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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,130)
  • DNB  (12)
  • München UB  (5)
  • FID-SKA-Lizenzen
  • Online Resource  (1,143)
  • 2010-2014  (1,143)
  • Graue Literatur  (1,143)
Datasource
Material
Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rapport annuel (2002-)
    Dakar : BCEAO ; 2002 [?]-
    Details
    ISSN: 0850-5691 , ISSN 0850-5519
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 2002 [?]-
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Banque centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest Rapport annuel
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Jahresbericht ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Jahresbericht ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 01.08.2019 , Fortsetzung der Druck-Ausgabe
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2402100-3
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2402100-3
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2402100-3
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    München BSB
    München UB
    Würzburg UB
    Regensburg UB
    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    HeBIS
    BVB
    Bayreuth UB
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    African economic history (1976-)
    Boston, Mass. | Madison, Wis. ; Nr. 1.1976 -
    Details
    ISSN: 2163-9108 , 0145-2258
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1976 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. African economic history
    Former Title: Vorg.: African economic history review
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Urh. teils.: African Studies Center, Boston University
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2262118
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/482
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2262118
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/482
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2262118-0
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/482
    URL: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?db=30h&jid=%22G82%22&scope=site
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2262118-0
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/482
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2262118-0
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/482
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2262118-0
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrieconhist
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/482
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    HU Berlin
    München BSB
    München UB
    Würzburg UB
    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    HeBIS
    BVB
    HBZ
    Bayreuth UB
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    World development indicators (2000-)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; Nachgewiesen 2000 -
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2000 -
    Additional Information: In Beziehung stehendes Werk World development indicators online Washington, DC : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar], 2006 Datenbank
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World development indicators
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World development indicators CD-ROM
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World development indicators
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Entwicklungsindikator ; Welt ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: Fortsetzung der Druck-Ausgabe , Gesehen am 05.12.13 , Frühere Jg. online nicht mehr verfügbar
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2194916-5
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://elibrary.worldbank.org/action/showPublications?SeriesKey=c18
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Migration und Bevölkerung : Newsletter (1998-)
    Berlin : Netzwerk Migration in Europa e.V. | Berlin : Lehrstuhl Bevölkerungswissenschaft, Humboldt-Univ. zu Berlin ; 1998 -
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1998 -
    Former Title: Druckausg. u. Vorg Migration und Bevölkerung
    Former Title: Newsletter zu Migration, Integration und Bevölkerungsentwicklung
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Internationale Migration ; Migrationspolitik ; Deutschland ; Welt ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 08.04.09 , Urh. anfangs: Lehrstuhl Bevölkerungswissenschaft, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; beteil. Körp. teils: Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung (bpb) und Hamburgisches WeltWirtschaftsInstitut (HWWI) , Ersch. ca. 10x jährl.; auch als E-Mail-Subskription erhältlich
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2143032-9
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    DNB
    MPI-MMG
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The African review : a journal of African politics, development and international affairs (1971-)
    Leiden : Brill ; Volume 1, number 1 (March, 1971)-
    Details
    ISSN: 1821-889X , 0856-0056
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Volume 1, number 1 (March, 1971)-
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The African review
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 26.02.2020
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: http://tar.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/ar
    URL: http://journals.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/ar/index
    URL: https://brill.com/view/journals/tare/tare-overview.xml
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africanrev
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2918029
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: http://tar.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/ar
    URL: http://journals.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/ar/index
    URL: https://brill.com/view/journals/tare/tare-overview.xml
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africanrev
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2918029-6
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: http://tar.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/ar
    URL: http://journals.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/ar/index
    URL: https://brill.com/view/journals/tare/tare-overview.xml
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africanrev
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2918029-6
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: http://tar.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/ar
    URL: http://journals.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/ar/index
    URL: https://brill.com/view/journals/tare/tare-overview.xml
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africanrev
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2918029-6
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    DNB
    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    HeBIS
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Report; 50: Building statistics, 11, 01 (2005-)
    Pretoria : Statistics South Africa ; 2002-
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 2002-
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Report. 50. 11. 01, Building statistics
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Jahresbericht ; Zeitschrift ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Jahresbericht ; Zeitschrift
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2879710
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2879710-3
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2879710-3
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2879710-3
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    DNB
    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    HeBIS
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    African studies in Russia : yearbook ... (1996-)
    Moscow : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; Nachgewiesen 1998/2000(2002); 2001(2005) - 2002(2006); 2003/07(2009) - 2008/09(2011); 2010/13(2014) -
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 1998/2000(2002); 2001(2005) - 2002(2006); 2003/07(2009) - 2008/09(2011); 2010/13(2014) -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. African studies in Russia
    Former Title: works of the Institute of African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
    DDC: 890
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2781416
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2781416-6
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2781416-6
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2781416-6
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    DNB
    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    HeBIS
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Eastern Africa social science research review : a publication of the Organisation for Social Science Research in Eastern Africa and Southern Europe (2002-)
    Addis Ababa : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; 18.2002 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-4173 , 1027-1775 , 1027-1775
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 18.2002 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Eastern Africa social science research review
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Entwicklungstheorie ; Sozialwissenschaft ; Ostafrika ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Gesellschaft ; Gruppe ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Afrika südlich der Sahara Sozialwissenschaften ; Gesellschaft ; Soziale Gruppe ; Sozioökonomische Entwicklung ; Subsaharisches Afrika ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Herausgebendes Organ früher: Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern Africa , Gesehen am 25.10.2016
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/51
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2093436-1
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Das Parlament (2009-)
    Bonn : Bundeszentrale ; 59.2009 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISSN: 2194-3745 , 0031-2258 , 0031-2258
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 59.2009 -
    Additional Information: Beil Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Das Parlament
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Zeitung ; Deutschland ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitung ; Deutschland Deutscher Bundestag ; Parlament ; Politik ; Politische Kultur ; Politische Bildung ; Staatsrecht ; Deutschland ; Recht
    Note: Gesehen am 1.7.2021 , Verantw. Red.: Alexander Weinlein , Frühere Jg. online nicht mehr verfügbar
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2059002-7
    URL: kostenfrei
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    DNB
    MPI-MMG
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Jahresbericht / Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft : Aufgaben und Ergebnisse (2002-)
    Bonn : DFG ; Nachgewiesen 2001(2002) -
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2001(2002) -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Jahresbericht. Aufgaben und Ergebnisse
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Jahresbericht / Aufgaben und Ergebnisse, Programme und Projekte
    Former Title: DVD-Ausg. 2007 - 2009 u. Vorg Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Jahresbericht ... / Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
    DDC: 000
    Keywords: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ; Technologiepolitik ; Deutschland ; Graue Literatur ; Jahresbericht ; Zeitschrift ; Bericht ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ; Forschungsförderung ; Deutschland
    Note: Gesehen am 19.02.2024 , Frühere Jg. online nicht mehr verfügbar
    URN: urn:nbn:de:hbz:5:2-23415
    URL: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5:2-23415
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2055267-1
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    DNB
    MPI-MMG
  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Unternehmen Region (2004-)
    Bonn : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; 2004 -
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 2004 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Unternehmen Region
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Regionalpolitik ; Ostdeutschland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 02.09.2022
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2324886-5
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    DNB
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Südosteuropa-Mitteilungen (2002-)
    München : Ges. ; Nachgewiesen 2002 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    In:  Central and Eastern European online library
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-174X , 0340-174X
    Language: German , English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2002 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Südosteuropa-Mitteilungen
    Titel der Quelle: Central and Eastern European online library
    Publ. der Quelle: Frankfurt am Main : Central and Eastern European Online Library GmbH, 2003
    DDC: 000
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Südosteuropa ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 09.08.2022
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://www.sogde.org/de/publikationen/suedosteuropa-mitteilungen/
    URL: https://www.ceeol.com/search/journal-detail?id=515
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2237296-9
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Latin American research review : LARR (1965-)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Austin, Tex. | Pittsburgh, Pa. : LASA ; 1.1965 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1542-4278 , 0023-8791
    Language: English , Spanish , Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1965 -
    Additional Information: Auch in Prisma
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Latin American research review
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Lateinamerika ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Lateinamerika ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Publikation
    Note: Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Fortsetzung der Druck-Ausgabe , Gesehen am 14.04.2022
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2052199
    URL: http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/eng/larr/index.asp
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/226
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/latiamerreserevi
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqm&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=journal&req_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=11547&svc_dat=xri:pqil:context=title&rft_dat=xri:pqd:PMID=2043
    URL: http://find.galegroup.com/openurl/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&res_id=info:sid/gale:IFME&ctx_enc=info:ofi:enc:UTF-8&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.issn=0023-8791&req_dat=info:sid/gale:ugnid:1ibero
    URL: http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/eng/larr/index.asp
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/226
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-research-review
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/latiamerreserevi
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqm&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=journal&req_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=11547&svc_dat=xri:pqil:context=title&rft_dat=xri:pqd:PMID=2043
    URL: http://find.galegroup.com/openurl/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&res_id=info:sid/gale:IFME&ctx_enc=info:ofi:enc:UTF-8&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.issn=0023-8791&req_dat=info:sid/gale:ugnid:1ibero
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2052199-6
    URL: http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/eng/larr/index.asp
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/226
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-research-review
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/latiamerreserevi
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqm&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=journal&req_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=11547&svc_dat=xri:pqil:context=title&rft_dat=xri:pqd:PMID=2043
    URL: http://find.galegroup.com/openurl/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&res_id=info:sid/gale:IFME&ctx_enc=info:ofi:enc:UTF-8&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.issn=0023-8791&req_dat=info:sid/gale:ugnid:1ibero
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2052199-6
    URL: http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/eng/larr/index.asp
    URL: https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/226
    URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-research-review
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/latiamerreserevi
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqm&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=journal&req_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=11547&svc_dat=xri:pqil:context=title&rft_dat=xri:pqd:PMID=2043
    URL: http://find.galegroup.com/openurl/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&res_id=info:sid/gale:IFME&ctx_enc=info:ofi:enc:UTF-8&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.issn=0023-8791&req_dat=info:sid/gale:ugnid:1ibero
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2052199-6
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Africa development : quarterly journal of the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa = Afrique et développement : revue trimestrielle du Conseil pour le Développement de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales en Afrique (1976-)
    Dakar : CODESRIA ; 1.1976,Mai -
    Details
    ISSN: 2521-9863 , 0850-3907
    Language: English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1976,Mai -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Africa development
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 20.07.2021. - Parallelsacht. ab 4.1979 , Urh. anfangs: Council for the Development of Economic and Social Research in Africa , Beitr. teils engl., teils franz.
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2235431
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrdevafrdev
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2235431
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrdevafrdev
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrdevafrdev
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2235431-1
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrdevafrdev
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrdevafrdev
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrdevafrdev
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/afrdevafrdev
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2235431-1
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    HU Berlin
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    African statistical yearbook : = Annuaire statistique pour l'Afrique (2009-)
    Tunis : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; Nachgewiesen 2009 -
    Details
    ISSN: 2411-9822 , 1561-2805
    Language: English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2009 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als African statistical yearbook
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: Gesehen am 13.01.20 , Ersch. jährl. , Text engl. u. franz.
    URL: https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/periodicals/24119822
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2617375-X
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/periodicals/24119822
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2617375-X
    URL: https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/periodicals/24119822
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Africa Spectrum (1966-)
    London : SAGE Publishing | Pfaffenhofen : Afrika-Verl. | Hamburg : Inst. of African Affairs | Hamburg : Hamburg Univ. Press ; 1.1966 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1868-6869 , 1868-6869 , 0002-0397
    Language: German , English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1966 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Africa Spectrum
    Former Title: Afrika Spectrum
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Politologie ; Soziologie ; Wirtschaftswissenschaften ; Afrika ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Herausgebendes Organ bis 1975: Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung; bis 2006: Institut für Afrika-Kunde; bis 30.04.2020: Institut für Afrika-Studien , Erscheint unregelmäßig , Gesehen am 26.02.2020 , Text teils dt., teils engl., teils franz.
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2466495
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    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africaspec
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    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africaspec
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    URL: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/doaj/00020397
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2466495-9
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    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africaspec
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    URL: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/doaj/00020397
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    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africaspec
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    URL: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/doaj/00020397
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2466495-9
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    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africaspec
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    URL: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/doaj/00020397
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2466495-9
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    URL: https://www.jstor.org/journal/africaspec
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    URL: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/doaj/00020397
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2466495-9
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Statistical yearbook for Asia and the Pacific : = Annuaire statistique pour l'Asie et le Pacifique (2002-2017)
    Bangkok [u.a.] : ESCAP ; Nachgewiesen 2001(2002)-2017 ; damit Erscheinen eingestellt
    Details
    ISSN: 2412-1045 , 0252-3655
    Language: English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2001(2002)-2017 ; damit Erscheinen eingestellt
    Series Statement: United Nations publication
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Statistical yearbook for Asia and the Pacific
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: Gesehen am 27.06.22 , Text engl. u. franz.
    DOI: 10.18356/72674b8b-en
    URL: https://doi.org/10.18356/72674b8b-en
    URL: https://www.un-ilibrary.org/economic-and-social-development/statistical-yearbook-for-asia-and-the-pacific-2012_c1965541-en
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2262705
    URL: https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/periodicals/24121045
    URL: https://doi.org/10.18356/72674b8b-en
    URL: https://www.un-ilibrary.org/economic-and-social-development/statistical-yearbook-for-asia-and-the-pacific-2012_c1965541-en
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2262705
    URL: https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/periodicals/24121045
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    URL: https://doi.org/10.18356/72674b8b-en
    URL: https://www.un-ilibrary.org/economic-and-social-development/statistical-yearbook-for-asia-and-the-pacific-2012_c1965541-en
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    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2262705-4
    URL: https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/periodicals/24121045
    URL: https://doi.org/10.18356/72674b8b-en
    URL: https://www.un-ilibrary.org/economic-and-social-development/statistical-yearbook-for-asia-and-the-pacific-2012_c1965541-en
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    URL: https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/periodicals/24121045
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    URL: https://doi.org/10.18356/72674b8b-en
    URL: https://www.un-ilibrary.org/economic-and-social-development/statistical-yearbook-for-asia-and-the-pacific-2012_c1965541-en
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Internationales Asien-Forum : international quarterly for Asian studies (1970-2016)
    Freiburg : Inst. ; 1. Jahrgang, Heft 1 (Januar 1970)-volume 47, number 3/4 (autumn 2016)
    Details
    ISSN: 2365-0117 , 2365-0117 , 0020-9449
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1. Jahrgang, Heft 1 (Januar 1970)-volume 47, number 3/4 (autumn 2016)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Internationales Asien-Forum
    Former Title: International quarterly for Asian studies
    Subsequent Title: Fortgesetzt durch International quarterly for Asian studies
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Länderbericht ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Länderbericht ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 09.05.2022 , Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2437429
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    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2437429-5
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    URL: https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/iaf
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2437429-5
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Norway 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264298781
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (203 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Bildungswesen ; Bildungspolitik ; Weiterbildung ; Norwegen ; Education ; Employment ; Norway ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Skills are central to Norway’s future prosperity and the well-being of its people. This diagnostic report identifies 12 skills challenges for Norway which were distilled from a series of interactive diagnostic workshops held in the course of 2013 with a wide range of stakeholders in Oslo, Buskerud County and Nordland County. The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Norway draws upon a wide range of OECD comparative data and analysis to illustrate each skills challenge and offers insights from the experience of other countries in tackling similar skills challenges. The first nine skills challenges refer to specific outcomes across the three pillars of developing, activating and using skills. The last three skills challenges refer to the “enabling” conditions which strengthen the overall skills system.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264298781-en
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Public financial institutions and the low-carbon transition : five case studies on low-carbon infrastructure and project investment (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (93 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 72
    Keywords: Caisse des dépôts et consignations ; KfW Bankengruppe ; Europäische Investitionsbank ; 2010 - 2012 ; Energieeinsparung ; Klimawandel ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; EU-Staaten ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Public financial institutions (PFIs) are well-positioned to act as a key leverage point for governments’ efforts to mobilise private investment in low-carbon projects and infrastructure. The study identifies the tools, instruments and approaches used by five PFIs to directly support and scale-up domestic private sector investment in sustainable transport, energy-efficiency and renewable energy in OECD countries. Between 2010-2012, these five institutions – Group Caisse des Dépôts in France, KfW Bankengruppe in Germany, the UK Green Investment Bank, the European Investment Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development – have provided over 100 billion euros of equity investment and financing for energy efficiency, renewable energy and sustainable transport projects. They use both traditional and innovative approaches to link low-carbon projects with finance through enhancing access to capital; facilitating risk reduction and sharing; improving the capacity of market actors; and shaping broader market practices and conditions.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt3rhpgn9t-en
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Austria 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264300255
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD skills strategy diagnostic report
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Bildungswesen ; Bildungspolitik ; Weiterbildung ; Österreich ; Education ; Employment ; Austria ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Skills are central to Austria’s future prosperity and the well-being of its people. The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Austria identifies 14 skills challenges for Austria. The project and this report build on both the insights from workshops as well as latest international comparative analysis from OECD and national sources. The report provides cases illustrating how other countries have tackled similar challenges, which can be used as input to potential policy options on how to tackle these challenges. The challenges are described under each of the main pillars of the OECD Skills Strategy. The first 11 challenges refer to specific outcomes across the three pillars of developing, activating and using skills. The next three challenges refer to the “enabling” conditions which strengthen the overall skills system. Success in tackling these skills challenges will boost performance across the whole skills system.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264300255-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Social protection and climate change (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 16
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Wetter ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Climate change has already resulted in climate-related extreme events of greater frequency and/or intensity. This, along with long-term changes in average conditions (whether in temperature or rainfall), is likely to continue to have a major impact on livelihoods. Developing countries will be especially affected by such events – and more specifically, the poor people in developing countries – because of their geographical exposure and their greater reliance on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture. Social protection offers a wide range of instruments (e.g. cash transfers, insurance products, pension schemes and employment guarantee schemes) that can be used to support households that are particularly vulnerable to both the ongoing and acute impacts of climate changes. Although the evidence base showing how these measures can help those affected prevent and cope with climate challenges is still limited, this paper aims to provide a condensed review of the current knowledge and evidence about the role of social protection in reducing the impact of climate change on the poorest populations and provides a series of recommendations for both social protection and climate change practitioners and for strengthening the evidence base.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qc8wc1s5-en
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What makes cities more productive? : evidence on the role of urban governance from five OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/05
    Keywords: 1998-2011 ; Ballungsraum ; Agglomerationseffekt ; Produktivität ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Vergleich ; Deutschland ; Mexiko ; Spanien ; Großbritannien ; USA ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper estimates agglomeration benefits based on city productivity differentials across five OECD countries (Germany, Mexico, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States). It highlights the relationship between cities’ governmental fragmentation and productivity, and represents the first empirical analysis of how metropolitan governance structures affect this relationship. The comparability of results in a multi-country setting is supported through the use of Functional Urban Areas – an internationally harmonised definition of cities based on economic linkages rather than administrative boundaries. In line with the previous literature, the analysis confirms that city productivity tends to increase with city size; doubling city size is found to be associated with an increase in productivity of between two and five percent. What is more, city productivity is positively associated with the population size of nearby cities. On the governance side, the paper finds that cities with fragmented governance structures tend to have lower levels of productivity. For a given population size, a metropolitan area with twice the number of municipalities is associated with around six percent lower productivity; an effect that is mitigated by almost half by the existence of a governance body at the metropolitan level.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz432cf2d8p-en
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Short-term indicator models for quarterly GDP growth in the BRIICS : a small-scale bridge model approach (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1109
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Prognoseverfahren ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; G7-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper extends the OECD Economics Department’s suite of short-term indicator models for quarterly GDP growth, which currently cover only the G7 countries, to the BRIICS countries. Reflecting the relative scarcity of high-quality macroeconomic time series, the paper adopts a small-scale bridge model approach. The results suggest that in terms of short-term forecast accuracy for the first and second quarter following the most recent GDP release these models outperform simple autoregressive or constant growth benchmarks. The small-scale indicator models would have allowed the identification of the growth slowdown during the global crisis of 2008-09 and the subsequent rebound several months ahead of official GDP releases. Overall, forecast accuracy appears to be similar to that of the existing indicator model suite for the G7 countries, especially once the higher GDP growth volatility in most BRIICS is accounted for.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5t6b77rg4-en
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic policies and microeconomic stability : a literature review and some empirics (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (71 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1115
    Keywords: 1980 - 2013 ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Volatilität ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The decline in macroeconomic volatility from the 1980s to the onset of the Great Recession did not, in general, translate into more microeconomic stability. While microeconomic volatility can reflect growth-generating processes, such as creative destruction and re-allocation of resources, consumption growth volatility weighs on households’ welfare. This study reviews the existing literature on the link between economic policies and economic stability at the firm and household level. Based on firm-level and household-level data for a wide range of OECD countries, it also provides preliminary results on sources and patterns of microeconomic volatility.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz417mn2443-en
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tackling labour mismatches and promoting mobility in Hungary (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1122
    Keywords: Fachkräfte ; Qualifikation ; Steuer ; Zweiter Arbeitsmarkt ; Bildung ; Wohnung ; Verkehr ; Ungarn ; Employment ; Economics ; Hungary ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Significant labour market mismatches and insufficient mobility penalise employment and productivity. Mismatches have above all a skills dimension, with an excess of low-skilled workers and a possible lack of skilled workers in certain domains. Reducing the high tax wedge on low salaries and avoiding excessive minimum wage increases would support demand for low-skilled labour. In the longer term, upgrading the labour supply requires improving educational outcomes, especially of disadvantaged students, and making the school-to-work transition less abrupt. To facilitate good matching and enhance sectoral mobility, a somewhat longer duration of unemployment benefits and an upscaled Public Employment Service would be of value, as well as greater focus on reintegration in the public works programme and more efficient and developed lifelong learning. Besides skills mismatches, important geographic mismatches are illustrated by high and persistent regional disparities in the unemployment rate. Mobility is hampered by the underdevelopment of the rental housing market, while there is room to enhance the efficiency of public transport to further support commuting.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2px6jtpmt-en
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Macroprudential policy tools in Norway : strengthening financial system resilience (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1126
    Keywords: Finanzmarktregulierung ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Immobilienmarkt ; Norwegen ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Norway ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In Norway house prices have risen to high levels, associated with very strong credit growth, in a context of low interest rates. Such a combination was in many countries a contributory factor to the 2008- 09 crisis. The Norwegian authorities have been well aware of the problem. Below-target inflation and low interest rates abroad have kept policy interest rates low. “Macro-prudential” tools have been developed as additional policy instruments with a view to strengthen the banking system’s resilience to possible shocks and dampen systemic risk. This chapter notes that although authorities seem to have succeeded in containing over-heating pressures in the housing market, high levels of household indebtedness persist, a phenomenon which was an important factor in the last major Norwegian recession. The chapter also provides some longer run considerations on resource allocation in the housing market. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Norway (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-norway.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2mm2vbhjk-en
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  • 28
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    Vulnerability of social institutions : lessons from the recent crisis and historical episodes (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1130
    Keywords: 2000 - 2013 ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Vergleich ; Finanzkrise ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The recent economic crisis has provided a stress test for the vulnerability of social institutions. This paper assesses the vulnerability of social institutions in light of the current crisis, and surveys past episodes, when social institutions faced similar challenges. Public pay-as-you-go pension systems have generally weathered the crisis well, but private pension funds were severely affected by the financial crisis. While health care spending drifted up further in the early part of the crisis, it levelled off in 2010 and 2011, on average in the OECD, for an unprecedented two years with no spending growth. But, in countries hard hit by the crisis public outlays on health care declined considerably. Unemployment insurance expenditure increased during the crisis in most OECD countries. In some countries, spending rose considerably more than the number of unemployed, reflecting an extension or more generous benefits, while in others the increase was considerably smaller, pointing to adequacy problems of those unemployment insurance schemes. Five country case studies focusing on how social institutions absorbed shocks in the more distant past are also examined and lessons are drawn from these experiences.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz1592t3646-en
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  • 29
    Online Resource
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    Comparing the robustness of PAYG pension schemes (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1134
    Keywords: Alternde Bevölkerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Umlageverfahren ; Modellierung ; Simulation ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a framework for comparing a defined benefit (DB) and a defined contribution (DC) point schemes, which are both pay-as-you go (PAYG) financed. Two stylised PAYG pension schemes are modelled and simulated to compare their robustness to shocks. The same demographic developments (distribution of workers by age and revenue and distribution of survival rate by age) are applied to the two schemes. The impacts of different shocks (productivity, migration and longevity) on the two schemes are compared. Different policy reforms (increasing the contribution rate, diminishing the pension benefit, changing the up-rating and increasing the retirement age) to cope with the ageing shock are analysed and compared.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz158w3ghmx-en
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  • 30
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    The Bitcoin question : currency versus trust-less transfer technology (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 37
    Keywords: Finanzintermediation ; Geldpolitik ; Geldsubstitut ; Goldstandard ; Vertrauen ; Bargeldloser Zahlungsverkehr ; Virtuelle Währung ; Payment technology ; Plenary power ; Finance and Investment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The financial crisis has led to a widespread loss of trust in financial intermediaries of all kinds, perhaps helping to open the way towards the general acceptance of alternative technologies. This paper briefly summarises the crypto-currency phenomenon, separating the ‘currency’ issues from the potential technology benefits. With respect to crypto currencies, the paper argues that these can’t undermine the ability of central banks to conduct monetary policy. They do, however, raise consumer protection and bank secrecy issues. The valuation of Bitcoins and price volatility issues are discussed, as well as electronic theft, contract failures, etc., all of which could result in large losses to users and hence ultimate costs to the taxpayer (e.g. the failure to provide adequate private pensions resulting in increased reliance on public pensions). The anonymity features of the crypto-currencies also facilitate tax evasion and money laundering, both of which are major public policy concerns. The technology associated with crypto-currencies, on the other hand, could ultimately shift the entire basis of trust involved in any financial transaction. It is an innovation that creates the ability to carry out transactions without the need for a trusted third party; i.e. a move towards trust-less transactions. This mechanism could work to eliminate the role of many intermediaries, thereby reducing transactions costs by introducing much needed competition to incumbent firms. The generic issues that policy makers need to examine are summarised.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2pwjd9t20-en
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  • 31
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    Reducing the high rate of poverty among the elderly in Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1163
    Keywords: Alternde Bevölkerung ; Altersarmut ; Altersvorsorge ; Grundbedürfnisse ; Südkorea ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: One-half of Korea's population aged 65 and over lives in relative poverty, nearly four times higher than the OECD average of 13%. Elderly poverty is thus an urgent social problem. The immediate priority is to target the Basic Old-Age Pension on the lowest-income elderly to ensure that they escape from absolute poverty. The Basic Livelihood Security Programme should be used to top up the income of poor elderly by further relaxing eligibility requirements. In addition, reforms are needed to develop an effective three-pillar system of retirement income based on the National Pension Scheme (NPS), company pensions and individual savings. Making the NPS more effective in reducing elderly poverty requires expanding its coverage, focusing on improved compliance among non-regular and self-employed workers, lengthening average contribution periods and maintaining the NPS replacement at around 50%, keeping it close to the OECD average. The increase in the contribution rate should begin as soon as possible, as delays would only make the necessary increase larger. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-korea.htm)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx054fv20v-en
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  • 32
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    Food and nutrition (in-)security and social protection (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 15
    Keywords: Armutsbekämpfung ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Ernährungssicherung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agriculture and Food ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Social protection measures are policy instruments that are widely used across a broad range of developing countries in pursuit of many different development objectives. In many cases social protection measures such as food or cash transfers were first introduced to ensure minimum levels of food security for vulnerable households. However, as the policy objectives became more numerous and varied, the relationship between food security and social protection have become less prominent. This paper refocuses attention on the linkages between social protection and food and nutrition security and aims to contribute to better integrated policies on food and nutrition (in-)security and social protection, particularly among Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members and their partners. The paper explores the conceptual linkages between social protection measures and food and nutrition security, examines the evidence of practical benefits that different social protection instruments can deliver and assesses the linkages between the two subjects in the international development policy agenda and concludes by proposing ways to better integrate the two issues within development policies and by identifying the main challenges and trade-offs that DAC members and their partners are likely to face.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en
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  • 33
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    DynEmp : a Stata® routine for distributed micro-data analysis of business dynamics (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/02
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Mikrodaten ; Datenverarbeitung ; Software ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper introduces a new Stata® command, dynemp, which implements a distributed micro-data analysis of business and employment dynamics and firm demographics. The data source it requires are business registers or comparable firm- or establishment- level longitudinal databases which cover the (near-) universe of companies in all business sectors. Access to such confidential data is usually restricted and the micro-level data cannot be brought together to a single platform for cross-country analysis. To solve this confidentiality problem while also maintaining a high level of harmonisation of the key economic concepts (gross job flows, growth rates of employment, definition of high-growth firms, etc.), dynemp can be distributed in a network of researchers who have access to the national confidential microdata. In such manner, the rich firm-level employment dynamics can be analysed from new angles (such as firm age and size), significantly expanding the scope of the analysis insofar possible using more aggregated data.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz40rscddd4-en
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  • 34
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    Policy challenges for the next 50 years (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (67 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 9
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Umweltbelastung ; Einwanderung ; Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Koordination ; Bildungschancen ; Hochschule ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Welt ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper identifies and analyses some key challenges that OECD and partner economies may face over the coming 50 years if underlying global trends relating to growth, trade, inequality and environmental pressures prevail. For example, global growth is likely to slow and become increasingly dependent on knowledge and technology, while the economic costs of environmental damages will mount. The rising economic importance of knowledge will tend to raise returns to skills, likely leading to further increases in earning inequalities within countries. While increases in pre-tax earnings do not automatically transform into rising income inequality, the ability of governments to cushion this impact may be limited, as rising trade integration and consequent rising mobility of tax bases combined with substantial fiscal pressures may hamper such efforts. The paper discusses to what extent national structural policies can address these and other interlinked challenges, but also points to the growing need for international coordination and cooperation to deal with these issues over the coming 50 years.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz18gs5fckf-en
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  • 35
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    The diesel differential : differences in the tax treatment of gasoline and diesel for road use (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 21
    Keywords: Benzin ; Dieselkraftstoff ; Mineralölsteuer ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Diesel and gasoline account for around 95% of energy used for road transport in the OECD and for the largest share of revenue from taxes on energy. In 33 out of 34 OECD countries, diesel fuel is taxed at lower rates than gasoline both in terms of energy and carbon content. To assess whether this difference is warranted from an environmental perspective, this paper examines the rationales for taxing both fuels, considering the externalities (including local air pollution, carbon emissions and other social costs related to road transport) associated with the use of each fuel and the fuel efficiency advantage of diesel vehicles. The revenue, distributional and competitiveness consequences of increasing tax rates on diesel are also briefly considered and the revenue effects of the tax treatment of diesel are shown to be significant. We conclude that the externalities associated with each fuel show that the lower tax rates that currently apply to diesel fuel are not justifiable from an environmental perspective. Reduction of the diesel differential is warranted. A gradual approach to removing the differential would allow the adverse distributional and competitiveness impacts to be mitigated during the transitional phase.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz14cd7hk6b-en
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  • 36
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    Approaches to metropolitan area governance : a country overview (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/03
    Keywords: Ballungsraum ; Kommunalverwaltung ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Länderbericht
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of country specific approaches to metropolitan area governance. It provides brief descriptions of the typical structures of metropolitan governance, with a particular focus on the involved organisations. It points out metropolitan areas that have unusual governance arrangements, but generally does not emphasise individual cases. The paper aims to give a descriptive overview of governance structures while abstaining from evaluating their performance.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5j1q7s128-en
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  • 37
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    OECD forecasts during and after the financial crisis : a post mortem (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1107
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Wirtschaftslage ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Inflation ; Prognoseverfahren ; Finanzpolitik ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper assesses the OECD’s projections for GDP growth and inflation during the global financial crisis and recovery, focussing on lessons that can be learned. The projections repeatedly over-estimated growth, failing to anticipate the extent of the slowdown and later the weak pace of the recovery – errors made by many other forecasters. At the same time, inflation was stronger than expected on average. Analysis of the growth errors shows that the OECD projections in the crisis years were larger in countries with more international trade openness and greater presence of foreign banks. In the recovery, there is little evidence that an underestimate of the impact of fiscal consolidation contributed significantly to forecast errors. Instead, the repeated conditioning assumption that the euro area crisis would stabilise or ease played an important role, with growth weaker than projected in European countries where bond spreads were higher than had been assumed. But placing these errors in a historical context illustrates that the errors were not without precedent: similar-sized errors were made in the first oil price shock of the 1970s. In response to the challenges encountered in forecasting in recent years and the lessons learnt, the OECD and other international organisations have sought to improve their forecasting techniques and procedures, to improve their ability to monitor near-term developments and to better account for international linkages and financial market developments.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz73l1qw1s1-en
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  • 38
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    The prudential regulation of financial institutions : why regulatory responses to the crisis might not prove sufficient (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1108
    Keywords: Bankenregulierung ; Finanzkrise ; Soziale Kosten ; Globalisierung ; G20-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: It is now six years since a devastating financial and economic crisis rocked the global economy. Supported strongly by the G20 process, international regulators led by the Financial Stability Board have been working hard ever since to develop new regulatory standards designed to prevent a recurrence of these events. These international standards are intended to provide guidance for the drawing up of national legislation and regulation, and have already had a pervasive influence around the world. This paper surveys recent international developments concerning the prudential regulation of financial institutions: banks, the shadow banking system and insurance companies. It concludes that, while substantial progress has been made, the global economy nevertheless remains vulnerable to possible future financial instability. This possibility reflects three sets of concerns. First, measures taken to manage the crisis to date have actually made the prevention of future crises more difficult. Second, the continuing active debate over virtually every aspect of the new regulatory guidelines indicates that the analytical foundations of what is being proposed remain highly contestable. Third, implementation of the new proposals could suffer from different practices across regions. Looking forward, the financial sector will undoubtedly continue to innovate in response to competitive pressures and in an attempt to circumvent whatever regulations do come into effect. If we view the financial sector as a complex adaptive system, continuous innovation would only be expected. This perspective also provides a number of insights as to how regulators should respond in turn. Not least, it suggests that attempts to reduce complexity would not be misguided and that complex behavior need not necessarily be accompanied by still more complex regulation. Removing impediments to more effective self-discipline and market discipline in the financial sector would also seem recommended.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz6zgzzw8s4-en
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  • 39
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    Making the labour market work better in Poland (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1124
    Keywords: Erwerbstätigkeit ; Arbeitnehmerschutz ; Rentenpolitik ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Bildung ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Polen ; Employment ; Economics ; Poland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poor labour-market outcomes remain one of Poland’s major structural weaknesses, impeding firms’ competitiveness and the nation’s potential output. Boosting employment prospects is also critical, as the country will soon be ageing at a fast pace. Despite long working hours, labour utilisation is only average due to structurally low employment rates, particularly at both ends of the age spectrum, with some marked regional differences. The female employment rate is especially low, in part due to poorly designed family and pension policies. Insufficient product-market competition and obstacles to internal mobility induce significant resource misallocation. Employment protection is not particularly stringent, but the labour market is nonetheless heavily segmented. This is likely to weigh on economic performance by limiting investment in human capital and making some specific groups bear a large share of adjustment costs. Public employment services suffer from a lack of resources and function inefficiently. Local labour offices have limited incentives to adopt best practices; the government plans to start benchmarking them. There is ample scope to tighten jobseeker obligations and reform social and tax policies to make work pay. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Poland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-poland.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2pwf4wd41-en
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  • 40
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    What explains the volume and composition of trade? : industrial evidence from a panel of countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1128
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Faktorproportionentheorem ; Empirische Methode ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper quantifies the importance of different determinants of trade at the industry level using a sample of 54 OECD and non-OECD economies. The empirical methodology extends the approach of previous empirical studies to explicitly quantify the impact that trading partners’ factor endowments and policies have on bilateral trade, and to analyse the effect of tariffs on the volume and composition of trade. We find that distance, common language, common border and regional trade agreements are important determinants of overall trade, and that factor endowments, policies and institutions, of both the exporter and its trading partners, are main determinants of what and where a country exports. By contrast, we find that trade policies based on tariffs on imported goods not only generate negative spillovers to trading partners by reducing their exports, but they are also likely to reduce exports of countries that impose the tariffs, in particular in industries that rely more on intermediate goods.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2hz3tm6vj-en
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  • 41
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    Gross earning inequalities in OECD countries and major non-member economies : determinants and future scenarios (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1139
    Keywords: 2060 ; Regulierung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Einkommensverteilung ; Bildung ; Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Globalisierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Income and earning inequality has been on the rise in most of the OECD and in many emerging economies since the 1980s. This paper estimates a model of earnings inequality across OECD countries that incorporates determinants of relative demand and supply of more and less-skilled labour. Drawing on OECD data we find that skill-biased technological change – measured as a common cross-country time trend and the level of multi factor productivity – has been the key driver in increasing earning differentials. The analysis also shows that educational attainment has mitigated the impact of skill-biased technological change on earning differentials, but has in most countries been unable to fully compensate. In line with previous OECD analysis, changes in structural policies and labour market institutions, such as deregulation of product and labour markets have exerted upward pressure on inequality. The estimated model is used to decompose historical changes in earning differentials and to construct forward looking scenarios up to 2060. If the common cross-country trend of skill-biased technological change observed during the last 25 years prevails, earning differentials will on average increase by almost 30% in the OECD by 2060. Finally, the model is used to simulate the consequences of alternative policy scenarios over the coming 50 years.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123k7s8bv-en
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  • 42
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    Women's role in the Swiss economy (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1144
    Keywords: Frauen ; Lohnstruktur ; Arbeitsmarktdiskriminierung ; Bildung ; Personalführung ; Schweiz ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Switzerland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Swiss women are now as well educated as their male counterparts. However, progress remains to be made in the job market where both the supply and price of female labour are below that of men. While the participation rate for women is high and rising, it is offset by a heavy incidence of part-time work, reflecting both personal preferences and factors that limit their labour supply. The lack and high cost of childcare options for parents, as well as burdensome marginal income tax rates for second earners, create disincentives to work more. A falling but persistent net (i.e. unexplained) wage gap of about 7% in favour of men, coupled with under-representation of women as managers and entrepreneurs, further reduce the incentive for women to take full advantage of their high levels of human capital. Priority should be given to removing those barriers by increasing public spending on childcare and out-of-school-hours care at the cantonal and municipal levels. Existing regulations regarding childcare provision should also be investigated to see whether a broader range of price and quality childcare options is feasible. The implicit tax penalty for married women should also be removed, as the Federal Council is currently considering. More flexibility in working arrangements could further alleviate women’s cost of reconciling work and family life. For instance, facilitating flexi-time, annualised hours, job-sharing, part-time and telework options for both women and men, and creating paternity and/or consecutive, take-it-or-leave-it parental leave could facilitate transition in and out of the labour market. Increasing competition in product markets should help reduce the wage gap by replacing old habits with the hunt for talent regardless of gender. Finally, a corporate governance code in favour of a more equal representation of women in leadership positions, and setting ambitious quantitative targets for women on boards combined with the “Comply or Explain” practise, or quotas, should help remove the so-called glass ceiling. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Switzerland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Switzerland).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123dzstkb-en
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  • 43
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    Health, work and working conditions : a review of the European economic literature (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1148
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Arbeitsbedingungen ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Beschäftigungssicherung ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economists have traditionally been very cautious when studying the interaction between employment and health because of the two-way causal relationship between these two variables: health status influences the probability of being employed and, at the same time, working affects the health status. Because these two variables are determined simultaneously, researchers control endogeneity bias (e.g., reverse causality, omitted variables) when conducting empirical analysis. With these caveats in mind, the literature finds that a favourable work environment and high job security lead to better health conditions. Being employed with appropriate working conditions plays a protective role on physical health and psychiatric disorders. By contrast, non-employment and retirement are generally worse for mental health than employment, and overemployment has a negative effect on health. These findings stress the importance of employment and of adequate working conditions for the health of workers. In this context, it is a concern that a significant proportion of European workers (29%) would like to work fewer hours because unwanted long hours are likely to signal a poor level of job satisfaction and inadequate working conditions, with detrimental effects on health. Thus, in Europe, labour-market policy has increasingly paid attention to job sustainability and job satisfaction. The literature clearly invites employers to take better account of the worker preferences when setting the number of hours worked. Overall, a specific “flexicurity” (combination of high employment protection, job satisfaction and active labour-market policies) is likely to have a positive effect on health. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States ).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zb71xhmr-en
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  • 44
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    Fostering a creative economy to drive Korean growth (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1152
    Keywords: Übernahme ; Unternehmensgründung ; Gründungsförderung ; Crowdfunding ; Konglomerat ; Business Angels ; Forschung ; KMU ; Regulierung ; Entrepreneurship ; Bankgarantie ; Technologiepolitik ; Immaterielle Werte ; Risikokapital ; Südkorea ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A creative economy requires innovation-friendly conditions. Korea’s innovation system should be improved by upgrading universities and expanding their role in business R&D, while increasing international collaboration in R&D from its current low level. The returns from Korea’s large investment in innovation should be enhanced by improving framework conditions – easing product market regulations, promoting international competition and enhancing labour market flexibility – to encourage the adoption of new technology. Venture businesses and start-ups should play a key role in commercialising innovation. To make venture investment a growth driver, it is important to expand the role of business angels, activate the merger-and-acquisition market and foster entrepreneurship. A creative economy also depends on making SMEs, which account for 87% of employment, more dynamic. SME policies should be streamlined and improved to promote market-based financing and reduce the negative effects of government funding programmes, which discourage the expansion of SMEs. The growth of small firms also depends on resolving labour market mismatches and taking full advantage of the opportunities afforded by the Internet. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/economic-survey-korea.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0wh8xkrf6-en
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  • 45
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    Dividing the pie in Brazil : income distribution, social policies and the new middle class (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1105
    Keywords: Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Einkommensverteilung ; Lohn ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenpolitik ; Steuerpolitik ; Bildungspolitik ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Brasilien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Brazil ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Brazil has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty and inequality. This reduction is explained by strong growth but also by effective social policies. Besides growth, public services and cash transfers have played the biggest role, the latter notably through the successful “Bolsa Familia” programme. Among public services, improved access to education has played a major role, allowing more Brazilians to move into better-paid jobs. However, shortages in physical school infrastructure are limiting the hours of instruction that students receive. The high drop-out rate needs to be reduced through early interventions such as expanding early-childhood education, by reducing grade-repetition and through more tailored support for those at risk. The quality of teaching could also be raised through more in-service teacher training and stronger performance incentives for teachers. Performance of public services devoted to health and transports has been mixed. Public health services are widely available but suffer from underfunding and training places for medical staff need to be expanded. The public urban transport system suffers from a shortage of investment which is urgently needed to upgrade capacity. Regarding cash transfers, the success of “Bolsa Familia” and new programmes put in place under the umbrella of the “Brasil sem Miseria” programme is remarkable but transfer payments remain too heavily focused on pension benefits. Giving more priority to “Bolsa Familia” and “Brasil sem Miseria” while limiting the real growth of pension expenditures in the future would improve the effectiveness of social expenditures for reducing poverty and inequality. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Brazil (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/brazil).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en
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  • 46
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    State-owned enterprise governance : a stocktaking of reforms and challenges in Southern Africa (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD corporate governance working papers 13
    Keywords: Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Organisatorischer Wandel ; Übernahme ; Corporate Governance ; Kapitalmarkttheorie ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; SADC-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; South Africa ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report is the first known stocktaking of its kind to provide a regional overview of state-owned enterprise (SOE) governance reforms and challenges across the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. Part One summarises the challenges and governance practices related to state-ownership across SADC economies; it draws conclusions on how to address common regional priorities. Part Two of the report is organised around country profiles providing a fact-based assessment of SOE reform policies and practices in 14 economies. The report was prepared at the request of the Southern Africa Network on Governance of State-Owned Enterprises – a regional cooperation initiative aimed at improving the corporate governance of SOEs, and mainly covering the member economies of the SADC region. The stocktaking was prepared based on information self-reported by authorities in participating economies and supplemented by desk research.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb5zntk5r8-en
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  • 47
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    Export restrictions on raw materials : experience with alternative policies in Botswana (2014)
    [s.l.] : OECD iLibrary | Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 163
    Keywords: Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Schmuck ; Diamantensektor ; Staatsfonds ; Exportbeschränkung ; Zollunion ; Steuereinnahmen ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Botsuana ; Trade ; Botswana ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Botswana ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Exportbeschränkung ; Steuereinnahmen ; Staatsfonds ; Zollunion ; Botswana ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Diamantenindustrie ; Diamantenbergbau ; Schmuck
    Abstract: Demand for non-renewable natural resources is forecast to rise steadily over the coming decades. Underlying trends of long-term rising demand and falling supply of mineral resources will inevitably increase pressure on prices and intensify competition for scarce resources. This can create a substantial opportunity for development for minerals-rich countries. However, as suggested by the “resource curse” debate, broad-based economic development based on the extractive industries is far from assured. History suggests that not all countries, in particular many of those outside the OECD area, have benefitted economy-wide from their mineral resources: good governance and good policies are essential to benefit from their huge potential growth. Some countries have successfully regulated their mining sectors without resorting to highly distortive policies such as export restrictions. One such country is Botswana. This paper examines some of the policies in place in Botswana that have contributed to the governance and management of its substantial minerals sector. Lessons are drawn for minerals-rich countries keen to manage their raw materials sectors for increased economy-wide growth.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb6v86kz32-en
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  • 48
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    Migration as an adjustment mechanism in the crisis? : a comparison of Europe and the United States (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 155
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Eurozone ; Europa ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The question of whether migration can be an equilibrating force in the labour market is an important criterion for an optimal currency area. It is of particular interest currently in the context of high and rising levels of labour market disparities, in particular within the Eurozone where there is no exchange-rate mechanism available to play this role. We shed some new light on this question by comparing pre- and post-crisis migration movements at the regional level in both Europe and the United States, and their association with asymmetric labour market shocks. We find that recent migration flows have reacted quite significantly to the EU enlargements in 2004 and 2007 and to changes in labour market conditions, particularly in Europe. Indeed, in contrast to the pre-crisis situation and the findings of previous empirical studies, there is tentative evidence that the migration response to the crisis has been considerable in Europe, in contrast to the United States where the crisis and subsequent sluggish recovery were not accompanied by greater interregional labour mobility in reaction to labour market shocks. Our estimates suggest that, if all measured population changes in Europe were due to migration for employment purposes – i.e. an upper-bound estimate – up to about a quarter of the asymmetric labour market shock would be absorbed by migration within a year. However, in the Eurozone the reaction mainly stems from migration of third-country nationals. Even within the group of Eurozone nationals, a significant part of the free mobility stems from immigrants from third countries who have taken on the nationality of their Eurozone host country.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb8p51gvhl-en
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  • 49
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    Health spending continues to stagnate in many OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 68
    Keywords: 2008 - 2012 ; Gesundheitskosten ; Wirtschaftskrise ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The global economic crisis which began in 2008 has had a dramatic effect on health spending across OECD countries. Estimates of expenditure on health released back in 2012 showed that, for the first time, health spending had slowed markedly or fallen across many OECD countries after years of continuous growth. As a result, close to zero growth in health expenditure was recorded on average in 2010. Preliminary estimates suggested that the low or negative growth in health spending was set to continue in many OECD countries in following years...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5sq5qnwf5-en
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  • 50
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    Growth policies and macroeconomic stability (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 8
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Konjunktur ; Volatilität ; Schock ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policy reforms aimed at boosting long-run growth often have side effects – positive or negative – on an economy’s vulnerability to shocks and their propagation. Macroeconomic shocks as severe and protracted as those since 2007 warrant a reconsideration of the role growth-promoting policies play in shaping the vulnerability and resilience of an economy to macroeconomic shocks. Against this background, this paper looks at a vast array of policy recommendations by the OECD that promote longterm growth – contained in Going for Growth and the Economic Outlook – and attempts to establish whether they underpin macroeconomic stability or whether there is a trade-off.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz8t849335d-en
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  • 51
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    Personal tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses : estimating the fiscal and environmental costs (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 20
    Keywords: 2012 ; Fahrzeugflotte ; Pendelverkehr ; Geldwerter Vorteil ; Einkommensteuer ; Umweltbelastung ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Taxation ; Transport ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Company cars form a large proportion of the car fleet in many OECD countries and are also influential in determining the composition of the wider vehicle fleet. When employees provided with a company car use that car for personal purposes, personal income tax rules value the benefit in a number of different ways. How accurate these rules are in valuing the benefit has important implications for tax revenue, the environment and other social impacts such as congestion. This paper outlines the tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses in 27 OECD countries and one partner country. It compares these tax settings with a stylised “benchmark” tax treatment that estimates the full value of the benefit received by employees with company vehicles. The paper demonstrates that the estimated tax expenditures associated with company car taxation in these countries in 2012 can be quite considerable. Significantly, from an environmental perspective, in most countries employees faced no additional increase in tax payable in response to an increase in the assumption of distance driven.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz14cg1s7vl-en
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  • 52
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    A sub-national perspective on financing investment for Growth I : measuring fiscal space for public investment ; influences, evolution and perspectives (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/02
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Teilstaat ; Öffentliche Investition ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Institutionenökonomik ; Finanzbeziehungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Sub-national governments are key players for public investment, as they are responsible on average for 62% of total public investment in OECD countries. This article analyses the different factors affecting sub-national governments’ fiscal space for public investment. It proposes an indicator for measuring this fiscal space and analyses the evolution of its different components over 2007-2012. The article shows that the global financial crisis and the ensuring consolidation drive have reduced sub-national governments’ fiscal space for public investment, through a downward pressure on revenues, increased expenditure obligations, and constrained capacity to borrow or issue debt on financial markets.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5j1qk8fhg-en
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  • 53
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    A sub-national perspective on financing investment for Growth II : creating fiscal space for public investment ; the role of institutions (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/06
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Teilstaat ; Öffentliche Investition ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Institutionenökonomik ; Finanzbeziehungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Sub-national governments (SNGs) are key players for public investment in OECD countries, responsible for nearly two-thirds of it. At the same time, both the well-being of the population and economic performance depend on an adequate provision of public services, which require public facilities and thus public investment. Ensuring that sub-national governments command the resources for necessary public investment is hence important. While in the immediate, the fiscal space of a SNG for public investment is basically determined by its current fiscal capacities, in a longer-term perspective the evolution of fiscal space comes to depend increasingly on the institutional context. This includes the national framework of fiscal relations across levels of government, the nature and characteristics of SNGs’ revenue sources and spending responsibilities, SNGs resilience to crises, and their structural ability to borrow. This paper explores the institutional ability of SNGs to influence their fiscal space for public investment. In this context, it also analyses the main challenges to be faced by SNG finances in the decades to come, as well as recent reforms implemented by SNGs to tackle these specific issues.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz3zvxc53bt-en
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  • 54
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    Would a growth slowdown in emerging markets spill over to high-income countries? : a quantitative assessment (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1110
    Keywords: 2010 - 2012 ; Außenhandel ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Spillover-Effekt ; Schwellenländer ; Industrieländer ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Growth in emerging market economies (EMEs) is set to durably slow from the rates observed over 2010-12 as cyclical effects fade, potential growth declines and external financing conditions tighten. Large negative current account balances make some EMEs vulnerable to sudden reversals in capital flows while exceptionally rapid credit expansions, as those observed in Brazil, China, Poland and Turkey over the past years, may have raised financial risk. This paper assesses recent developments and vulnerabilities in EMEs and uses macroeconometric model simulations to provide quantitative estimates of spillovers to highincome countries. The results suggest that for each slowdown of 2 percentage points in EMEs, highincome countries’ growth could be around ⅔ percentage points lower on average, with around ½ percentage point accounted for by trade. Experience with past EME crises suggests that this could be exacerbated by effects from exchange rates and by financial market turbulence. OECD countries which would be hit hardest include Belgium, Japan and the Netherlands, reflecting mainly strong trade linkages with EMEs.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5m89p82d8-en
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  • 55
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    How to improve Israel's health-care system (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1114
    Keywords: Basisgesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Sterblichkeit ; Israel ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Israel ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Israelis enjoy higher life expectancy and have a much younger demographic profile than most OECD countries. However, the demand for health care is expanding rapidly due to population growth and ageing. Also, the country’s wide socio-economic divides are reflected in differences in health outcomes. To date the health-care system, centred on four health funds, is widely acknowledged as providing a basket of universal services, with good quality primary and secondary care, while also accommodating demand for private health care. However, there are challenges and tensions in the system. Currently the authorities are having to rapidly expand the number of places in medical schools and nurse training because large cohorts of health-care professionals are heading for retirement. More broadly, there are concerns that the core notion of a universal basket of services is being eroded by co-payments and the increasing demand for the additional services and options provided by private insurance. Although the quality of care is generally good, in hospital care there is room to improve data and concern that overcrowding may become chronic. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Israel (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economicsurvey- israel.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5j1sltwtb-en
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  • 56
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    Trade specialisation and policies to foster competition and innovation in Denmark (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1118
    Keywords: KMU ; Produktivität ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Internationaler Markt ; Marktanteil ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Regulierung ; Innovation ; Dänemark ; Economics ; Trade ; Denmark ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Danish productivity has grown only weakly over the past two decades, both historically and in relation to other countries, despite sound policies and institutions. At the same time, the country has lost export market shares. Denmark needs to continue its efforts to reap the benefits of globalisation, which would contribute to invigorating productivity growth. Fostering competition by removing regulatory barriers and improving public procurement would help. In addition, innovation policy needs to become more efficient and more in line with the growing importance of the service sector and knowledge-based capital. Small and medium-sized enterprises could be better integrated into global markets by improving their access to finance and developing the entrepreneurship culture. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Denmark (www.oecd.org/economic-surveydenmark. htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qt5h7m6g-en
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  • 57
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    International cables, gateways, backhaul and international exchange points (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 232
    Keywords: Telekommunikationsnetz ; Organisationsstruktur ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focuses on the development of backhaul and cross-border networks, which enable local networks to connect to the wider Internet. These local networks may cover a city, a region or even a country. To connect their networks to other networks around the world, operators need access to regional and international high-speed networks. The level of investment required in these networks varies and can be very different from region to region. In some parts of the world, the investment made around the turn of the century was characterised by a “boom and bust”, which fuelled an expansion in backhaul links and data centres. Since that time, investment has taken place at a more measured pace, reflecting growing demand from liberalised markets and leading to further expansion in areas such as mobile and broadband Internet access.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz8m9jf3wkl-en
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  • 58
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    International traffic termination (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 238
    Keywords: Telekommunikationspreis ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines measures taken in countries that have restricted the ability for markets to set termination charges for incoming international telecommunication traffic by mandating rates below which no market player can diverge. The report explores empirically the effects of the introduction of such policies and finds that an increase of these termination charges reduces traffic (measured by minutes or calls) in such a way that the expected increase in revenue, given the rise of the termination charge, may be countervailed. Thus, the report concludes that these practices are not in the best interest of the countries where they have been introduced or of countries paying the higher termination rates.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2m5mnlvkc-en
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  • 59
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    Changes in family policies and outcomes : is there convergence? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 157
    Keywords: Familienpolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents new information on trends in family and child outcomes and policies over the past decades, in order to assess whether there has been any convergence over time across OECD and EU countries. Important drivers of population structure such as life expectancy and fertility rates are becoming more similar across countries as are marriage and divorce rates. Increased educational attainment has contributed to greater female employment participation and convergence therein across countries. Child well-being outcomes show a more mixed pattern with improvements and convergence in infant mortality, but varying trends in child poverty across countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz13wllxgzt-en
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  • 60
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    The role of national ecosystem assessments in influencing policy making (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 60
    Keywords: Naturschutz ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Erneuerbare Ressourcen ; Umweltpolitik ; Umweltökonomik ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: An ecosystem assessment is a social process through which the findings of science concerning the causes of ecosystem change, their consequences for human well-bring, and the management and policy options are evaluated. Ecosystem assessments can play an important role in synthesising and communicating complex information and can both inform and influence decision-making processes. This paper draws insights from experience with National Ecosystem Assessments (NEAs) recently undertaken in the UK, Japan, Spain, and Portugal, as well as other ecosystem assessments undertaken at regional and international geographical scales, and highlights lessons learned so that the impact of NEAs on policy can be enhanced. The paper concludes by identifying key issues needed to develop practical guidance for successful ecosystem assessments.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvl3zsbhkk-en
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  • 61
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    Inducing private finance for renewable energy projects : evidence from micro-data (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 67
    Keywords: 2000 - 2011 ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Investitionspolitik ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Private Investition ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the effects of government policies on flows of private finance for investment in renewable energy (inducement effect). It also examines whether direct provision of public finance for a project increases the volume of private finance raised (“crowding in” effect). A unique dataset of financial transactions for renewable energy projects with worldwide coverage is constructed using the Bloomberg New Energy Finance database. The analysis covers 87 countries, six renewable energy sectors (wind, solar, biomass, small hydropower, marine and geothermal) and the 2000-2011 time-span. Main findings are that, in contrast to quota-based schemes, price-based support schemes are positively correlated with investors’ ability to raise private finance. The paper suggests that, rather than the type of instrument (price vs. quota), it is the specific design of such schemes that is key to providing a predictable signal and an effective incentive to attract private investors. It is also found that public finance supports precisely those projects that have had difficulty raising private finance (co-financed projects), where neither quota-based measures nor price-based support schemes have a significant effect on private finance flows. This raises the concern that in the absence of well-designed policies which incentivise private finance investment, governments wishing to secure project completion have no other choice than to support projects directly through the use of public finance.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvg0k6thr1-en
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  • 62
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    Mental Health Analysis Profiles (MhAPs) : Italy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (87 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 71
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Italien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Italy ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As part of a wider project on mental health in OECD countries, a series of descriptive profiles have been prepared, intended to provide descriptive, easily comprehensible, highly informative accounts of the mental health systems of OECD countries. These profiles, entitled ‘Mental Health Analysis Profiles’ (MHAPs), will be able to inform discussion and reflection and provide an introduction to and a synthesised account of mental health in a given country. Each MHAP follows the same template, and whilst the MHAPs are stand-alone profiles, loose cross-country comparison using the MHAPs is possible and encouraged. The recent history of mental health in Italy has been one of de-institutionalisation. The significant overhaul undertaken with regards to mental health over the last years is an example of this process: as it moved away from the century-long tradition of restrictive mental health asylums (manicomi) from the late 1970s with the recent process of closures of judicial psychiatric hospitals (Ospedali Psichiatrici Giudiziari – OPG), Italy progressively managed to integrate mental health services within community-based facilities. Focus was no longer on security and on isolating citizens suffering from mental disorders, but rather on patients’ needs and moving towards social integration and rehabilitation.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz15922hmd4-en
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  • 63
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    Comparing hospital and health prices and volumes internationally : results of a EUROSTAT/OECD project (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 75
    Keywords: Gesundheitskosten ; Gesundheitsstatistik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Health services account for a large and increasing share of production and expenditure in OECD and Eurostat countries but there are also noticeable differences between countries in expenditure per capita. Whether such differences are due to more services being consumed or whether they reflect differences in the price of services is a question of significant policy relevance. Yet, cross-country comparisons of health services have typically not disentangled these effects. This paper presents the results of a joint effort between OECD and Eurostat in developing price comparisons for health goods and services. The main novel feature is the collection of comparable and output-based prices for hospital services that can then be applied to matching national accounts expenditure data so as to derive consistent price and volume comparisons of health products. The data is novel in that it reflects “quasi prices” (negotiated or administrative prices or tariffs) of the output of hospital services, instead of prices of inputs such as wages of medical personnel. The new methodology moves away from the traditional input perspective, thereby relaxing the assumption that hospital productivity is the same across countries...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxznwrj32mp-en
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  • 64
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    Social Media Use by Governments : A Policy Primer to Discuss Trends, Identify Policy Opportunities and Guide Decision Makers (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Public Governance no.26
    Keywords: Politische Kommunikation ; Social Web ; Welt ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper takes a comparative snapshot of social media use in and by OECD governments. The focus is on government institutions, as opposed to personalities, and how they manage to capture the opportunities of new social media platforms to deliver better public services and to create more open policy processes. The analysis is based on a large amount of empirical data, including a survey of OECD governments on policies and objectives in this area. Major challenges are discussed, notably those related to the uncertainty of institutions on how to best leverage social media beyond “corporate” communications. The paper proposes tools to guide decision makers: a checklist of issues to be considered by government institutions, a set of potential indicators to appraise impacts, and a range of options for more in-depth policy analysis.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcmghmk0s-en
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  • 65
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    Fairly sharing the social impact of the crisis in Greece (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (73 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1106
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenpolitik ; Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Steuervermeidung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Arbeitsschutz ; Armut ; Verteilungswirkung ; Griechenland ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Greece ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poverty and income inequality have worsened since the onset of the crisis. While the design of fiscal measures has mitigated the burden sharing of fiscal adjustment, as the recession has deepened unemployment has risen, earnings have declined and social tensions have increased. Getting people back to work and supporting the most vulnerable remain priorities for inclusive growth and distributing the costs of adjustment equitably. Within the limited fiscal space this calls for continued reforms in targeting social support, especially housing benefits, extending unemployment insurance and introducing a means-tested minimum income. Sustaining universal access to good health care is also essential. Well-designed activation policies are important to bring the unemployed, especially the young, to work. At the same time, it is important to strengthen the effectiveness of the labour inspection to ensure full enforcement of the labour code. Decisive steps to contain tax evasion are also critical to social fairness. Reforms by the government in many of these areas are welcome and need to continue.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb6vwk338x-en
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  • 66
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    International migration : the relationship with economic and policy factors in the home and destination country (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1140
    Keywords: Internationale Migration ; Entwicklung ; Arbeitsmarkttheorie ; Migrationspolitik ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Unfavourable demographic trends in many OECD countries threaten the sustainability of potential labour resources, GDP growth and fiscal positions. One factor that is expected to mitigate these trends is continued inflows of migrant workers from low income economies. However, a rapid catch-up in productivity and wages in these traditional source countries vis-à-vis the OECD may weaken economic incentives for migration and imply a transition away from current migration patterns. This paper uses data of the high-skilled and low-skilled migrant stock between 92 origin and 44 destination countries to highlight the relationship between economic factors and migration. The paper also attempts to uncover links with policy and demographic factors prevailing in the origin and destination countries. The analysis suggests that higher skill-specific wages in the destination country are associated with more migration. This relationship appears to be particularly strong for migrants from middle-income countries, supporting theories of an inverted-U relationship between origin country economic development and the propensity to migrate. Policy differences between the destination and origin also appear important, for example in terms of regulations on businesses and labour markets, along with the relative quality of institutions. In some instances, the effects on high-skilled and low-skilled migrants differ markedly. Combining the estimated coefficients from the model with the skill-specific wage profile from the OECD long-term growth projections highlights the potential for weaker future migrant flows to OECD countries than implied by past trends and embedded in official projections.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123h8nd7l-en
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  • 67
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    Deconstructing Canada's housing markets : finance, affordability urban sprawl (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1145
    Keywords: Immobilienfinanzierung ; Kreditmarkt ; Hypothek ; Verbriefung ; Landnutzung ; Subprime-Krise ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Suburbanisierung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Private Verschuldung ; Vermögensteuer ; Soziale Wohnungspolitik ; Immobilienpreis ; Kanada ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: House prices have increased significantly in Canada over the past decade, driving household debt and residential construction activity to historical highs. Although macro-prudential tightening has slowed the pace of household borrowing in the last few years, house prices have continued to trend higher, and affordability remains a major challenge in urban centres. First-time home buyers must therefore spend more of their incomes to purchase a house and are vulnerable to future interest rate hikes. Overbuilding in the condominium sectors of some cities appears to be a source of risk, especially if a major price correction in these segments spills over into other markets. The country benefits from a sound and effective housing finance system, which performed well throughout the global financial crisis thanks to strong regulatory oversight and explicit government backing of the mortgage market. Nonetheless, the dominance of the crown corporation CMHC in the mortgage insurance market concentrates a significant amount of risk in public finances. Improving competitive conditions in the mortgage insurance market could help diversify these risks and reduce taxpayer contingent liabilities, while introducing coverage limits on loan losses would better align private and social interests. There may be a shortage of rental housing in several cities, especially in the range that low-income households can afford. Urban planning policies have resulted in low-density residential development which contributes to relatively high transport-related carbon emissions. Addressing these externalities requires stronger pricing signals for land development, road use, congestion and parking, combined with better integration of public transit planning. To prevent the marginalisation of low-income households, planning policies should support social mix and increase incentives for private-sector development of affordable housing. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Review of Canada (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Canada).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zbg20h34-en
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  • 68
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    Geographic imbalances in doctor supply and policy responses (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 69
    Keywords: Ärzte ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Gesundheitspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Doctors are distributed unequally across different regions in virtually all OECD countries, and this causes concern about how to continue to ensure access to health services everywhere. In particular access to services in rural regions is the focus of attention of policymakers, although in some countries, poor urban and sub-urban regions pose a challenge as well. Despite numerous efforts this mal-distribution of physician supply persists. This working paper first examines the drivers of the location choice of physicians, and second, it examines policy responses in a number of OECD countries...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5sq5ls1wl-en
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  • 69
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    Official support for private sector participation in developing country infrastructure (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 19
    Keywords: Infrastrukturinvestition ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The objective of this study is to take stock of support by bilateral and multilateral donors for private sector participation in developing country infrastructure. It tries to draw out trends, opportunities and challenges, collective activities to address them, and possible further actions for the Development Assistance Committee (DAC). The exercise tries to contribute to the aim of using development co-operation more strategically in leveraging other development related flows. The methodology involved research on 22 donor policies and institutions, as well as data analysis of the DAC’s Creditor Reporting System. The results of the study indicate that official development finance (ODF) for infrastructure is increasing, with a sizable proportion disbursed to support the private sector directly, mostly through loans and equity by bilateral and multilateral development finance institutions (DFIs). However, almost 70% is directed to infrastructure in upper middle income countries, where the domestic financial sector might be relatively developed, which raises the question of additionality of official support. In terms of sectors, 60% of support to the private sector goes to energy, particularly to renewables, such as hydro, wind, solar, and geothermal energy. This is followed by transport, telecommunications, and water. Export credit agencies also provide significant amount of financing to developing country infrastructure. Donors further provide about 15% of funding to help improve the enabling environment for investment by building the capacity of partner government ministries, public-private-partnership units, regional organisations, or local administrations. Conclusions include the need for better co-ordination among various agencies or units involved in supporting infrastructure development within donor countries or multilateral institutions as well as the establishment of a transparent monitoring mechanism of DFI activities to ensure additionality and development effectiveness.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz14cd40nf0-en
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  • 70
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    Determinants of households' investment in energy efficiency and renewables : evidence from the OECD Survey on Household Environmental Behaviour and Attitudes (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1165
    Keywords: Privater Haushalt ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Diskrete Entscheidung ; Energieeinsparung ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Innovationsakzeptanz ; Haushaltsstatistik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Many studies on household energy efficiency investments suggest that a wide range of seemingly profitable investments are not taken up. This paper provides novel evidence on the main factors behind consumer choices using the OECD Survey on Household Environmental Behaviour and Attitudes. The empirical analysis is based on the estimation of binary logit regression models. Empirical results suggest that households’ propensity to invest in clean energy technologies depends mainly on home ownership, income, social context and households’ information. Indeed, home owners and high-income households are more likely to invest than renters and low-income households. On the other hand, social context, such as membership in an environmental non-governmental organisation, and households’ knowledge about their energy spending and use may play a relevant role in technology adoption.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwtlchggzn-en
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  • 71
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    Vulnerability of social institutions (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 11
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Altersvorsorge ; Indonesien ; BRICS-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Social institutions face many challenges. The recent economic crisis has provided a stress test as it has left a legacy of high unemployment and high government debt in many countries. It also lowered potential output and thus the revenue base for social protection schemes. At the same time, ageing and other secular trends raise long-term sustainability issues. The design of social institutions determines their capacity to deal with shocks and trend changes and the way risks are shared between the institutions and their stakeholders. They also circumscribe the scope for automatic or discretionary adjustments, when trade-offs between sustainability, adequacy and efficiency arise. This report examines the sustainability of social institutions and their ability to absorb and cope with short-term shocks and longer-term trends by providing risk sharing and expenditure smoothing, focusing on pension, health care and unemployment insurance schemes.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz158r4q0zn-en
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  • 72
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    Moving towards a more dynamic business sector in Spain (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1173
    Keywords: Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Marktanteil ; Unternehmensgründung ; Gründungsförderung ; Risikokapital ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Insolvenz ; Spanien ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Spain ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policy efforts to revitalise entrepreneurship and investment in Spain are key to generating growth and new jobs. The government has a substantial reform program to make it easier to do business in Spain, which should in some cases be deepened. Boosting economic growth requires a new generation of high-growth companies and that resources flow towards the most productive firms. For this to happen, barriers to business growth have to be reduced by streamlining regulations and licencing procedures, internationalisation needs to be fostered, and competition strengthened. In addition, the negative impact of the crisis on companies, notably the high level of indebtedness and difficulties to obtain financing faced by some firms has to be relieved. This would be facilitated by more efficient insolvency procedures and further development of non-bank financing.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxszm2k7fnw-en
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  • 73
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    Cloud computing : the concept, impacts and the role of government policy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 240
    Keywords: Politische Kommunikation ; E-Government ; Cloud Computing ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Cloud computing is changing the way computing is undertaken. It provides the ability to access IT resources on demand without the need for significant capital expenditure, thereby lowering the entry barriers for new entrants in multiple sectors. Cloud computing has thus become a platform for innovation. This report presents the concept of cloud computing, the services it provides and deployment models, and thus give a clear overview of what it is and what it is not. It provides an overview of how cloud computing changes the way computing is carried out, and evaluates the impacts of cloud computing (including its benefits and challenges as well as its economic and environmental impacts). Finally, the report discusses the policy issues raised by cloud computing and the role of governments and other stakeholders in addressing these issues.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzf4lcc7f5-en
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  • 74
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    Economic growth from the household perspective : GDP and income distribution developments across OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (83 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1111
    Keywords: Mittelschicht ; Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides an assessment of how households’ income has fared compared with GDP. While the prime focus is on incomes around the median, attention is paid also to the bottom of the income distribution. Thus, one contribution of the paper is to deliver a fresh assessment of the evolution of inequality and poverty across OECD countries over the last fifteen years. The analysis relies on a rich array of indicators, producing new evidence of the various patterns of differences in income distributions across countries and over time. For example, it assesses the extent to which stability in overall income inequality masks compensating changes between the lower and upper halves of the income distribution. Also, it explores whether contracting inequalities coexist with increasing poverty. The paper adds to previous studies by introducing, measuring and analysing income polarisation in a cross-country comparative perspective. Distinguishing polarisation from inequality and comparing their evolution over time provides new policy-relevant perspectives on the nature of the changing income distribution.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5m89dh0nt-en
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  • 75
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    How to improve taxes and transfers in Israel (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1113
    Keywords: Steuervermeidung ; Ökosteuer ; Sozialstaat ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Finanzverwaltung ; Subvention ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Israel ; Taxation ; Economics ; Israel ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Ensuring tax and transfer systems bring sufficient revenue to reach macroeconomic fiscal targets, address societal goals in re-distribution and social welfare, recognise the influence taxation has on businesses’ competitiveness and adequately address environmental externalities is a tough challenge, arguably more so in Israel than in many other OECD countries. High interest payments and large defence spending make deficit and debt reduction more difficult, socio-economic divides remain wide and as a small-open economy Israel is highly exposed to mobile international capital and competition over international investment. And, as elsewhere, the incorporation of environmental issues into the tax system remains only partial. This review examines ways forward for policy on several fronts: indirect taxation; household income tax and social benefits; taxes on property and wealth; business taxation; and evasion, avoidance and administration issues. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Israel (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-israel.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5j1t07vs0-en
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  • 76
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    Spillover effects from exiting highly expansionary monetary policies (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1116
    Keywords: Geldpolitik ; Spillover-Effekt ; Finanzmarkt ; Finanzkrise ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The prospective normalisation of monetary policies in the main OECD areas will be challenging given that current policy rates are likely to be significantly below neutral levels and that central bank balance sheets will be above the pre-crisis levels by a wide margin. Monetary policy normalisation is likely to start in the United States before other main OECD areas, with potential global spillovers, as was already experienced in mid-2013 when the mere discussion of tapering unsettled global financial markets. A gradual increase in interest rates, in the context of strong growth and rising equity values, would contribute to a balanced US recovery and have a benign impact on the rest of the world. However, a rapid rise in bond yields would risk generating instability in the US shadow banking sector, and the financial system more generally, even if banks seem increasingly resilient to such a shock. Although model simulations suggest that a large and protracted government bond yield shock would not have large trade spillovers in the absence of crisis events in the United States or abroad, an induced increase in bond yields in other countries, together with an induced large decline in equity prices, would have a sizeable effect on the OECD and largest emerging market economies. The latter countries are particularly vulnerable to such spillovers given their generally less liquid financial markets and, in some cases, weak fundamentals related to the banking system and external financing. In the United States, the authorities should aim at managing smoothly the exit and at strengthening the resilience of shadow banking institutions so that the risk of liquidity-induced fire sales is reduced. This should be accompanied in other countries by measures to increase the resilience to interest rate shocks, and when the shock occurs, allowing exchange rates to adjust flexibly and implementing offsetting fiscal measures if scope is available.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz417mb6dzp-en
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  • 77
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    Local public finances and municipal reform in Finland (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1121
    Keywords: Gemeindesteuer ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Finanzbeziehungen ; Gemeindefinanzen ; Dezentralisierung ; Gebietsreform ; Effizienzlohn ; Finnland ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Finland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finnish municipalities enjoy ample fiscal autonomy and provide or arrange the provision of a large share of public services. In recent years, their spending and debt has been increasing steadily, especially because of population ageing and increases in the cost of health care and social services. Furthermore, small municipalities are often struggling to align service provision with national standards. The government has launched a reform to create more efficient municipalities through voluntary mergers. Both international experience and costs per capita across Finnish municipalities suggest an optimal size for municipalities of over 20 000 inhabitants, at least outside remote areas. As mergers are to be voluntary, the outcome of the reform remains uncertain. If merger plans prove insufficient to achieve efficient public service provision, the government could impose mergers on smaller municipalities, especially around the main urban areas. Responsibilities of smaller municipalities could be scaled back in all functions where economies of scale and scope can be achieved. Policies also need to be flexible enough to allow restructuring of services after mergers. Partnerships between public or private entities to provide services could be developed further in some areas. Finally, the tax structure and fiscal rules should be enhanced to ensure long-term fiscal sustainability. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Finland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economicsurvey- finland.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qt0zj024-en
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  • 78
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    Strengthening competition in Poland (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1125
    Keywords: Wettbewerbsaufsicht ; Deregulierung ; Wettbewerb ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Produktivität ; Polen ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Poland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poland’s productivity has grown strongly over the past decade, and efforts to reduce the regulatory burden have been significant. Despite impressive progress, product market regulation remains more burdensome than in most OECD countries, partly due to the importance of red tape and the level of state involvement in the economy. Further reduction in red tape and pursuing privatisation in competitive markets would increase competitive pressures and ensure neutrality, notably in public procurement processes. Economic rents in many sectors seem high, as stringent entry regulations, regulatory barriers and inefficient bankruptcy procedures induce significant resource misallocation. A welcome deregulation of professional services is ongoing, and the government plans to further ease firm registrations and reform bankruptcy procedures. The independence of the sector regulators in network industries and the powers of the Competition Authority can still be enhanced, as the reform efforts in these sectors remain patchy. The dominant positions of the incumbents and the failure of network sector regulators to introduce a level playing field in order to secure third-party access to the sectoral infrastructure and allow new entry in the competitive segments are another main issue. The advantages of being considered a farmer are also slowing the consolidation process in the agricultural sector. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Poland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-poland.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2pwzpzvkg-en
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  • 79
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    An update of the OECD International Trade Equations (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1129
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Außenhandelselastizität ; Prognoseverfahren ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; Argentinien ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a detailed description of recent research to re-estimate and re-specify the international trade volume and price equations that are used in the OECD Economics Department to analyse and project international trade developments. The set of countries covered by the estimations has been significantly enlarged, with estimates of the factors affecting export performance, import penetration and trade prices presented for 41 countries, including countries that have recently joined the OECD (Chile, Estonia, Israel and Slovenia) and major emerging countries (Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa). Reflecting the heterogeneity of countries included in the estimations, procedures for grouping them have been modified to allow for country specifics as much as possible. Structural breaks over the estimation period – which now typically covers the mid-1980s to 2012 and includes the global trade collapse of 2009 – are dealt with by the flexible modelling of deterministic trends, including the allowance for several rather than single trend reversals.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2bxbkrxmv-en
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  • 80
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    Overcoming vulnerabilities of pension systems (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1133
    Keywords: Rentenfinanzierung ; Umlageverfahren ; Rentenreform ; OECD-Staaten ; Indonesien ; BRICS-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Demographic developments are unfavourable for the financing of pension schemes in most OECD countries, implying continued growth in pension expenditure in virtually all OECD countries. This paper examines the vulnerability of pension systems, with an emphasis on financial sustainability and adequacy. Policy trade-offs and complementarities are reviewed and flanking policies which could underpin successful pension reforms are examined. Automatic adjustment mechanisms are highlighted, as are the roles of prudential regulation and buffer or reserve funds in the case of shocks. Pension system vulnerability indicators are presented for all OECD countries, and the challenges and vulnerabilities of pensions systems in the BRIICS countries are reviewed.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz1591prxth-en
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  • 81
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    Consequences of climate change damages for economic growth : a dynamic quantitative assessment (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1135
    Keywords: 2060 ; Klimawandel ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; CGE-Modell ; Szenariotechnik ; Welt ; Environment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focuses on the effects of climate change impacts on economic growth. Simulations with the OECD’s dynamic global general equilibrium model ENV-Linkages assess the consequences of a selected number of climate change impacts in the various world regions at the macroeconomic and sectoral level. This is complemented with an assessment of very long-run implications, using the AD-RICE model. The analysis finds that the effect of climate change impacts on annual global GDP is projected to increase over time, leading to a global GDP loss of 0.7% to 2.5% by 2060 for the most likely equilibrium climate sensitivity range. Underlying these annual global GDP losses are much larger sectoral and regional variations. Agricultural impacts dominate in most regions, while damages from sea level rise gradually become more important. Negative economic consequences are especially large in South and South-East Asia whereas other regions will be less affected and, in some cases, benefit thanks to adjustments from international trade. Emissions to 2060 will have important consequences in later decades and centuries. Simulations with the AD-RICE model suggest that if emissions continue to grow after 2060, annual damages of climate change could reach 1.5%-4.8% of GDP by the end of the century. Some impacts and risks from climate change have not been quantified in this study, including extreme weather events, water stress and large-scale disruptions. These will potentially have large economic consequences, and on balance the costs of inaction presented here likely underestimate the full costs of climate change impacts. More research is needed to assess them as well as the various uncertainties and risks involved. However, this should not delay policy action, but rather induce policy frameworks that are able to deal with new information and with the fact that by their nature some uncertainties and risks will never be resolved.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2bxb8kmf3-en
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  • 82
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    Small and medium-sized enterprises in global markets : a differential approach for services? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (95 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 165
    Keywords: 1985 - 2010 ; Industrie ; Dienstleistungssektor ; Dienstleistungshandel ; KMU ; Globalisierung ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study empirically investigates key restrictions to the internationalisation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in manufacturing and across different types of services. The study explores the extent to which binding constraints faced by SMEs producing goods may differ from small firms operating in services sectors and takes stock of how existing policy initiatives address some of these differences. Our results suggest that while firm size clearly influences the trade performance of SMEs in manufacturing, it is an ambiguous predictor of export performance in the case of small-sized services firms. The findings show that firm size influences the choice of export channel and that small firms rely more on indirect and agglomeration networks. Finally, the results point to a strong degree of firm-level heterogeneity across services activities and enterprise size. It would seem that incorporating sectoral and size heterogeneity into existing policies might be desirable to address key constraints for SMEs.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz17jtfkmzt-en
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  • 83
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    New approaches to spectrum management (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 235
    Keywords: Telekommunikationsnetz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Today more than ever, spectrum is identified by policy makers as a key asset to support growth in the digital economy. This report provides information and analysis on new approaches to radiofrequency spectrum management in OECD countries. The emergence of new technologies such as cognitive radio and geo-location databases enables licensed or unlicensed shared use of spectrum. These approaches aim at maximising spectrum efficiency by allowing a third party to use underutilised spectrum resources. An example of the success of unlicensed spectrum is that of Wi-Fi networks. The report also covers incentive auctions, an innovative approach to transfer spectrum resources from less to more valuable uses through market mechanisms.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz44fnq066c-en
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  • 84
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    Consumer policy guidance on mobile and online payments (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 236
    Keywords: Elektronisches Geld ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD Committee on Consumer Policy has issued this policy guidance to boost consumer protection when using mobile and on-line payment systems and to identify ways in which policy makers and businesses can work together to strengthen consumer protection while spurring innovation in the marketplace. The guidance addresses a number of key issues in the emerging mobile and online payment area, including the need to establish minimum levels of consumer protection across payment mechanisms, enhanced privacy and child protection, and standards for transparent and accessible information disclosures
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz432cl1ns7-en
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  • 85
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    State-invested enterprises in the global marketplace : implications for a level playing field (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD corporate governance working papers 14
    Keywords: 1998 - 2012 ; Luftverkehr ; Elektrizitätsversorgung ; Bergbau ; Erdölindustrie ; Telekommunikationsdienst ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Industry and Services ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: State-owned and other state-invested enterprises (SIEs) have become more prominent in the global economy over the last decade. A growing role for state-invested enterprises in the marketplace is not in itself onerous. According to an OECD consensus, as expressed through the Organisation’s legal instruments, SOEs can be operated according to similarly high standards of governance, transparency and efficiency as private companies, in which case the ownership issue is moot. However, only some of the world’s most advanced economies, following decades of reform of their SOE sectors, have approached this point. Moreover, when SOEs operate across borders the challenges may multiply. With this background, this paper compares the difference between SIEs and non- SIEs in five sectors: air transportation, electricity, mining, oil & gas and telecommunication. The empirical analysis indicates that, in addition to any financing advantages, large state-invested enterprises also seem to benefit from an unusually favourable position in their home markets. A comparative analysis further shows that, in the course of the last ten years, SIEs have generally enjoyed higher rates of return than comparable private companies. The paper concludes that the growing role of state-invested enterprises in the international marketplace does not yet present a serious macroeconomic challenge. However, since it is likely to keep growing for some time, challenges need to be addressed relatively soon. This makes for a strong case for enhanced policy coordination and information sharing. If legally binding instruments cannot be developed in the near to medium-term to ensure competitive neutrality, consultation mechanisms could be established through which the main players in international trade and investment can exchange views on matters of common concern related to the state in the marketplace. The ultimate purpose would be ensuring that the international trade and investment environment remains open, non-discriminatory and offering a level playing field.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0xvfvl6nw-en
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  • 86
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    Skills at work : how skills and their use matter in the labour market (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 158
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Fachkräfte ; Bildungsabschluss ; Qualifikation ; Anforderungsprofil ; Lohnstruktur ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Human capital is key for economic growth. Not only is it linked to aggregate economic performance but also to each individual’s labour market outcomes. However, a skilled population is not enough to achieve high and inclusive growth, as skills need to be put into productive use at work. Thanks to the availability of measures of both the proficiency and the use of numerous types of skills, the Survey of Adult Skills offers a unique opportunity to advance knowledge in this area and this paper presents and discusses evidence on both these dimensions with a particular focus on their implications for labour market policy. This paper explores the role played in the labour market by skill proficiency in the areas of literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments. It also shows how skills use, not only proficiency, affects a number of key labour market phenomena, such as the gender wage gap. Finally, the paper combines information on skill proficiency, educational attainment, skill use and qualification requirements to construct indicators of qualification and skills mismatch and to explore their causes and consequences.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz44fdfjm7j-en
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  • 87
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    Economic implications of the IEA efficient world scenario (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 64
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Energieeinsparung ; Makroökonometrie ; CGE-Modell ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In its 2012 edition of the World Energy Outlook, the International Energy Agency (IEA) produced an Efficient World Scenario (IEA, 2012) to assess how implementing only economically viable energy efficiency measures would affect energy markets, investment and greenhouse emissions (GHG). The IEA analysis found that in order to halve global primary energy demand over 2010-2035, additional investments of USD 11.8 trillion in more efficient end-use technologies would be necessary. Using the OECD ENV-Linkages macro-economic model, this report simulates the economic and environmental impacts which the IEA Efficient World Scenario implies...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qcn29lbw-en
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  • 88
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    Exploring potential data sources for estimating private climate finance (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 69
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Private Investition ; Schätzung ; Datenerhebung ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper reviews a number of commercial and public data sources to examine their potential for increasing coverage and understanding of the volume and characteristics of private climate finance beyond renewable energy projects. Such information is needed to assess progress towards the global transition to low-carbon, climate-resilient economies, as well towards the fulfilment of international commitments by developed countries under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The data sources investigated in this analysis are evaluated across four areas relating to their: (i) use of sectoral classification systems; (ii) coverage of private finance transactions and instruments; (iii) definitions and methods for categorising finance as private and identifying its geographic origin; and (iv) data access restrictions and methodological transparency. To provide a frame of reference, the paper distils corresponding definitions and methodologies used by key known data sources for tracking climatespecific finance as well as investments and finance more broadly...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz15qwz4hs1-en
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  • 89
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    Does regional economic growth depend on proximity to urban centres? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/07
    Keywords: 1995 - 2010 ; Bevölkerungsdichte ; Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Regionales Wachstum ; Europa ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the spatial patterns of regional economic growth in Europe over the 1995 to 2010 period. It finds that regions, which contain large urban agglomerations, have been growing significantly faster than those that do not. Furthermore, proximity to large urban agglomerations has been positively correlated to economic growth. Halving travel time to a large urban agglomeration is associated with a 0.2 to 0.4 percentage points increase in annual per capita growth. More generally, the study also shows that measures of population density are positively correlated to growth. Among the different measures, by far the best predictor of growth between 1995 and 2010 is the maximum population density of a region.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0t7fxh7wc-en
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  • 90
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    Investment treaty law, sustainable development and responsible business conduct : a fact finding survey (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment 2014/01
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment
    Keywords: bribery ; investor state arbitration ; investment treaties ; environmental law ; labour law ; ISDS ; corruption ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Investment treaty law – which is scattered over 3 000 international investment agreements adopted over a period of 50 years – is a crucial but complex basis for regulating international investment flows. Investment treaties are often thought to be silent on investors’ responsibilities to host societies and on their contributions to sustainable development. The present paper establishes a factual and statistical basis for understanding the relationship between investment treaty law and governments’ ability to advance the sustainable development agenda and promote responsible business conduct. The paper presents survey results of 2 107 investment treaties and 1 113 treaty-based arbitration cases in order to shed light on how (if at all) labour, environmental, human rights and anti-corruption considerations are referred to in investment treaties and investor-state arbitration cases based on them.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0xvgx1zlt-en
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  • 91
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    Measuring income inequality and poverty at the regional level in OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2014/03
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Messung ; Regionalwissenschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The extent to which income inequality and poverty vary within countries across different regions is very relevant for policy decisions and monitoring. However, sub-national measures are scarce, given the complexity of producing indicators at the regional level from the available data and the methodological issues related to cross-countries comparability. This paper presents a set of indicators of income inequality and poverty across and within regions for 28 OECD countries. These indicators were produced through a new household-level data collection based on internationally harmonized income definitions undertaken as part of the OECD project on “Measuring regional and local well-being for policymaking”. The data were collected at the OECD TL2 territorial level, corresponding to NUTS2 regions in Europe and to large administrative subdivisions (e.g. States in Mexico and Unites States) for non-European countries. These estimates confirm that there are significant variations in levels of income inequality within countries, and that regional breakdowns are useful for understanding sources and patterns of income disparities and poverty. For most of the countries relying on survey data for measuring income distribution, standard cross-sectional indicators of income inequality and relative poverty at this regional level are estimated with low precision in the smallest regions due to small samples. This has two main implications for data producers and analysts. First, systematic reporting of confidence intervals is needed to make meaningful comparisons of inequality levels across regions and with respect to the national averages. Second, averaged measures for multiple years or small area estimation methods should be considered as means for obtaining more robust measures. The issues related to the estimation of standard errors for three-year averages in rotational panel surveys and to the definition of the computational sampling structure for sub-national estimates are discussed in the paper.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en
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  • 92
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    The demand for skills 1995 - 2008 : a global supply chain perspective (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1141
    Keywords: 1995-2008 ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Fachkräfte ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Außenhandel ; Lieferkette ; Input-Output-Analyse ; Welt ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: We propose a new method to analyse the changing skills structure of employment in countries based on the input-output structure of the world economy. Demand for jobs, characterized by skill type and industry of employment, is driven by changes in technology, trade and consumption. Using structural decomposition analysis, we study the relative importance of these drivers for the period 1995-2008. In doing so, we derive a new measure of technological change in vertically integrated production chains and show that it has been skill-biased. We find that skill-biased technological change has played the most important role in the different employment growth rates of high-skilled, medium-skilled and low-skilled labour in advanced countries. For emerging countries, the patterns of employment growth are very heterogeneous.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123g0f5lp-en
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  • 93
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    Improving well-being in the United States (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1146
    Keywords: Lohnniveau ; Lohnstruktur ; Bildung ; Zeitverwendung ; Arbeitsangebot ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Lebensqualität ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Life is quite good in the United States compared to other OECD countries, thanks to strong economic growth and technological progress having lifted average income to high levels. Nonetheless, there is evidence that the benefits from growth have not been sufficiently broad based. Self-reported happiness increases with income, an issue particularly resonant in a country with among the highest levels of income inequality in the OECD and a pattern of inequality that appears to be moving toward even more concentration at the very top at the expense of the middle class and the poor. Working hours that remain among the longest in the OECD are also creating challenges for work-life balances, child education, personal care and leisure. These pressures are contributing to higher job strain and work-related stress with unhealthy consequences, including for mental health, and a detrimental impact on employability and medical costs. While these trends cannot be easily reversed, a number of policy options are being usefully rolled out and other initiatives are being considered: federal-level policies improving access to health care and early-childhood education, state-level initiatives favouring workplace flexibility, firm-level investments in job quality and greater attention to the health consequences of job-stress. If successfully adopted, they would go a long way toward improving the well-being of American working families. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zbc80tvl-en
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  • 94
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    Workplace stress in the United States : issues and policies (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1150
    Keywords: Stress ; Gesundheit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite relative affluence, workplace stress is a prominent feature of the US labour market. To the extent that job stress causes poor health outcomes – either directly through increased blood pressure, fatigue, muscle pain, etc. or indirectly through increased rates of cigarette smoking – policy to lessen job stress may be appropriate. Focusing predominantly on the United States, this report reviews the literature on a variety of economic concerns related to job stress and health. Areas in which economists may provide valuable insights regarding job stress include empirical selection concerns in identifying the effect of stress on health; measurement error with respect to stress; the existence and magnitude of compensating differentials for stress; and the unique “job lock” effect in the United States created by a system of employer-provided health insurance. This report concludes with a brief discussion of US policies related to job stress. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States ).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zb5t4532-en
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  • 95
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    Estimating shadow prices of pollution in selected OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2014, 02
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Now that pollution is reaching worrisome levels in some countries and at the global level, there is a growing consensus that it needs to be explicitly considered as a by-product of the production process and incorporated in economic decisions. But this is not easy in the absence of markets and observable prices. Shadow prices of pollution, the opportunity cost of abating pollution in the form of reduced output, have to be estimated using specific techniques and serve several purposes. It’s a signal firms have to take into consideration when they decide upon their investment decisions. Shadow prices can also inform policymakers when they set policies. They can be used to assess policy ex ante by comparing the marginal benefits of environment policies with the cost they involve for private firms. These prices can be seen as benchmark for allowance price in emission market-based schemes or can be useful in designing optimal environmental tax schemes. The indicator can also be used ex post and can be considered as a policy indicator of pollution regulation and compliance to these regulations. More generally such prices are used each time there is a need to value pollution...
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvd5rnjnxs-en
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  • 96
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    Intelligent demand : policy rationale, design and potential benefits (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 13
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policy interest in demand-side initiatives has grown in recent years. This may reflect an expectation that demand-side policy could be particularly effective in steering innovation to meet societal needs. In addition, owing to constrained public finances in most OECD countries, the possibility that demand-side policies might be less expensive than direct support measures is attractive. Interest may also reflect some degree of disappointment with the outcomes of traditional supply-side measures. This paper reviews demand-side innovation policies, their rationales and importance across countries, different approaches to their design, the challenges entailed in their implementation and evaluation, and good practices. Three main forms of demand-side policy are considered: innovation-oriented public procurement, innovation-oriented regulations, and standards. Emphasis is placed on innovation-oriented public procurement.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz8p4rk3944-en
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  • 97
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    Evaluation of industrial policy : methodological issues and policy lessons (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 86 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 16
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Industrial policy, broadly defined, covers a multitude of policy instruments and approaches. While there has been a recent revival of interest in industrial policy around the world, systematic evidence of efficacy is relatively scarce. This report brings together the work of an OECD expert group that has considered recent evidence from the evaluation of industrial policy. The report focuses on three specific policy areas, namely: support for R&D; capital market interventions (with a focus on risk capital); and public procurement for innovation. The report also examines three areas where packages of industrial policy measures are generally applied: sector approaches including public-private partnerships; policies towards clusters and business networks; and national industrial strategies. In many areas of industrial policy, evaluation faces particular methodological challenges. These challenges are outlined in the report, which concludes by drawing together the main policy lessons from the available evaluation evidence.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz181jh0j5k-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pricing and competition in specialist medical services : an overview for South Africa (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 70
    Keywords: Gesundheitskosten ; Ärzte ; Preismanagement ; Krankenhaus ; Privatwirtschaft ; Wettbewerbspolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Südafrika ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; South Africa ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Major disparities in the cost of health care have made the pricing of specialist and hospital services a contentious issue in South Africa, particularly in the private sector. To help inform policy debate, this paper profiles selected experiences on the pricing of health services, competition policy and models of buying specialist health care services from the private sector across the OECD. Firstly, South Africa is compared to OECD countries to identify countries where voluntary private health insurance – the major source of financing for private hospitals – plays a similar role. Second, this paper provides an overview of price setting across OECD health care systems. It then covers the economic rationale and the institutional arrangements which OECD countries have established to set prices, before moving to an overview of competition policy considerations surrounding these arrangements. Finally, the paper highlights a few models of buying services from the private sector for public patients, with a particular focus on Mexico and Turkey. It is argued that South Africa should separate the task of establishing a schedule of medical services from negotiations over overall payments to medical professionals.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2lpxcrhd5-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enabling environment for agricultural growth and competitiveness : evaluation, indicators and indices (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries working papers 67
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.67
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Landwirtschaft ; Produktivität ; Unternehmenserfolg ; Indexberechnung ; Klassifikation ; Agrarökonomik ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The key contribution of this report lies in developing a typology to structure the components of the enabling environment for agricultural growth and competitiveness, and in constructing an illustrative Agricultural Growth Enabling Index (AGEI) to summarise a wide array of available information in a coherent manner. The construction of the preliminary AGEI is based on four blocks with 40% of the weight on agriculture/rural factors and 20% each on broader economy-wide governance, capital availability and market operation. The AGEI can be used to provide across-country comparisons or single-country evaluations using the index itself or its components. It allows the decomposition within each main block to show the relative strength and weaknesses of each country across various sub-indices. It has been applied here to a selected set of twenty emerging and developing countries. The preliminary results demonstrate that the AGEI brings together information relevant to the enabling environment for agricultural growth and competitiveness, and which is largely consistent with more in-depth studies of the selected countries. While constrained in some respects, the AGEI appears to be the first index completed with this objective. Further expansion and refinement of the included set of indicators to better reflect key determinants of agriculture’s enabling environment would help provide an important input into better policy decisions.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz48305h4vd-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global trade and specialisation patterns over the next 50 years (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 10
    Keywords: Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; International ; Economics ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents descriptive evidence of specialisation trends and investigates empirically their causes and consequences, analysing the role of policies in this process. Then, based on the insights from the backward looking analysis, it draws global trade and specialisation scenarios up to 2060, taking into account international spillovers. The report highlights that comparative advantage in terms of factor endowments matters for trade specialisation, although framework and trade policies also play a role. For instance, tariffs on intermediate inputs are found to adversely affect trade with this adverse effect found to have increased over time, likely reflecting expanding global supply chains magnifying the impact of tariffs. The forward-looking analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions, reflecting faster growth in these countries. Multilateral global trade liberalisation could raise world trade by 15% by 2060 relative to the status quo, whereas regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries only would raise world trade by 4% due to trade diversion.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz18gpwfxq4-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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