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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (66 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Medvedev, Denis Beyond Trade
    Keywords: Barriers ; Common Market ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investment ; Free Trade ; Harmonization ; Income ; Intellectual Property ; Interest ; International Capital ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Barriers ; Common Market ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investment ; Free Trade ; Harmonization ; Income ; Intellectual Property ; Interest ; International Capital ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Barriers ; Common Market ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investment ; Free Trade ; Harmonization ; Income ; Intellectual Property ; Interest ; International Capital ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: The author investigates the effects of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on the net foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows of member countries using a comprehensive database of PTAs in a panel setting. He finds that PTA membership is associated with a positive change in net FDI inflows, and the FDI gains are increasing in the market size of the PTA partners and their proximity to the host country. The author identifies several different channels through which preferential trade liberalization may affect FDI, and confirms that both threshold effects (signing the agreement) and market size effects (joining a larger and faster-growing common market) are important determinants of net FDI inflows, although the latter seem to dominate. The estimated relationship is largely driven by North-South PTAs, and is most pronounced in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the period when the majority of "deep integration" PTAs had been advanced
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (90 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Medvedev, Denis Preferential Trade Agreements And Their Role In World Trade
    Keywords: Bilateral Trade ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Area ; Global Trade ; Gravity Equation ; Gravity Estimates ; Gravity Framework ; Gravity Model ; Gravity Models ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Services ; Bilateral Trade ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Area ; Global Trade ; Gravity Equation ; Gravity Estimates ; Gravity Framework ; Gravity Model ; Gravity Models ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Services ; Bilateral Trade ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Area ; Global Trade ; Gravity Equation ; Gravity Estimates ; Gravity Framework ; Gravity Model ; Gravity Models ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Services
    Abstract: The author investigates the effects of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on bilateral trade flows using a comprehensive database of PTAs in force and a detailed matrix of world trade. He shows that total trade between PTA partners is a poor proxy for preferential trade (trade in tariff lines where preferences are likely to matter): while the former amounted to one-third of global trade in 2000-02, the latter was between one-sixth and one-tenth of world trade. His gravity model estimates indicate that using total rather than preferential trade to assess the impact of PTAs leads to a significant downward bias in the PTA coefficient. The author finds that product exclusions and long phase-in periods significantly limit preferential trade, and their removal could more than double trade in tariff lines above 3 percent of most-favored-nation (MFN) duties. He also shows that the effects of PTAs on trade vary by type of agreement and are increasing in the incomes of PTA partners
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Medvedev, Denis Preferential Liberalization And Its Economy-Wide Effects In Honduras
    Keywords: Bilateral trade ; Comparative advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Open economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Safety nets ; Trade liberalization ; Trade policy ; Bilateral trade ; Comparative advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Open economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Safety nets ; Trade liberalization ; Trade policy ; Bilateral trade ; Comparative advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Open economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Safety nets ; Trade liberalization ; Trade policy
    Abstract: This paper quantifies the likely benefits of trade and investment liberalization in a small, poor, open economy, using the accession of Honduras to the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement as a case study. The results show that bilateral trade liberalization with the United States is likely to have almost no effect on welfare in Honduras, while the reciprocal removal of protection vis-a-vis the rest of Central America would lead to significantly larger gains. Potential gains from increased net foreign direct investment inflows overwhelm those expected from trade reform alone, particularly if the new foreign direct investment generates productivity spillovers. However, if it is to replace Honduran investment rather than complement domestic capital formation, growth performance is unlikely to improve and may even suffer. The paper's results identify several areas for policy attention by Honduran policy makers to make the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement more development-friendly. These include carefully considering the budgetary implications of trade reform, widening social safety nets to counter the trends toward increasing income inequality, and sequencing the reforms to ensure a close alignment of Honduras' comparative advantage on the regional and global markets
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Medvedev, Denis Informality and Profitability
    Abstract: This paper estimates the impact of informality on firm profits using a new firm-level survey designed specifically for this study. The survey was administered to about 1,200 firms with 50 employees or less in Ecuador's two largest cities, Quito and Guayaquil, plus two main centers of economic activity near the northern and southern borders. The paper's results confirm that the extent of firms' compliance with a set of regulatory requirements is linked to the perceived costs and benefits of informality, such as the probability of detection by the authorities and the likelihood of being fined. Nonetheless, taking into account the non-random placement of firms along the formality-informality spectrum and controlling for a large set of firm, owner, and location characteristics, the paper finds that more formal firms tend to be more profitable and have higher output per worker. This impact operates, inter alia, through more formal firms' ability to obtain improved access to credit and achieve higher sales by issuing receipts to clients
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4887
    Parallel Title: De Hoyos, Rafael E Poverty effects of higher food prices
    Keywords: Food prices ; Poverty ; Food prices ; Poverty
    Abstract: "The spike in food prices between 2005 and the first half of 2008 has highlighted the vulnerabilities of poor consumers to higher prices of agricultural goods and generated calls for massive policy action. This paper provides a formal assessment of the direct and indirect impacts of higher prices on global poverty using a representative sample of 63 to 93 percent of the population of the developing world. To assess the direct effects, the paper uses domestic food consumer price data between January 2005 and December 2007--when the relative price of food rose by an average of 5.6 percent --to find that the implied increase in the extreme poverty headcount at the global level is 1.7 percentage points, with significant regional variation. To take the second-order effects into account, the paper links household survey data with a global general equilibrium model, finding that a 5.5 percent increase in agricultural prices (due to rising demand for first-generation biofuels) could raise global poverty in 2010 by 0.6 percentage points at the extreme poverty line and 0.9 percentage points at the moderate poverty line. Poverty increases at the regional level vary substantially, with nearly all of the increase in extreme poverty occurring in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Avalos, Edgar Firms' Digitalization during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tale of Two Stories
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Digital Adoption in Developing Countries ; Digital Divide ; Digitalization ; Firm-Level Innovation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovation ; Innovation and Technology Policy ; Mobiity Restrictions and Digitalization ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the digital transformation of businesses. Using a unique global panel dataset, this paper documents the patterns of digital adoption during the pandemic across firms in 57 (mostly developing) countries. The data show the tale of two stories. On one hand, the pandemic drove firms to increase the use of digital platforms and invest in digital solutions. On the other hand, there is evidence that the digital divide increased. There remain substantial gaps between small and large firms as well as across sectors, particularly for new investments in digital solutions. Firms that did not use any digital platform or channel before the pandemic, also lagged in their response to the pandemic, increasing the gap with those that were more digitally ready. Moreover, although the share of online sales across firms for all size groups increased, there is a growing concentration of online sales among top firms. The paper discusses some of the factors associated with this increase in the digital divide and find that changes in digitalization remain even after mobility restrictions have eased. The analysis suggests that the pandemic has accelerated digitalization, but some firms disproportionately benefited from the digital transformation, potentially increasing the digital divide
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9781464809743
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (178 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: South Asia Development Matters
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Exports ; Labor ; Apparel ; Agribusiness ; Productivity
    Abstract: South Asia has a huge need to create more and better jobs for a growing population especially in the manufacturing industries where it is underperforming as compared to East Asia. The report examines three critical and relatively understudied drivers of competitiveness: -Economies of agglomeration: firms and workers accrue benefits from locating close together in cities or clusters through urbanization and localization. -Participation in global value chains: stronger competitive pressures weed out least productive firms while others improve by gaining access to new knowledge and better inputs. -Firm capabilities: in order to operate close to what would be considered optimum efficiency levels given the prevailing factor prices and thus employ South Asia's abundant labor. The report shows that South Asia has great untapped competitiveness potential. Realizing this potential would require the governments in the region to pursue second generation trade policy reforms for firms to better contribute to and benefit from global value chains (e.g. facilitating imports for exporters), to facilitate the development of industrial clusters in secondary cities (cheaper and less congested than the metros) as well as to deploy policies to improve the capabilities of firms
    Note: Description based on print version record
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bogetic, Zeljko Achieving Accelerated And Shared Growth In Ghana
    Keywords: Development Economics ; Development Goals ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy packages ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Rapid growth ; Unskilled labor ; Development Economics ; Development Goals ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy packages ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Rapid growth ; Unskilled labor ; Development Economics ; Development Goals ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy packages ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Rapid growth ; Unskilled labor
    Abstract: This paper relies on the recently developed Maquette for Millennium Development Goals Simulations (MAMS) model to assess the consistency of alternative scaling-up and policy packages for growth and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in Ghana. In the baseline scenario, Ghana's strong near and medium-term growth outlook puts it in a good position to achieve the poverty Millennium Development Goal ahead of schedule, but other goals are likely to remain elusive before 2015. In the accelerated growth scenario-which addresses the major gaps in water and sanitation and other infrastructure-even more rapid growth and poverty reduction are possible, but important targets in the areas of education, health, and environment remain unattainable. Although growth is complementary to achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, the authors also find important growth-human development trade-offs in the near term. The estimates show that the resource requirements for achieving the key Millennium Development Goals by 2015 are large, reaching US
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bussolo, Maurizio Global Growth And Distribution
    Keywords: Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; General Equilibrium Model ; Growth Rates ; High Growth ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle Class ; Policy Research ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; General Equilibrium Model ; Growth Rates ; High Growth ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle Class ; Policy Research ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; General Equilibrium Model ; Growth Rates ; High Growth ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle Class ; Policy Research ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Over the past 20 years, aggregate measures of global inequality have changed little even if significant structural changes have been observed. High growth rates of China and India lifted millions out of poverty, while the stagnation in many African countries caused them to fall behind. Using the World Bank's LINKAGE global general equilibrium model and the newly developed Global Income Distribution Dynamics (GIDD) tool, this paper assesses the distribution and poverty effects of a scenario where these trends continue in the future. Even by anticipating a deceleration, growth in China and India is a key force behind the expected convergence of per-capita incomes at the global level. Millions of Chinese and Indian consumers will enter into a rapidly emerging global middle class-a group of people who can afford, and demand access to, the standards of living previously reserved mainly for the residents of developed countries. Notwithstanding these positive developments, fast growth is often characterized by high urbanization and growing demand for skills, both of which result in widening of income distribution within countries. These opposing distributional effects highlight the importance of analyzing global disparities by taking into account - as the GIDD does - income dynamics between and within countries
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4733
    Parallel Title: Bussolo, Maurizio Is the developing world catching up?
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Developing countries Economic conditions ; Developing countries Economic conditions
    Abstract: "The present study uses the GIDD, a CGE-microsimulation model for Global Income Distribution Dynamics, to understand the ex-ante dynamics of global income distribution. Three main robust results emerge. First, under a set of realistic assumptions, there will be a reduction in global income inequality by 2030. This potential reduction can be fully accounted for by the projected convergence in average incomes across countries, with poor and populous countries growing faster than the rest of the world. Second, this convergence process will be accompanied by a widening of income distribution in two-thirds of the developing countries; the main cause being increasing skill premia. Third, a trend that may counter-balance the potential anti-globalization sentiment is the emergence of a global middle class: a group of consumers who demand access to, and have the means to purchase, international goods and services. The results show that the share of these consumers in the global population is likely to more than double in the next 20 years. These ex-ante trends in global income distribution suggest that the mid-1990s could be seen as a turning point after which global inequality began showing a negative tendency. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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