; RSC: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (1994-)
    San Domenico : European University Institute ; Nachgewiesen 1994 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1028-3625 , 1028-3625 , 1028-3625
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 1994 -
    Additional Information: 2010,81=1; 2011,5=2; 2011,12=3; 2011,24=4 u.a. von Global governance programme San Domenico : European University Institute, 2010
    Additional Information: 2009,31=1; 2010,7=2; 2010,10=3; 2010,53=4; 2010,61=5; 2011,49=6; 2011,50=7 von Private regulation series San Domenico : European University Institute, 2009
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als European University Institute EUI working paper / RSC
    Former Title: Fortsetzung von European University Institute EUI working paper / RSC
    Former Title: EUI working paper
    Former Title: EUI working paper. RSCAS
    Former Title: RSC, Robert Schuman Centre
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Gesehen am 08.07.2021
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Working papers (2006-)
    Amsterdam : International Migration Institute (IMI), Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands | Oxford, UK : International Migration Institute (IMI), Oxford Department of International Development (QEH), University of Oxford ; 1.2006 -
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 1.2006 -
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Gesehen am 29.06.2022 , Herausgebendes Organ 1.2006 - 140.2017: IMI, International Migration Institute, University of Oxford; teils: International Migration Institute Network (IMIn)
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Eastern Africa social science research review : a publication of the Organisation for Social Science Research in Eastern Africa and Southern Europe (2002-)
    Addis Ababa : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; 18.2002 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-4173 , 1027-1775 , 1027-1775
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 18.2002 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Eastern Africa social science research review
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Entwicklungstheorie ; Sozialwissenschaft ; Ostafrika ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Gesellschaft ; Gruppe ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Afrika südlich der Sahara Sozialwissenschaften ; Gesellschaft ; Soziale Gruppe ; Sozioökonomische Entwicklung ; Subsaharisches Afrika ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Herausgebendes Organ früher: Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern Africa , Gesehen am 25.10.2016
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/51
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2093436-1
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Social research : an international quarterly (1934-)
    Baltimore, Md. : Johns Hopkins University Press | New York, NY : Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science, New School for Social Research | New York, NY : New School ; 1.1934 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1944-768X , 0037-783X , 0037-783X
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1934 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Social research
    Former Title: an international quarterly of political and social science
    Former Title: an international quarterly of the social sciences
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Sozialwissenschaft ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Soziologie ; Sozialwissenschaften
    Note: Gesehen am 11.11.16 , Urh. anfangs: Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2067024-2
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/644
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: http://www.socres.org/
    URL: https://epay.newschool.edu/C21120_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=9&_ga=1.252474689.935795924.1384340018
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/socialresearch
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    MPI-MMG
  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    African economic history (1976-)
    Boston, Mass. | Madison, Wis. ; Nr. 1.1976 -
    Details
    ISSN: 2163-9108 , 0145-2258
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1976 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. African economic history
    Former Title: Vorg.: African economic history review
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Urh. teils.: African Studies Center, Boston University
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2262118
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/482
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2262118
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/482
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2262118-0
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/482
    URL: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?db=30h&jid=%22G82%22&scope=site
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2262118-0
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/482
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2262118-0
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/482
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2262118-0
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/482
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    München BSB
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    Würzburg UB
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    HeBIS
    BVB
    HBZ
    Bayreuth UB
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Population; English edition (2002-)
    Paris : Inst. ; 57.2002 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1958-9190 , 1634-2941 , 1634-2941
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 57.2002 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Population 〈Paris〉 / English edition
    Former Title: Vorg Population
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Demographie ; Bevölkerung ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Demographie
    Note: Gesehen am 07.06.13 , Fortsetzung der Druck-Ausgabe
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2206751-6
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/410
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: http://www.ined.fr/englishversion/publications/population/index.html
    URL: http://www.necplus.eu/action/displayJournal?jid=POE
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/popuengledit2002
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Südosteuropa-Mitteilungen (2002-)
    München : Ges. ; Nachgewiesen 2002 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    In:  Central and Eastern European online library
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-174X , 0340-174X
    Language: German , English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2002 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Südosteuropa-Mitteilungen
    Titel der Quelle: Central and Eastern European online library
    Publ. der Quelle: Frankfurt am Main : Central and Eastern European Online Library GmbH, 2003
    DDC: 000
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Südosteuropa ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 09.08.2022
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.sogde.org/de/publikationen/suedosteuropa-mitteilungen/
    URL: https://www.ceeol.com/search/journal-detail?id=515
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2237296-9
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Norway 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264298781
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (203 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Bildungswesen ; Bildungspolitik ; Weiterbildung ; Norwegen ; Education ; Employment ; Norway ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Skills are central to Norway’s future prosperity and the well-being of its people. This diagnostic report identifies 12 skills challenges for Norway which were distilled from a series of interactive diagnostic workshops held in the course of 2013 with a wide range of stakeholders in Oslo, Buskerud County and Nordland County. The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Norway draws upon a wide range of OECD comparative data and analysis to illustrate each skills challenge and offers insights from the experience of other countries in tackling similar skills challenges. The first nine skills challenges refer to specific outcomes across the three pillars of developing, activating and using skills. The last three skills challenges refer to the “enabling” conditions which strengthen the overall skills system.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264298781-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Austria 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264300255
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD skills strategy diagnostic report
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Bildungswesen ; Bildungspolitik ; Weiterbildung ; Österreich ; Education ; Employment ; Austria ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Skills are central to Austria’s future prosperity and the well-being of its people. The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Austria identifies 14 skills challenges for Austria. The project and this report build on both the insights from workshops as well as latest international comparative analysis from OECD and national sources. The report provides cases illustrating how other countries have tackled similar challenges, which can be used as input to potential policy options on how to tackle these challenges. The challenges are described under each of the main pillars of the OECD Skills Strategy. The first 11 challenges refer to specific outcomes across the three pillars of developing, activating and using skills. The next three challenges refer to the “enabling” conditions which strengthen the overall skills system. Success in tackling these skills challenges will boost performance across the whole skills system.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264300255-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Public financial institutions and the low-carbon transition : five case studies on low-carbon infrastructure and project investment (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (93 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 72
    Keywords: Caisse des dépôts et consignations ; KfW Bankengruppe ; Europäische Investitionsbank ; 2010 - 2012 ; Energieeinsparung ; Klimawandel ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; EU-Staaten ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Public financial institutions (PFIs) are well-positioned to act as a key leverage point for governments’ efforts to mobilise private investment in low-carbon projects and infrastructure. The study identifies the tools, instruments and approaches used by five PFIs to directly support and scale-up domestic private sector investment in sustainable transport, energy-efficiency and renewable energy in OECD countries. Between 2010-2012, these five institutions – Group Caisse des Dépôts in France, KfW Bankengruppe in Germany, the UK Green Investment Bank, the European Investment Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development – have provided over 100 billion euros of equity investment and financing for energy efficiency, renewable energy and sustainable transport projects. They use both traditional and innovative approaches to link low-carbon projects with finance through enhancing access to capital; facilitating risk reduction and sharing; improving the capacity of market actors; and shaping broader market practices and conditions.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt3rhpgn9t-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Same same but different : school-to-work transitions in emerging and advanced economies (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 154
    Keywords: Absolventen ; Arbeitsuche ; Karriereplanung ; Schwellenländer ; Industrieländer ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Improving school-to-work transitions and ensuring better career opportunities for youth after labour market entrance are common goals in emerging and advanced economies as they can contribute to raising the productive potential of the economy and to increasing social cohesion. However, the challenges faced in achieving these objectives and the policies required vary between emerging and advanced economies. This paper analyses youth labour market outcomes in 16 countries: eight emerging countries and eight advanced economies. In light of this analysis, it also discusses differences and similarities in the policy measures countries have at their disposal to tackle the key emerging challenges.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzbb2t1rcwc-en
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  • 22
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    Geographic imbalances in doctor supply and policy responses (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 69
    Keywords: Ärzte ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Gesundheitspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Doctors are distributed unequally across different regions in virtually all OECD countries, and this causes concern about how to continue to ensure access to health services everywhere. In particular access to services in rural regions is the focus of attention of policymakers, although in some countries, poor urban and sub-urban regions pose a challenge as well. Despite numerous efforts this mal-distribution of physician supply persists. This working paper first examines the drivers of the location choice of physicians, and second, it examines policy responses in a number of OECD countries...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5sq5ls1wl-en
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  • 23
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    Official support for private sector participation in developing country infrastructure (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 19
    Keywords: Infrastrukturinvestition ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The objective of this study is to take stock of support by bilateral and multilateral donors for private sector participation in developing country infrastructure. It tries to draw out trends, opportunities and challenges, collective activities to address them, and possible further actions for the Development Assistance Committee (DAC). The exercise tries to contribute to the aim of using development co-operation more strategically in leveraging other development related flows. The methodology involved research on 22 donor policies and institutions, as well as data analysis of the DAC’s Creditor Reporting System. The results of the study indicate that official development finance (ODF) for infrastructure is increasing, with a sizable proportion disbursed to support the private sector directly, mostly through loans and equity by bilateral and multilateral development finance institutions (DFIs). However, almost 70% is directed to infrastructure in upper middle income countries, where the domestic financial sector might be relatively developed, which raises the question of additionality of official support. In terms of sectors, 60% of support to the private sector goes to energy, particularly to renewables, such as hydro, wind, solar, and geothermal energy. This is followed by transport, telecommunications, and water. Export credit agencies also provide significant amount of financing to developing country infrastructure. Donors further provide about 15% of funding to help improve the enabling environment for investment by building the capacity of partner government ministries, public-private-partnership units, regional organisations, or local administrations. Conclusions include the need for better co-ordination among various agencies or units involved in supporting infrastructure development within donor countries or multilateral institutions as well as the establishment of a transparent monitoring mechanism of DFI activities to ensure additionality and development effectiveness.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz14cd40nf0-en
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  • 24
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    Enabling environment for agricultural growth and competitiveness : evaluation, indicators and indices (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries working papers 67
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.67
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Landwirtschaft ; Produktivität ; Unternehmenserfolg ; Indexberechnung ; Klassifikation ; Agrarökonomik ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The key contribution of this report lies in developing a typology to structure the components of the enabling environment for agricultural growth and competitiveness, and in constructing an illustrative Agricultural Growth Enabling Index (AGEI) to summarise a wide array of available information in a coherent manner. The construction of the preliminary AGEI is based on four blocks with 40% of the weight on agriculture/rural factors and 20% each on broader economy-wide governance, capital availability and market operation. The AGEI can be used to provide across-country comparisons or single-country evaluations using the index itself or its components. It allows the decomposition within each main block to show the relative strength and weaknesses of each country across various sub-indices. It has been applied here to a selected set of twenty emerging and developing countries. The preliminary results demonstrate that the AGEI brings together information relevant to the enabling environment for agricultural growth and competitiveness, and which is largely consistent with more in-depth studies of the selected countries. While constrained in some respects, the AGEI appears to be the first index completed with this objective. Further expansion and refinement of the included set of indicators to better reflect key determinants of agriculture’s enabling environment would help provide an important input into better policy decisions.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz48305h4vd-en
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  • 25
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    The prudential regulation of financial institutions : why regulatory responses to the crisis might not prove sufficient (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1108
    Keywords: Bankenregulierung ; Finanzkrise ; Soziale Kosten ; Globalisierung ; G20-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: It is now six years since a devastating financial and economic crisis rocked the global economy. Supported strongly by the G20 process, international regulators led by the Financial Stability Board have been working hard ever since to develop new regulatory standards designed to prevent a recurrence of these events. These international standards are intended to provide guidance for the drawing up of national legislation and regulation, and have already had a pervasive influence around the world. This paper surveys recent international developments concerning the prudential regulation of financial institutions: banks, the shadow banking system and insurance companies. It concludes that, while substantial progress has been made, the global economy nevertheless remains vulnerable to possible future financial instability. This possibility reflects three sets of concerns. First, measures taken to manage the crisis to date have actually made the prevention of future crises more difficult. Second, the continuing active debate over virtually every aspect of the new regulatory guidelines indicates that the analytical foundations of what is being proposed remain highly contestable. Third, implementation of the new proposals could suffer from different practices across regions. Looking forward, the financial sector will undoubtedly continue to innovate in response to competitive pressures and in an attempt to circumvent whatever regulations do come into effect. If we view the financial sector as a complex adaptive system, continuous innovation would only be expected. This perspective also provides a number of insights as to how regulators should respond in turn. Not least, it suggests that attempts to reduce complexity would not be misguided and that complex behavior need not necessarily be accompanied by still more complex regulation. Removing impediments to more effective self-discipline and market discipline in the financial sector would also seem recommended.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz6zgzzw8s4-en
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  • 26
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    New evidence on the determinants of industrial specialisation (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1112
    Keywords: Faktorproportionentheorem ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Industrieproduktion ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Welt ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Industrial specialization has important implications for economic performance; therefore, understanding its determinants is of key policy relevance. This paper quantifies the relationship between factor endowments, policies and institutions and patterns of industrial specialisation in production using a new cross-country dataset compiled by WIOD that includes 37 OECD and non-OECD countries and 26 sectors. An advantage of this database –as compared with those used by previous studies- is that makes it possible to look at industrial specialization in terms of value added instead of gross exports, covering both services and manufactures in a panel of advanced and developing economies. The empirical methodology is based on the idea that industries vary in the conditions that they need for production, and countries differ in their ability to provide for these industry-specific requirements. We find that not only cross-country differences in factor endowments, such as capital and labour, but also differences in investment in R&D and policies or institutions, such as financial development, tariffs and taxes, and product and labour market regulation, can explain cross-country differences in industrial structure.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5m893txq2-en
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  • 27
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    Spillover effects from exiting highly expansionary monetary policies (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1116
    Keywords: Geldpolitik ; Spillover-Effekt ; Finanzmarkt ; Finanzkrise ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The prospective normalisation of monetary policies in the main OECD areas will be challenging given that current policy rates are likely to be significantly below neutral levels and that central bank balance sheets will be above the pre-crisis levels by a wide margin. Monetary policy normalisation is likely to start in the United States before other main OECD areas, with potential global spillovers, as was already experienced in mid-2013 when the mere discussion of tapering unsettled global financial markets. A gradual increase in interest rates, in the context of strong growth and rising equity values, would contribute to a balanced US recovery and have a benign impact on the rest of the world. However, a rapid rise in bond yields would risk generating instability in the US shadow banking sector, and the financial system more generally, even if banks seem increasingly resilient to such a shock. Although model simulations suggest that a large and protracted government bond yield shock would not have large trade spillovers in the absence of crisis events in the United States or abroad, an induced increase in bond yields in other countries, together with an induced large decline in equity prices, would have a sizeable effect on the OECD and largest emerging market economies. The latter countries are particularly vulnerable to such spillovers given their generally less liquid financial markets and, in some cases, weak fundamentals related to the banking system and external financing. In the United States, the authorities should aim at managing smoothly the exit and at strengthening the resilience of shadow banking institutions so that the risk of liquidity-induced fire sales is reduced. This should be accompanied in other countries by measures to increase the resilience to interest rate shocks, and when the shock occurs, allowing exchange rates to adjust flexibly and implementing offsetting fiscal measures if scope is available.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz417mb6dzp-en
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  • 28
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    The economic consequences of ageing : the case of Finland (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1120
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Finnland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Finland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finland’s population is set to age rapidly in the coming decades. This will put pressure on public finances, while shrinking labour resources. Nonetheless, solutions exist to alleviate those pressures. Adjusting the pension age in line with the rise in life expectancy would reduce pension costs and increase older workers’ employment, provided it is accompanied by the removal of the pathways to early retirement. In order to allow people to work longer, labour market flexibility should be enhanced and lifelong training promoted further. Active labour market policies should be strengthened so as to increase the labour force participation of youth, childbearing age women and the long-term unemployed. Finally, ageing should not only be seen as a burden as it can also create opportunities for innovation and new markets and industries. Information and communications technologies, where Finland has a strong knowledge base, can help the elderly stay as autonomous as possible, which would contain long-term care costs and improve well-being. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Finland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economicsurvey- finland.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qt1dtnlt-en
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  • 29
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    Enhancing competition and the business environment in Hungary (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1123
    Keywords: Steuer ; Produktivität ; Betriebliches Umfeld ; Institutioneller Wandel ; Ungarn ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Hungary ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Over the past decade, the growth potential of the Hungarian economy has declined substantially. Trend productivity has ceased to increase, and investment has fallen to historically low levels. To an important extent, the explanation lies in a business environment characterised by high administrative burdens, regulatory volatility, barriers to growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and entrepreneurship, and limited competition in major non-tradable sectors, problems which have sometimes become worse in recent years. Under these conditions, many SMEs find it hard to leave semi-informality and grow. Large multinational firms operating in manufacturing often have supplier networks weakly anchored in Hungary, while those in the non-tradable sectors sometimes face little competitive pressure; in both cases, positive spillovers to the domestic economy remain limited. Steps should be taken both at the economy-wide level and in specific sectors to increase investment and restore productivity growth. Such measures must include fostering greater regulatory stability, inter alia by reducing the flow of new regulation and improving its quality, not least in taxation. Investor confidence would benefit from promoting trust and transparency in public institutions. Apart from vigorous competition enforcement across the economy, it is essential to remove sector-specific obstacles to competition, such as barriers to entry of different types, lock-in effects and distortive regulated prices, in retail, professional services, energy, and telecommunications. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Hungary (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-hungary.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2pwfr0nzq-en
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  • 30
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    Strengthening competition in Poland (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1125
    Keywords: Wettbewerbsaufsicht ; Deregulierung ; Wettbewerb ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Produktivität ; Polen ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Poland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poland’s productivity has grown strongly over the past decade, and efforts to reduce the regulatory burden have been significant. Despite impressive progress, product market regulation remains more burdensome than in most OECD countries, partly due to the importance of red tape and the level of state involvement in the economy. Further reduction in red tape and pursuing privatisation in competitive markets would increase competitive pressures and ensure neutrality, notably in public procurement processes. Economic rents in many sectors seem high, as stringent entry regulations, regulatory barriers and inefficient bankruptcy procedures induce significant resource misallocation. A welcome deregulation of professional services is ongoing, and the government plans to further ease firm registrations and reform bankruptcy procedures. The independence of the sector regulators in network industries and the powers of the Competition Authority can still be enhanced, as the reform efforts in these sectors remain patchy. The dominant positions of the incumbents and the failure of network sector regulators to introduce a level playing field in order to secure third-party access to the sectoral infrastructure and allow new entry in the competitive segments are another main issue. The advantages of being considered a farmer are also slowing the consolidation process in the agricultural sector. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Poland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-poland.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2pwzpzvkg-en
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  • 31
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    Macroprudential policy tools in Norway : strengthening financial system resilience (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1126
    Keywords: Finanzmarktregulierung ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Immobilienmarkt ; Norwegen ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Norway ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In Norway house prices have risen to high levels, associated with very strong credit growth, in a context of low interest rates. Such a combination was in many countries a contributory factor to the 2008- 09 crisis. The Norwegian authorities have been well aware of the problem. Below-target inflation and low interest rates abroad have kept policy interest rates low. “Macro-prudential” tools have been developed as additional policy instruments with a view to strengthen the banking system’s resilience to possible shocks and dampen systemic risk. This chapter notes that although authorities seem to have succeeded in containing over-heating pressures in the housing market, high levels of household indebtedness persist, a phenomenon which was an important factor in the last major Norwegian recession. The chapter also provides some longer run considerations on resource allocation in the housing market. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Norway (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-norway.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2mm2vbhjk-en
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  • 32
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    What explains the volume and composition of trade? : industrial evidence from a panel of countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1128
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Faktorproportionentheorem ; Empirische Methode ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper quantifies the importance of different determinants of trade at the industry level using a sample of 54 OECD and non-OECD economies. The empirical methodology extends the approach of previous empirical studies to explicitly quantify the impact that trading partners’ factor endowments and policies have on bilateral trade, and to analyse the effect of tariffs on the volume and composition of trade. We find that distance, common language, common border and regional trade agreements are important determinants of overall trade, and that factor endowments, policies and institutions, of both the exporter and its trading partners, are main determinants of what and where a country exports. By contrast, we find that trade policies based on tariffs on imported goods not only generate negative spillovers to trading partners by reducing their exports, but they are also likely to reduce exports of countries that impose the tariffs, in particular in industries that rely more on intermediate goods.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2hz3tm6vj-en
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  • 33
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    Overcoming vulnerabilities of health care systems (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1132
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Makroökonomik ; Schock ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Nachhaltigkeit ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the vulnerabilities of health care systems in OECD and BRIICS countries to adverse secular trends and large macroeconomic shocks. It identifies policies that can ally vulnerabilities considering the institutional setting of health care systems, such as the public-private mix and the main sources of revenues, and the need to balance economic sustainability with the adequacy of services.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en
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  • 34
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    Approaches to protection of undisclosed information (trade secrets) : background paper (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (327 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 162
    Keywords: Geschäftsgeheimnis ; Immaterialgüterrechte ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper takes stock of the available legal protection for trade secrets (undisclosed information) in a broad sample of countries. Drawing on national and international material, the paper develops and presents an indicator of the stringency of protection of trade secrets (the Trade Secrets Protection Index) and provides an assessment of variation in the available protection. The result is a finding that while the sample countries have some similarities, notably with respect to definition and scope of trade secrets, they have many more substantial dissimilarities with respect to implementation of protection for trade secrets. For example, differences are particularly pronounced in evidence gathering and discovery, protection of trade secrets during litigation, technology transfer requirements and the effectiveness of legal systems with respect to enforcement. This diversity is reflected in the wide range of scores in the Trade Secrets Protection Index. Such variation in the stringency of protection for trade secrets may influence firm-level decision-making and may have implications for some aspects of economic performance (in particular, in relation to innovation).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz9z43w0jnw-en
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  • 35
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    Consumer policy guidance on mobile and online payments (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 236
    Keywords: Elektronisches Geld ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD Committee on Consumer Policy has issued this policy guidance to boost consumer protection when using mobile and on-line payment systems and to identify ways in which policy makers and businesses can work together to strengthen consumer protection while spurring innovation in the marketplace. The guidance addresses a number of key issues in the emerging mobile and online payment area, including the need to establish minimum levels of consumer protection across payment mechanisms, enhanced privacy and child protection, and standards for transparent and accessible information disclosures
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz432cl1ns7-en
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  • 36
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    The development of fixed broadband networks (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 239
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Telekommunikationsnetz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the development of fixed networks and their ability to support the Internet economy. Enhancements to fixed broadband networks remain critical despite the growth in the use of wireless services. In fact, growth in the use of data over wireless networks actually increases demands on fixed networks. Upgrading fixed networks to ultra-fast speeds has the potential to generate significant spillovers; however, the evidence so far is mixed as to whether different types of public intervention are necessary to spur fibre deployment. The report provides an overview of the barriers to upgrading networks as well as the regulatory challenges encountered in spurring the deployment of fixed networks.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2m5mlb1q2-en
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  • 37
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    State-invested enterprises in the global marketplace : implications for a level playing field (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD corporate governance working papers 14
    Keywords: 1998 - 2012 ; Luftverkehr ; Elektrizitätsversorgung ; Bergbau ; Erdölindustrie ; Telekommunikationsdienst ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Industry and Services ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: State-owned and other state-invested enterprises (SIEs) have become more prominent in the global economy over the last decade. A growing role for state-invested enterprises in the marketplace is not in itself onerous. According to an OECD consensus, as expressed through the Organisation’s legal instruments, SOEs can be operated according to similarly high standards of governance, transparency and efficiency as private companies, in which case the ownership issue is moot. However, only some of the world’s most advanced economies, following decades of reform of their SOE sectors, have approached this point. Moreover, when SOEs operate across borders the challenges may multiply. With this background, this paper compares the difference between SIEs and non- SIEs in five sectors: air transportation, electricity, mining, oil & gas and telecommunication. The empirical analysis indicates that, in addition to any financing advantages, large state-invested enterprises also seem to benefit from an unusually favourable position in their home markets. A comparative analysis further shows that, in the course of the last ten years, SIEs have generally enjoyed higher rates of return than comparable private companies. The paper concludes that the growing role of state-invested enterprises in the international marketplace does not yet present a serious macroeconomic challenge. However, since it is likely to keep growing for some time, challenges need to be addressed relatively soon. This makes for a strong case for enhanced policy coordination and information sharing. If legally binding instruments cannot be developed in the near to medium-term to ensure competitive neutrality, consultation mechanisms could be established through which the main players in international trade and investment can exchange views on matters of common concern related to the state in the marketplace. The ultimate purpose would be ensuring that the international trade and investment environment remains open, non-discriminatory and offering a level playing field.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0xvfvl6nw-en
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  • 38
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    Does regional economic growth depend on proximity to urban centres? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/07
    Keywords: 1995 - 2010 ; Bevölkerungsdichte ; Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Regionales Wachstum ; Europa ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the spatial patterns of regional economic growth in Europe over the 1995 to 2010 period. It finds that regions, which contain large urban agglomerations, have been growing significantly faster than those that do not. Furthermore, proximity to large urban agglomerations has been positively correlated to economic growth. Halving travel time to a large urban agglomeration is associated with a 0.2 to 0.4 percentage points increase in annual per capita growth. More generally, the study also shows that measures of population density are positively correlated to growth. Among the different measures, by far the best predictor of growth between 1995 and 2010 is the maximum population density of a region.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0t7fxh7wc-en
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  • 39
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    Mental Health Analysis Profiles (MhAPs) : Italy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (87 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 71
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Italien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Italy ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As part of a wider project on mental health in OECD countries, a series of descriptive profiles have been prepared, intended to provide descriptive, easily comprehensible, highly informative accounts of the mental health systems of OECD countries. These profiles, entitled ‘Mental Health Analysis Profiles’ (MHAPs), will be able to inform discussion and reflection and provide an introduction to and a synthesised account of mental health in a given country. Each MHAP follows the same template, and whilst the MHAPs are stand-alone profiles, loose cross-country comparison using the MHAPs is possible and encouraged. The recent history of mental health in Italy has been one of de-institutionalisation. The significant overhaul undertaken with regards to mental health over the last years is an example of this process: as it moved away from the century-long tradition of restrictive mental health asylums (manicomi) from the late 1970s with the recent process of closures of judicial psychiatric hospitals (Ospedali Psichiatrici Giudiziari – OPG), Italy progressively managed to integrate mental health services within community-based facilities. Focus was no longer on security and on isolating citizens suffering from mental disorders, but rather on patients’ needs and moving towards social integration and rehabilitation.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz15922hmd4-en
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  • 40
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    Health, austerity and economic crisis : assessing the short-term impact in OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 76
    Keywords: 2008 ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Konjunkturstatistik ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The economic crisis that started in 2008 has had a profound impact on the lives of citizens. Millions of people lost their job, saw their life-savings disappear and experienced prolonged financial hardship. The economic crisis has also led a number of OECD governments to introduce austerity measures to reduce public deficits. The health sector, like many other social welfare programmes, has witnessed extensive spending cuts and has also been the subject of substantial reforms. The combined effects of economic crisis, austerity and reforms have led many OECD health systems into unchartered territory. This paper looks at the impact of economic crisis on health and health care. It summarises findings from the published literature on the effects of economic crisis that took place over the past few decades and also describes recent health policy reforms, focusing on those countries where the economic crisis has hit hardest. Finally, this paper analyses the empirical relationship between unemployment and health care use, quality and health outcomes, using data from OECD Health Statistics. In doing so, it investigates whether the effects of unemployment on health outcomes have been extenuated by austerity measures...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en
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  • 41
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    Social Media Use by Governments : A Policy Primer to Discuss Trends, Identify Policy Opportunities and Guide Decision Makers (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Public Governance no.26
    Keywords: Politische Kommunikation ; Social Web ; Welt ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper takes a comparative snapshot of social media use in and by OECD governments. The focus is on government institutions, as opposed to personalities, and how they manage to capture the opportunities of new social media platforms to deliver better public services and to create more open policy processes. The analysis is based on a large amount of empirical data, including a survey of OECD governments on policies and objectives in this area. Major challenges are discussed, notably those related to the uncertainty of institutions on how to best leverage social media beyond “corporate” communications. The paper proposes tools to guide decision makers: a checklist of issues to be considered by government institutions, a set of potential indicators to appraise impacts, and a range of options for more in-depth policy analysis.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcmghmk0s-en
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  • 42
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    Food Waste Along the Food Chain (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.71
    Keywords: Lebensmittel ; Lieferkette ; Abfallvermeidung ; Kommunale Abfallwirtschaft ; Öffentlichkeitsarbeit ; Datenerhebung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Reducing food losses and food waste is attracting growing public attention at the international, regional, and national levels, and is widely acknowledged to contribute to abating interlinked sustainability challenges such as food security, climate change, and water shortage. However, the pattern and scale of food waste throughout the supply chain remains poorly understood, despite growing media coverage and public concerns in recent years. This paper takes stock of available data on food waste and explores policies related to food waste in OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcmftzj36-en
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  • 43
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    Environment and regional trade agreements : emerging trends and policy drivers (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade and environment working papers 2014/02
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines trends in the use of environmental provisions in Regional Trade Agreements and identifies factors which may explain the presence or absence of these provisions. The report builds on work of the OECD Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment (JWPTE) and includes results of an informal survey of delegates. Analysis of the environmental provisions in RTAs reveals an encouraging upward trend. While basic provisions remain the most common types found in RTAs, the incidence of more substantive provisions has increased significantly in recent years. Among these, environmental co-operation has been the most common type. Several factors may have contributed to this evolution. These include countries extending their political mandates for RTAs, for example to include provisions for compliance with multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), as well as a general accumulation of experience with the use of environmental provisions.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0v4q45g6h-en
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  • 44
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    Investment treaties and shareholder claims for reflective loss : insights from advanced systems of corporate law (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment 2014/02
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment
    Keywords: consistency of arbitral decisions ; stockholder remedies ; international economic law ; creditors ; separate legal personality ; arbitrators ; board of directors ; international investment agreements ; investor-state dispute settlement ; shareholder claims ; transferability of shares ; entity shielding ; creditors’ rights ; treaty shopping ; bilateral investment treaties ; loan covenant ; reflective loss ; level playing field ; shareholders ; shareholder rights ; corporate law ; judicial economy ; limited liability ; stockholders ; investment treaties ; company law ; consistency ; international arbitration ; access to justice ; derivative injury ; foreign investment ; derivative loss ; competitive neutrality ; agency costs ; settlement ; international investment ; business corporations ; domestic impact of investment law ; derivative action ; comparative law ; shareholder remedies ; international investment law ; reflective injury ; investment arbitration ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Corporate law in advanced domestic legal systems on the one hand, and typical treaties for the protection of foreign investment on the other hand, treat claims for damages by company shareholders differently. Advanced domestic systems generally bar shareholders from claiming for reflective loss – loss that arises from injury to "their" company (such as a decline in the value of shares). The claim for the loss belongs to the injured company and not to its shareholders. In contrast, shareholder claims for reflective loss have been widely permitted under typical investment treaties over the last 10 years. Ongoing OECD-hosted inter-governmental dialogue on investment law is considering whether there are policy reasons justifying the different approaches to shareholder claims for reflective loss. This paper examines shareholder claims for reflective loss under investment treaties in light of comparative analysis of advanced systems of corporate law. The paper considers the impact of allowing shareholder claims for reflective loss on key characteristics of the business corporation. The paper also explores possible responses by different categories of investors to the availability of shareholder claims for reflective loss under investment treaties.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0xvgngmr3-en
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  • 45
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    Workplace stress in the United States : issues and policies (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1150
    Keywords: Stress ; Gesundheit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite relative affluence, workplace stress is a prominent feature of the US labour market. To the extent that job stress causes poor health outcomes – either directly through increased blood pressure, fatigue, muscle pain, etc. or indirectly through increased rates of cigarette smoking – policy to lessen job stress may be appropriate. Focusing predominantly on the United States, this report reviews the literature on a variety of economic concerns related to job stress and health. Areas in which economists may provide valuable insights regarding job stress include empirical selection concerns in identifying the effect of stress on health; measurement error with respect to stress; the existence and magnitude of compensating differentials for stress; and the unique “job lock” effect in the United States created by a system of employer-provided health insurance. This report concludes with a brief discussion of US policies related to job stress. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States ).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zb5t4532-en
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  • 46
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    Fostering a creative economy to drive Korean growth (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1152
    Keywords: Übernahme ; Unternehmensgründung ; Gründungsförderung ; Crowdfunding ; Konglomerat ; Business Angels ; Forschung ; KMU ; Regulierung ; Entrepreneurship ; Bankgarantie ; Technologiepolitik ; Immaterielle Werte ; Risikokapital ; Südkorea ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A creative economy requires innovation-friendly conditions. Korea’s innovation system should be improved by upgrading universities and expanding their role in business R&D, while increasing international collaboration in R&D from its current low level. The returns from Korea’s large investment in innovation should be enhanced by improving framework conditions – easing product market regulations, promoting international competition and enhancing labour market flexibility – to encourage the adoption of new technology. Venture businesses and start-ups should play a key role in commercialising innovation. To make venture investment a growth driver, it is important to expand the role of business angels, activate the merger-and-acquisition market and foster entrepreneurship. A creative economy also depends on making SMEs, which account for 87% of employment, more dynamic. SME policies should be streamlined and improved to promote market-based financing and reduce the negative effects of government funding programmes, which discourage the expansion of SMEs. The growth of small firms also depends on resolving labour market mismatches and taking full advantage of the opportunities afforded by the Internet. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/economic-survey-korea.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0wh8xkrf6-en
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  • 47
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    Making the banking sector more resilient and reducing household debt in the Netherlands (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1156
    Keywords: Bank ; Eigenkapital ; Notleidender Kredit ; Immobilienpreis ; Hypothek ; Niederlande ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Dutch banks were put under heavy strains early in the global downturn and have comparatively weak financial buffers to cope with new shocks. Falling house prices have increased the share of households with negative home equity to nearly 35% for home-owning households and 40% for mortgage holders. Even though defaults have so far been limited, mortgage amortisation is low and risks are concentrated among younger borrowers who often do not have sufficient resources to cope with adverse shocks. Banks are very large relative to the size of the domestic economy, have sizeable cross-border exposures and rely significantly on wholesale funding. Resolution procedures should be strengthened to reduce the potential cost for the taxpayer and the regulator’s tools available to reduce risks should be expanded. In particular, banks should set aside sufficient provisions for expected losses and problem loans, which requires some harmonisation of the definition of non-performing loans across banks. Higher capital buffers would bolster financial stability and help ensure access to market funding while lowering its cost. Welcome measures have been taken to encourage household deleveraging, but deeper and broader steps are needed to bolster financial stability and improve consumer protection when the housing market starts to recover durably and over the medium term. The stock of existing mortgages should be gradually converted into amortising mortgages, the cap on the loanto- value ratio reduced significantly below 100% and housing subsidies to homeownership cut more decisively. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-netherlands.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxz9z0fhcwj-en
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  • 48
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    An exploration of the determinants of the subjective well-being of Americans during the Great Recession (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1158
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Lebensqualität ; Zeitverwendung ; Arbeitsangebot ; Lohnniveau ; Lohnstruktur ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Bildung ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses data from the American Life Panel to understand the determinants of well-being in the United States during the Great Recession. It investigates how various dimensions of subjective wellbeing reflected in the OECD Better Life Framework impact subjective well-being. The results show that income is an important determinant of subjective well-being. The unemployed and the disabled are significantly less satisfied with their lives than the working population, while the retired and the homemakers are more satisfied. The paper expands the existing evidence by showing that homeowners, registered voters and those with access to health insurance have higher levels of subjective well-being. Time spent walking or exercising is positively correlated with happiness, while working more than 50 hours per week or spending time on health-related activities is negatively correlated with subjective well-being, and higher levels of anxiety. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-united-states.htm)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzc9p57lq3-en
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  • 49
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    On the effectiveness of exchange rate interventions in emerging markets (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 324
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.324
    Keywords: Wechselkurs ; Wechselkurspolitik ; Schwellenländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: We analyse the effectiveness of exchange rate interventions for a panel of 18 emerging market economies during the period 2003-11. Using an error-correction model approach, we find that on average intervention is effective in moving the real exchange rate in the desired direction, controlling for deviations from the equilibrium and short-term changes in fundamentals and global financial variables. Our results are robust to different samples and estimation methods. We find little evidence of asymmetries in the effect of sales and purchases, but some evidence of more effective interventions for large deviations from the equilibrium. We also explore differences across countries according to the possible transmission channels and nature of some global shocks.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwwfmxfdth-en
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  • 50
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    Skills and jobs in the internet economy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 242
    Keywords: Fachkräfte ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Wissensgesellschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Both generic and specialised ICT skills are becoming an important requirement for employment across the economy as the Internet becomes more engrained in work processes, but a significant part of the population lacks the basic skills necessary to function in this new environment. This paper examines the impact of the Internet on the labour market in this context. For example, between 7% and 27% of adults have no experience in using computers or lack the most elementary computer skills, such as the ability to use a mouse. In addition, the groups with the least ICT skills tend to be among the demographic groups at the most risk of losing jobs. Data also highlight a potential skills mismatch among those with the strongest ICT skills (youth) and those who actually use them at work (prime age and older adults).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvbrjm9bns-en
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  • 51
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    Moving towards a more dynamic business sector in Spain (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1173
    Keywords: Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Marktanteil ; Unternehmensgründung ; Gründungsförderung ; Risikokapital ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Insolvenz ; Spanien ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Spain ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policy efforts to revitalise entrepreneurship and investment in Spain are key to generating growth and new jobs. The government has a substantial reform program to make it easier to do business in Spain, which should in some cases be deepened. Boosting economic growth requires a new generation of high-growth companies and that resources flow towards the most productive firms. For this to happen, barriers to business growth have to be reduced by streamlining regulations and licencing procedures, internationalisation needs to be fostered, and competition strengthened. In addition, the negative impact of the crisis on companies, notably the high level of indebtedness and difficulties to obtain financing faced by some firms has to be relieved. This would be facilitated by more efficient insolvency procedures and further development of non-bank financing.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxszm2k7fnw-en
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  • 52
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    Wireless market structures and network sharing (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (89 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 243
    Keywords: Mobilkommunikation ; Netzinfrastruktur ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A key issue for policy makers and regulators across the OECD area is the market structures that will best deliver efficient and inclusive mobile communication services. This has led to two issues addressed in this report, namely: the recent experience in selected countries, which have changed or held constant the number of facilities based operators; and the initial experience and key questions that have arisen with wireless network sharing. These questions are related because they converge around the issue of how many facilities-based networks are optimal in providing competitive services in the same geographical location. In all OECD countries there are at least three mobile network operators (MNOs), which broadly compete on a national basis, with some countries having four or five facilities-based networks operating nationally or in the same region. Historically, the coverage and capabilities of these networks have been important factors used by operators to differentiate their offers and attract customers. Nonetheless, sharing the expense of network facilities between multiple MNOs can significantly reduce costs, especially at a time when there are demands on operators to roll out new networks or extend coverage.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt46dzl9r2-en
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  • 53
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    Income Inequality, Urban Size and Economic Growth in OECD Regions (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Working Papers no.2014/10
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Stadtwachstum ; Stadtgröße ; Regionales Wachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to understand how income inequality is associated with economic growth in OECD regions and whether the degree and type of urban concentration affects this relationship. Both income inequality and urban concentration can be seen as patterns of resource allocation that are particularly interlinked at the regional level. We combine household survey data and macroeconomic databases, covering a period ranging from 2004 to 2012 for comparable regions in 15 OECD countries. Econometric results show that, at least for the short period under consideration, there is a general negative association between inequalities and economic growth, especially since the start of the economic crisis. This relationship is sensitive to the type of urban structure. Higher inequalities seem to be more detrimental for growth in large cities, while regions characterised by small cities and rural areas are less affected.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcmg88l8r-en
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  • 54
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    Greening Household Behaviour : Overview of Results from Econometric Analysis and Policy Implications (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.79
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Haushaltsstatistik ; Ökonometrie ; Australien ; Kanada ; Chile ; Frankreich ; Israel ; Japan ; Korea ; Niederlande ; Spanien ; Schweden ; Schweiz ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The second round of the OECD Survey on Environmental Policy for Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) was implemented in 2011. A publication providing an overview of the survey data from over 12 000 households in eleven countries (Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland) is available.1 Follow-up econometric analyses were conducted in each of the thematic areas covered (energy, food, transport, waste and water), as well as on cross-domain comparisons in environmental attitudes and behaviours.2 This report presents a synthesis of main results from econometric analysis using the data from the 2011 EPIC survey, as well as policy implications.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcllt1kq5-en
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  • 55
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    New investment approaches for addressing social and economic challenges (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 15
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper aims to provide an introduction to and overview of the social investment market for policy makers in OECD and non-OECD countries. Social investment is the provision of finance to organisations with the explicit expectation of a social, as well as financial, return. Social investment has become increasingly relevant in today’s economic environment as social challenges have mounted while public funds in many countries are under pressure. New investment approaches are needed for addressing social and economic challenges, including new models of public and private partnership which can fund, deliver and scale innovative solutions from the ground up.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2bz8g00jj-en
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  • 56
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    Biobased chemicals and bioplastics : finding the right policy balance (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 96 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 17
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As OECD countries emerge from the global financial crisis, several countries have published their plans for the development of a future bioeconomy, an economy in which bio-based materials and production techniques will contribute significantly to economic and environmental sustainability. Such plans typically involve building a bio-based production industry in which fuels, energy and materials such as chemicals and plastics, almost always generated from fossil resources such as oil and natural gas, are incrementally replaced by equivalent or novel products generated from renewable resources. The realisation of this vision will require sustainably harnessing the vast biomass resource. The highest policy priorities at present are on several levels: allowing bio-based materials to compete for biomass on price with bioelectricity and biofuels; rectifying the highly distorting fossil fuel subsidies, heading off future competition for crude oil demand; and correcting for any excessive regulatory impacts. If governments wish to realise a successful bioeconomy in the future, the case for support for bio-based chemicals and plastics warrants serious attention.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwwfjx0djf-en
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  • 57
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    Dividing the pie in Brazil : income distribution, social policies and the new middle class (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1105
    Keywords: Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Einkommensverteilung ; Lohn ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenpolitik ; Steuerpolitik ; Bildungspolitik ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Brasilien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Brazil ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Brazil has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty and inequality. This reduction is explained by strong growth but also by effective social policies. Besides growth, public services and cash transfers have played the biggest role, the latter notably through the successful “Bolsa Familia” programme. Among public services, improved access to education has played a major role, allowing more Brazilians to move into better-paid jobs. However, shortages in physical school infrastructure are limiting the hours of instruction that students receive. The high drop-out rate needs to be reduced through early interventions such as expanding early-childhood education, by reducing grade-repetition and through more tailored support for those at risk. The quality of teaching could also be raised through more in-service teacher training and stronger performance incentives for teachers. Performance of public services devoted to health and transports has been mixed. Public health services are widely available but suffer from underfunding and training places for medical staff need to be expanded. The public urban transport system suffers from a shortage of investment which is urgently needed to upgrade capacity. Regarding cash transfers, the success of “Bolsa Familia” and new programmes put in place under the umbrella of the “Brasil sem Miseria” programme is remarkable but transfer payments remain too heavily focused on pension benefits. Giving more priority to “Bolsa Familia” and “Brasil sem Miseria” while limiting the real growth of pension expenditures in the future would improve the effectiveness of social expenditures for reducing poverty and inequality. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Brazil (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/brazil).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en
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  • 58
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    Export restrictions on raw materials : experience with alternative policies in Botswana (2014)
    [s.l.] : OECD iLibrary | Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 163
    Keywords: Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Schmuck ; Diamantensektor ; Staatsfonds ; Exportbeschränkung ; Zollunion ; Steuereinnahmen ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Botsuana ; Trade ; Botswana ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Botswana ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Exportbeschränkung ; Steuereinnahmen ; Staatsfonds ; Zollunion ; Botswana ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Diamantenindustrie ; Diamantenbergbau ; Schmuck
    Abstract: Demand for non-renewable natural resources is forecast to rise steadily over the coming decades. Underlying trends of long-term rising demand and falling supply of mineral resources will inevitably increase pressure on prices and intensify competition for scarce resources. This can create a substantial opportunity for development for minerals-rich countries. However, as suggested by the “resource curse” debate, broad-based economic development based on the extractive industries is far from assured. History suggests that not all countries, in particular many of those outside the OECD area, have benefitted economy-wide from their mineral resources: good governance and good policies are essential to benefit from their huge potential growth. Some countries have successfully regulated their mining sectors without resorting to highly distortive policies such as export restrictions. One such country is Botswana. This paper examines some of the policies in place in Botswana that have contributed to the governance and management of its substantial minerals sector. Lessons are drawn for minerals-rich countries keen to manage their raw materials sectors for increased economy-wide growth.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb6v86kz32-en
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  • 59
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    Good governance and national well-being : what are the linkages? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on public governance 25
    Keywords: 2005 - 2012 ; Good Governance ; Gesundheit ; Zufriedenheit ; Welt ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper was prepared by John F. Helliwell, Haifang Huang, Shawn Grover and Shun Wang in collaboration with Mario Marcel, Martin Forst and Tatyana Teplova. This paper has three main objectives. The first is to review existing studies of the links between good governance and subjective well-being. The second is to bring together the largest available sets of nationallevel measures of the quality of governance, and to assess the extent to which they contribute to explaining the levels and changes in life evaluations in 157 countries over the years 2005-2012, using data from the Gallup World Poll already analysed in some detail in the World Happiness Report 2013. The third objective is to use subjective well-being research to suggest ways in which governance can be changed so as to improve lives in all countries, as measured by peoples’ own evaluations. The paper starts with a summary of the evidence and policy implications. There follow the four main sections of the paper, a statistical appendix containing a broad range of data and results, and an extensive annotated bibliography of empirical literature linking good governance and subjective well-being.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxv9f651hvj-en
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  • 60
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    Social protection and climate change (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 16
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Wetter ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Climate change has already resulted in climate-related extreme events of greater frequency and/or intensity. This, along with long-term changes in average conditions (whether in temperature or rainfall), is likely to continue to have a major impact on livelihoods. Developing countries will be especially affected by such events – and more specifically, the poor people in developing countries – because of their geographical exposure and their greater reliance on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture. Social protection offers a wide range of instruments (e.g. cash transfers, insurance products, pension schemes and employment guarantee schemes) that can be used to support households that are particularly vulnerable to both the ongoing and acute impacts of climate changes. Although the evidence base showing how these measures can help those affected prevent and cope with climate challenges is still limited, this paper aims to provide a condensed review of the current knowledge and evidence about the role of social protection in reducing the impact of climate change on the poorest populations and provides a series of recommendations for both social protection and climate change practitioners and for strengthening the evidence base.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qc8wc1s5-en
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  • 61
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    The political economy of tax incentives for investment in the Dominican Republic : “doctoring the ball” (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 322
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.322
    Keywords: Steuerpolitik ; Anreiz ; Wirtschaftswissenschaft ; Dominikanische Republik ; Development ; Dominican Republic ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Tax incentives can be a useful tool to stimulate investment in developing countries. However, in these countries interest groups often are able to exert considerable influence in its management, if not its design. From a power-based approach to the political economy of tax reform we find how interest groups work within the institutional framework to seek outcomes that best fit their objectives. When unsuccessful, they become powerful advocates of change. These power dynamics have important implications for the design and management of tax incentives in developing economies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz3wkh45kmw-en
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  • 62
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    Policy challenges for the next 50 years (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (67 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 9
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Umweltbelastung ; Einwanderung ; Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Koordination ; Bildungschancen ; Hochschule ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Welt ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper identifies and analyses some key challenges that OECD and partner economies may face over the coming 50 years if underlying global trends relating to growth, trade, inequality and environmental pressures prevail. For example, global growth is likely to slow and become increasingly dependent on knowledge and technology, while the economic costs of environmental damages will mount. The rising economic importance of knowledge will tend to raise returns to skills, likely leading to further increases in earning inequalities within countries. While increases in pre-tax earnings do not automatically transform into rising income inequality, the ability of governments to cushion this impact may be limited, as rising trade integration and consequent rising mobility of tax bases combined with substantial fiscal pressures may hamper such efforts. The paper discusses to what extent national structural policies can address these and other interlinked challenges, but also points to the growing need for international coordination and cooperation to deal with these issues over the coming 50 years.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz18gs5fckf-en
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  • 63
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    Can increasing inequality be a steady state? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2014/01
    Keywords: 1984 - 2032 ; Einkommensverteilung ; Gleichgewichtstheorie ; Vergleich ; USA ; Kanada ; Australien ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Historically, discussions of income inequality have emphasised cross-sectional comparisons of levels of inequality of income. These comparisons have been used to argue that countries with more inequality are less healthy, less democratic, more crime-infested, less happy, less mobile and less equal in economic opportunity, but such comparisons implicitly presume that current levels of inequality are steady state outcomes. However, the income distribution can only remain stable if the growth rate of income is equal at all percentiles of the distribution. This paper compares long-run levels of real income growth at the very top, and for the bottom 90% and bottom 99% in the United States, Canada and Australia to illustrate the uniqueness of the post-WWII period of balanced growth (and consequent stability in the income distribution). The ‘new normal’ of the United States, Canada and Australia is ‘unbalanced’ growth – specifically, over the last thirty years the incomes of the top 1% have grown significantly more rapidly than those of everyone else. The paper asks if auto-equilibrating market mechanisms will spontaneously equalise income growth rates and stabilise inequality. It concludes that the more likely scenario is continued unbalanced income growth. This, in turn, implies, on the economic side, consumption and savings flows which accumulate to changed stocks of indebtedness, financial fragility, and periodic macroeconomic crises; and, on the social side, to increasing inequality of opportunity and political influence. Greater economic and socio-political instabilities are therefore the most likely consequence of increasing income inequality over time.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2bxc80xq6-en
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  • 64
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    Global trade and specialisation patterns over the next 50 years (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 10
    Keywords: Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; International ; Economics ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents descriptive evidence of specialisation trends and investigates empirically their causes and consequences, analysing the role of policies in this process. Then, based on the insights from the backward looking analysis, it draws global trade and specialisation scenarios up to 2060, taking into account international spillovers. The report highlights that comparative advantage in terms of factor endowments matters for trade specialisation, although framework and trade policies also play a role. For instance, tariffs on intermediate inputs are found to adversely affect trade with this adverse effect found to have increased over time, likely reflecting expanding global supply chains magnifying the impact of tariffs. The forward-looking analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions, reflecting faster growth in these countries. Multilateral global trade liberalisation could raise world trade by 15% by 2060 relative to the status quo, whereas regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries only would raise world trade by 4% due to trade diversion.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz18gpwfxq4-en
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  • 65
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    Environmental policies and risk finance in the green sector : cross-country evidence (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/01
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2005 - 2010 ; Öko-Produkt ; Risikokapital ; Umweltpolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; BRICS-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Start-up firms play a crucial role in bringing to the market the innovations needed to move to a greener growth path. Risk finance is essential for allowing new ventures to commercialise new ideas and grow, especially in emerging sectors. Still, very little is known about the drivers and the characteristics of risk finance in the green sector. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a detailed description of risk finance in the green sector across 29 OECD and BRIICS countries over the period 2005-2010 and identifying the role that policies might have in shaping high-growth investments in this sector. Results are drawn from a comprehensive deal-level database of businesses seeking financing in the green industry combined with indicators of renewable policies and government R&D expenditures. The results suggest that both supply-side policies and environmental deployment policies, designed with a long-term perspective of creating a market for environmental technologies, are associated with higher levels of risk finance relative to more short-term fiscal policies, such as tax incentives and rebates. In addition, when focusing on renewable energy generation, the results confirm the positive association of generous feed-in tariffs (FITs) with risk-finance investment. However in the solar sector excessively generous FITs tend to discourage investment.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz6wn918j37-en
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  • 66
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    Approaches to metropolitan area governance : a country overview (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/03
    Keywords: Ballungsraum ; Kommunalverwaltung ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Länderbericht
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of country specific approaches to metropolitan area governance. It provides brief descriptions of the typical structures of metropolitan governance, with a particular focus on the involved organisations. It points out metropolitan areas that have unusual governance arrangements, but generally does not emphasise individual cases. The paper aims to give a descriptive overview of governance structures while abstaining from evaluating their performance.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5j1q7s128-en
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  • 67
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    What makes cities more productive? : evidence on the role of urban governance from five OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/05
    Keywords: 1998-2011 ; Ballungsraum ; Agglomerationseffekt ; Produktivität ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Vergleich ; Deutschland ; Mexiko ; Spanien ; Großbritannien ; USA ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper estimates agglomeration benefits based on city productivity differentials across five OECD countries (Germany, Mexico, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States). It highlights the relationship between cities’ governmental fragmentation and productivity, and represents the first empirical analysis of how metropolitan governance structures affect this relationship. The comparability of results in a multi-country setting is supported through the use of Functional Urban Areas – an internationally harmonised definition of cities based on economic linkages rather than administrative boundaries. In line with the previous literature, the analysis confirms that city productivity tends to increase with city size; doubling city size is found to be associated with an increase in productivity of between two and five percent. What is more, city productivity is positively associated with the population size of nearby cities. On the governance side, the paper finds that cities with fragmented governance structures tend to have lower levels of productivity. For a given population size, a metropolitan area with twice the number of municipalities is associated with around six percent lower productivity; an effect that is mitigated by almost half by the existence of a governance body at the metropolitan level.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz432cf2d8p-en
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  • 68
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    Economic growth from the household perspective : GDP and income distribution developments across OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (83 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1111
    Keywords: Mittelschicht ; Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides an assessment of how households’ income has fared compared with GDP. While the prime focus is on incomes around the median, attention is paid also to the bottom of the income distribution. Thus, one contribution of the paper is to deliver a fresh assessment of the evolution of inequality and poverty across OECD countries over the last fifteen years. The analysis relies on a rich array of indicators, producing new evidence of the various patterns of differences in income distributions across countries and over time. For example, it assesses the extent to which stability in overall income inequality masks compensating changes between the lower and upper halves of the income distribution. Also, it explores whether contracting inequalities coexist with increasing poverty. The paper adds to previous studies by introducing, measuring and analysing income polarisation in a cross-country comparative perspective. Distinguishing polarisation from inequality and comparing their evolution over time provides new policy-relevant perspectives on the nature of the changing income distribution.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5m89dh0nt-en
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  • 69
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    How to improve taxes and transfers in Israel (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1113
    Keywords: Steuervermeidung ; Ökosteuer ; Sozialstaat ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Finanzverwaltung ; Subvention ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Israel ; Taxation ; Economics ; Israel ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Ensuring tax and transfer systems bring sufficient revenue to reach macroeconomic fiscal targets, address societal goals in re-distribution and social welfare, recognise the influence taxation has on businesses’ competitiveness and adequately address environmental externalities is a tough challenge, arguably more so in Israel than in many other OECD countries. High interest payments and large defence spending make deficit and debt reduction more difficult, socio-economic divides remain wide and as a small-open economy Israel is highly exposed to mobile international capital and competition over international investment. And, as elsewhere, the incorporation of environmental issues into the tax system remains only partial. This review examines ways forward for policy on several fronts: indirect taxation; household income tax and social benefits; taxes on property and wealth; business taxation; and evasion, avoidance and administration issues. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Israel (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-israel.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5j1t07vs0-en
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  • 70
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    Would a growth slowdown in emerging markets spill over to high-income countries? : a quantitative assessment (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1110
    Keywords: 2010 - 2012 ; Außenhandel ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Spillover-Effekt ; Schwellenländer ; Industrieländer ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Growth in emerging market economies (EMEs) is set to durably slow from the rates observed over 2010-12 as cyclical effects fade, potential growth declines and external financing conditions tighten. Large negative current account balances make some EMEs vulnerable to sudden reversals in capital flows while exceptionally rapid credit expansions, as those observed in Brazil, China, Poland and Turkey over the past years, may have raised financial risk. This paper assesses recent developments and vulnerabilities in EMEs and uses macroeconometric model simulations to provide quantitative estimates of spillovers to highincome countries. The results suggest that for each slowdown of 2 percentage points in EMEs, highincome countries’ growth could be around ⅔ percentage points lower on average, with around ½ percentage point accounted for by trade. Experience with past EME crises suggests that this could be exacerbated by effects from exchange rates and by financial market turbulence. OECD countries which would be hit hardest include Belgium, Japan and the Netherlands, reflecting mainly strong trade linkages with EMEs.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5m89p82d8-en
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  • 71
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    Local public finances and municipal reform in Finland (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1121
    Keywords: Gemeindesteuer ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Finanzbeziehungen ; Gemeindefinanzen ; Dezentralisierung ; Gebietsreform ; Effizienzlohn ; Finnland ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Finland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finnish municipalities enjoy ample fiscal autonomy and provide or arrange the provision of a large share of public services. In recent years, their spending and debt has been increasing steadily, especially because of population ageing and increases in the cost of health care and social services. Furthermore, small municipalities are often struggling to align service provision with national standards. The government has launched a reform to create more efficient municipalities through voluntary mergers. Both international experience and costs per capita across Finnish municipalities suggest an optimal size for municipalities of over 20 000 inhabitants, at least outside remote areas. As mergers are to be voluntary, the outcome of the reform remains uncertain. If merger plans prove insufficient to achieve efficient public service provision, the government could impose mergers on smaller municipalities, especially around the main urban areas. Responsibilities of smaller municipalities could be scaled back in all functions where economies of scale and scope can be achieved. Policies also need to be flexible enough to allow restructuring of services after mergers. Partnerships between public or private entities to provide services could be developed further in some areas. Finally, the tax structure and fiscal rules should be enhanced to ensure long-term fiscal sustainability. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Finland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economicsurvey- finland.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qt0zj024-en
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  • 72
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    Making the labour market work better in Poland (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1124
    Keywords: Erwerbstätigkeit ; Arbeitnehmerschutz ; Rentenpolitik ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Bildung ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Polen ; Employment ; Economics ; Poland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poor labour-market outcomes remain one of Poland’s major structural weaknesses, impeding firms’ competitiveness and the nation’s potential output. Boosting employment prospects is also critical, as the country will soon be ageing at a fast pace. Despite long working hours, labour utilisation is only average due to structurally low employment rates, particularly at both ends of the age spectrum, with some marked regional differences. The female employment rate is especially low, in part due to poorly designed family and pension policies. Insufficient product-market competition and obstacles to internal mobility induce significant resource misallocation. Employment protection is not particularly stringent, but the labour market is nonetheless heavily segmented. This is likely to weigh on economic performance by limiting investment in human capital and making some specific groups bear a large share of adjustment costs. Public employment services suffer from a lack of resources and function inefficiently. Local labour offices have limited incentives to adopt best practices; the government plans to start benchmarking them. There is ample scope to tighten jobseeker obligations and reform social and tax policies to make work pay. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Poland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-poland.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2pwf4wd41-en
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  • 73
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    Overcoming vulnerability of unemployment insurance schemes (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1131
    Keywords: Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsverwaltung ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Unemployment insurance is a key tool for risk sharing and redistribution and also a prominent automatic stabiliser. It is a volatile spending item by design, which can lead to vulnerabilities. This paper explores various shocks and sources of vulnerability of the unemployment insurance schemes of OECD and BRIICS countries. Policies that boost both financial resilience and benefit adequacy as well as policy trade-offs are explored. Four country clusters are identified with key similarities in the overall policy mix that can shed light on why some countries boast generous benefits and at the same time display high economic efficiency, while other countries face a much more pronounced trade-off.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz1592jj48r-en
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  • 74
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    Vulnerability of social institutions : lessons from the recent crisis and historical episodes (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1130
    Keywords: 2000 - 2013 ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Vergleich ; Finanzkrise ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The recent economic crisis has provided a stress test for the vulnerability of social institutions. This paper assesses the vulnerability of social institutions in light of the current crisis, and surveys past episodes, when social institutions faced similar challenges. Public pay-as-you-go pension systems have generally weathered the crisis well, but private pension funds were severely affected by the financial crisis. While health care spending drifted up further in the early part of the crisis, it levelled off in 2010 and 2011, on average in the OECD, for an unprecedented two years with no spending growth. But, in countries hard hit by the crisis public outlays on health care declined considerably. Unemployment insurance expenditure increased during the crisis in most OECD countries. In some countries, spending rose considerably more than the number of unemployed, reflecting an extension or more generous benefits, while in others the increase was considerably smaller, pointing to adequacy problems of those unemployment insurance schemes. Five country case studies focusing on how social institutions absorbed shocks in the more distant past are also examined and lessons are drawn from these experiences.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz1592t3646-en
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  • 75
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    Transparency of export restrictions : a checklist promoting good practice (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 164
    Keywords: Exportbeschränkung ; Rohstoff ; Politische Kommunikation ; Good Governance ; WTO-Recht ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The incidence of export taxes, prohibitions and other measures that raise export prices, limit export quantities or place conditions on exporting is on the rise. Transparency can help mitigate the negative effects of export restrictions by enabling affected stakeholders to better understand and anticipate policy change and adjust their activities. This paper develops a checklist of good practice in transparency which can serve as a tool for self-evaluation by governments and for promoting better and more consistent transparency practices in this area. The items of the checklist are drawn from norms and practices found in WTO and regional trade agreements and good governance guidelines. Additionally, feedback was sought through a small business survey. The list provides guidance with respect to such questions as what, when and how information about export restrictions governments ought to make public. It assembles relevant principles for keeping stakeholders and the general public informed at different stages of developing and implementing export restrictions and identifies information content for an effective information policy. Transparency moreover depends on the ease with which information can be obtained and on the extent to which stakeholders have an opportunity to make their views known when a measure is still on the drawing board.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz417hqk38q-en
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  • 76
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    The internet in transition : the state of the transition to IPv6 in today's internet and measures to support the continued use of IPv4 (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 234
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Internet ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report considers the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 alongside the use of network technologies to prolong IPv4 use in the face of depletion of further IPv4 protocol addresses, but it does not aim to address all issues surrounding the transition to IPv6 or to detail the economic incentives faced by various Internet actors. It first provides a status update of address management issues and the run-out of IPv4. It then describes the advantages and limitations of increased use of network address translation as one response to sustain the use of IPv4 in the face of IPv4 address exhaustion. It provides an overview of the IPv6 protocol; the advantages of IPv6 deployment as a response to IPv4 address exhaustion and the IPv6 transition plan compared to actual deployment to date. Finally, the report examines the choices facing individual actors, their potential consequences, and the policy implications on openness and innovation for the future of the Internet.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5sq5d7cq2-en
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  • 77
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    Access network speed tests (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 237
    Keywords: Telekommunikationsnetz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the approaches being taken to measure broadband performance by reviewing information on official speed tests to date as well as their strengths and drawbacks in methodologies, emerging good practices and the challenges in undertaking a harmonised approach across OECD countries. Measurement projects for Internet connection performance face greater potential hurdles than for traditional telecommunication networks, while at the same time, new opportunities are emerging in terms of “crowd-sourced” data collected through applications installed by users. The report provides classification of those measurement approaches with suggestions on how they can be selected and implemented depending on different policy goals.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2m5mr66f5-en
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  • 78
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    Changes in family policies and outcomes : is there convergence? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 157
    Keywords: Familienpolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents new information on trends in family and child outcomes and policies over the past decades, in order to assess whether there has been any convergence over time across OECD and EU countries. Important drivers of population structure such as life expectancy and fertility rates are becoming more similar across countries as are marriage and divorce rates. Increased educational attainment has contributed to greater female employment participation and convergence therein across countries. Child well-being outcomes show a more mixed pattern with improvements and convergence in infant mortality, but varying trends in child poverty across countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz13wllxgzt-en
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  • 79
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    Skills at work : how skills and their use matter in the labour market (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 158
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Fachkräfte ; Bildungsabschluss ; Qualifikation ; Anforderungsprofil ; Lohnstruktur ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Human capital is key for economic growth. Not only is it linked to aggregate economic performance but also to each individual’s labour market outcomes. However, a skilled population is not enough to achieve high and inclusive growth, as skills need to be put into productive use at work. Thanks to the availability of measures of both the proficiency and the use of numerous types of skills, the Survey of Adult Skills offers a unique opportunity to advance knowledge in this area and this paper presents and discusses evidence on both these dimensions with a particular focus on their implications for labour market policy. This paper explores the role played in the labour market by skill proficiency in the areas of literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments. It also shows how skills use, not only proficiency, affects a number of key labour market phenomena, such as the gender wage gap. Finally, the paper combines information on skill proficiency, educational attainment, skill use and qualification requirements to construct indicators of qualification and skills mismatch and to explore their causes and consequences.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz44fdfjm7j-en
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  • 80
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    Economic implications of the IEA efficient world scenario (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 64
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Energieeinsparung ; Makroökonometrie ; CGE-Modell ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In its 2012 edition of the World Energy Outlook, the International Energy Agency (IEA) produced an Efficient World Scenario (IEA, 2012) to assess how implementing only economically viable energy efficiency measures would affect energy markets, investment and greenhouse emissions (GHG). The IEA analysis found that in order to halve global primary energy demand over 2010-2035, additional investments of USD 11.8 trillion in more efficient end-use technologies would be necessary. Using the OECD ENV-Linkages macro-economic model, this report simulates the economic and environmental impacts which the IEA Efficient World Scenario implies...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qcn29lbw-en
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  • 81
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    Women's social entrepreneurship and innovation (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 S.) , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) working papers 2014/01
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2014/01
    Keywords: Sozialwirtschaft ; Weibliche Führungskräfte ; Führungsstil ; Innovation ; Ungarn ; Russland ; Chile ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Chile ; Hungary ; Russian Federation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: After having explained the smaller gender gap in social entrepreneurship compared to commercial entrepreneurship, this paper provides information on female management style and on the innovation capacity of social enteprises led by women. This Report is based on SELUSI data and presents three specific case studies from Hungary, Russia and Chile.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzkq2sr7d4-en
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  • 82
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    Inducing private finance for renewable energy projects : evidence from micro-data (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 67
    Keywords: 2000 - 2011 ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Investitionspolitik ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Private Investition ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the effects of government policies on flows of private finance for investment in renewable energy (inducement effect). It also examines whether direct provision of public finance for a project increases the volume of private finance raised (“crowding in” effect). A unique dataset of financial transactions for renewable energy projects with worldwide coverage is constructed using the Bloomberg New Energy Finance database. The analysis covers 87 countries, six renewable energy sectors (wind, solar, biomass, small hydropower, marine and geothermal) and the 2000-2011 time-span. Main findings are that, in contrast to quota-based schemes, price-based support schemes are positively correlated with investors’ ability to raise private finance. The paper suggests that, rather than the type of instrument (price vs. quota), it is the specific design of such schemes that is key to providing a predictable signal and an effective incentive to attract private investors. It is also found that public finance supports precisely those projects that have had difficulty raising private finance (co-financed projects), where neither quota-based measures nor price-based support schemes have a significant effect on private finance flows. This raises the concern that in the absence of well-designed policies which incentivise private finance investment, governments wishing to secure project completion have no other choice than to support projects directly through the use of public finance.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvg0k6thr1-en
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  • 83
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    Mental Health Analysis Profiles (MhAPs) : Finland (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (74 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 72
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Finnland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Finland ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As part of a wider project on mental health in OECD countries, a series of descriptive profiles have been prepared, intended to provide descriptive, easily comprehensible, highly informative accounts of the mental health systems of OECD countries. These profiles, entitled ‘Mental Health Analysis Profiles’ (MHAPs), will be able to inform discussion and reflection and provide an introduction to and a synthesised account of mental health in a given country. Each MHAP follows the same template, and whilst the MHAPs are stand-alone profiles, loose cross-country comparison using the MHAPs is possible and encouraged. Mental health disorders comprise one of the highest burdens of disease in Finland. The share of disability pensions granted due to mental disorders is high and while the rates of suicide have decreased in recent years, they are still above the OECD average. Consequently, tackling mental ill health is a government priority for Finland. The mental health system has undergone a number of reforms in recent years, and several innovative initiatives have been introduced. Whilst a number of challenges remain, the evolution of the mental health system has been promising, and holds lessons for other OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz1591p91vg-en
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  • 84
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    Investment treaty law, sustainable development and responsible business conduct : a fact finding survey (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment 2014/01
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment
    Keywords: bribery ; investor state arbitration ; investment treaties ; environmental law ; labour law ; ISDS ; corruption ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Investment treaty law – which is scattered over 3 000 international investment agreements adopted over a period of 50 years – is a crucial but complex basis for regulating international investment flows. Investment treaties are often thought to be silent on investors’ responsibilities to host societies and on their contributions to sustainable development. The present paper establishes a factual and statistical basis for understanding the relationship between investment treaty law and governments’ ability to advance the sustainable development agenda and promote responsible business conduct. The paper presents survey results of 2 107 investment treaties and 1 113 treaty-based arbitration cases in order to shed light on how (if at all) labour, environmental, human rights and anti-corruption considerations are referred to in investment treaties and investor-state arbitration cases based on them.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0xvgx1zlt-en
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  • 85
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    Gross earning inequalities in OECD countries and major non-member economies : determinants and future scenarios (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1139
    Keywords: 2060 ; Regulierung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Einkommensverteilung ; Bildung ; Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Globalisierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Income and earning inequality has been on the rise in most of the OECD and in many emerging economies since the 1980s. This paper estimates a model of earnings inequality across OECD countries that incorporates determinants of relative demand and supply of more and less-skilled labour. Drawing on OECD data we find that skill-biased technological change – measured as a common cross-country time trend and the level of multi factor productivity – has been the key driver in increasing earning differentials. The analysis also shows that educational attainment has mitigated the impact of skill-biased technological change on earning differentials, but has in most countries been unable to fully compensate. In line with previous OECD analysis, changes in structural policies and labour market institutions, such as deregulation of product and labour markets have exerted upward pressure on inequality. The estimated model is used to decompose historical changes in earning differentials and to construct forward looking scenarios up to 2060. If the common cross-country trend of skill-biased technological change observed during the last 25 years prevails, earning differentials will on average increase by almost 30% in the OECD by 2060. Finally, the model is used to simulate the consequences of alternative policy scenarios over the coming 50 years.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123k7s8bv-en
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  • 86
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    Deconstructing Canada's housing markets : finance, affordability urban sprawl (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1145
    Keywords: Immobilienfinanzierung ; Kreditmarkt ; Hypothek ; Verbriefung ; Landnutzung ; Subprime-Krise ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Suburbanisierung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Private Verschuldung ; Vermögensteuer ; Soziale Wohnungspolitik ; Immobilienpreis ; Kanada ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: House prices have increased significantly in Canada over the past decade, driving household debt and residential construction activity to historical highs. Although macro-prudential tightening has slowed the pace of household borrowing in the last few years, house prices have continued to trend higher, and affordability remains a major challenge in urban centres. First-time home buyers must therefore spend more of their incomes to purchase a house and are vulnerable to future interest rate hikes. Overbuilding in the condominium sectors of some cities appears to be a source of risk, especially if a major price correction in these segments spills over into other markets. The country benefits from a sound and effective housing finance system, which performed well throughout the global financial crisis thanks to strong regulatory oversight and explicit government backing of the mortgage market. Nonetheless, the dominance of the crown corporation CMHC in the mortgage insurance market concentrates a significant amount of risk in public finances. Improving competitive conditions in the mortgage insurance market could help diversify these risks and reduce taxpayer contingent liabilities, while introducing coverage limits on loan losses would better align private and social interests. There may be a shortage of rental housing in several cities, especially in the range that low-income households can afford. Urban planning policies have resulted in low-density residential development which contributes to relatively high transport-related carbon emissions. Addressing these externalities requires stronger pricing signals for land development, road use, congestion and parking, combined with better integration of public transit planning. To prevent the marginalisation of low-income households, planning policies should support social mix and increase incentives for private-sector development of affordable housing. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Review of Canada (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Canada).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zbg20h34-en
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  • 87
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    Taxing the rent of non-renewable resource sectors : a theoretical note (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1149
    Keywords: Rohstoff ; Ökonomische Rente ; Verzerrende Steuer ; Erschöpfbare Ressourcen ; Steuereinnahmen ; Energy ; Environment ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study analyses the economic rent generated by the exploitation of a non-renewable resource, and the taxation of this rent. We present a synthetic model of a non-renewable-resource sector where deposits must be costly developed before they are exploited; the analysis emphasizes the effect of resource taxation on the discouragement to the development of new reserves. We discuss the limitations of neutral profit-taxation schemes and examine the distortions caused by various resource-taxation systems on the rent and its allocation: tax evasion, royalty-induced distortions, imperfect tax commitment, agency issues... We also discuss the measurement of resource rents for taxation purposes, and issues with the management of the resource tax income.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zb620vr1-en
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  • 88
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    Making the best of new energy resources in the United States (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1147
    Keywords: 2007 - 2014 ; Rohstoffpolitik ; Energiereserven ; Bergbauerzeugnis ; Umweltbelastung ; Rohstoffsteuer ; USA ; Energy ; Taxation ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Since around 2007, the country has been enjoying an “energy renaissance” thanks to its abundant stocks of shale oil and gas. The resurgence in oil and gas production is beginning to create discernible economic impacts and has changed the landscape for natural gas prices in the United States, boosting competitiveness. In order to reap the benefits fully, significant investment is needed. Federal and state governments capture some of the resource rents, but there are potential opportunities to increase taxation and use the revenues to support future well-being. Taxing natural resource rents with profit taxes can be less distortionary than other forms of taxation, though only one state uses this form of tax. Production of shale resources, like other forms of resource extraction, poses a number of challenges for the environment. Respecting demands on water resources requires adequate water rights are in place while state and federal regulators need to monitor the environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing closely and strengthen regulations as needed. Natural gas is a potential “bridge fuel” towards a lower carbon economy, helping to reduce emissions by leading to a substitution away from coal. Flanking measures are desirable to counter natural gas hindering renewables and low prices stymieing innovation. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zbb8ksnr-en
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  • 89
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    Economic uncertainties and their impact on activity in Greece compared with Ireland and Portugal (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1151
    Keywords: 2008 - 2013 ; Risiko ; Privater Konsum ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Simulation ; Vergleich ; VAR-Modell ; Griechenland ; Portugal ; Irland ; Economics ; Greece ; Ireland ; Portugal ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Uncertainty faced by households and firms affects economic activity. The rise in uncertainty since the beginning of the sovereign debt crisis in Greece could be one factor that has contributed to the steep and long-lasting recession. This paper presents a brief empirical analysis quantifying this phenomenon and compares it with developments in Ireland and Portugal. Overall, this analysis shows that the uncertainty impact on growth has been relatively small in Greece between 2008 and 2013, although stronger than in Ireland or Portugal. This quantification appears to be robust to various specification changes of the vector auto regressive models developed for this exercise. This working paper relates to the 2013 Economic Survey of Greece (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/greece)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zb5h7ff2-en
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  • 90
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    US long term interest rates and capital flows to emerging economies (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1155
    Keywords: Zins ; Börsenkurs ; Wechselkurssystem ; Kapitalimport ; USA ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Following Chairman Ben Bernanke’s comments before Congress that the FOMC may ‘take a step down in the pace of asset purchases if economic improvement appears to be sustained’, US 10-year interest rates picked up sharply and gross capital flows to emerging market economies (EMEs) reversed. These events raised concerns that further increases in US interest rates could trigger sharp changes of capital flows that would be followed by financial crises in EMEs. To assess this possibility, this paper studies the association between US long term interest rates and cycles of capital flows to EMEs. It finds that, indeed, cycles in capital flows to EMEs are linked to global conditions, including global risk aversion and long term interest rates in the United States. In particular, higher US long term interest rates are associated with lower levels of gross capital flows to EMEs, and to a higher probability of observing sharp reversals in those flows. Episodes of net capital inflows, on the other hand, are mostly associated with domestic macroeconomic conditions. In particular, economies with relatively low levels of gross outflows, with a high ratio of short-term debt to international reserves or with weak domestic fundamentals are more vulnerable to the risk of a classic sudden stop à la Calvo. This Working Paper relates to the OECD Economic Survey of the United States 2014 (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-unitedstates. htm)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0wh67l733-en
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  • 91
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    Reinvigorating the EU single market (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1159
    Keywords: EU-Binnenmarkt ; Markteintritt ; Netzwerkökonomik ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Wirtschaftsintegration ; EU-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The EU Single Market remains fragmented by complex and heterogeneous rules at the EU and national levels affecting trade, capital, including foreign direct investment, and labour mobility. Further development of the Single Market and removing barriers to external trade would bring substantial growth and employment gains by enhancing resource allocation in Europe, by generating economies of scale and by strengthening competition and hence incentives to innovate. Reforming regulation and other implicit barriers can also yield a double dividend: it would stimulate cross-border activities and support the necessary reallocation process within countries. Such reallocation can cause hardships, especially for the less-skilled workers who may not be able to compete. To deal with such problems, it is important to enhance active labour market policies and training. The Single Market would also benefit from better networks between countries that can be supported by a well-targeted infrastructure policy. New digital networks can be promoted by an appropriate regulatory framework to strengthen confidence and to promote fair competition. Regarding external trade, the first-best solution is clearly multilateral trade negotiations, but short of that external trade and investment barriers can be reduced with Free Trade Agreement negotiations with the United States and other partners. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the European Union (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-european-union.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx3d3hk437-en
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  • 92
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    Addressing high household debt in Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1164
    Keywords: 2012 ; Private Verschuldung ; Umschuldung ; Südkorea ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Rising household debt has become a major policy concern in Korea. By the end of 2012, it had risen to 164% of disposable income, well above the OECD average of 133%. In addition to the economic impact and the risk to the financial sector, it raises social cohesion issues, as households with low income and credit ratings have limited access to financial markets and many are delinquent on their loans. It is essential to induce the soft-landing of household debt through a two-track approach: i) offering credit to households with low income and credit ratings and restructuring their debt, while limiting moral hazard and developing market-based lending; and ii) containing the risk caused by high household debt by strengthening prudential measures for financial institutions and improving mortgage lending by reducing the share of floating-rate and “bullet repayment” loans. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-korea.htm)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx0558mfbv-en
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  • 93
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    Determinants of households' investment in energy efficiency and renewables : evidence from the OECD Survey on Household Environmental Behaviour and Attitudes (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1165
    Keywords: Privater Haushalt ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Diskrete Entscheidung ; Energieeinsparung ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Innovationsakzeptanz ; Haushaltsstatistik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Many studies on household energy efficiency investments suggest that a wide range of seemingly profitable investments are not taken up. This paper provides novel evidence on the main factors behind consumer choices using the OECD Survey on Household Environmental Behaviour and Attitudes. The empirical analysis is based on the estimation of binary logit regression models. Empirical results suggest that households’ propensity to invest in clean energy technologies depends mainly on home ownership, income, social context and households’ information. Indeed, home owners and high-income households are more likely to invest than renters and low-income households. On the other hand, social context, such as membership in an environmental non-governmental organisation, and households’ knowledge about their energy spending and use may play a relevant role in technology adoption.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwtlchggzn-en
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  • 94
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    Public financial management in infrastructure in Africa (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 323
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.323
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Haushaltsplanung ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Finanzreform ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Afrika ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: To what extent do budgetary processes and institutions hamper infrastructural development in Africa? To answer that question, this report analyses the answers of budget officials to questionnaires administered in 22 African countries: Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Cabo Verde, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Gambia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Republic of Sudan, Tunisia and Zimbabwe.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzmjr4qlhb-en
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  • 95
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    Consumer policy guidance on intangible digital content products (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 241
    Keywords: Digitale Güter ; Verbraucherpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Digital content, such as e-books and apps that are available through streaming, downloads or cloud computing platforms, has become the fastest growing e-commerce product category. To support further growth, it is important that consumers, including children, understand what their rights and obligations are when acquiring and using such products. In particular, consumers need to know about the conditions under which they may copy and share products, and on which devices the products may be used. They also need to be informed about how their personal data may be collected and used, with whom it may be shared and why, and the type of redress that may be obtained when problems arise.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvbrjq3gg6-en
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  • 96
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    Corporate governance enforcement in the Middle East and North Africa : evidence and priorities (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD corporate governance working papers 15
    Keywords: Aktionärsrechte ; Board of Directors ; Gerichtsbarkeit ; Minderheitsaktionäre ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; Corporate Governance ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Börse ; Aktienrecht ; Gesellschaftsrecht ; MENA-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Corporate governance frameworks in the Middle East and North Africa region have undergone a substantial evolution in the past decade. Better enforcement of corporate governance rules and regulations has in the past three years emerged as both a policy challenge and a priority for the region. This emphasis on better enforcement reflects a number of trends including political changes in some countries of the region, the global call for better surveillance of the adoption of governance rules as well as low investor engagement in the region. This paper examines key developments in public and private corporate governance enforcement in the region. It highlights the growing level of public enforcement as expertise within the securities regulators is growing. The paper provides policy recommendations on specific aspects of governance frameworks such as the treatment of related party transactions and board member responsibilities which - if better regulated - could result in more effective governance enforcement in the region.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxws6scxg7c-en
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  • 97
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    Exports and employment in China, Indonesia, Japan and Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 166
    Keywords: 1995 - 2009 ; Export ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Unternehmenskooperation ; China ; Japan ; Südkorea ; Employment ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic ; Indonesia ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the effects of exports on employment in China, Indonesia, Japan and Korea. It draws on input-output data for the period from 1995 to 2009 to estimate the effects on each industry's employment (i.e. direct effects) and on other industries' employment through intra-industry linkages (i.e. indirect effects). There are four major findings. First, at the aggregate level, the implied employment from exports increased in China, Japan and Korea. Second, at the industry level, exports and the shares of implied employment from exports increased in machinery-related industries such as Machinery (NEC), Electrical and Optical Equipment, and Transport Equipment in China, Indonesia and Korea. Third, although more than 80% of exports in the four study countries are from manufacturing industries, the employment effects are not limited to manufacturing industries. A significant number of workers in non-manufacturing industries depend upon manufacturing exports through vertical inter-industry linkages. Non-manufacturing industries account for between 40% and 60% of the implied employment from exports. Finally, in 2009, the share of implied employment from Chinese final demand exceeded that from the US final demand in both Japan and Korea. An implication of the overall results is that even in cases where an industry is not particularly directly export-oriented, the industry may still be subject to potential effects – positive or negative – of changes in export demand.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzqqw84vmp-en
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  • 98
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : computer and related services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 169
    Keywords: IT-Management ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for computer services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for computer services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.08 and 0.34, with a sample average of 0.18. Explicit barriers to trade in computer services are rare, but the sector is subject to a number of economy-wide restrictions facing all sectors. Among these, restrictions on movement of people (mode 4 in GATS terminology) make the largest contribution to the index value, followed by regulatory transparency issues. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4np1pjzt-en
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  • 99
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : legal and accounting services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 171
    Keywords: Rechnungswesen ; Rechtsberatung ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for the regulated professions of legal and accounting services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for legal and accounting services and captures de jure regulations in force in 2013. The STRI supports the view that legal and accounting services are subject to a relatively high level of regulation. Restrictiveness for legal services ranges from 0.11 to 0.73, with an average of 0.31. Accounting and auditing services show an average of 0.3 and STRI values ranging from 0.13 to 1. The results provide useful policy insights, particularly in order to identify priorities for reform at the national and international levels. Notably, in the case of legal and accounting services, easing a few prominent restrictions could result in a significantly more liberal and competitive market environment.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nkg9g24-en
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  • 100
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : distribution services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 173
    Keywords: Vertrieb ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for distribution services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for distribution services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.02 and 0.40, with a sample average of 0.13. It is observed that the regulatory profile differs across countries. Restrictions on foreign ownership and other market entry conditions significantly contribute to the results for almost half of the countries covered by the STRI. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4njvtfbx-en
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