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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade effects of exchange rates and their volatility : Chile and New Zealand (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 136
    Keywords: Internationale Wirtschaft ; Wechselkurs ; Volatilität ; Handelseffekt ; Chile ; Neuseeland ; Trade ; Chile ; New Zealand ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Trade deficits and surpluses are sometimes attributed to intentionally low or high exchange rate levels. The impact of exchange rate levels on trade has been much debated but the large body of existing empirical literature does not suggest an unequivocally clear picture of the trade impacts of changes in exchange rates. In addition, much of the evidence on this subject considers currencies of large economies, and overwhelmingly the United States.This study examines the impact of exchange rates and their volatility on trade flows in two small, open economies – Chile and New Zealand – with three major trading partners, in two broadly defined sectors – agriculture on the one hand and manufacturing and mining on the other. It finds that exchange volatility impacts trade flows in the small, open economies more than was found for larger economies. Findings do not clearly indicate the direction of the impact, i.e. whether this volatility increases or decreases trade in all countries and sectors. Exchange rate levels, on the other hand, affect trade in both agriculture and manufacturing and mining sectors although their magnitude differs depending on the trading partner and sector. Moreover, this study indicates that a depreciation in the exchange rates in Chile and New Zealand would not lead to a strong change in their trade balances with three main trading partners across the board.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9cvpldq533-en
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Multilateralising regionalism : disciplines on export restrictions in regional trade agreements (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 139
    Keywords: Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Handelsabkommen ; Exportbeschränkung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The proliferation of preferential trade agreements has posed challenges for the multilateral trading system. But regional trade agreements (RTAs) also allow countries to develop and strengthen trade disciplines beyond what is possible at the multilateral level. In some instances, RTAs explore policy areas that are the subject of few disciplines at the multilateral level. They may provide lessons and suggest good practices that could be used to inform discussions in a wider setting. One such policy area is export restrictions and taxes. Export restrictions and duties have not been given the same degree of attention in multilateral trade agreements and negotiations as the elimination of import tariffs and quantitative restrictions. The WTO provides a general prohibition on quantitative export restrictions but the broad and, at times, ambiguous exceptions somewhat vitiate the ban. Moreover, export taxes are not explicitly forbidden in the WTO. This study suggests that there are a number of ways by which WTO disciplines could benefit from the approaches found in some RTAs in the area of export restrictions.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k962hf7hfnr-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Economics of export restrictions as applied to industrial raw materials (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 155
    Keywords: Exportbeschränkung ; Exportsteuer ; Ausfuhrverbot ; Cournot-Wettbewerb ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Bergbau ; Rohstoff ; Internationale Handelspolitik ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Governments intervene in non-renewable natural resources sectors more than in many others, including through the use of export taxes and quotas. Industrial raw materials sectors are characterized by a number of specificities: production is often geographically concentrated, firms are often large with substantial market power, production processes are highly capital intensive, products are relatively homogeneous and potentially substantial differences in costs of production are prevalent. This paper aims to increase understanding of the economic effects of export restrictions, in particular as they apply to the mining sector. It ascertains the prevalence of export restrictions on metals and minerals, proposes a Cournot-Nash model of export restrictions, suggests some of the economic effects due to the presence of export restrictions, and draws some implications for trade policy among producing and consuming countries of non-renewable natural resources.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k46j0r5xvhd-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    To What Extent Do Exchange Rates and their Volatility Affect Trade? (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.119
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg3slm7b8hg-en
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    To what extent do exchange rates and their volatility affect trade? (2011)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 119
    Keywords: Internationale Wirtschaft ; Wechselkurs ; Volatilität ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg3slm7b8hg-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Mineral resource trade in Chile : contribution to development and policy implications (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 145
    Keywords: Bergbau ; Regulierung ; Chile ; Trade ; Chile ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Mineral resources present a formidable source of wealth but a formidable challenge to regulate in order to maximize social welfare from their extraction. Some resource-rich countries, such as Chile, have been successful in developing their economies and managing their revenue streams effectively. Strong institutions and regulatory oversight have helped to capitalize on the benefits of the mining sector for economy-wide growth and development in Chile. This paper identifies some of the good practice areas in mining regulation in Chile whose economy has shown strong growth over most of the last two decades. Some of the areas touched on in this paper are the taxation of the minerals sector, management of the tax revenue, and policies designed to foster spillovers into other sectors of the economy and make the most of Chile’s comparative advantage as a long-time global leader in the copper industry. The paper concludes that there is much to be learned from the Chilean experience in regulating its mining sector and many areas where it could be well used as a model for other mineral rich economies wishing to develop their mining sectors to enhance economy-wide growth.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4bw6twpf24-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Export restrictions on raw materials : experience with alternative policies in Botswana (2014)
    [s.l.] : OECD iLibrary | Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 163
    Keywords: Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Schmuck ; Diamantensektor ; Staatsfonds ; Exportbeschränkung ; Zollunion ; Steuereinnahmen ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Botsuana ; Trade ; Botswana ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Botswana ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Exportbeschränkung ; Steuereinnahmen ; Staatsfonds ; Zollunion ; Botswana ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Diamantenindustrie ; Diamantenbergbau ; Schmuck
    Abstract: Demand for non-renewable natural resources is forecast to rise steadily over the coming decades. Underlying trends of long-term rising demand and falling supply of mineral resources will inevitably increase pressure on prices and intensify competition for scarce resources. This can create a substantial opportunity for development for minerals-rich countries. However, as suggested by the “resource curse” debate, broad-based economic development based on the extractive industries is far from assured. History suggests that not all countries, in particular many of those outside the OECD area, have benefitted economy-wide from their mineral resources: good governance and good policies are essential to benefit from their huge potential growth. Some countries have successfully regulated their mining sectors without resorting to highly distortive policies such as export restrictions. One such country is Botswana. This paper examines some of the policies in place in Botswana that have contributed to the governance and management of its substantial minerals sector. Lessons are drawn for minerals-rich countries keen to manage their raw materials sectors for increased economy-wide growth.
    Note: Gesehen am 23.03.2015 , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb6v86kz32-en
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Trade and gender : A Framework of analysis (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (87 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.246
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Closing gender gaps makes good economic sense. Advancing the aim of women’s economic empowerment will require policy action across a wide range of areas, including increasing their participation in international trade. Although trade policies are not de jure discriminatory, they impact women and men differently due to dissimilar initial conditions. Mapping the channels and interactions between trade and gender for women as workers, consumers, and business owners shows that: (i) trade impacts women workers differently to men in part because they are employed in different sectors — in OECD countries, more often in services; (ii) trade lowers prices for consumers, which particularly increases the purchasing power of more vulnerable groups, where women are disproportionately represented; and (iii) higher trade costs impede smaller businesses’ access to international markets more than large firms, which impacts women who tend to own and lead smaller businesses. A framework is proposed for analysing the impacts of trade and trade policies on women that policy makers can use in order to ensure that trade and trade policies in their country support women’s economic empowerment.
    DOI: 10.1787/6db59d80-en
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Trade Impacts of Selected Regional Trade Agreements in Agriculture (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.87
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Effets de certains accords commerciaux régionaux sur les échanges agricoles
    DOI: 10.1787/225010121752
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Local content policies in mineral-exporting countries (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 209
    Keywords: Beschaffung ; Herkunftsbezeichnung ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Lieferkette ; Technologietransfer ; Australien ; Kanada ; Finnland ; Brasilien ; Ghana ; Papua-Neuguinea ; Peru ; Südafrika ; Liberia ; Mosambik ; Trade ; Australia ; Brazil ; Canada ; Finland ; Ghana ; Liberia ; Mozambique ; Papua New Guinea ; Peru ; South Africa ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Resource abundance does not always bring sustained economic growth and development. Moreover, the mining sector generally provides little direct employment in the regions where extraction occurs. In an attempt to derive greater benefits from their resource endowments, and increase linkages with other parts of the economy, some minerals-rich countries have instituted local content and procurement policies (LCPs). The benefits sought include employment generation, supply chain development and technological and knowledge transfers. Measures that aim to increase local content and procurement in the extractive industries are common, including in many OECD countries. This study examines local content policies in 10 minerals-rich countries and provides some observations about their efficacy and the desirability of their use. A wide range of measures are examined, from industry-wide, mandatory quantitative targets to voluntary initiatives undertaken at the firm level, encompassing diverse policy objectives and implementation strategies. The range of countries covered is broad including OECD countries, developing countries and least developed countries. The study does not recommend a “one size fits all” policy mix but guards against the distortions created by overly prescriptive, mandatory local content requirements.
    DOI: 10.1787/4b9b2617-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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