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  • 1985-1989  (433)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (433)
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  • 101
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400911819
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (262p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 7
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Why There Still Has To Be a Language of Thought -- How Much of the Mind is a Computer? -- Computational Functional Psychology: Problems and Prospects -- Belief and Responsibility -- Mental Images: Should Cognitive Science Learn from Neurophysiology? -- How NOT to Naturalize the Theory of Action -- Notes Toward a Faculty Theory of Cognitive Consciousness -- Modularity, Schemas and Neurons: A Critique of Fodor -- Action Explanation and the Nature of Mind -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The institutionalization of History and Philosophy of Science as a distinct field of scholarly endeavour began comparatively early - though not always under that name - in the Australasian region. An initial lecturing appointment was made at the University of Melbourne imme­ diately after the Second World War, in 1946, and other appointments followed as the subject underwent an expansion during the 1950s and 1960s similar to that which took place in other parts of the world. Today there are major Departments at the University of Melbourne, the University of New South Wales and the University of Wollongong, and smaller groups active in many other parts of Australia and in New Zealand. "Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science" aims to provide a distinctive publication outlet for Australian and New Zealand scholars working in the general area of history, philosophy and social studies of science. Each volume comprises a group of essays on a connected theme, edited by an Australian or a New Zealander with special expertise in that particular area. Papers address general issues, however, rather than local ones; parochial topics are avoided. Further­ more, though in each volume a majority of the contributors is from Australia or New Zealand, contributions from elsewhere are by no means ruled out. Quite the reverse, in fact - they are actively encour­ aged wherever appropriate to the balance of the volume in question.
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  • 102
    ISBN: 9789401719391
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 332 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law.
    Abstract: One: Articles and Opinion -- The Process of Reform in the United Nations — A Case Study on Planning, Budgeting and Evaluation -- The United Nations Convention against Torture -- The Codification of Diplomatic Law by the International Law Commission -- Expanding Exports from Developing Countries -- Rejuvenating the Trading System -- The Structural Reform of the ILO: Rationale and Parameters -- Suspension of the Government Delegation of the Republic of South Africa at the Twenty-Fifth International Conference of the Red Cross -Different Perceptions of the Same Event -- Privileges and Immunities of Members of Permanent Missions in Geneva and of International Officials in Switzerland -- Geneva — A Major Financial Centre -- Open Diplomacy and the Publication of Treaties -- The Non-Governmental Approach to International Relief -- Two: Institutional Guide -- 1. The United Nations System -- 2. Other Intergovernmental Organizations -- 3. Organizations with Special Status -- 4. Nongovernmental Organizations -- 5. Research and Educational Institutions -- 6. Permanent Missions with the United Nations Office and with Specialized Agencies in Geneva -- 7. Multinational Companies -- Index of International Institutions.
    Abstract: Ludwik Dembinski Richard O'Regan Editor Chairman, Editorial Committee The present volume is a complete revision of International Geneva 1985 which was published on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the United Na­ tions and which was generally received as a useful and informative contribution to the essential reference works on Geneva. Geneva, although a relatively small city with no more than 350,000 inhabi­ tants, probably has a higher concentration of international organizations, both governmental and non-governmental, than any other location in the world. There is a hectic international life with an unceasing round of conferences, meetings and negotiations on virtually the entire spectrum of human activity and most fields of international co-operation. The aim of the present publication is to provide all those directly involved or interested in international activities and international organizations with an up­ to-date guide that can help them find their way through the labyrinth of interna­ tional institutions and issues.
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  • 103
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401569422
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 473 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 199
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: 0. Introduction -- 1. Basic Concepts -- 2. Deductive Bases and Interpretations -- 3. Logical Matrices -- 4. Tabular Semantics -- 5. Referential Semantics -- 6. Propositional vs. Predicate Logics -- References -- Index of subjects -- Index of names -- Index of symbols.
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  • 104
    ISBN: 9789401578110
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 428 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 197
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of mind
    Abstract: I / Conceptual and Categorical Theories of Analogical Understanding -- Categories and Analogies -- Some Constraints on Embodied Analogical Understanding -- Metaphorical Style as Message -- II / Computational and Cognitive Theories of Analogical Reasoning -- Analogy — From a Unified Perspective -- Dimensions of Analogy -- Analogical Transfer: Processes and Individual Differences -- Abstraction-Based Analogical Inference -- Viewing Metaphor as Analogy -- Combining Analogies in Mental Models -- Arguing by Analogy in Law: A Case-Based Model -- III / Logical and Probabilistic Theories of Analogical Reasoning -- Determination, Uniformity, and Relevance: Normative Criteria for Generalization and Reasoning by Analogy -- Analogy by Similarity -- Analogy and Similarity in Scientific Reasoning -- Inductive Analogy by Similarity and Proximity -- IV / Analogy and Information Processing: Perspectives of the Philosophy of Science -- Theories, Family Resemblances and Analogy -- Hypothesis Formation Using Part-Whole Interrelations -- Analogical Information Processing within Scientific Metaphors -- Analogies Hard and Soft -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In the last few years, there has been an enormous amount of activity in the study of analogy and metaphor. This is partly because of an interest of artificial intelligence researchers in simulating learning processes using analogy. It also arises from critical examinations of standard theories in the philosophy of language, with their inbuilt literal/meta­ phoric distinction. This volume consists of recent previously unpub­ lished work in this area, with a particular emphasis upon the role of analogies in reasoning and, more generally, their role in thought and language. The papers are contributed by philosophers, computer scientists, cognitive scientists and literary critics. Researchers in these fields whose focus is the study of analogy and metaphor will find much of interest in this volume. These essays can also serve as an introduction to some of the major approaches taken in the investigation of analogy. As noted, this volume brings together the work of researchers in several different disciplines. The various approaches taken with respect to the understanding of analogy tend to be rather different, however, the articles suggest a common conclusion. Analogy and metaphor pervade thought and language; their close investigation thus constitutes a valuable contribution to our understanding of persons. DAVID H. HELMAN Case Western Reserve University vii PART I CONCEPTUAL AND CATEGORICAL THEORIES OF ANALOGICAL UNDERSTANDING MARK TURNER CATEGORIES AND ANALOGIES I want to pursue the following claims: The way we categorize helps explain the way we recognize a statement as an analogy.
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  • 105
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401725583
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XX, 268 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I The Biological Underpinnings of Scents -- 1 Human odour culture: a zoological perspective -- 2 The molecular dimension in perfumery -- 3 The significance of odorous steroids in axillary odour -- II Developmental and Social Aspects of Fragrance -- 4 The acquisition of odour hedonics -- 5 Perfume as a tactic of impression management in social and organizational settings -- III Odour Perception and the Language of the Brain -- 6 Contingent negative variation (CNV) and the psychological effects of odour -- 7 Emotion and the brain -- IV Fragrance Therapies -- 8 Anxiety reduction using fragrances -- 9 Essential oils as psychotherapeutic agents -- V The Consumer and Perfume -- 10 The psychology of fragrance selection -- 11 Perfume, people, perceptions and products -- 12 Selling perfume: a technique or an art? -- 13 Fragrance education and the psychology of smell -- References -- Author Index.
    Abstract: THE SENSE OF SMELL The nose is normally mistakenly assumed to be the organ of smell reception. It is not. The primary function of the nose is to regulate the temperature and humidity of inspired air, thereby protecting the delicate linings of the lungs. This is achieved by the breathed air passing through narrow passageways formed by three nasal turbinates in each nostril. The turbinates are covered by spongy vascular cells which can expand or contract to open or close the nasal pathways. The olfactory receptors, innervated by the 1st cranial nerve, are located at the top of the nose. There are about 50 million smell receptors in the human olfactory epithelia, the total size of which, in humans, is about that of a small postage stamp, with half being at the top of the left and half at the top of the right nostril. The receptive surfaces of olfactory cells are ciliated and extend into a covering layer of mucus. There is a constant turnover of olfactory cells. Their average active life has been estimated to be about 28 days.
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  • 106
    ISBN: 9789400928756
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 195
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Systematic Analyses -- Do Experiments Depend on Theories or Theories on Experiments? -- On Experimental Questions -- II. The Roles of Experiment: Theory Generation and Theory Testing -- Reconstructing Science: Discovery and Experiment -- The Role of Experiment and Theory in the Development of Nuclear Physics in the Early 1930’s -- Empirical Support for the Corpuscular Theory in the Seventeenth Century -- Theory and Experiment in the Early Writings of Johan Baptist Van Helmont -- The Significance of Empirical Evidence for Developments in the Foundations of Decision Theory -- Testing Freudian Hypotheses -- Experiment, Theory Choice, and the Duhem-Quine Problem -- III. The Role of Theoretical Conceptions -- Physical Reality and Closed Theories in Werner Heisenberg’s Early Papers -- Experiment and Theory in Ptolemy’s Optics -- Newton’s and Goethe’s Colour Theories — Contradictory or Complementary Approaches? -- On the Structure of Physics as a Science -- Models and Interpretation in Human Sciences: Anthropology and the Theoretical Notion of Field -- On the Dynamics of Scientific Paradigms -- Breaking the Link between Methodology and Rationality. A plea for Rhetoric in Scientific Inquiry -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This is not "another collection of contributions on a traditional subject." Even more than we dared to expect during the preparatory stages, the papers in this volume prove that our thinking about science has taken a new turn and has reached a new stage. The progressive destruction of the received view has been a fascinating and healthy experience. At present, the period of destruction is over. A richer and more equilibrated analysis of a number of problems is possible and is being cru'ried out. In this sense, this book comes right on time. We owe a lot to the scholars of the Kuhnian period. They not only did away with obstacles, but in several respects instigated a shift in attention that changed history and philosophy of science in a irreversible way. A c1earcut example - we borrow it from the paper by Risto Hilpinen - concerns the study of science as a process, Rnd not only as a result. Moreover, they apparently reached several lasting results, e.g., concerning the tremendous impact of theoretical conceptions on empirical data. Apart from baffling people for several decades, this insight rules out an­ other return to simple-minded empiricism in the future.
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  • 107
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400926752
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements ; Assessment.
    Abstract: 1 Teacher Selection: A Problem of Admission Criteria, Certification Criteria, or Prediction of Job Performance? -- 2 Evaluation of Teacher Education Programs -- 3 The Professional Education Unit -- 4 An Outcomes-Based Teacher Preparation Program -- 5 Teacher Education Follow-up Evaluation: How To Do It -- 6 Pupil Achievement: The Weakest Link in the Evaluation Chain -- 7 Reflections on Conference Proceedings for the Center for Teacher Education Evaluation -- 8 Some Missing Links.
    Abstract: In an age that dictates accountability and verifiability of educational programs, institutions of higher education are called on to justify their programs. To meet these demands, there is a need for improved methods for the evaluation of teacher education programs. More importantly, there is a need for the development of methods and procedures to conduct continuous and on-going evaluation that can aid the process of program improvement. Many institutions have had difficulties in developing and implementing satisfactory systems for conducting needed evaluation. In recent years the standards for the approval of teacher education programs in all of the states were strengthened as were the standards for approval by the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE). These revised standards put even more emphasis on accountability and the need for both summative and formative evaluation in a teacher education program. Tennessee Technological University has long been recognized as an institution with an exemplary project in program evaluation. As a result, in 1986, the state of Tennessee established at Tennessee Technological University, a Center for Teacher Education Evaluation. The Center began work in July 1986, on the development of models and systems for conducting teacher education program evaluation. To most, teacher education program evaluation is simple and straightforward. Evaluation includes a set of options, a set of criteria, data collection and interpretation, x and then use in meeting accountability needs.
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  • 108
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400914315
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (410p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 102
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 102
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Hindu Systems of Thought as Epistemic Disciplines -- I. The Science of Philosophies -- II. The Mechanism of Organization -- III. The Structural Design -- IV. Para-Methodology -- V. Modality and Modalization -- VI. The Self-Developing Culture and Text -- VII. Six Epistemic Disciplines Unfolding Into One Another -- VIII. Modal Semiotics and the Categories of Philosophical Thinking -- IX. Six Entries into the World of Philosophical Reflections -- X. Summa Philosophiae -- II / The Birth of ‘Meaning’: A Systematic Genealogy of Indian Semantics -- I. Segregation of Meaning and Language -- II. The Rgveda in the Making: A Meaningful Activity Without ‘Meaning’ -- III. The Nirukta: A Knot of Semantic and Etymological Problems -- IV. P?nini: Separating and Interconnecting Language and Logic -- V. The Individual and the Universal in Language and Knowledge -- III / Dialectics in Kant and in the Ny?ya-S?tra: Toward the History of the Formation of Formal Logical Thinking -- IV / The Canonical Self in the World of Knowledge: A Note on Ny?ya Gnoseology -- V / Revelation in Advaita Ved?nta as an Experiment in the Semantic Destruction of Language -- I. Theoretical Basis of the Possibility of Coming to Know Brahman (Pary?ya) -- II. Intuitive Basis of the Possibility of Coming to Know Brahman (Prayojana) -- III. Pary?ya of the First Stage of Reflection from the Structure of the Text to the Nature of Brahman: The Theory of False Attribution and its Sublation (Transcendence) -- IV. Prayojana of the First Stage of Reflection: The Intuition of False Attribution and its Sublation (Transcendence) -- V. Pary?ya of the Second Stage of Reflection: The Theory of Brahman Shown in a Metaphoric Occurrence (Laksan?vritti) -- VI. Prayojana of the Second Stage of Reflection: Intuition of Brahman Shown by the Method of Metamorphic Definition -- VII. Language Inappropriateness Exposed and Brahman Demonstrated by the Netiv?da Method: The Theory of Intuition (Pary?ya) -- VIII. Prayojana of the Vedic Realization by the Netiv?da Method: The Intuition of a Theory -- VI / Is The Bodhisattva a Skeptic? On the Trichotomy of ‘Indicative’, ‘Recollective’, and ‘Collective’ Signs -- VII / Hindu Values and Buddhism: An Exemplary Discourse -- I. Methodological -- II. Theoretical -- II.1. The Mim?msa Normology -- VIII / Understanding Cultural Traditions Through Types of Thinking -- I. Level of Absolute Reality -- II. Level of Phenomenation -- III. Level of Absolute Irreality -- IX / The Family of Hindu ‘Visions’ as Cultural Entities -- Notes and References -- Bibliography: Selected Works of David Zilberman.
    Abstract: In his letter to B. K. Matilal, dated February 20, 1977, the author of this book wrote about his work on Advaita-Vedanta: " ... It was not to present Advaita in the light of current problems of the logic of scientific discovery and modern philosophy of language ... but just the contrary. I do not believe that any 'logic without metaphysics' or 'philosophy of language without thinking' is possible." This passage alone may serve as the clue to Zilberman's understanding and mode of explaining that specific and highly original approach to (not 'of'!) philosophy that he himself nicknamed modal. Four points would seem to me to be most essential here. First, a philosophy cannot have 'anything un-thinking' as its object of investigation. Language, to Zilberman, is not a phenomenon of con­ sciousness but a spontaneously working natural mechanism (like, for instance, 'mind' to some Buddhist philosophers). It may, of course, be­ come used for and by consciousness; consciousness may see itself, so to speak, in language, but only secondarily, only as in one of its modifica­ tions, derivations or modalities. That is why to Zilberman linguistic- as to Kant psychology - cannot and must not figure as the primary ground for any philosophical investigation.
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  • 109
    ISBN: 9789400929975
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 43
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 43
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Gerd Buchdahl: Biographical and Bibliographical -- Gerd Buchdahl: A Tribute -- Nature and Science in the Renaissance -- Galileo and the Jesuits -- Descartes and the Rosicrucian Enlightenment -- Descartes’ Conception of Inference -- The Demarcation between Metaphysics and Other Disciplines in the Thought of Leibniz -- Leibniz and Occasionalism -- Vico’s Heroic Metaphor -- Dynamics and Intelligibility: Bernoulli and MacLaurin -- Sensible and Intelligible Worlds in Leibniz and Kant -- Transcendental Reasoning and the Indeterminacy of the Human Point of View -- Buchdahl and Rorty on Kant and the History of Philosophy -- The Early Reception of Kant’s Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science -- The Enlightenment and the Chemical Revolution -- The Significance of Schelling’s “Epoch of a Wholly New Natural History”: An Essay on the Realization of Questions -- Notes on the Contributors.
    Abstract: The essays in this collection have been written for Gerd Buchdahl, by colleagues, students and friends, and are self-standing pieces of original research which have as their main concern the metaphysics and philosophy of science of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They focus on issues about the development of philosophical and scientific thought which are raised by or in the work of such as Bernoulli, Descartes, Galileo, Kant, Leibniz, Maclaurin, Priestly, Schelling, Vico. Apart from the initial bio-bibliographical piece and those by Robert Butts and Michael Power, they do not discuss Buchdahl or his ideas in any systematic, lengthy, or detailed way. But they are collected under a title which alludes to the book, Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Science: The Classical Origins, Descartes to Kant (1969), which is central in the corpus of his work, and deal with the period and some of the topics with which that book deals.
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  • 110
    ISBN: 9789400926790
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements
    Abstract: I The Service Study Years: 1929 to 1938 -- 1 Overview -- 2 Service Studies in Higher Education -- 3 Constructing Achievement Tests -- II Appraising and Recording Student Progress: The Eight-Year Study -- 1 Overview -- 2 Appraising and Recording Student Progress -- III Tyler’s Rationale for Curriculum Development -- 1 Overview -- 2 New Dimensions in Curriculum Development -- IV National Testing Programs -- 1 Overview -- 2 Appraisal of Educational Achievement Gained in the Armed Forces -- 3 The Objectives and Plans for a National Assessment of Educational Progress -- 4 National Assessment — Some Valuable By-Products for Schools -- V Tyler’s Recent Reflections on His Work -- 1 Overview -- 2 An Interview with Ralph Tyler -- 3 Appendix: Vitae of Ralph Winfred Tyler -- VI A Chronological Bibliography.
    Abstract: I personally learned to know Ralph Tyler rather late in his career when, in the 1960s, I spent a year as a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford. His term of office as Director of the Center was then approaching its end. This would seem to disqualify me thoroughly from preparing a Foreword to this "Classic Works. " Many of his colleagues and, not least, of his students at his dear Alma Mater, the University of Chicago, are certainly better prepared than I to put his role in American education in proper perspective. The reason for inviting me is, I assume, to bring out the influence that Tyler has had on the international educational scene. I am writing this Foreword on a personal note. Ralph Tyler's accomplishments in his roles as a scholar, policy maker, educational leader, and statesman have been amply put on record in this book, not least in the editors' Preface. My reflections are those of an observer from abroad but who, over the last 25 years, has been close enough to overcome the aloofness of the foreigner. Tyler has over many years been criss-crossing the North American con­ tinent generously giving advice to agencies at the federal, state, and local levels, lecturing, and serving on many committees and task forces that have been instrumental in shaping American education.
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  • 111
    ISBN: 9789400928398
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXV, 219 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Foreground -- I / Toward the Extended Phenomenology of The Soul: The Soul as the “Soil” of Life’s Forces and the Transmitter of Life’s Constructive Progress from the Primeval Logos of Life to Its Annihilation in the Anti-Logos of Man’s “Transnatural Telos” -- II / In Which the Principles of a New Phenomenological Explication of Spiritual Interiority, as Well as an Outline of its Philosophical Interpretation, are Proposed -- One The First Movement of The Soul: Radical Examination -- I / “Radical Examination” and the Current of Man’s Life -- II / The Second Movement of the Soul: Exalted Existence. The Discovery of the Finiteness of Life (Does the Soul Have Its Very Own Resources and Hidden Means for Passing beyond This Finitude ?) -- III / The Third Movement of the Soul: Toward Transcending -- Two Progress in the Life of the Soul as the Logos of Life Declines -- I / Inward “Communication” -- II / “Personal Truth” and the Essential Point of Communiscation -- Three The Secret Architecture of the Soul -- I / The Establishment of the “Inward Sacredness” of the Soul’s Quest -- II / The Dianoiac Thread of the Logos Running Through Our Polyphonic Exploration of the Pursuit of Destiny: Creative Self-Interpretation between the Self and the Other -- Notes -- Index of Names -- of Book 1.
    Abstract: PART I THE CRITIQUE OF REASON CONTINUED: FROM LOGOS TO ANTI-LOGOS 1. THE NEW CRITIQUE OF REASON A new critique of reason is the crucial task imposed on the philosophy of our times as we emerge more and more from so-called "modernism" into a historical phase which will have to take its own paths and find its own determination. It may be considered that the main developmental line of modern times in its philosophy as well as in its culture at large was traced by the Cartesian cogito. The unfolding of Occidental philos­ ophy has culminated in reason or intellect's being awarded the central place. This is its specific trait. We can see a direct line of progression from the cogito to Kant's Critique. It is no wonder that this work is the landmark of modern philosophy. Kant's Critique was concerned with the foundation of the sciences. Edmund-Husserllaunched a second major, renewed, critique of reason, one which addresses not only the critical situation of the sciences but extends the critique even to the situation of Occidental culture as its malaise is diagnosed by this great thinker. Edmund Husserl voiced, in fact, the conviction that Occidental humanity has reached in our age the peak of its unfolding. His identify­ ing this peak with the formulation of phenomenological philosophy strikes at the point in which the significant and novel developments of Occidental culture and philosophy (phenomenology, that is) coincide.
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  • 112
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400927193
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Celtic languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1. The Descriptive and Theoretical Goals -- 1.2. An Overview of Government Binding Theory -- 1.3. An Overview of the Major Results of This Study -- 2 Celtic Agreement, the Avoid Pronoun Principle, and Binding Theory -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Breton Agreement Markers Determined by the Avoid Pronoun Principle -- 2.3. Generalizing the Analysis of Breton Agreement to Welsh -- 2.4. Evidence from the Binding Theory: Breton and Welsh Have a Null AGR -- 2.5. AGR as a SUBJECT for the Binding Theory -- 3 Raising and Passivization in Breton: An Argument for Anaphoric Traces -- 3.1. The Theoretical Status of Anaphoric Traces -- 3.2. The Breton Raising to Subject Construction -- 3.3. Raising Structures Parallel Passive Structures -- 3.4. Breton Raising and Pseudopassive: Further Implications -- 3.5. Conclusion -- 4 PRO-INFL and Reduced Structures -- 4.1. Reduced Structures Have Missing INFLs -- 4.2. Some INFLs Missing in Welsh and English Are PRO-INFL -- 4.3. Corroborating Evidence for the PRO-INFL Analysis -- 4.4. Contraction and Reduced Structures -- 4.5. A Competing Analysis -- 4.6. Breton is Consistent with the PRO-INFL Analysis -- 5 Government and the Connection Between Relative Pronouns, Complementizers and Subjacency -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Relative Pronouns in English -- 5.3. Relative Pronouns Are Pronominal Anaphors -- 5.4. Welsh and Breton Lack Relative Pronouns -- 5.5. Competing Analyses and Other Arguments -- 5.6. Conclusion -- 6 The Interaction of Government Theory with Synthetic Agreement -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. The ECP Gives a Unified Treatment of Complementizers and Agreement in Welsh Movement Structures -- 6.3. Two Asymmetries in Breton and Welsh Extraction -- 6.4. Welsh and Breton Extraction from Negatives -- 6.5. Competing Analyses and Arguments -- 6.6. Subject-Object Asymmetries at LF and the ECP -- 6.7. Conclusion -- References -- Index of Languages -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This book is based in large part on fieldwork that I conducted in Brittany and Wales in 1983 and 1985. I am thankful for a Fulbright Award for Research in Western Europe and a Faculty Development Award from the University of North Carolina that funded that fieldwork. lowe a less tangible, but no less real, debt to Steve Anderson, G. M. Awbery, Steve Harlow and Jim McCloskey whose work initially sparked my interest, and led me to undertake this project. I want to thank Joe Emonds and Alec Marantz who read portions of Chapter 3 and 5. I am particularly grateful though to Kathleen Flanagan, Frank Heny and two anonymous referees who read a dyslexic and schizophrenic manuscript, providing me with criticisms that improved this final version considerably. The Welsh nationalist community in Aberstwyth and its Breton coun­ terpart in Quimper helped make the time I spent in Wales and Brittany productive. I am indebted to Thomas Davies, Partick Favreau, Lukian Kergoat, Sue Rhys, John Williams and Beatrice among others for sharing their knowledge of their languages with me. Catrin Davies and Martial Menard were especially patient and helpful. Without their assistance this work would have been infinitely poorer. I am hopeful that this book will help stimulate more interest in the Celtic languages and culture, and assist, even in a small way, those in Wales and Brittany who struggle to keep their language and culture strong.
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  • 113
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400926417
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (444p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 113
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 113
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Philology ; History
    Abstract: 1: The Methodological Question -- 1. The Case for a Reorientation in the History of Psychology -- 2. Counterproposition: Psychology as Discourse -- 2: The Paradigm of Conceptual Psychology -- 3. Kant and Herbart: the Initiation of Conceptual Psychology -- 4. Empiricism and Conceptual Psychology: Psychophysics and Philology -- 3: Case Studies -- 5. Dilthey and Descriptive Psychology -- 6. Phenomenology and Conceptual Psychology -- 7. Mach’s Psychology of Investigation and the Limits of Science -- 8. Freud: the Psychology of Psychoanalysis -- Afterword: Some Consequences of Conceptual Psychology -- Notes -- Index of Names.
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  • 114
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400927032
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Russian language ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Balto-Slavic linguistic unity.
    Abstract: 1. Overview of Case in Russian -- 1. Case in Russian -- 2. The Representation of Case -- 3. Assignment of Case -- 4. The Case of Adjectives -- 5. Agreement -- 6. Second Predicate Modifiers -- 2. Object Case Marking and The Genitive of Negation -- 1. Lexically Governed Alternation -- 2. Genitive of Negation -- 3. Distinct Mechanisms for Genitive Marking -- 4. Other Types of Negation -- 5. Scope, Interpretation, and Distribution of [+Q] -- 6. Accusative/Genitive Alternation and Polarity Sensitivity -- 7. The Feature [Q] and Semantics -- 8. Summary -- 3. Apparent Genitive Subjects Within the Scope of Negation -- 1. Demotion -- 2. Do Genitive Subjects Exist? -- 3. Formalization of the Rule of Demotion -- 4. Numeral Phrases and Quantifier Phrases -- 1. Numeral Phrases -- 2. Quantifier Phrases -- 3. Disagreement about Non-agreeing Phrases -- 4. One Million -- 5. Summary -- 5. Subject Case Marking and Case Agreement of Modifiers -- 1. Data -- 2. Adjuncts and Complements -- 3. Agreement and Control Relations -- 4. Comparison with Alternative Accounts -- 5. Conclusions -- 6. Consequences for a Theory of Case -- 1. Long-Distance Phenomena and Control Relations -- 2. Toward a Theory of Russian Case -- 3. LFG and the Theory of Case -- 4. Conclusions -- Appendix I: Abbreviations and Transliteration -- 1. List of Abbreviations for Sentence Glosses -- 2. Transliteration -- Appendix II: Declension Paradigms -- Appendix III: Lexical Functional Grammar -- 1. Organization -- 2. Phrase Structure Rules -- 3. Lexical Entries -- 4. Lexical Redundancy Rules -- 5. Functional Well-Formedness -- 6. Possible Rules -- 7. Theory of Control and Complementation -- 7.1. Complements vs. Adjuncts -- 7.2. Open Complements -- 7.3. Open Adjuncts -- 7.4. Closed Complements -- 7.5. Closed Adjuncts -- 7.6. The Constituency of Complements -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 115
    ISBN: 9789400913356
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 34
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Logic.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Prom linguistic form to situation schemata -- 2. Interpreting situation schemata -- 3. The logical point of view -- II. From Linguistic Form to Situation Schemata -- 1. Levels of linguistic form determining meaning -- 2. Motivation for the use of constraints -- 3. The modularization of the mapping from form to meaning -- 4. Situation schemata -- 5. The algorithm from linguistic form to situation schemata -- III. Interpreting Situation Schemata -- 1. The art of interpretation -- 2. The inductive definition of the meaning relation -- 3. A remark on the general format of situation schemata -- 4. Generalizing generalized quantifiers -- IV. A Logical Perspective -- 1. The mechanics of interpretation -- 2. A hierarchy of formal languages -- 3. Mathematical study of some formal languages -- 4. On the model theoretic interpretation of situation schemata -- V. Conclusions -- Appendices -- A. Prepositional Phrases in Situation Schemata -- by Erik Colban -- B. A Lyndon type interpretation theorem for many-sorted first-order logic -- C. Proof of the relative saturation lemma -- References.
    Abstract: This monograph grew out of research at Xerox PARC and the Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI) during the first year of CSLI's existence. The Center was created as a meeting place for people from many different research traditions and there was much interest in seeing how the various approaches could be joined in a common effort to understand the complexity of language and information. CSLI was thus an ideal environment for our group and our enterprise. Our original goal was to see how a well-developed linguistic the­ ory, such as lexical-functional grammar, could be joined with the ideas emerging from research in situation semantics in a manner which would measure up to the technical standards set by Montague grammar. The outcome was our notion of situation schemata and the extension of constraint-based grammar formalisms to deal with semantic as well as syntactic information. As our work progressed we widened our approach. We decided to also include a detailed study of the logic of situation theory, and to investigate how this logical theory is related to the relational theory of meaning developed in situation semantics.
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  • 116
    ISBN: 9789400927230
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (314p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 39
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 39
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Type-Shifting Rules and the Semantics of Interrogatives -- On the Semantic Content of the Notion of ‘Thematic Role’ -- Structured Meanings, Thematic Roles and Control -- On the Semantic Composition of English Generic Sentences -- Generically Speaking, or, Using Discourse Representation Theory to Interpret Generics -- Realism and Definiteness -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This collection of papers stems originally from a conference on Property Theory, Type Theory and Semantics held in Amherst on March 13-16 1986. The conference brought together logicians, philosophers, com­ puter scientists and linguists who had been working on these issues (of ten in isolation from one another). Our intent was to boost debate and exchange of ideas on these fundamental issues at a time of rapid change in semantics and cognitive science. The papers published in this work have evolved substantially since their original presentation at the conference. Given their scope, we thought it convenient to divide the work into two volumes. The first deals primarily with logical and philosophical foundations, the second with more empirical semantic issues. While there is a common set of issues tying the two volumes together, they are both self-contained and can be read independently of one another. Two of the papers in the present collection (van Benthem in volume 1 and Chierchia in volume II) were not actually read at the conference. They are nevertheless included here for their direct relevance to the topics of the volumes. Regrettably, some of the papers that were presented (Feferman, Klein, and Plotkin) could not be included in the present work due to timing problems. We nevertheless thank the authors for their contribu­ tion in terms of ideas and participation in the debate.
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  • 117
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400929036
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica, Publications and Monographs of the Institute of East-European Studies at the University of Fribourg / Switzerland and the Center for East Europe, Russia and Asia at Boston College and the Seminar for Political Theory and Philosophy at the University of Munich 52
    Series Statement: Sovietica 52
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: One The Human Context -- From ‘Individual’ to ‘Subject’: Marx and Dewey on the Person -- Science, Psychology, and Human Values in the Context of Dewey’s Critique of Marx -- Text, Context, and the Existential Limit: A Jamesian Strain in Marx and Dewey -- Two The Cultural/Political Context -- Politics, Culture and Society in Marx and Dewey -- Dewey’s Understanding of Marx and Marxism -- Philosophy and Politics: A Historical Approach to Marx and Dewey -- The Politics After Deconstruction: Rorty, Dewey, and Marx -- Three The Metaphysical Context -- Marx and Dewey on the Unity of Theory and Practice -- Naturalism, Dialectical Materialism, and an Ontology of Constitutive Relations.
    Abstract: "I should venture to assert that the most pervasive fallacy of philosophic thinking goes back to neglect of context. III John Dewey " . . . philosophers do not grow like mushrooms, out of the earth; they are the outgrowth of their period, their nation, whose most subtle, delicate and invisible juices abound in the philosophical ideas. ,,2 Karl Marx Few issues are more heatedly debated in contemporary philosophy circles than that of con textual ism vs. foundationalism. The genesis for the debate was the publication in 1979 of Richard Rorty's Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, which announ~ed the death of traditional philosophy. By "traditional" here is meant the quest for a certain or apodictic bedrock upon which an overall general theory or schema might be erected. This approach, for Rorty, characterized most previous philosophy, but especially the era from Descartes to Kant. Further, the three major philosophic thinkers of the 20th century, Dewey, Heidegger, and Wittgenstein, each initially tried to construct a foundational philosophy but each of the three, in his later work, broke free of the Kantian conception of philosophy as foundational, and spent his time warning us against those very temptations to which he himself had once succumbed. Thus their later work is therapeutic rather than constructive, edifying rather than systematic, designed to make the reader question his own motives for philosophizing rather than to 3 supply him with a new philosophical program.
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  • 118
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400928770
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 6
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Introduction: Some Issues Concerning Relativism and Realism in Science -- Does the Sociology of Science Discredit Science? -- It’s All in the Day’s Work: A Study of the Ethnomethodology of Science -- The Strong Sociology of Knowledge Without Relativism -- Evolutionary Epistemology and Relativism -- Are All Theories Equally Good? A Dialogue -- Realism and Descriptivism -- On a Dogma Concerning Realism and Incommensurability -- Realism in the Social Sciences: Social Kinds and Social Laws -- The Ultimate Argument for Scientific Realism -- Radical Pluralism — An Alternative to Realism, Anti-Realism and Relativism -- Notes on Contributors -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The institutionalization of History and Philosophy of Science as a distinct field of scholarly endeavour began comparatively earl- though not always under that name - in the Australasian region. An initial lecturing appointment was made at the University of Melbourne immediately after the Second World War, in 1946, and other appoint­ ments followed as the subject underwent an expansion during the 1950s and 1960s similar to that which took place in other parts of the world. Today there are major Departments at the University of Melbourne, the University of New South Wales and the University of Wollongong, and smaller groups active in many other parts of Australia and in New Zealand. "Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science" aims to provide a distinctive publication outlet for Australian and New Zealand scholars working in the general area of history, philosophy and social studies of science. Each volume comprises a group of essays on a connected theme, edited by an Australian or a New Zealander with special expertise in that particular area. Papers address general issues, however, rather than local ones; parochial topics are avoided. Further­ more, though in each volume a majority of the contributors is from Australia or New Zealand, contributions from elsewhere are by no means ruled out. Quite the reverse, in fact - they are actively encour­ aged wherever appropriate to the balance of the volume in question.
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  • 119
    ISBN: 9789400928558
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 193
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I -- Testing Theories of Scientific Change -- II: Case Studies -- 1. 17Th-Century Mechanics -- Galileo’s Copernicanism and the Acceptability of Guiding Assumptions -- Newton’s Rejection of the Mechanical AEther: Empirical Difficulties and Guiding Assumptions -- The Vortex Theory of Motion, 1687–1713: Empirical Difficulties and Guiding Assumptions -- 2. Chemistry from the 18th to the 20th Centuries -- The Chemical Revolution: Shifts in Guiding Assumptions -- Molecular Geometry in 19th-century France: Shifts in Guiding Assumptions -- Kekulé’s Benzene Theory and the Appraisal of Scientific Theories -- Fermentation Theory: Empirical Difficulties and Guiding Assumptions -- The Polywater Episode and the Appraisal of Theories -- 3. 19Th-Century Physics -- Ampère’s Electrodynamics and the Acceptability of Guiding Assumptions -- Brownian Motion and the Appraisal of Theories -- The Michelson — Morley Experiment and the Appraisal of Theories -- 4. Recent Geological Theory -- Plate Tectonics and Inter-Theory Relations -- The Theory of an Expanding Earth and the Acceptability of Guiding Assumptions -- 5. 20th-Century Physics -- Planck’s Quantum Crisis and Shifts in Guiding Assumptions -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and the Acceptability of Guiding Assumptions -- Electroweak Unification and the Appraisal of Theories -- Index of Thesis Citations and.
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  • 120
    ISBN: 9789400927605
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H.L. Van Breda et Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 111
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 111
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I. Husserl und Geschichte -- § 1. Husserl und der Historismus -- § 2. Geschichte und Transzendentalphilosophie. Dilthey und Husserl -- § 3. Husserls geschichtsphilosophischer Anspruch als Problem -- II. Gegenstand Geschichte. Zur Möglichkeit seiner Bestimmung im Ausgang vom „Historischen Apriori“ -- § 4. Historische Erfahrung und ihr Gegenstand. Ein Leitfaden -- § 5. Transzendentale Phänomenologie statt Geschichte? Grundsätzliche Probleme -- § 6. Transzendentale Phänomenologie und Geschichte. Mögliche Perspektiven -- § 7. Phänomenologische Wissenschaftslehre. Von der Regionalontologie zur Konstitutionsproblematik -- § 8. Die Genesis des transzendentalen Bewußtseins als historisches Apriori -- III. Transzendentales und persönliches Ich. Identität und Differenz -- § 9. Reines, transzendentales und persönliches Ich -- § 10. Die geistige Realität der Person -- § 11. Die leibliche Realität der Person -- § 12. Die mundane Realität der Person -- § 13. Die objektivierende Selbstapperzeption. Primordialität und Intersubjektivität -- § 14. Das Rätsel des transzendentalen Scheins der Verdoppelung -- § 15. Persönliches Ich: Individuelle Verschränkung von Autonomie und Umständlichkeit -- IV. Genesis, Geschichtlichkeit und geschichtliche Welt -- § 16. Geschichtlichkeit der Person und persönliche Geschichte -- § 17. Personengemeinschaft und ,höhere Personalität‘ -- § 18. Die Normalität sozialer Gemeinschaften und ihr Korrelat: Heimwelt als bedeutsame Umwelt in Endlichkeit -- § 19. Personale Umwelt als geistige Welt. Kultur, Tradition, Geschichte -- § 20. Tradition oder Geschichte? Zur Kritik an Husserls Geschichtsbegriff -- § 21. Der historische Gegenstand -- V. Bedingungen des historischen Wissens -- § 22. Die Bedingungen der personalistischen Einstellung als Bedingungen der personalen Wissenschaften -- § 23. Einfühlung als transzendentaler Begriff -- § 24. Die mittelbar einfühlende Appräsentation -- § 25. Gibt es eine historische Einfühlung? -- § 26. Historische Vergegenwärtigung: Konstruktion und Fiktion -- VI. Applikation und Aporie -- § 27. Historische Anthropologie und Phänomenologie -- § 28. „Faktum Geschichte“ und die Grenzen phänomenologischer Geschichtsphilosophie -- Namenregister.
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  • 121
    ISBN: 9789400930254
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (484p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 111
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 111
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: I -- The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes: A Retrospect -- Deductive Heuristics -- Development of Science as a Change of Types -- Methodology and Ontology -- Imre Lakatos in China -- On the Characterization of Cognitive Progress -- II -- Continuity and Discontinuity in the Definition of a Disciplinary Field: The Case of XXth Century Physics -- Determinism, Probability and Randomness in Classical Statistical Physics -- The Emergence of a Research Programme in Classical Thermodynamics -- The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes and Some Developments in High Energy Physics -- Many-Particle Physics: Calculational Complications that Become a Blessing for Methodology -- The Relative Autonomy of Theoretical Science and the Role of Crucial Experiments in the Development of Superconductivity Theory -- III -- Lakatos on the Evaluation of Scientific Theories -- Methodological Sophisticationism: A Degenerating Project -- Through the Looking Glass: Philosophy, Research Programmes and the Scientific Community -- A Critical Consideration of the Lakatosian Concepts: “Mature” and “Immature” Science -- Bridge Structures and the Borderline Between the Internal and External History of Science -- IV -- Corroboration, Verisimilitude, and the Success of Science -- Machine Models for the Growth of Knowledge: Theory Nets in PROLOG -- Louis Althusser and Joseph D. Sneed: A Strange Encounter in Philosophy of Science? -- On Incommensurability -- Partial Interpretation, Meaning Variance, and Incommensurability -- Scientific Discovery and Commensurability of Meaning -- V -- Proofs and Refutations: A Reassessment -- Counterfactual Reduction -- Research Programmes and Paradigms as Dialogue Structures -- Philosophy of Science and the Technological Dimension of Science -- Falsificationism Looked at from an “Economic” Point of View -- VI -- The Bayesian Alternative to the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes -- Frege and Popper: Two Critics of Psychologism -- Has Popper Been a Good Thing? -- Popper’s Propensities: An Ontological Interpretation of Probability.
    Abstract: How happy it is to recall Imre Lakatos. Now, fifteen years after his death, his intelligence, wit, generosity are vivid. In the Preface to the book of Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos (Boston Studies, 39, 1976), the editors wrote: ... Lakatos was a man in search of rationality in all of its forms. He thought he had found it in the historical development of scientific knowledge, yet he also saw rationality endangered everywhere. To honor Lakatos is to honor his sharp and aggressive criticism as well as his humane warmth and his quick wit. He was a person to love and to struggle with. The book before us carries old and new friends of that Lakatosian spirit further into the issues which he wanted to investigate. That the new friends include a dozen scientific, historical and philosophical scholars from Greece would have pleased Lakatos very much, and with an essay from China, he would have smiled all the more. But the key lies in the quality of these papers, and in the imaginative organization of the conference at Thessaloniki in summer 1986 which worked so well.
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  • 122
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    ISBN: 9789400913974
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 236 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Medicine -- 2. Philosophy -- 3. The book -- Acknowledgements -- II. Cultural Infusions in the Philosophy of Medicine -- 1. Introduction -- 2. An American ontology -- 3. The case of anthropological medicine -- 4. Getting the record straight -- 5. Conclusions -- III. Regular Versus Alternative Medicine -- 1. Introduction -- 2. How not to think about science and philosophy -- 3. What is special about science -- 4. Interlude: how to proceed? -- 5. The scientific status of homeopathy -- 6. Psychic or spiritual healing -- 7. Discussion -- IV. Concepts of Health and Disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Health and disease in a biological perspective -- 3. The philosophy of normativism -- 4. Towards a new research program -- 5. The interplay of science, common sense and philosophy -- 6. Afterthoughts -- V. Mind and Body in Science and Philosophy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The philosophical agenda -- 3. The mental and the physical: five philosophical views -- 4. A science of the mental? -- 5. The primacy of human existence: phenomenology -- 6. Things which don’t fit -- 7. Discussion -- VI. Mind and Body in Medicine -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The mental suppressed: biological psychiatry -- 3. Will psychology help? -- 4. The psychosomatic connection -- 5. The limits of integration -- 6. The philosophical turn -- 7. Conclusions -- VII. Theses -- References.
    Abstract: 1. MEDICINE Illness, disease and disability plague man in every culture. But the form they take is not the same everywhere. Neither is man's reaction. Coping strategies, and the experience and knowledge backing them, depend very much on cultural setting. So medicine, the fabric of strategy and know­ ledge, can only be understood in the context of culture. In western society today, severe judgements are passed on medicine. Its store of knowledge and experience, and its repertory of strategies, have grown immensely during the last few decades. But it hardly alleviates dominant ailments, especially chronic diseases, diseases of old age and disturbances of social and mental functioning. We know that these ailments have come to the fore as the incidence of more "primitive" diseases declined in industrial societies. Infant deaths, and malnutrition and infections striking at young age, have dwindled to marginal significance in Western Europe and life expectancy at birth is twice that of some 150 years ago. Thus our new troubles are connected with past successes.
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  • 123
    ISBN: 9789401578073
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 369 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Endogenous growth (Economics) ; Ethics ; Public health ; Economic development. ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Value Conflicts in Allocation and Care -- National Health Care Systems: Conflicting Visions -- National Health Care Systems: Concurring Conflicts -- National Health Care Systems -- An Ethical Evaluation of Health Care in the United States -- The Health Care System of the Federal Republic of Germany: Moral Issues and Public Policy -- The American and West German Health Care Systems: A Physician’s Reflections -- Socialism, Equity, and Cost Containment in Health: The French Experience -- Ethics and Health Policy in the Netherlands -- Health in the U.S.S.R.: Organization, Trends, and Ethics -- The Public and Private Regulation of Health Care Markets -- Justice as Fairness or Fairness as Prudence? -- Macro-Allocation and Micro-Allocation -- Macro-Allocation in Health Care in the Federal Republic of Germany -- The Macro-Allocation of Health Care Resources -- Rights, Reasonable Expectations, and Rationing: A Commentary on the Essays of Ruth Mattheis and Baruch Brody -- Political-Medical Allocations in the Compulsory Health Insurance Program in the Federal Republic of Germany -- Micro-Allocation in the Health Care System: Fiscal Consolidation with Structural Reforms? -- Medical Micro-Allocation: Is and Ought -- Preventive Medicine, Occupational Health, and Future Issues -- Preventive Interventionism and Individual Liberty -- Improving Occupational Health in the Federal Republic of Germany -- A View from a Clinician’s Window -- Epilogue.
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  • 124
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401165259
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 166 p) , digital
    Edition: Second edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tutorial Guides in Electronic Engineering 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Basic Concepts -- Algorithm -- Programming languages -- Software tools -- Pascal -- Identifiers -- Pascal structure -- Comments -- Examples of bad and good programming -- 2 Scalar Data Type: Constant, Integer, Real. Input-Output -- Constant definition -- Variable declarations -- Integers -- Reals -- Pascal arithmetic -- Arithmetic functions -- Input to a program -- Output from a program -- Formatted output -- A step by step development of simple Pascal programs -- 3 Scalar Data Type: Char, Boolean, Enumerated and Subrange. The Array Data Structure -- Computer character set -- The data type character -- Input and output of character variables -- Standard function identifiers for character -- The data type boolean -- Operator hierarchy -- Standard functions for boolean -- Scalar data type -- Enumerated scalar data type -- Subrange scalar data type -- The array data structure -- 4 Conditional, Repetitive and Goto Statements -- Assignment statement -- Compound statement -- The if statement -- The case statement -- The while-do statement -- The repeat-until statement -- The for-statement -- The goto statement -- 5 Functions and Procedures -- Why use functions and procedures? -- Functions -- Local declarations within functions -- Scope of identifiers and side effects -- Procedures -- Procedures with no formal parameters -- Procedures with value parameters -- Using global variables -- Procedures with variable parameters -- Procedural and functional parameters -- Recursion -- Forward directive -- 6 Structured Data Types: Array, File, Set and Record. The Pointer Data Type -- The array structure -- Arrays as subprogram parameters -- Packed arrays -- Strings -- The file structure -- Standard Pascal procedures for files -- Textfiles and standard procedures -- The set structure -- Set operators -- The record structure -- Variant record -- The pointer data type -- 7 Case Studies -- Network transfer functions -- Transfer function analysis program -- Active filter synthesis -- Active circuit synthesis program -- Linear passive circuits -- Circuit analysis program -- Appendix A Syntax diagrams -- Appendix B Pascal special symbols -- Standard Pascal identifiers -- Description of standard functions -- References.
    Abstract: In the last few years there has been a tremendous increase in the number of Pascal courses taught at various levels in schools and universities. Also with the advances made in electronics it is possible today for the majority of people to own or have access to a microcomputer which invariably runs BASIC and Pascal. A number of Pascal implementations exist and in the last two years a new Pascal specification has emerged. This specification has now been accepted as the British Standard BS6192 (1982). This standard also forms the technical content of the proposed International Standard IS07185. In addition to a separate knowledge of electronic engineering and programming a marriage of engineering and computer science is required. The present method of teaching Pascal in the first year of electronic engineering courses is wasteful. Little, if any, benefit is derived from a course that only teaches Pascal and its use with abstract examples. What is required is continued practice in the use of Pascal to solve meaningful problems in the student's chosen discipline. The purpose of this book is to make the use of standard Pascal (BS6192) as natural a tool in solving engineering problems as possible. In order to achieve this aim, only problems in or related to electrical and elec­ tronic engineering are considered in this book. The many worked examples are of various degrees of difficulty ranging from a simple example to bias a transistor to programs that analyse passive RLC networks or synthesise active circuits.
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  • 125
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400929630
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 235 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica 54
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: One Why do People join the Communist Party? -- Two The Top Hierarchy of Party Members -- Three The Middle-Level Party Layer -- Four The Rank and File of the Party -- Five Expulsion from the Party -- Six Women in the Party -- Seven Non-Party Members -- Eight The Party and the KGB -- Nine The Party as a Myth -- Ten The People’s Attitudes and the Future of the Party -- Notes.
    Abstract: In March of 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Seviet Union. Initially, one could discern serious changes in the policy and statements of this new, young, and obviously efficient leader only with great difficulty. While abroad, Gorbachev had said that anti-Stalinism was a form of anti-Communism. The newspapers were filled with words lauding "the sacred traditions of the 1930's". At the same time, the campaign against drunkenness, corruption, and sloppiness launched by Yuri Andropov was given a new impetus and the highest Party support. In April, 1986, the Chernobyl tragedy took place. The first reaction of the Soviet authorities was the usual one. The Soviet public was not properly informed about the disaster and its unprecedented peril. Millions of jubilant Soviet citizens crowded the squares and streets of Kiev and Minsk during the May Day festivities. We can only guess what the reaction of the Kremlin authorities would have been had not Swedish scientists traced and announced to the world the threatening level of radioactivity. Would the terms "glasnost'" and "perestrojka" have spread through the world press with such intensity and alacrity? A popular Soviet author wrote a year later in the Soviet media: "Chernobyl appeared to be not only a national event, a disaster shared by each of us, but also a dividing line between two eras of time.
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  • 126
    ISBN: 9789400928053
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H.L. van Breda et Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 105
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 105
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: The Collegium Phaenomenologicum in Its First Ten Years -- Texts -- The Crisis of Reason in the Nineteenth Century: Schelling’s Treatise on Human Freedom (1809) -- Perception, Categorial Intuition, and Truth in Husserl’s Sixth Logical Investigation -- Immanence, Transcendence, and Being in Husserl’s Idea of Phenomenology -- Heidegger’s Lehrjahre -- Time Out... -- Heidegger’s ‘Searching Suggestion’ concerning Nietzsche -- The Middle Voice in Being and Time -- Reference, Sign, and Language: Being and Time, Section 17 -- Narrow and not Far-reaching Footpaths: Heidegger and Modern Art -- Toward the Hermeneutic of Der Satz vom Grund -- The Sensitive Flesh -- Levinas on Memory and the Trace -- The Silent Anarchic World of the Evil Genius -- Jewgreek or Greekjew -- The Economy of the Body in a Post-Nietzschean Era -- The Inevitable and Slips of the Tongue -- Appendices -- Programs of the Collegium Phaenomenologicum 1976–1985 -- Participants in the Collegium Phaenomenologicum 1976–1985.
    Abstract: It is our hope that this volume will serve to document both the history of the Collegium Phaenomenologicum during its first ten years as well as some of the philosophical work that has grown out of the annual gatherings in Perugia. The Introduction narrates the history and is supplemented by the Appendices, in which the programs and the participants for each of the ten years are listed. The essays, on the other hand, present in more finished form work that was developed in connection with courses, lectures, or seminars conducted during the first ten years of the Collegium. Giuseppina Moneta John Sallis Jacques Taminiaux Introduction The Collegium Phaenomenologicum in Its First Ten Years GIUSEPPINA C. MONETA The idea of the Collegium Phaenomenologicum first took shape in a conversa­ tion that I had with Werner Marx at his home in Bollschweil in the Spring of 1975. Previously I had thought of the possibility of a gathering of phenom­ enologists somewhere in Italy during the summer months. And when I ex­ plained to Werner Marx that it would not be difficult to find accommodation for such a gathering in a Franciscan monastery in Umbria, he responded enthusiastically and assured me that such a project would have the support of the Husserl Archives in Leuven and in Freiburg.
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  • 127
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    ISBN: 9789400928091
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 382 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idées / International Archives of the History of Ideas 123
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 123
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: Preamble -- Newton, the Man — Again -- I: Newton’s Science -- Newton’s Third Law and Universal Gravity -- Newton’s Alchemy and his ‘Active Principle’ of Gravitation -- Newton’s Biblical Theology and his Theological Physics -- Newton’s ‘Opticks’ and the Incomplete Revolution -- Newton’s Pendulum Experiment and specific Characteristics of his Scientific Method in Physics -- II: Newton’s Scientific Heritage -- The Surprises of Newtonian Determinism -- Newton’s Conception of Time in Modern Physics and Philosophy -- Gravitation and Nineteenth-Century Physical Worldviews -- Electricity in Eighteenth-Century Holland: a Newtonian Legacy -- Reconcilation of the Newtonian Framework with Thermodynamics by the Reproducibility of a Collective Physical Quantity -- Newtonian Gravitational Theory and General Relativity in the Light of the Correspondence between their Mathematical Models -- Chemical Affinity in the 19th Century and Newtonianism -- III: Newton’s Methodological Heritage -- Newton, Lavoisier and Modern Science -- Inertia, the Innate Force of Matter: a Legacy from Newton to Modern Physics -- A Charactarization of the Newtonian Paradigm -- Newton’s Mathematization of Physics in Retrospect -- Probability, Planets, and Newton’s Methodology -- Isaac Newton’s Legacy: an Insight into Resilient Patterns of Thought -- Newton’s Construction of the Law of Gravitation -- IV: Newton’s Philosophical Heritage -- Partnership in Glory: Newton and Locke through the Enlightenment and beyond -- What Survives from the Classical Concept of Absolute Time -- Newton’s Theory of Matter -- Ethics, Politics and Sociology as Newtonian Sciences -- Aristotle Wittgenstein, alias Isaac Newton between Fact and Substance -- A Word About the Authors.
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  • 128
    ISBN: 9789400929456
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica 53
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: 18th- and 19th-century German Philosophy: Epistemology and Metaphysics -- One Science and Critique: The Evolution of the German Perspective from Kant to Marx -- Two Time and Critique: The Temporal Dimensions of the Dialectical Method -- Three Materialism and Critique: The Schelling and Feuerbach Responses to Hegel -- II: Epistemology and Method in Marx’ Later Works -- Four Rethinking Method: Reflective Reconstruction of History -- Five Against Epistemology and Foundationalism: From the Theory of Political Economy to Social Practice -- III: Meta-Critique and Political Economy: Marx’ Legacy -- Six Epistemology and Political Economy: From Philosophy to Social Theory -- Notes.
    Abstract: political economy. With this in mind the reader will be taken through three meta-theoretical levels of Marx' method of analysis of the struc­ tures of capitalism: (1) the clarification of 'critique' and method from Kant's epistemology, Hegel's phenomenology, to Marx' political economy (Chapter One); (2) the analysis of 'critique' and time, that is, the temporal dimensions of the critical method as they evolve from Hegel's Logic to Marx' Capital and the difference between the use of the future in explanatory, positivist science and 'critique' (Chapter Two); (3) and finally, 'critique' and materialism, a study of the complexity of the category of materialism, the ambivalence and ambiguity of its use in Marx' critical method, and the ontological and logical dilemmas created by the Schelling-Feuerbach turn toward materialism in their critique of Hegel (Chapter Three). The critique of political economy is, therefore, examined at the levels of methodology, temporality, and ontology. To what do the categories of political economy really refer when the positivist interpretations of Marx have been shattered and 'critique' be­ comes the method of choice? What kind of knowledge do we have if it is no longer "scientific" in the traditional sense of both epistemology and methodology? And what kind of applicability will it have when its format is such as not to produce predictive, technical knowledge, but practical knowledge in the Greek sense of the word (Praxis)? What be­ comes of the criterion of truth when epistemology itself, like science, is.
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  • 129
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400930612
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 201
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Metaphysics ; Statistics ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1: Logical, Methodological and Philosophical Aspects of Probability -- Probability: A Composite Concept -- Two Faces and three Masks of Probability -- Ambiguous Uses of Probability -- Some Logical Distinctions Exploited by Differing Analyses of Pascalian Probability -- Probability and Confirmation -- Chance, Cause and the State-Space Approach -- World as System Self-synthesized by Quantum Networking -- A Brief Note on the Relationship between Probability, Selective Strategies and Possible Models -- 2: Probability, Statistics and Information -- Critical Replications for Statistical Design -- The Contribution of A.N. Kolmogorov to the Notion of Entropy -- The Probability of Singular Events -- Probability, Randomness and Information -- 3: Probability in the Natural Sciences -- Probability, Organization and Evolution in Biochemistry -- Relativity and Probability, Classical and Quantal -- Probabilistic Ontology and Space-Time: Updating an Historical Debate -- Probability and the Mystery of Quantum Mechanics -- Probability and Determinism in Quantum Theory -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Probability has become one of the most characteristic con­ cepts of modern culture, and a 'probabilistic way of thinking' may be said to have penetrated almost every sector of our in­ tellectual life. However it would be difficult to determine an explicit list of 'positive' features, to be proposed as identifica­ tion marks of this way of thinking. One would rather say that it is characterized by certain 'negative' features, i. e. by certain at­ titudes which appear to be the negation of well established tra­ ditional assumptions, conceptual frameworks, world outlooks and the like. It is because of this opposition to tradition that the probabilistic approach is perceived as expressing a 'modern' in­ tellectual style. As an example one could mention the widespread diffidence in philosophy with respect to self -contained systems claiming to express apodictic truths, instead of which much weaker pretensions are preferred, that express 'probable' interpretations of reality, of history, of man (the hermeneutic trend). An ana­ logous example is represented by the interest devoted to the study of different patterns of 'argumentation', dealing wiht reasonings which rely not so much on the truth of the premisses and stringent formal logic links, but on a display of contextual conditions (depending on the audience, and on accepted stan­ dards, judgements, and values), which render the premisses and the conclusions more 'probable' (the new rhetoric).
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  • 130
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400926998
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science.
    Abstract: Prologue -- The Semantics of Clocks -- I / Ontological Foundations -- The Pseudorealization Fallacy and the Chinese Room Argument -- In Praise of Narrow Minds: The Frame Problem -- Syntactic Semantics: Foundations of Computational Natural-Language Understanding -- Signs and Minds: An Introduction to the Theory of Semiotic Systems -- Logic for the New AI -- II / Epistemological Dimensions -- Artificial Intelligence is Philosophy -- Artificial Intelligence as an Experimental Science -- Defeasible Reasoning: A Philosophical Analysis in Prolog -- When is Reasoning Nonmonotonic? -- Artificial Intelligence and Effective Epistemology -- Maintaining an Inductive Database -- Epilogue -- Automating Creativity -- Index of Names -- Index of Subject.
    Abstract: This series will include monographs and collections of studies devoted to the investigation and exploration of knowledge, information and data-processing systems of all kinds, no matter whether human, (other) animal or machine. Its scope is intended to span the full range of interests from classical problems in the philosophy of mind and philosophical psychology through issues in cognitive psychology and sociobiology (concerning the mental capabilities of other species) to ideas related to artificial intelligence and to computer science. While primary emphasis will be placed upon theoretical, conceptual and epistemological aspects of these problems and domains, empirical, experimental and methodological studies will also appear from time to time. The present volume illustrates the approach represented by this series. It addresses fundamental questions lying at the heart of artificial intelligence, including those of the relative virtues of computational and of non-computational conceptions of language and of mind, whether AI should be envisioned as a philosophical or as a scientific discipline, the theoretical character of patterns of inference and modes of argumenta­ tion (especially, defeasible and inductive reasoning), and the relations that may obtain between AI and epistemology. Alternative positions are developed in detail and subjected to vigorous debate in the justifiable expectation that - here as elsewhere - critical inquiry provides the most promising path to discovering the truth about ourselves and the world around us. lH.F.
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  • 131
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400929999
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (716p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The GeoJournal Library 10
    DDC: 551.4
    Keywords: Geography ; Hydraulic engineering
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  • 132
    ISBN: 9789400927445
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas / Archives internationales d’histoire des idées 117
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 117
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: “No long time of expectation”: Hume’s religious scepticism and the apocalypse -- Religious scepticism and China -- The two scepticisms of the Savoyard vicar -- John Wolley (ca. 1530–1596) and the first Latin translation of Sextus Empiricus, adversus logicos I -- Excluding sceptics; the case of Thomas White, 1593–1676 -- Montaigne on the art of judgment: the trial of Montaigne -- Intellectual autobiography: warts and all -- Publications of Richard H. Popkin, 1950–1986 inclusive.
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  • 133
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400914216
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 191
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Epistemological Cognition as Historical Cognition -- 1.1. Factographical Versus Theoretical Historicism -- 1.2. Framework Regularities -- 1.3. Assumptions of Historical Epistemology -- 1.4. The Relation Born by General Statements of Historical Epistemology on Methodological Norms and Directives -- Notes -- 2 / The Relation of Correspondence -- 2.1. Literal Reference -- 2.2. The Characteristics of Essentially Corrective (Strict) Correspondence -- 2.3. Remarks of Traditional Understandings of Correspondence -- 2.4. An Example of Essentially Corrective Correspondence, A Debate with the Views of P. K. Feyerabend -- Notes -- 3 / The Opposition of Theory and Experience -- 3.1. ‘Dogma of Empiricism’ -- 3.2. Performed Action as the Essentially Corrected Correspondence Rendering of Undertaken Action -- 3.3 Two Kinds of Opposition of Theory and Experience: The Relative and the Absolute -- Notes -- 4 / The Duhem-Quine Thesis -- 4.1. The Comprehensive Instrumentalism of W. V. Quine -- 4.2. The Comprehensive Instrumentalism of W. V Quine from the Viewpoint of Historical Epistemology -- Notes -- 5 / Althusser’s Instrumentalism -- 5.1. A Marxist Variant of Theoretical Historicism Methodology -- 5.2. Althusser’s Conception of Historical Materialism -- 5.3. ‘Anti-Empiricism’ as a Consequence of the ‘Methodologically’ Instrumentalist Interpretation of Historical Materialism -- Notes.
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  • 134
    ISBN: 9789400929579
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (239p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 110
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 110
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Limits of a Deductive Construal of the Function of Scientific Theories -- Limits of a Deductive Construal of the Function of Scientific Theories: A Comment -- Cognitive Limits of Science -- How Philosophy and Science Came to Differ -- The Nature and Scope of Rational-Choice Explanation -- Rational-Choice Explanation — The Limits to Grounding: A Comment -- Realism Versus Anti-Realism: What Is the Issue? -- Epistemic and Semantic Reflections on Scientific Realism: A Comment -- Can a Naturalist Believe in Universals? -- Can a Naturalist Believe in Universals? A Comment -- The Hermeneutical Status of the History of Science: The Views of Hélène Metzger -- The Hermeneutical Status of the History of Science: The Views of Hélène Metzger: A Comment -- The Era of Independent Inventors -- Social Interests and the Organic Physics of 1847 -- Social Interests and the Organic Physics of 1847: A Comment -- The Earliest Missionaries of the Copenhagen Spirit -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The Israel Colloquium for the History, Philosophy and Sociology of Science presents before you its third volume of proceedings. The philosophy section of the volume has three main foci: the scientific explanation (Hempel and Ben-Menachem, Elster and Dascal); realism in science (Cohen and Zemach) and its implications for the problem of universals (Armstrong and Bar-Elli); and the question of demarcation: the dividing line between science and philosophy (KrUger), as well as the cognitive limits of science (Stent). There is no neat separation in this volume between essays on the history of science and those on the sociology of science, and perhaps properly so. Thus, Lenoir's contribution is a clear example of the way the two disciplines combine and interrelate. Joseph Ben-David's comment on this lecture was among the last things he wrote, knowing full well that his days were numbered. Reading his contribution imparts a strong sense of loss, the loss of a great sociologist and a wise man. Not only history, however, but also historiography is a subject for reflection in this volume (Freudenthal and Kerszberg). And, finally, a couple of articles convey the sense of fascination with science as a story (Heilbron, Hughes). We have by now come to expect from the investigations reported in the Israel Colloquium series not surface unity of theme and method, but rather an underlying common commitment and zest for the scientific enterprise at its best. The third volume hopes to join the first two in footing this bill.
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    ISBN: 9789400927414
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 24
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: One: Foundations of Mathematics -- 1. From the foundations of Protothetic -- 2. Definitions and theses of Le?niewski’s Ontology -- 3. Class theory -- Two: Peano Arithmetic and Whitehead’s Theory of Events -- 4. Primitive terms of arithmetic -- 5. Inductive definitions -- 6. Whitehead’s theory of events -- List of seminars and courses delivered by Le?niewski at Warsaw University between 1919 and 1939.
    Abstract: Stanislaw Lesniewski (1886-1939) was one of the leading Polish logicians and founders of the Warsaw School of Logic whose membership included, beside himself, Jan Lukasiewicz, Tadeusz Kotarbinski, Alfred Tarski, and many others. In his lifetime LeSniewski published only a few hundred pages. He produced many important results in many areas of mathematics; these stood in various relations to each other, and to materials produced by others, and, in time, created more and more editorial problems. Very many were left unpublished at the time of his death. Then in 1944 in the fire of Warsaw the whole of this material was burned and lost -a considerable loss since a great deal of what is important could have been reconstructed from these notes. The present publication aims at presenting unique Lesniewski's materials from alternative sources comprising lecture notes taken during some of Lesniewski's lectures and seminars delivered at the University of Warsaw be­ tween the two world wars. The editors are aware of the limitations of student notes which cannot compensate for the loss of the original materials. However, they are unique in reflecting Lesniewski's ideas as he himself presented them. Already at the time of his death it was realized that these notes would provide a unique access to Lesniewski's own thought as well as a valuable record of some of the activities of the Warsaw School of Logic.
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  • 136
    ISBN: 9789400926691
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services Series 19
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements
    Abstract: I Concepts -- 1 The School Principalship -- 2 A Focus on Decision Making and Evaluation -- 3 Evaluation in Education -- 4 How Evaluation Can Improve Decision Making in the School Principalship -- II Studies -- 5 Assigning Teachers to Classrooms -- 6 Making Schoolwide Decisions While Interacting with Teachers -- 7 Performing the Role of Teacher Evaluation -- 8 Guiding and Evaluating Teachers on Student Achievement-Based Instructional Objectives -- 9 Guiding Rational Solutions to Academic Problems of Low Achievers -- 10 Coordinating Student Achievement Testing -- III Implications -- 11 Conclusions -- 12 Toward Improvement -- References.
    Abstract: This book is about the practice of decision making by school principals and about ways to improve this practice by capitalizing on evaluation dimensions. Much has been written on decision making but surprisingly little on decision making in the school principalship. Much has been also written on evaluation as well as on evaluation and decision making, but not much has been written on evaluation in decision making, especially decision making in the principalship. This book presents two messages. One is that decision making in the principalship can be studied and improved and not only talked about in abstract terms. The other message is that evaluation can contribute to the understanding of decision making in the principalship and to the improvement of its practice. In this book we call for the conception of an evaluation-minded principal, a principal who has a wide perspective on the nature of evaluation and its potential benefits, a principal who is also inclined to use evaluation perceptions and techniques as part of his/her decision-making process. This book was conceived in 1985 with the idea to combine thoughts about educational administration with thoughts about educational evaluation. Studies of decision making in the principalship had already been on their way. We decided to await the findings, and in the meantime we wrote a first conceptual version of evaluation in decision making. As the studies were completed we wrote a first empirical version of same.
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  • 137
    ISBN: 9789400929111
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies of Classical India 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: The problem -- The approach -- Aim and objectives -- The thesis and its background -- Ideality of language -- ?ruti -- The ‘dogma’ of sruti: apauru?eya -- The text and its author -- Cit: consciousness in the knowing process -- Dharmar?ja and Navya-ny?ya -- 1. Outline of the Argument for ?abdapramÅ?a -- 2. On Words -- Linguistic kara?a and the word -- 3. On Meaning -- A. Some general remarks on ‘meaning’ -- B. Indian theories of ‘meaning’ -- C. The linguistic functions of ‘meaning’ -- 4. ??bdabodha: Psycholinguistics of Sentence Understanding -- A. ??bdabodha -- B. Sa?sargamary?d? -- 5. The K?ra?s -- A. Ák??k?? — syntactic expectancy -- B. ?satti — linguistic contiguity -- 6. The Phenomenological K?ranas -- A. Yogyat? — semantic competency -- B. T?tparya — intentionality -- 7. ?abdapr?m?nya — Problem of Truth and Authority of the Word -- A. Truth and falsity of ??bdabodha -- B. ‘Authority and Praxis’ —?ptabh?va -- Appendixes -- B. Bibliography -- A. Primary sources -- B. Secondary sources and related texts -- Indexes -- Name index -- General index.
    Abstract: Dr PurusQttama Bilimoria's book on sabdapramaIJa is an important one, and so is likely to arouse much controversy. I am pleased to be able to write a Foreword to this book, at a stage in my philosophical thinking when my own interests have been turning towards the thesis of sabdapramaIJa as the basis of Hindu religious and philosophical tradition. Dr Bilimoria offers many novel interpretations of classical Hindu theories about language, meaning, understanding and knowing. These interpretations draw upon the conceptual resources of contemporary analytic and phenomenological philosophies, without sacrificing the authentIcity that can arise only out of philologically grounded scholarship. He raises many issues, and claims to have resolved some of them. Certainly, he advances the overall discussion, and this is the best one could hope for in writing on a topic to which the best minds of antiquity and modern times have applied themselves. In this Foreword, I wish to focus on one of the issues which I have raised on earlier occasions, and on which Dr Bilimoria has several important things to say. The issue is: is sabdabodha eo ipso a linguistic knowing, i. e. , sabdapramll, or does Sabdabodha amount to knowing only when certain specifiable conditions are satisfied. It the second alternative be accepted, these additional conditions could not be the same as the familiar Ilsatti (contiguity), yogyata (semantic fitness), dka;,k~ll (expectancy) and tlltparya (intention), for these are, on the theory, conditions of sabdabodha itself.
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  • 138
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400929098
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 363 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 39
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Analytic philosophy is alive and in good health, as this collection of twenty, previously unpublished essays most ably demonstrates. The reader will find here assembled some of the finest writings of modern analytic philosophers at the top of their form. Matthews discusses Plato's attempt to deal with the problem of false belief about identities. Parson evaluates Russell's early theory of denoting phrases. Chisholm exhibits the utility of thirteen epistemic categories. Plantinga criticizes Chisholm's account of justification. Conee argues that solving the Gettier Problem is important, and Ginet proposes a solution to it. Lehrer criticizes an argument based on the simplicity of our belief in material objects and other minds. R. Feldman defends an account of having evidence. F. Feldman defends a propositional account of pleasure. Van Fraassen criticizes Garber's solution to the problem of old evidence. Castañeda investigates the nature of negation. McKay argues that de se analyses of belief do not account for belief de re. Richard argues that no Fregean semantics for belief attribution will succeed. Ryckman suggests that the Millian theory of names has little to do with the theory of belief is no threat to God's omniscience. Dunn investigates constraints imposed on non-classical modal logics by extensionality. Fitch argues that singular propositions perform important functions in modal logic. Jubien evaluates arguments for and against possible worlds. Ratzsch argues that there must be a deeper source of nomicality than ordinary subjunctives, and Stalnaker argues that there is room for determinancy of identity and indeterminacy in reference
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  • 139
    ISBN: 9789400927667
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 149 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Cohen, Charles L. [Rezension von: Golden, R. M., The Huguenot Connection: The Edict of Nantes, Its Revocation, and Early French Migration to South Carolina] 1990
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idées / International Archives of the History of Ideas 125
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 125
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: History
    Abstract: The Crown, the Huguenots, and the Edict of Nantes -- Understanding the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes from the Perspective of the French Court -- The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and Huguenot Migration to South Carolina -- Chronological Table -- Appendix I: The Edict of Nantes -- Appendix II: The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes -- Appendix III: Letter from Louis Thibou, 20 September 1683.
    Abstract: Richard M. Golden Possibly the most famous event in Louis XIV's long reign (1643-1715) was the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, issued by the French king on 17 October 1685 and registered five days later by the parlement of _Paris, a sovereign judicial institution having jurisdiction over approximately one-half of the kingdom. The Edict of Fontainebleau (the Revocation's technical name, derived from the palace southeast of Paris where Louis had signed the act) declared illegal the public profession of Calvinist Protestantism and led perhaps as many as 200,000 Huguenots/ as French Protestants were known, to flee their homeland. They did so despite royal decrees against emigration and the harsh punishment (prison for women, the galleys for men) awaiting those caught escaping. The Revocation is a landmark in the checkered history of religious toleration (or intolerance); Huguenots, many Roman Catholics, and historians of all persuasions have heaped scorn on Louis XIV for withdrawing the Edict of Nantes, issued by his grandfather, Henry IV (1589-1610). King Henry had proclaimed the 1598 Edict to be both "perpetual" and "irrevocable. " Although one absolutist king could not bind his successors and although "irrevocable" in the context of French law simply meant irrevocable until superseded by another edict, historians have accused Louis XIV of 2 breaking faith with Henry IV and the Huguenots. Louis did only what Henry prob­ ably would have done had he possessed the requisite power.
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  • 140
    ISBN: 9789400928732
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (494p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 107
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 107
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: A Narrative of Personal Events and Ideas -- List of Published Writings of Lewis Feuer -- On the Reality of Economic Illusion -- Institutional Economics as an Ideological Movement -- Generalization, Value-Judgment and Causal Explanation in History -- Theory and Practice: An Unsteady Dichotomy? -- Development and Underdevelopment: Conflicting Pespectives on the Third World -- Occupational Mobility: A Personal Perspective -- From Animism to Rationalism -- Toward Greater Equality -- Left-Wing Fascism and Right-Wing Communism: The Fission-Fusion Effect in American Extremist Ideologies -- The Nature of Bronson Alcott -- Is Marxism a Religion? -- Judaism in the Culture of Modernism -- Panteleimon Kulish — A Ukrainian Romantic Conservative -- Idea (English and Polish Versions) -- Organizational Weapons and Political Sects -- Millenarianism in England, Holland and America: Jewish and Christian Relations in England, Holland and Newport, Rhode Island -- John Dewey’s Philosophy of War and Peace -- To L.F. from V.C.R., 1984 -- China Today: Retreat from Mao and Return to Marx? -- Life and Work: A Biography of Lord Kelvin Reconsidered -- The Case of Lewis S. Feuer, Crime Writer -- After Strange Gods: Radical Jews in Modern America -- The Concept of Alienation Revisited -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Two articles by Lewis Feuer caught my attention in the '40s when 1 was wondering, asa student physicist, about the relations of physics to philosophy and to the world in turmoil. One was his essay on 'The Development of Logical Empiricism' (1941), and the other his critical review of Philipp Frank's biography of Einstein, 'Philosophy and the Theory of Relativity' (1947). How extraordinary it was to find so intelligent, independent, critical, and humane a mind; and furthermore he went further, as I soon realized when I looked for his name on other publications. I recall arguing with myself over his exploration of 'Indeterminacy and Economic Development' (1948), and even more when I read his 'Dialectical Materialism and Soviet Science' (1949). More papers, and then the fascinating, sometimes irritating, always insightful, books. His monograph on Psychoanalysis and Ethics 1955, the beautiful sociological and humanist study of Spinoza and the Rise of Liberalism (1958), his essays on 'The Social Roots of Einstein's Theory of Relativity' (1971) together with the book on Einstein and the Genera­ tions of Science (1974), the splendid reader from the works of Marx and Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy (1959) which was a major text of the '60s, the stimulating essays on the social formation which seems to have been required for a modern scientific movement to develop, set forth most convincingly in The Scientific Intellectual (1963).
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  • 141
    ISBN: 9789400928633
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (300p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 41
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 41
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: A. On the Nature of Probabilistic Causation -- Causality Testing in a Decision Science -- Causal Tendency: A Review -- Intuitions: Good and Not-So-Good -- Response to Salmon -- Regular Associations and Singular Causes -- Eliminating Singular Causes: Reply to Nancy Cartwright -- Reply to Ellery Eells -- Probabilistic Causal Levels -- Probabilistic Causality in Space and Time -- B. Physical Probability, Degree of Belief, and De Finettis Theorem -- Symmetry and Its Discontents -- A Theory of Higher Order Probabilities -- Conditioning, Kinematics, and Ex-changeability -- Ergodic Theory and the Foundations of Probability -- Indexes.
    Abstract: The papers collected here are, with three exceptions, those presented at a conference on probability and causation held at the University of California at Irvine on July 15-19, 1985. The exceptions are that David Freedman and Abner Shimony were not able to contribute the papers that they presented to this volume, and that Clark Glymour who was not able to attend the conference did contribute a paper. We would like to thank the National Science Foundation and the School of Humanities of the University of California at Irvine for generous support. WILLIAM HARPER University of Western Ontario BRIAN SKYRMS University of California at Irvine VII INTRODUCTION TO CAUSATION, CHANCE, AND CREDENCE The search for causes is so central to science that it has sometimes been taken as the defining attribute of the scientific enterprise. Yet even after twenty-five centuries of philosophical analysis the meaning of "cause" is still a matter of controversy, among scientists as well as philosophers. Part of the problem is that the servicable concepts of causation built out of Necessity, Sufficiency, Locality, and Temporal Precedence were constructed for a deterministic world-view which has been obsolete since the advent of quantum theory. A physically credible theory of causation must be, at basis, statistical. And statistical analyses of caus­ ation may be of interest even when an underlying deterministic theory is assumed, as in classical statistical mechanics.
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  • 142
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400928794
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 196
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: 1. The Aim of This Essay -- 2. Kinds of Egoism -- 3. The Plan of This Essay -- 4. Terminology and Conventions -- I Preliminary Matters -- 1. A Short History of Ethical Egoism -- 2. Kinds of Ethical Egoism -- 3. The Interpretation of Strong Egoism -- II The Debate on Ethical Egoism -- 4. Arguments for Ethical Egoism -- 5. Normative and Semantic Objections -- 6. Pragmatic and Other Objections -- III The Assessment of Ethical Egoism -- 7. The Strong Form of Ethical Egoism -- 8. Weak Forms of Egoism -- 9. Ethical Egoism and Rationality -- IV A Last Resort -- 10. Collective Egoism -- Notes -- Index (names and subjects).
    Abstract: 1. The Aim of This Essay Ethical Egoism, the doctrine that, roughly speaking, one should promote one's own good, has been a live issue since the very beginnings of moral philosophy. Historically, it is the most widely held normative theory, and, next to Utilitarianism, it is the most intensely debated one. What is at stake in this debate is a fundamental question of ethics: 'Is there any reason, except self-interest, for considering the interests of other people?' The ethical egoist answers No to this question, thus rejecting the received conception of morality. Is Ethical Egoism an acceptable position? There are many forms of Ethical Egoism, and each may be interpreted in several different ways. So the relevant question is rather, 'Is there an acceptable version of Ethical It is the main aim of this essay to answer this question. This Egoism?' means that I will be confronted with many other controversial questions, for example, 'What is a moral principle?', 'Is value objective or subjec­ tive?', 'What is the nature of the self?' For the acceptability of most ver­ sions of Ethical Egoism, it has been alleged, depends on what answers are given to questions such as these. (I will show that in some of these cases there is in fact no such dependence. ) It is, of course, impossible to ad­ equately discuss all these questions within the compass of my essay.
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  • 143
    ISBN: 9789400928657
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 42
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 42
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Decisions and Games -- Conditional Preference and Causal Expected Utility -- Causal Decision Theory and Game Theory: A Classic Argument for Equilibrium Solutions, a Defense of Weak Equilibria, and a New Problem for the Normal Form Representation -- Consistency and Decision: Variations on Ramseyan Themes -- Powers -- II / Rational Belief Change -- Causation and the Dynamics of Belief -- Ordinal Conditional Functions: A Dynamic Theory of Epistemic States -- The Logic of Evolution, and the Reduction of Holistic-Coherent Systems to Hierarchical-Feedback Systems -- III / Statistics -- Four Themes in Statistical Explanation -- Artificial Intelligence for Statistical and Causal Modelling.
    Abstract: The papers collected here are, with three exceptions, those presented at a conference on probability and causation held at the University of California at Irvine on July 15-19, 1985. The exceptions are that David Freedman and Abner Shimony were not able to contribute the papers that they presented to this volume, and that Clark Glymour who was not able to attend the conference did contribute a paper. We would like to thank the National Science Foundation and the School of Humanities of the University of California at Irvine for generous support. WILLIAM HARPER University of Western Ontario BRIAN SKYRMS University of California at Irvine Vll INTRODUCTION PART I: DECISIONS AND GAMES Causal notions have recently corne to figure prominently in discussions about rational decision making. Indeed, a relatively influential new approach to theorizing about rational choice has come to be called "causal decision theory". 1 Decision problems such as Newcombe's Problem and some versions of the Prisoner's Dilemma where an act counts as evidence for a desired state even though the agent knows his choice of that act cannot causally influence whether or not the state obtains have motivated causal decision theorists.
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  • 144
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401722094
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (III, 172 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Mathematics ; Mathematics—Study and teaching . ; Sociology.
    Abstract: Mathematical Education and Aboriginal Children -- On Culture, Geometrical Thinking and Mathematics Education -- School Mathematics in Culture-Conflict Situations -- Mathematics Education in Its Cultural Context -- Values, Mathematics Education, and the Task of Developing Pupils’ Personalities: An Indonesian Perspective -- Outcomes of Schooling: Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes Towards Mathematics Learning in Hong Kong -- Institutional Issues in the Study of School Mathematics: Curriculum Research -- The Computer as a Cultural Influence in Mathematical Learning -- Book Reviews -- Erich Ch. Wittmann, ElementargeometrieundWirklichkeit -- C. C McKnight, F. J. Crosswhite, J. A. Dossey, E. Kifer, J. O. Swafford, K. J. Travers, and T. J. Cooney, The Underachieving Curriculum — Assessing US School Mathematics from an International Perspective -- Louise Lafortune (ed.), Women and Mathematics -- J. Dhombres, A. Dahan-Dalmedico, R. Bkouche, C. Houzel, and M. Guillemot, Mathématiquesau fil des âges.
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  • 145
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400912298
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Reviews of United Kingdom Statistical Sources 24
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    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: of Review 42 -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Coverage and Arrangement of Subjects -- 1.2 Previous Coverage -- 1.3 Recent Changes -- 1.4 Some Specific Points -- 2. Organisation and Functions of Local Authorities -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 England and Wales -- 2.3 Scotland -- 2.4 Isles of Scilly -- 2.5 Northern Ireland -- 3. Financial Statistics: General Considerations -- 3.1 Important Characteristics -- 3.2 The Publication of Local Authority Financial Statistics -- 3.3 The Structure of Local Authority Accounts -- 3.4 Northern Ireland -- 4 Financial Statistics: Expenditure -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Revenue (or current) Expenditure -- 4.3 Capital Expenditure -- 4.4 Local Authority Expenditure in Context of Public Expenditure -- 4.5 Northern Ireland -- 5 Financial Statistics: Rates -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Rate Income -- 5.3 Rate Poundage and Average Rate Payment -- 5.4 Rate Collection -- 5.5 Rate Rebates -- 5.6 Northern Ireland -- 6 Financial Statistics: Government Grants -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Specific and Supplementary Grants -- 6.3 Rate Rebate Grants -- 6.4 Rate Support Grant -- 6.5 Northern Ireland -- 7 Financial Statistics: Borrowing and Debt -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Borrowing -- 7.3 Outstanding Debt -- 7.4 Net Financial Transactions -- 7.5 Northern Ireland -- 8 Financial Statistics: Miscellaneous Income -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Rate Fund Services -- 8.3 Housing Revenue Account -- 8.4 Trading Services -- 8.5 Special Funds -- 8.6 Superannuation Funds -- 8.7 Northern Ireland -- 9 Rateable Values and Penny Rate Products -- 9.1 Rateable Values -- 9.2 Penny Rate Product -- 9.3 Northern Ireland -- 10 Manpower Earnings and Hours -- 10.1 Manpower -- 10.2 Earnings and Hours -- 10.3 Northern Ireland -- 11 Elections -- 11.1 Incidence of Elections -- 11.2 Electoral Statistics -- 11.3 Election Results -- 11.4 Northern Ireland -- 12 Public Protection -- 12.1 Police -- 12.2 Fire -- 12.3 Probation -- 12.4 Administration of Justice and Public Protection Items -- 12.5 Consumer Protection (including Trading Standards) -- 12.6 Northern Ireland -- 13 Transport -- 13.1 Highways and Transportation (England and Wales) -- 13.2 Highways and Transportation (Scotland) -- 13.3 Ports -- 13.4 Airports -- 13.5 Northern Ireland -- 14 Environmental Services -- 14.1 Definition and Scope -- 14.2 Environmental Health (England and Wales) -- 14.3 Refuse Collection (England and Wales) -- 14.4 Refuse Disposal (England and Wales) -- 14.5 Cemeteries and Crematoria (England and Wales) -- 14.6 Scotland -- 14.7 Northern Ireland -- 15 Miscellaneous -- 15.1 Museums, Art Galleries and Library Services -- 15.2 Direct Labour Organisations -- 15 3 Smallholdings -- 15.4 Surveys -- 15.5 Northern Ireland -- 16 Complaints -- 16.1 Great Britain -- 16.2 Northern Ireland -- 17 Conclusion -- 17.1 Recent Developments -- 17.2 Shortcomings -- 17.3 Suggestions -- Quick Reference List Contents -- Quick Reference List -- Quick Reference List Key to Publications -- List of Appendices -- Appendices.
    Abstract: The Sources and Nature of the Statistics of the United Kingdom, produced under the auspices of the Royal S~atistical Society and edited by Maurice Kendall, filled a notable gap on the library shelves when it made its appearance in the early post-war years. Through a series of critical reviews by many of the foremost national experts, it constituted a valuable contemporary guide to statisticians working in many fields as well as a bench-mark to which historians of the development of Statistics in this country are likely to return again and again. The Social Science Research Council* and the Society were both delighted when Professor Maunder came forward with the proposal that a revised version should be produced, indicating as well his willingness to take on the onerous task of editor. The two bodies were more than happy to act as co-sponsors of the project and to help in its planning through a joint steering committee. The result, we are confident, will be judged a worthy successor to the previous volumes by the very much larger 'statistics public' that has come into being in the intervening years. Mrs SUZANNE REEVE Mrs EJ. SNELL Secretary Honorary Secretary Economic and Social Research Council Royal Statistical Society *SSRC is now the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). vii MEMBERSHIP OF JOINT STEERING COMMITTEE (November 1986) Chairman: Miss S. V. Cunliffe Representing the Royal Statistical Society: Mr M. C. Fessey Dr S. Rosenbaum Mrs E. J.
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  • 146
    ISBN: 9789400927315
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (342p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness, and Healing 14
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Anthropology
    Abstract: 1. Patterns of Continuity and Change -- 2. Infection, Innovation and Residence: Illness and Misfortune in the Torricelli Foothills from 1800 -- 3. Western Medicine and the Continuity of Belief: the Maisin of Collingwood Bay, Oro Province -- 4. Doktas and Shamans among the Sambia of Papua New Guinea -- 5. Illness and Ideology: Aspects of Health Care on Goodenough Island -- 6. Health Care and Medical Pluralism: Cases from Mount Hagen -- 7. The Place of Western Medicine in Ponam Theories of Health and Illness -- 8. The Amele and Dr Braun: a History of Early Experience with Western Medicine in Papua New Guinea -- 9. Medical Pluralism among the Yangoru Boiken -- 10. The Doctor and the Curer: Medical Theory and Practice in Kove -- 11. Gender in the Diet and Health of the Wopkaimin -- 12. Complementarity in Medical Treatment in a West New Britain Society -- 13. Modernity and Medicine among the Maring -- List of Contributors -- References -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 147
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    ISBN: 9789400927155
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (238p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 32
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: — Moral Theory and Moral Judgments in Biomedical Ethics -- Section I / Deriving Utilitarian Consequences -- Utilitarian Goals and Kantian Constraints (or: Always True to You, Darling, in my Fashion) -- Utilitarians Among the Optimists -- Utilitarianism and the Informed Consent Requirement (or: Should Utilitarians be Allowed on Medical Research Ethical Review Boards?) -- Reply to Ruddick and Reiman -- Section II / Natural Right Casuistry -- Moral Rights and Causal Casuistry -- Death by Omission -- Coffee and Casuistry: It Doesn’t Matter Who Caused What -- Section III / Marx’s Theory: Deriving Moral Implications -- Marxism and Moral Judgment -- Marx, Moral Judgment, and Medical Ethics: Commentary on Buchanan -- Section IV / Christian Casuistry -- Reconciling the Practice of Reason: Casuistry in a Christian Context -- Christianity in a Social Context: Practical Reasoning and Forgiveness -- Section V / From Theory to Praxis -- The Relation of Moral Theory to Moral Judgments: A Kantian View -- Justification in Ethics -- Theory and Practice in Ethics -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: principles. A second solution to this problem is to develop a scale for weighing the significance of the conflicting principles in a given case and for concluding which action should be adopted because it is supported by the weightier considerations in that case. Such a solution seems more realistic than the lexical ordering approach, but the development of such a scale is a problematic task. Still other, more complex solutions are possible. Which is the best solution to this problem of conflicting principles of bioethics? We need a moral theory to answer that question. This is the first reason for concluding that the principles of bioethics are not the true foundations of justified judgment in bioethics. What is the problem of the unclear scope and implications of the principles of bioethics and how can an appeal to moral theory help deal with that problem? The scope of a bioethical principle is the range of cases in which it applies. The implications of a bioethical principle are the conclusions to be derived from that principle in those cases in which it applies. It is clear from a review of the discussions in bioethics that there are major unclarities about the scope and implications of each of the principles. Consider, for example, the principle of autonomy.
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  • 148
    ISBN: 9789400927179
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 13
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Germanic languages ; Romance languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1 The Principles-and-Parameters Model and the Verb Phrase -- 1.1. From the Generative Tradition to Principles-and-Parameters -- 1.2. V* Constructions -- 1.3. $$ \bar{X} $$-Theory -- 1.4. Predication -- 1.5. Subcategorization and Theta-Theory -- Notes -- 2 Auxiliary Verbs in $$ \bar{X} $$-Theory -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Arguments for VP with Auxiliaries as Specifiers -- 2.3. Auxiliaries as Heads of Full Phrases -- 2.4. Specifiers and Adjuncts of Layered VP -- 2.5. Clausal-Type Restrictions on Occurrences of Aspectuals -- 2.6. Summary and Conclusions -- Notes -- 3 Licensing of VP -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Predication and the Distribution of VP -- 3.3. Theta-marking of VP by INFL -- 3.4. Subcategorization Licensing and the Argumenthood of VP -- 3.5. Auxiliaries and Head-Head Agreement -- 3.6. The Verbal Case Hypothesis -- Appendix: Syntactic Aspect and the Distribution of VP and AP -- Notes -- 4 Proper Government of VP -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Tense-Government -- 4.3. INFL and Tense-Identification -- 4.4. Antecedentless Null VP (VP-Deletion) -- 4.5. Null VP and Auxiliary Clitics (Contraction) -- 4.6. Clitics and Proper Government -- 4.7. VP-Preposing -- Notes -- 5 Structure of VP in Spanish -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Spanish Aspectual and Copular Verbs -- 5.3. The Verbal Complex Hypothesis -- 5.4. Arguments for Standard Phrasal Structure for Auxiliaries -- 5.5. Summary and Discussion -- Notes -- 6 V0 Chains and Government of VP in Spanish -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Issues -- 6.3. Movement of Non-defective (Main) Verbs -- 6.4. V0 Movement of Haber + Participle -- 6.5. Movement of Estar and Ser -- 6.6. Temporal Role Assignment and Agreement in Declaratives -- Notes -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This study is concerned with the structure of verb phrases in English and Spanish, and with syntactic processes involving VP and Vo. A primary focus of attention is auxiliary verbs. It is argued that the structure dominating these verbs is essentially the same in English and Spanish, as is the structure dominating auxiliaries and 'main' verbs in each language. It must be concluded that the occurrence of distinct syntactic processes affecting auxiliaries and other VP constituents in the two languages does not follow from parametrization of phrase structure. It is argued that similarities between the two languages with respect to the composition of so-called "V*" constructions derive from the fact that VP is licensed under both clauses of the Principle of Full Interpretation, i. e. , predication and sub categorization. Distinct syntactic processes in English and Spanish are argued to follow from the fact that there are inflectional features related to each of these licensing conditions (including specification for [ ± PAST) and nominal person/number features) which affect government relations in distinct ways, resulting in parametrization of S-structure representa­ tions. xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my appreCiatIOn to the Department of Romance Languages at the University of Washington for support for preparation of the final manuscript, and to the Department of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese at the University of Virginia for a leave during which much of this research was accomplished.
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  • 149
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400927339
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (458p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: A Theoretical and Historical Context for Second Language Acquisition -- Linguistic Theory: Generative Grammar -- The Ontogenesis of the Field of Second Language Learning Research -- B Parameters -- Parameterized Grammatical Theory and Language Acquisition: A Study of the Acquisition of Verb Placement and Inflection by Children and Adults -- Nature of Development in L2 Acquisition and Implications for Theories of Language Acquisition in General -- Linguistic Theory. Neurolinguistics and Second Language Acquisition -- Second Language Acquisition: A Biolinguistic Perspective -- Neurolinguistics and Parameter Setting -- C Markedness in Second Language Acquisition -- The Acquisition of Infinitive and Gerund Complements by Second Language Learners -- Island Effects in Second Language Acquisition -- On the Role of Linguistic Theory in Explanations of Second Language Developmental Grammars -- L2 Learnability: Delimiting the Domain of Core Grammar as Distinct from the Marked Periphery -- Kinds of Markedness -- D Additional Evidence for Universal Grammar -- The Categorial Status of Modals and L2 Acquisition -- UG-Generated Knowledge in Adult Second Language Acquisition -- Prosodic Phonology and the Acquisition of a Second Language -- Universal Grammar in Second Language Acquisition: Promises and Problems in Critically Relating Theory and Empirical Studies -- E Complementary Perspectives -- Pidginization as Language Acquisition -- All Paths Lead to the Mental Lexicon -- Intermorphology and Morphological Theory: A Plea for a Concession -- F Universal Grammar from a Traditional Perspective -- Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Theory: The Role of Language Transfer -- Grammatical Theory and L2 Acquisition: A Brief Overview -- Typological and Parametric Views of Universals in Second Language Acquisition -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Suzanne Flynn and Wayne O'Neil Massachusetts Institute of Technology I. INTRODUCTION The theory of Universal Grammar (UG) as explicated e. g. in Chomsky, 1986, has led to explosive developments in the study of natural language as well as to significant advances in the study of first language (L I) acquisition. Most recently. the theory of UG has led to important theore­ tical and empirical advances in the field of adult second language (L2) acquisition as well. The principle impetus for this development can be traced to the work in linguistics which shifted the study "from behavior or the products of behavior to states of the mind/brain that enter into behavior" (Chomksy. 1986:3). Grammars within this framework are conceived of as theoretical accounts of "the state of the mind/brain of the person who knows a particular language" (Chomsky. 1986:3). Research within fields of language acquisition seeks to isolate and specify the properties of the underlying competence necessary for language learning. Full development of a theory of UG demands study and understanding of the nature of both the formal properties of language and of the language acquisition process itself. However. while there is a tradition of debate and dialogue established between theoretical linguistics and Ll acquisition research. relatively few connections have been made between linguistic theory and L2 acquisition research.
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  • 150
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400927254
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (572p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness and Healing 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Anthropology ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Sociology. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: I: The Social Sciences and Biomedicine -- Relationships between Society, Culture, and Biomedicine: Introduction to the Essays -- II: Mind, Body, Values, and Society -- Tenacious Assumptions in Western Medicine -- Mind and Body as Metaphors: Hidden Values in Biomedicine -- Psyche, Soma, and Society: The Social Construction of Psychosomatic Disorders -- III: Reproducing Medical Perception and Practice -- Medical Students and the Cadaver in Social and Cultural Context -- Patients, Physicians and Context: Medical Care in the Home -- Discourse, Descriptions and Diagnoses: Reproducing Normal Medicine -- IV: Medicine Evolving, Medicine Adapting -- Space and Time in British General Practice -- Thinking Prevention: Concepts and Constructs in General Practice -- Clinical Science and Clinical Expertise: Changing Boundaries Between Art and Science in Medicine -- V: Medical Construction of life Cycle Processes -- Babyhood: The Social Construction of Infant Care as a Medical Problem in England in the Years Around 1900 -- Menopause as Process or Event: The Creation of Definitions in Biomedicine -- On the Boundary of Life and Death: The Definition of Dying by Medical Residents -- VI: Biomedical Knowledge and Practice Across Cultures -- A Nation at Risk: Interpretations of School Refusal in Japan -- Medical Practice in Response to a Folk Illness: The Treatment of Nervios in Costa Rica -- VII: Constructing the “Ordinary” out of the “Extraordinary” -- Physicians and the Disclosure of Undesirable Information -- The Technological Imperative in Medical Practice: The Social Creation of a “Routine” Treatment -- The Social Construction of a Machine: Ritual, Superstition, Magical Thinking and Other Pragmatic Responses to Running a CT Scanner -- List of Contributors -- Author Index.
    Abstract: The culture of contemporary medicine is the object of investigation in this book; the meanings and values implicit in biomedical knowledge and practice and the social processes through which they are produced are examined through the use of specific case studies. The essays provide examples of how various facets of 20th century medicine, including edu­ cation, research, the creation of medical knowledge, the development and application of technology, and day to day medical practice, are per­ vaded by a value system characteristic of an industrial-capitalistic view of the world in which the idea that science represents an objective and value free body of knowledge is dominant. The authors of the essays are sociologists and anthropologists (in almost equal numbers); also included are papers by a social historian and by three physicians all of whom have steeped themselves in the social sci­ ences and humanities. This co-operative endeavor, which has necessi­ tated the breaking down of disciplinary barriers to some extent, is per­ haps indicative of a larger movement in the social sciences, one in which there is a searching for a middle ground between grand theory and attempts at universal explanations on the one hand, and the context-spe­ cific empiricism and relativistic accounts characteristic of many historical and anthropological analyses on the other.
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  • 151
    ISBN: 9789400914155
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 37
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One Prologue: Newton and Leibniz -- 1.1. Newton on Space, Time and Metaphysics -- 1.2. Leibniz: The Ideal and the Real -- Two Kant’s Theory of Space and Time -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Concepts and Definitions -- 2.3. Kant’s Anti-logicist programme -- 2.4. Transcendental Aesthetic -- 2.5. Construction and Schematism -- 2.6. Spaces and Geometries -- 2.7. Incongruent Counterparts & the Intuitive Nature of Space -- 2.8. Infinity: Reason and Experience -- 2.9. Transcendental Idealism -- Three Acts, Intuitions and Constructions -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Concepts, Intuitions and the Schematism -- 3.3. Kant’s Constructivism -- 3.4. Incongruity and Constructions -- 3.5. Indirect Proof -- Notes -- Notes on Further Reading.
    Abstract: Many students coming to grips with Kant's philosophy are understandably daunted not only by the complexity and sheer difficulty of the man's writings, but almost equally by the amount of secondary literature available. A great deal of this seems to be - and not only on first reading - just about as difficult as the work it is meant to make more accessible. Any writer deliberately setting out to provide an authentically introductory text thus faces a double problem: how to provide an exegesis which would capture some of the spirit of the original, without gross and misleading over-simplification; and secondly, how to anchor the argument in the best and most imaginative secondary literature, yet avoid the whole project appearing so fragmented as to make the average book of chess openings seem positively austere. Until fairly recently, matters were made even more difficul t, in that commentaries on Kant were very often of a whole work, say, The Critique of Pure Reason, with the result that students would have to struggle through a very great deal of material indeed in order to feel any confidence at all that they had begun to understand the original writings. Recently, things have changed somewhat. There are now excellent commentaries on "Kant's Analytic", "Kant's Analogies" etc. . We have also seen, (at least as reflected in book titles), a resurgence of interest in what is perhaps the most controversial and far-reaching Kantian claim, viz.
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  • 152
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400928299
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (480p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 38
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Ethics ; Logic ; Philosophy, modern ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Vienna, Warsaw, Copenhagen -- The Cracow Circle -- Austrian Origins of Logical Positivism -- The Approach to Metaphysics in the Lvov-Warsaw School -- Ajdukiewicz’s Contribution to the Realism/Idealism Debate -- Towards Universal Grammars Carnap’s and Ajdukiewicz’ Contributions -- Principles of Categorial Grammar in the Light of Current Formalisms -- On ‘Categorial Grammar’ -- Meta-Ethics: Contributions from Vienna and Warsaw -- The Project to Create an Empirical Ethical Theory -- Mereology and Metaphysics: From Boethius of Dacia to Lesniewski -- Definitions in Russell, in the Vienna Circle and in the Lvov-Warsaw School -- ?ukasiewicz, Meinong, and Many-Valued Logic -- ?ukasiewiczian Logic of Tenses and The Problem of Determinism -- Kasimir Twardowski: An Essay on The Borderlines of Ontology, Psychology and Logic -- Some Remarks on the Place of Logical Empiricism in 20th Century Philosophy -- De Veritate: Austro-Polish Contributions to the Theory of Truth from Brentano to Tarski -- The Lvov-Warsaw School and the Vienna Circle.
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  • 153
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400926493
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (448p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 40
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Semantics, Wisconsin Style -- Representation and Covariation -- Individualism and Psychology -- Thoughts and Belief Ascriptions -- The Alleged Evidence for Representationalism -- Narrow Content -- A Farewell to Functionalism -- Metaphysical Arguments for Internalism and Why They Don’t Work -- Dual Aspect Semantics -- Innate Representations -- Reflexive Reflections -- Some Reductive Strategies in Cognitive Neurobiology -- Computation, Representation, and Content in Noncognitive Theories of Perception -- Beliefs Out of Control -- Intentionality -- Postscript October, 1987 -- Intentionality Speaks for Itself -- A Narrow Representational Theory of the Mind -- Name Index.
    Abstract: This collection of papers on issues in the theory of mental representation expresses a diversity of recent reflections on the idea that C. D. Broad so aptly characterized in the title of his book Mind and the World Order. An important impetus in the project of organizing this work were the discussions I had with Keith Lehrer while I was a Visiting Scholar in the department of Philosophy at the University of Arizona. His encouragement and friendship were of great value to me and I wish to express my thanks to him here. A word of thanks too for Mike Harnish who casually suggested the title Rerepresentation. I wish to express my thanks to Hans Schuurmans of the Computer Center at Tilburg University for his patient and cheerful assistance in preparing the manuscript. Professor J. Verster of the University of Groningen kindly provided the plates for the Ames Room figures. Thieu Kuys helped not only with the texts but also relieved me of chores so that I could devote more time to meeting deadlines. Barry Mildner had a major role in the text preparation using his skills and initiative in solving what seemed like endless technical problems. My deepest thanks are reserved for Anti Sax whose contribution to the project amount to a co-editorship of this volume. She participated in every phase of its development with valuable suggestions, prepared the indexes, and worked tirelessly to its completion.
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  • 154
    ISBN: 9789400927568
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idées / International Archives of the History of Ideas 119
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 119
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: Studies -- Some Aspects of Jewish-Christian Theological Interchanges in Holland and England 1640–1700 -- Proto-Protestants? The Image of the Karaites as a Mirror of the Catholic-Protestant Controversy in the Seventeenth Century -- Constantijn L’Empereur’s Contacts with the Amsterdam Jews and his Confutation of Judaism -- The Amsterdam Millenarian Petrus Serrarius (1600–1669) and the Anglo-Dutch Circle of Philo-Judaists -- Jacob Jehuda Leon (1602–1675) and his Model of the Temple -- Documents -- Johann Stephan Rittangel’s Stay in the Dutch Republic (1641–1642) -- John Covel’s Letter on the Karaites (1677) -- ‘Without Partialitie Towards All Men’: John Durie on the Dutch Hebraist Adam Boreel -- The Prefaces by Menasseh ben Israel and Jacob Judah Leon Templo to the Vocalized Mishnah (1646) -- Samuel Hartlib, John Worthington and John Durie on Adam Boreel’s Latin Translation of the Mishna (1659–1661) -- Latin Table of Contents from the Hebrew Work of Menasseh ben Israel, Nishmat Chajjim -- Menasseh ben Israel, ‘Compendium Kabbalae’ -- The Restoration of the Jews: Thomas Tany to World Jewry (1653) -- Philo-Semitism in the Radical Tradition: Henry Jessey, Morgan Llwyd, and Jacob Boehme -- Quakers and Jews: A Hebrew Appeal from George Fox.
    Abstract: This volume contains a number of studies on Jewish-Christian re­ lations, in which special attention is given to the Netherlands and England, and the texts of some recently discovered and other rare documents in the same field. The work originates in a symposium on this subject held on 23 January 1985 at the University of Leiden under the auspices of the Sir Thomas Browne Institute for the study of Anglo-Dutch relations. Various authors have contributed to this volume. Each author is responsible for his own contribu­ tion; thus, in cases of discrepancies in interpretation, orthography or method of transcription we have made no attempt at harmoni­ zation. We thank all those who have made publication possible. The Stichting Dr Hendrik Muller's Vaderlandsch Fonds gave a gener­ ous grant in defrayal of the cost of printing, and the Ir. F.E.D. Enschede-Stichting kindly covered the additional expenses re­ sulting from the translation and editing of some of the contribu­ tions. Last but not least we should like to thank Prof. R.H. Pop­ kin for his stimulating interest in the publication of this volume.
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  • 155
    ISBN: 9789400928374
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (616p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 104
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 104
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Pragmatism
    Abstract: 1 / Reducing Texts to Formulas -- 1. Seeking Canonical Forms -- 2. Analysis of Word Combinations -- 3. Details of the Analysis -- 2 /Result: Formulas of Information -- 1. Meta-science Segments -- 2. Word Classes -- 3. Word Subclasses -- 4. Word Modifiers and Local Operators -- 5. Summary of Word Classes -- 6. Sentence Types -- 7. Sentence Formulas -- 3 / From Structure to Information -- 1. Differences in Structure and Differences in Information -- 2. Formula-based Critique of Information -- 3. Sublanguage Properties -- 4. Further Work -- 5. Toward the Grammar of Science -- 4 / Sublanguage Formulas as Information Units -- 1. Normal Form Linearity: Projection and the Use of the Arrow -- 2. Local Operator Modifiers -- 3. The Classifier ‘Response’ -- 4. Correlations between W and V Operators -- 5. Sublanguage Homonymities -- 6. Extending Sublanguage Grammar -- 7. Information Structure and the ‘r’ Operator -- 5 / The Apparatus of Sublanguage Transformations -- 1. A Preliminary Survey of Sublanguage Transformations -- 2. Relinearization -- 3. Reconstruction of Repetitional Zeroing -- 4. Reconstruction of Low-information Zeroing -- 5. Relative Clause -- 6. Larger Transformations -- 7. Comparative -- 8. Quantifiers and the Negative -- 9. Further Regularization -- 6 / Extending the Analysis: The Informational Environment of the Science Sentences -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Word Classes and Sentence Types -- 3. Conclusions -- 7 / Information Units in a French Corpus -- 1. Information Grammar as a Pattern-matcher on Sentences and Linearization Rules to Produce Sentences from Informational Units -- 2. An Applicative Grammar of Informational Units -- 3. Using the Grammar of Informational Units as a Pattern-matcher for a Direct Recognition of Informational Units -- 4. Linearization Rules: Producing Sentences Out of Units -- 5. Questions Which Are Not Fully Treated Here -- 6. Conclusion and Applications of the Method Presented Here -- 8 / The Cellular Source of Antibody: A Review -- 1. Background -- 2. Early Observations and Experiments on the Macrophage in Relation to Antibody Formation -- 3. Early Studies on the Lymphatic System in the Production of Antibodies -- 4. Lymphocyte or Plasma Cell as the Antibody-synthesizing Cell -- 5. Correlation of Tissue-extract Antibody with Microscopic Observations -- 6. Extraction of Cells -- 7. Release of Antibody from Tissues and from Cells Cultivated in Vitro -- 8. Studies Involving Aggregation of Bacterial Cells Around Tissue Cells -- 9. Histochemical Staining for Nucleic Acid in Lymph Nodes in Relation to Formation of Antibodies -- 10. Fluorescence Staining for Antibody -- 11. Transfer of Cells of Lymph Nodes, Lymph and Spleen -- 12. Resolution of the Problem: Electron Microscopic Studies of Antibody-producing Cells -- Appendix 1 / Tables of Immunology Reports: English -- Appendix 2 / Tables of Immunology Reports: French -- Appendix 3 / Notes to the Tables of the English Articles -- List of Symbols.
    Abstract: DOES DISCOURSE HAVE A 'STRUCTURE'? HARRIS'S REVOLUTION IN LINGUISTICS As a freshman back in 1947 I discovered that within the various academic divisions and subdivisions of the University of Pennsylvania there existed a something (it was not a Department, but a piece of the Anthropology Department) called 'Linguistic Analysis'. I was an untalented but enthusiastic student of Greek and a slightly more talented student of German, as well as the son of a translator, so the idea of 'Linguistic Analysis' attracted me, sight unseen, and I signed up for a course. It turned out that 'Linguistic Analysis' was essentially a graduate program - I and another undergraduate called Noam Chomsky were the only two undergraduates who took courses in Linguistic Analysis - and also that it was essentially a one-man show: a professor named Zellig Harris taught all the courses with the aid of graduate Teaching Fellows (and possibly - I am not sure - one Assistant Professor). The technicalities of Linguistic Analysis were formidable, and I never did master them all. But the powerful intellect and personality of Zellig Harris drew me like a lodestone, and, although I majored in Philosophy, I took every course there was to take in Linguistic Analysis from then until my gradua­ tion. What 'Linguistics' was like before Zellig Harris is something not many people care to remember today.
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  • 156
    ISBN: 9789400926479
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 200
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Essay 1. Is Alethic Modal Logic Possible? -- Essay 2. Reasoning About Knowledge in Philosophy: The Paradigm of Epistemic Logic -- Essay 3. Are There Nonexistent Objects? Why Not? But Where Are They? -- Essay 4. On Sense, Reference, and the Objects of Knowledge -- Essay 5. Impossible Possible Worlds Vindicated -- Essay 6. Towards a General Theory of Individuation and Identification -- Essay 7. On the Proper Treatment of Quantifiers in Montague Semantics -- Essay 8. The Cartesian cogito, Epistemic Logic and Neuroscience: Some Surprising Interrelations -- Essay 9. Quine on Who’s Who -- Essay 10. How Can Language Be Sexist? -- Essay 11. On Denoting What? -- Essay 12. Degrees and Dimensions of Intentionality -- Essay 13. Situations, Possible Worlds and Attitudes -- Essay 14. Questioning as a Philosophical Method -- Erratum -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Names.
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  • 157
    ISBN: 9789400928435
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 32
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics ; Logic ; Philosophy. ; Historical linguistics.
    Abstract: On Boethius’s Notion of Being: A Chapter of Boethian Semantics -- Logic in the Early Twelfth Century -- The Distinction Actus Exercitus/Actus Significatus in Medieval Semantics -- Denomination in Peter of Auvergne -- Concrete Accidental Terms: Late Thirteenth-Century Debates About Problems Relating to Such Terms as ‘Album’ -- Concrete Accidental Terms and the Fallacy of Figure of Speech -- The Logic of the Categorical: The Medieval Theory of Descent and Ascent -- Tu Scis Hoc Esse Omne Quod Est Hoc: Richard Kilvington and the Logic of Knowledge -- Logic and Trinitarian Theology: De Modo Predicandi ac Sylogizandi in Divinis -- A Seventeenth-Century Physician on God and Atoms: Sebastian Basso -- Index of Persons.
    Abstract: The studies that make up this book were written and brought together to honor the memory of Jan Pinborg. His unexpected death in 1982 at the age of forty-five shocked and saddened students of medieval philosophy everywhere and left them with a keen sense of disappoint­ ment. In his fifteen-year career Jan Pinborg had done so much for our field with his more than ninety books, editions, articles, and reviews and had done it all so well that we recognized him as a leader and counted on many more years of his scholarship, his help, and his friendship. To be missed so sorely by his international colleagues in an academic field is a mark of Jan's achievement, but only of one aspect of it, for historians of philosophy are not the only scholars who have reacted in this way to Jan's death. In his decade and a half of intense productivity he also acquired the same sort of special status among historians of linguistics, whose volume of essays in his memory is being G. L. Bursill-Hall almost simultane­ published under the editorship of ously with this one. Sten Ebbesen, Jan's student, colleague, and successor as Director of the Institute of Medieval Greek and Latin Philology at the University of Copenhagen, has earned the gratitude of all of us by memorializing Jan 1 in various biographical sketches, one of which is accompanied by a 2 complete bibliography of his publications.
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  • 158
    ISBN: 9789400914254
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (348p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosphy 31
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 31
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ontology
    Abstract: 1 / Introduction -- 1. The Indivisibilist Controversy -- Indivisibilists: 1.1. Henry of Harclay -- 1.2. Robert Grosseteste -- 1.3. Walter Chatton -- 1.4. William Crathorn -- Divisibilists: 1.5. William of Ockham -- 1.6. John Duns Scotus -- 1.7. William of Alnwick -- 1.8. Walter Burley -- 2. Tractatus de indivisibilibus -- 2.1. The Author -- 2.2. The Contents -- 2.3. Date Written -- 2.4. Quaestio de divisione et compositione continui -- 2.5. The Date of the Quaestio -- 3. Editorial Principles -- 4. Notes to the Introduction -- II / Text and Translation -- Question 1: Whether forms or extended continua are composed of indivisibles -- Question 2: Whether among continua there is any indivisible extensive quantum, or among augmentable forms any intensive indivisible -- Question 3: Doubts about whether a continuum is infinitely divisible or composed of indivisibles -- Question 4: Whether the infinite divisibility of a continuum can be reduced to actuality -- Question 5: Whether there are more parts of the same proportion in a larger continuum than in a smaller -- III / Notes to the Text -- Notes to Question 1 -- Notes to Question 2 -- Notes to Question 3 -- Notes to Question 4 -- Notes to Question 5 -- IV / Appendix -- William Crathorn, “De continuo” -- Indices.
    Abstract: The English Franciscan philosopher and theologian, Adam of Wodeham (d. 1358), was a disciple and friend of William of Ockham; he was also a student of Walther Chatton. Nevertheless, he was an independent thinker who did not hesitate to criticize his former teachers - Ockham sporadically and benevolently, Chatton, frequently and aggressively. Since W odeham developed his own doctrinal position by a thorough critical examination of current opinions, the first part of this introduc­ tion briefly outlines the positions of the chief figures in the English controversy over indivisibles. The second part of the introduction pre­ sents a summary of Wodeham's views in the Tractatus de indivisibilibus, lists the contents of the treatise, and considers the question of its date and its chronological position in the context of Wodeham's other works. In the third part, the editorial procedures used here are set forth. 1. THE INDIVISIBILIST CONTROVERSY In the literature of the 13th and 14th centuries, the term 'indivisible' refers to a simple, un extended entity. Consequently, these indivisibles are not physical atoms but either mathematical points, temporal instants or indivisibles of motion, usually called mutata esse. I THOMAS BRADWARDINE (d. 1349), roughly contemporary with Wodeham, classified the positions it was possible to take regarding indivisibles. He described his own view as the common view, that of "Aristotle, A verroes, and most of the moderns," according to which a "continuum was not composed of atoms (athomis) but of parts divisible without end.
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  • 159
    ISBN: 9789400927056
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Public health laws ; Ethics ; Medical laws and legislation. ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / Human Experimentation and the Legacy of Nuremberg -- The Search for Universality in the Ethics of Human Research: Andrew C. Ivy, Henry K. Beecher, and the Legacy of Nuremberg -- Section II / The Development in Medicine of the Imperative to Conduct Research with Human Subjects: an Historical Analysis -- Cultural Contents in the History of the Use of Human Subjects in Research -- Reflections on the History of Human Experimentation -- Comparative Models and Goals for the Regulation of Human Research -- Moral Appropriateness in Human Research -- Public Control over Biomedical Experiments Involving Human Beings: An Israeli Perspective -- Section III / Ethical and Epistemological Issues in Randomized Clinical Trials -- Diagnosing Well and Treating Prudently: Randomized Clinical Trials and the Problem of Knowing Truly -- Research Risks, Randomization, and Risks to Research: Reflections on the Prudential Use of “Pilot” Trials -- Epistemological Presuppositions Involved in the Programs of Human Research -- At What Level of Statistical Certainty Ought a Random Clinical Trial to be Interrupted? -- Comment on Michael Ruse’s Essay -- Section IV / Obligations and the Avoidance of Injury -- Is There an Obligation to Participate in Biomedical Research? -- Physicians Experimenting on Themselves: Some Ethical and Philosophical Considerations -- Protection of Human Subjects: Remedies for Injury -- Israel Health Regulations: Experiments on Human Subjects - 1980 -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: This volume, which has developed from the Fourteenth Trans­ Disciplinary Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine, September 5-8, 1982, at Tel Aviv University, Israel, contains the contributions of a group of distinguished scholars who together examine the ethical issues raised by the advance of biomedical science and technology. We are, of course, still at the beginning of a revolution in our understanding of human biology; scientific medicine and clinical research are scarcely one hundred years old. Both the sciences and the technology of medicine until ten or fifteen years ago had the feeling of the 19th century about them; we sense that they belonged to an older time; that era is ending. The next twenty-five to fifty years of investigative work belong to neurobiology, genetics, and reproductive biology. The technologies of information processing and imaging will make diagnosis and treatment almost incomprehensible by my generation of physicians. Our science and technology will become so powerful that we shall require all of the art and wisdom we can muster to be sure that they remain dedicated, as Francis Bacon hoped four centuries ago, "to the uses of life." It is well that, as philosophers and physicians, we grapple with the issues now when they are relatively simple, and while the pace of change is relatively slow. We require a strategy for the future; that strategy must be worked out by scientists, philosophers, physicians, lawyers, theologians, and, I should like to add, artists and poets.
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  • 160
    ISBN: 9789401568784
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 526 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 32
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: Categorial Grammars as Theories of Language -- The Lambek Calculus -- Generative Power of Categorial Grammars -- Semantic Categories and the Development of Categorial Grammars -- Aspects of a Categorial Theory of Binding -- Type Raising, Functional Composition, and Non-Constituent Conjunction -- Implications of Process-Morphology for Categorial Grammar -- Phrasal Verbs and the Categories of Postponement -- Natural Language Motivations for Extending Categorial Grammar -- Categorial and Categorical Grammars -- Mixed Composition and Discontinuous Dependencies -- Multi-Dimensional Compositional Functions as a Basis for Grammatical Analysis -- Categorial Grammar and Phrase Structure Grammar: An Excursion on the Syntax-Semantics Frontier -- Combinators and Grammars -- A Typology of Functors and Categories -- Consequences of Some Categorially-Motivated Phonological Assumptions -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Categories and Functors.
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  • 161
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401729581
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences, A Yearbook 12/1/2
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 12/1/2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; History ; Sociology.
    Abstract: III Transformation of Industry and Medicine -- The Role of the Military in the Electrification of Russia 1870–1890 -- World War II and the Transformation of the American Chemical Industry -- Between Cowardice and Insanity: Shellshock and the Legitimation of the Neuroses in Great Britain -- IV Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Power -- The Development of the First Atomic Bomb in the USSR -- ‘Over My Dead Body’: James Bryant Conant and the Hydrogen Bomb -- A Crystal Ball in the Shadows of Nuremberg and Hiroshima: The Ethical Debate Over Human Experimentation to Develop a Nuclear Powered Bomber, 1946–1951 -- V R&D: Military, Industry and the Academy -- An Analytical Look at R&D and the Arms Race -- The Government of Military R&D in Britain -- The Government of Military R&D: A Comparative Perspective -- The Making of an Entrepreneurial University: The Traffic Among M.I.T. and the Industry and the Military, 1860–1960.
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  • 162
    ISBN: 9789401733502
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 305 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Phenomenology ; Comparative Literature ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Questions of Method: On Describing the Individual as Exemplary -- 2. The Necessity of Intersubjectivity -- 3. Existence and Essence in Thomas and Husserl -- 4. A Phenomenological Exploration of Popper’s ‘World 3’ -- 5. Dwelling -- 6. Textuality and the Origin of the Work of Art -- 7. On the Occlusion of the Subject: Heidegger and Lacan -- 8. From the Deconstruction of Hermeneutics to the Hermeneutics of Deconstruction -- 9. Communication Science and Merleau-Ponty’s Critique of the Objectivist Illusion -- 10. Merleau-Ponty: The Depth of Memory as the Depth of the World -- 11. Towards an Erotics of Art -- 12. Merleau-Ponty on Silence and the Work of Philosophy -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: lacan. Barthes. Jakobson. Horkheimer. Adorno. Gadamer. Ricoeur. Foucault. Deleuze. Derrida. lyotard. Vattimo. Kofman. and Irigaray are also part of that outer horizon of continental philosophy. The purpose of this volume however is to establish that space within the core of continental philosophy -­ specifically in relation to the work of Husserl. Heidegger. and Merleau-Ponty -- and to move out to some of its various horizons. In some cases. these horizons are set by the history of philosophy. in others by newer directions in contemporary philosophy. and in others by alternative modes of philosophizing. The horizons also appear in areas as diverse as epistemology and the philosophy of science. metaphysics. philosophical psychology. and aesthetics. Furthermore. these limits are set by the relationships between philosophy and other disciplines such as psychology. communication theory. and the arts. Nevertheless the volume is organized around each of the three major figures in the phenomenological core of continental philosophy. The twelve essays provide important investigations into current research -- they represent the range and skills of contemporary work in relation to Husserl. Heidegger. and Merleau-Ponty. In themselves however they indicate advances in philosophical research and are hardly simple commentaries on these three figures. Husserl. Heidegger. and Merleau-Ponty constitute texts on the basis of which phenomenology is taken to its limits -- and even beyond.
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  • 163
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401577786
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 36
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 36
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: I Possible Worlds: Introduction -- 1 Possible Worlds -- 2 Semantic Competence -- 3 Semantics and Logic -- 4 Physical Theories and Possible Worlds -- II Situations and Attitudes: Introduction -- 5 The World Situation (It’s a small world after all) -- 6 Quotational Theories of Propositional Attitudes -- 7 More about Inscriptionalism -- III Quantification and Reference: Introduction -- 8 Identity and Intensional Objects -- 9 The Greek-Turkish Imbroglio (Do we need game-theoretical semantics?) -- 10 Some Recent Theories of Anaphora.
    Abstract: Over a longer period than I sometimes care to contemplate I have worked on possible-worlds semantics. The earliest work was in modal logic, to which I keep returning, but a sabbatical in 1970 took me to UCLA, there to discover the work of Richard Montague in applying possible-worlds semantics to natural lan­ guage. My own version of this appeared in Cresswell (1973) and was followed up in a number of articles, most of which were collected in Cresswell (1985b). A central problem for possible­ worlds semantics is how to accommodate propositional attitudes. This problem was addressed in Cresswell (1985a), and the three books mentioned so far represent a reasonably complete picture of my positive views on formal semantics. I have regarded the presentation of a positive view as more important than the criticism of alternatives, although the works referred to do contain many passages in which I have tried to defend my own views against those of others. But such criticism is important in that a crucial element in establishing the content of a theory is that we be able to evaluate it in relation to its com­ petitors. It is for that reason that I have collected in this volume a number of articles in which I attempt to defend the positive semantical picture I favour against objections and competing theories.
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  • 164
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400912311
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Reviews of United Kingdom Statistical Sources 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science (General) ; Demography. ; Population. ; Population—Economic aspects.
    Abstract: of Review 43 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types and Sources of Information -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Current Sources of Routine Data on Family Planning -- 2.3 Survey Data on Fertility and Family Planning -- 2.4 General Household Survey -- 2.5 Parliamentary Questions -- 2.6 Family Planning Information Service -- 3. Contraception -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of Data on Contraceptive Usage -- 3.3 Sample Survey Data -- 3.4 Information Available From Sample Surveys -- 3.5 Additional Sources of Data on the Use of Contraception -- 3.6 Summary and Conclusion -- 4. Contraceptive Services -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Development of Contraceptive Services -- 4.3 Statistics Relating to Services before 1974 -- 4.4 Family Practitioner Services under 1973 Act -- 4.5 NHS Community and Hospital Services since 1974 -- 4.6 Survey Data on Family Planning Services -- 4.7 Evaluation of Family Planning Services -- 5. Sterilisation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sources of Data on Sterilisation Operations -- 5.3 Vasectomy -- 5.4 Female Sterilisation -- 5.5 Survey Data on Prevalence of Sterilisation -- 5.6 Summary and Conclusion -- 6. Abortion -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Legislation -- 6.3 Published Statistics on Legal Abortion -- 6.4 Evaluation of Annual Statistics in England and Wales -- 6.5 Illegal Abortion -- 6.6 Survey Data on Abortion -- 6.7 Conclusion -- 7. Family Building Patterns -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Family Size Preferences -- 7.3 Unwanted Pregnancy -- 7.4 Contraceptive Effectiveness -- 7.5 Sexual Behaviour Outside Marriage -- 7.6 Childlessness, Subfecundity and Subfertility Services -- 7.7 Adoption -- 7.8 The Artificial Family -- 7.9 Summary and Conclusion -- 8. Evaluation and Future Needs -- 8.1 Evaluation -- 8.2 Further Needs -- Quick Reference List Description -- Quick Reference List Table of Contents -- Quick Reference List -- Quick Reference List Key to Publications -- List of Appendices -- Appendices.
    Abstract: The Sources and Nature of the Statistics of the United Kingdom, produced under th~ auspices of the Royal Statistical Society and edited by Maurice Kendall, filled a notable gap on the library shelves when it made its appearance in the early post-war years. Through a series of critical reviews by many of the foremost national experts, it constituted a valuable contemporary guide to statisticians working in many fields as well as a bench-mark to which historians of the development of Statistics in this country are likely to return again and again. The Social Science Research Council* and the Society were both delighted when Professor Maunder came forward with the proposal that a revised version should be produced, indicating as well his willingness to take on the onerous task of editor. The two bodies were more than happy to act as co-sponsors of the project and to help in its planning through a joint steering committee. The result, we are confident, will be judged a worthy successor to the previous volumes by the very much larger 'statistics public' that has come into being in the intervening years. Mrs SUZANNE REEVE Mrs E. J. SNELL Secretary Honorary Secretary Economic and Social Research Council Royal Statistical Society *SSRC is now the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). vii MEMBERSHIP OF JOINT STEERING COMMITTEE (December 1986) Chairman: Miss S. V. Cunliffe Representing the Royal Statistical Society: Mr M. C. Fessey Dr S. Rosenbaum Mrs E. J.
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  • 165
    ISBN: 9789400927131
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 393 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness, and Healing 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Anthropology
    Abstract: Medicines in Context: an Introduction -- The Transaction of Medicines -- Introductory Note -- Commercial Pharmaceutical Medicine and Medicalization: a Case Study from El Salvador -- Traditional Practitioners and Western Pharmaceuticals in Sri Lanka -- Medicines and Rural Health Services: an Experiment in the Dominican Republic -- Buying Drugs in Addis Ababa: a Quantitative Analysis -- ‘Casi como doctor’: Pharmacists and their Clients in a Mexican Urban Context -- The Articulation of Formal and Informal Medicine Distribution in South Cameroon -- The Rise of the Modern Jamu Industry in Indonesia: a Preliminary Overview -- The Meaning of Medicines -- Introductory Note -- Culture and Pharmaceutics: Some Epistemological Observations of Pharmacological Systems in Ancient Europe and Medieval China -- The Use of Herbal and Biomedical Pharmaceuticals on Mauritius -- The Power of Medicines in East Africa -- Traditional Medication at Pregnancy and Childbirth in Madura, Indonesia -- The Reinterpretation and Distribution of Western Pharmaceuticals: an Example from the Mende of Sierra Leone -- Cultural Meanings of Oral Rehydration Salts in Jamaica -- Penicillin: an Ancient Ayurvedic Medicine -- Cultural Constructions of Efficacy -- Conclusion -- Pharmaceutical Anthropology: Perspectives for Research and Application -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Western pharmaceuticals are flooding the Third World. Injections, capsules and tablets are available in city markets and village shops, from 'traditional' practitioners and street vendors, as well as from more orthodox sources like hospitals. Although many are aware of this 'pharmaceutical invasion', little has been written about how local people perceive and use these products. This book is a first attempt to remedy that situation. It presents studies of the ways Western medicines are circulated and understood in the cities and rural areas of Africa, Asia and Latin America. We feel that such a collection is long overdue for two reasons. The first is a practical one: people dealing with health problems in developing countries need information about local situations and they need examples of methods they can use to examine the particular contexts in which they are working. We hope that this book will be useful for pharmacists, doctors, nurses, health planners, policy makers and concerned citizens, who are interested in the realities of drug use. Why do people want various kinds of medicine? How do they evaluate and choose them and how do they obtain them? The second reason for these studies of medicines is to fill a need in medical anthropology as a field of study. Here we address our colleagues in anthropol­ ogy, medical sociology and related disciplines.
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  • 166
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400926578
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Mathematics Education Library 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Mathematics ; Mathematics—Study and teaching .
    Abstract: 1/Towards a Way of Knowing -- 1.1. The conflict -- 1.2. My task -- 1.3. Preliminary thoughts on Mathematics education and culture -- 1.4. Technique-oriented curriculum -- 1.5. Impersonal learning -- 1.6. Text teaching -- 1.7. False assumptions -- 1.8. Mathematical education, a social process -- 1.9. What is mathematical about a mathematical education? -- 1.10. Overview -- 2/Environmental Activities and Mathematical Culture -- 2.1. Perspectives from cross-cultural studies -- 2.2. The search for mathematical similarities -- 2.3. Counting -- 2.4. Locating -- 2.5. Measuring -- 2.6. Designing -- 2.7. Playing -- 2.8. Explaining -- 2.9. From ‘universals’ to ‘particulars’ -- 2.10. Summary -- 3/The Values of Mathematical Culture -- 3.1. Values, ideals and theories of knowledge -- 3.2. Ideology — rationalism -- 3.3. Ideology — objectism -- 3.4. Sentiment — control -- 3.5. Sentiment — progress -- 3.6. Sociology — openness -- 3.7. Sociology — mystery -- 4/Mathematical Culture and the Child -- 4.1. Mathematical culture — symbolic technology and values -- 4.2. The culture of a people -- 4.3. The child in relation to the cultural group -- 4.4. Mathematical enculturation -- 5/Mathematical Enculturation — The Curriculum -- 5.1. The curriculum project -- 5.2. The cultural approach to the Mathematics curriculum — five principles -- 5.3. The three components of the enculturation curriculum -- 5.4. The symbolic component: concept-based -- 5.5. The societal component: project-based -- 5.6. The cultural component: investigation-based -- 5.7. Balance in this curriculum -- 5.8. Progress through this curriculum -- 6/Mathematical Enculturation — The Process -- 6.1. Conceptualising the enculturation process in action -- 6.2. An asymmetrical process -- 6.3. An intentional process -- 6.4. An ideational process -- 7/The Mathematical Enculturators -- 7.1. People are responsible for the process -- 7.2. The preparation of Mathematical enculturators — preliminary thoughts -- 7.3. The criteria for the selection of Mathematical enculturators -- 7.4. The principles of the education of Mathematical enculturators -- 7.5. Socialising the future enculturator into the Mathematics Education community -- Notes -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Mathematics is in the unenviable position of being simultaneously one of the most important school subjects for today's children to study and one of the least well understood. Its reputation is awe-inspiring. Everybody knows how important it is and everybody knows that they have to study it. But few people feel comfortable with it; so much so that it is socially quite acceptable in many countries to confess ignorance about it, to brag about one's incompe­ tence at doing it, and even to claim that one is mathophobic! So are teachers around the world being apparently legal sadists by inflicting mental pain on their charges? Or is it that their pupils are all masochists, enjoying the thrill of self-inflicted mental torture? More seriously, do we really know what the reasons are for the mathematical activity which goes on in schools? Do we really have confidence in our criteria for judging what's important and what isn't? Do we really know what we should be doing? These basic questions become even more important when considered in the context of two growing problem areas. The first is a concern felt in many countries about the direction which mathematics education should take in the face of the increasing presence of computers and calculator-related technol­ ogy in society.
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  • 167
    ISBN: 9789400929159
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 33
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 33
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: The Foundations of Modality and Conceivability in Descartes and his Predecessors -- Hobbes’s System of Modalities -- Was Leibniz’s Deity an Akrates? -- Hegel on Modalities and Monadology -- Plenitude and Contingency: Modal Concepts in Nineteenth Century French Philosophy -- Frege and his German Contemporaries on Alethic Modalities -- From Possibility to Probability: British Discussions on Modality in the Nineteenth Century -- The Failure of Logical Positivism to Cope with Problems of Modal Theory -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The word "modem" in the title of this book refers primarily to post-medieval discussions, but it also hints at those medieval mo­ dal theories which were considered modem in contradistinction to ancient conceptions and which in different ways influenced philosophical discussions during the early modem period. The me­ dieval developments are investigated in the opening paper, 'The Foundations of Modality and Conceivability in Descartes and His Predecessors', by Lilli Alanen and Simo Knuuttila. Boethius's works from the early sixth century belonged to the sources from which early medieval thinkers obtained their knowledge of ancient thought. They offered extensive discus­ sions of traditional modal conceptions the basic forms of which were: (1) the paradigm of possibility as a potency striving to realize itself; (2) the "statistical" interpretation of modal no­ tions where necessity means actuality in all relevant cases or omnitemporal actuality, possibility means actuality in some rel­ evant cases or sometimes, and impossibility means omnitemporal non-actuality; and (3) the "logical" definition of possibility as something which, being assumed, results in nothing contradic­ tory. Boethius accepted the Aristotelian view according to which total possibilities in the first sense must prove their met­ tle through actualization and possibilities in the third sense are assumed to be realized in our actual history. On these presump­ tions, all of the above-mentioned ancient paradigms imply the Principle of Plenitude according to which no genuine possibility remains unrealized.
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  • 168
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400927292
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: The Internal Structure of the Syllable -- Reading Complex Words -- A Synthesis of Some Recent Work in Sentence Production -- The Isolability of Syntactic Processing -- Neuropsychological Evidence for Linguistic Modularity -- Parsing Complexity and a Theory of Parsing -- Comprehending Sentences with Long-Distance Dependencies -- Thematic Structures and Sentence Comprehension -- Integrating Information in Text Comprehension: The Interpretation of Anaphoric Noun Phrases -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The papers in this volume are intended to exemplify the state of experimental psycho linguistics in the middle to later 1980s. Our over­ riding impression is that the field has come a long way since the earlier work of the 1950s and 1960s, and that the field has emerged with a renewed strength from a difficult period in the 1970s. Not only are the theoretical issues more sharply defined and integrated with existing issues from other domains ("modularity" being one such example), but the experimental techniques employed are much more sophisticated, thanks to the work of numerous psychologists not necessarily interested in psycholinguistics, and thanks to improving technologies unavailable a few years ago (for instance, eye-trackers). We selected papers that provide a coherent, overall picture of existing techniques and issues. The volume is organized much as one might organize an introductory linguistics course - beginning with sound and working "up" to mean­ ing. Indeed, the first paper, Rebecca Treiman's, begins with considera­ tion of syllable structure, a phonological consideration, and the last, Alan Garnham's, exemplifies some work on the interpretation of pro­ nouns, a semantic matter. In between are found works concentrating on morphemes, lexical structures, and syntax. The cross-section represented in this volume is by necessity incom­ plete, since we focus only on experimental work directed at under­ standing how adults comprehend and produce language. We do not include any works on language acquisition, first or second.
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  • 169
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400928213
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 36
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Philosophy—History. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Preface -- Solution of the Staccato Version of the Achilles Paradox -- Pacifism: Is Its Moral Foundation Possible or Needed ? -- The Role of General Terms in Singling Out the Referent of a Demonstrative -- Philosophy and Pain Research -- A Defence of Rights-Duties Correlativism -- Scientific Discovery: Is It a Legitimate Subject for the Philosopher of Science ? -- Hegel and Logic -- Temporal Modalities and Modal Tense Operators -- Causal Propositions and Essential Properties -- Internalism and Intentionality -- Scientific Persuasion -- Is the Evil Daemon a Sceptical Device ? -- Why Wont Syntactic Naturalization of Belief do? -- An Argument Against Theism -- A Relativistic Criticism of Realism -- Deliberation, Practical Wisdom and the Self in the Nicomachean Ethics -- A Select Bibliography of Yugoslav Analytic Philosophy.
    Abstract: The aim of this collection is to present the work of Yugoslav philosophers who approach philosophy in a analytic manner. I have sought contributions from all philosophers of whom I knew to be working in this tradition. Not all sent their contributions; but I should say that the majority did. As a consequence of so wide an appeal, the papers published here exhibit not only a variety of topics but also differences in quality. This, I think, is to be expected given that the aim is to present the work of a group of philosophers who share only a poorly defined and general approach to philosophy. Of many people who have helped me bring out this collection, I can mention only a few. Jovan Babic gave me, as usual, sound advice and helped me to establish and maintain contact with the contributors in Yugoslavia. Milos Arsenijevic rounded up the recalcitrant contributors and constantly recruited new ones. And Svetlana Knjazev encouraged me - perhaps unwittingly - to persevere by her yarns of the old times in which there was no analytic philosophy in Yugoslavia. And Down Under, Steve Glaister checked the English, Nancy Simmons patiently typed the manuscripts into a rather temperamental word-processor, Mitjana Djukic proof-read them and Dean Davidson of the Macquarie University Computing Centre helped us to get them printed. To all of them many thanks.
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    ISBN: 9789400926516
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 35
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 35
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Logic ; History ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Abstract: One/ Subject and Programme -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Quandaries in recent Aristotle research -- 3. The programme of this study -- Notes to Chapter One -- Two/ The General Doctrine I Some Theorems and Rules -- 1. Multifariousness and common core -- 2. A provisional assumption -- 3. Common properties -- 4. Comparisons -- Notes to Chapter Two -- Three/ The General Doctrine II Absolute and Qualified Modalities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Qualified vs. absolute modalities -- 3. Qualified necessity, syllogisms and the proof per impossibile -- 4. Absolute impossibility and the commensurability of the diagonal -- 5. Real and assumed background knowledge -- 6. Relations between temporal and modal concepts -- Notes to Chapter Three -- Four/ Modality and Time (I) The Principle of Plenitude -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Principle of Plenitude and its role in Aristotle’s modal thinking -- 3. The evidence -- Notes to Chapter Four -- Five/ Modality and Time (II) De Caelo I.12 and The Necessity of What is Eternal -- 1. The problem -- 2. Williams and the supposed logical errors -- 3. Hintikka and the confusion in Aristotle’s “Master Argument” -- 4. Judson and the “grossness of Aristotle’s fallacy” -- 5. The metaphysics in De Caelo I.12 as exposed by Waterlow -- 6. De Caelo I.12 and the necessity of what is eternal -- 7. Some extrapolations and the role of hylê phthartê -- Notes to Chapter Five -- Six/ Modality and Time (III) De Interpretations 9 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The traditional views -- 3. De Interpretations 9 on the statistical reading -- 4. Deliberation and chance events in De Interpretatione 9 -- 5. The interpretation -- Notes to Chapter Six -- Seven/ Posterior Analytics I.4–6 The De Omni-Per Se Distinction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Zabarella on Aristotelian necessity -- 3. Inseparable accidents -- 4. A first look at Posterior Analytics I.4–6 -- 5. Some commentaries on Posterior Analytics I.4 and 6 -- 6. Real or conceptual modalities? -- 7. Aristotle, matter, and definition -- Notes to Chapter Seven -- Eight/ Posterior Analytics I.4–6 Names and Naming -- 1. Abstraction in Metaphysics XIII.3 -- 2. Abstraction and naming -- 3. The issue of names and naming -- 4. A new look at Posterior Analytics I.4–6, part one -- 5. Some major differences -- 6. A new look at Posterior Analytics 1.4-6, part two -- 7. Belonging kath’ hauto and homogeneity -- 8. Homogeneity, the necessity of what is always and the concept of possibility -- Notes to Chapter Eight -- Nine/ Apodeictic Syllogistic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. External criticism -- 3. The nature of Aristotle’s syllogistic theory -- 4. Apodeictic syllogistic -- 5. Incoherence -- 6. McCall’s reconstruction -- 7. The four apodeictic categorical sentences and apodeictic ecthesis -- 8. The apodeictic conversion rules -- 9. The apodeictic Barbaras and domains of discourse -- 10. The status of ALuu -- 11. The soundness of the inference base -- 12. Conversion rules and shifts of type of predication -- 13. Conclusions -- Notes to Chapter Nine -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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    ISBN: 9789400927506
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idées / International Archives of the History of Ideas 120
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 120
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    Keywords: History
    Abstract: One. General Introduction -- A: The Need for a Living Hegel: From ‘Dichotomy’ (“Entzweiung”) to ‘Reconciliation’ (“Versöhnung”) -- B: The Whole Hegel and the Particulars of Scholarship -- C: Hegel and the Enlightenment -- D: The Scottish Enlightenment -- E: The Rôle of Newton -- F: The Structure of the Present Study -- Two. The Scottish Enlightenment in Germany — Stages of Reception -- A: Eighteenth Century German Translations of the Writings of the Scottish Enlightenment -- B: Contemporary Reviews -- C: The Popularizations -- D: The Impact on Teaching -- E: Conclusion and Outlook -- Three. Hegel’s Contacts with and Knowledge of the Scottish Enlightenment -- A: Hegel’s Knowledge of English -- B: Hegel’s Reading and Indirect Knowledge of the Scottish Enlightenment — A Reconstruction of the Dates and Extent -- C: Hegel’s Explicit References to the Scottish Enlightenment -- Four. Hegel’s Account of the Market Economy -- A: Some Presuppositions -- B: Human Needs -- C: Free Labour and Exchange -- D: Social Division of Labour: The Classes (‘Die Stände’) -- Five. Hegel’s ‘Libéralisme Interventionniste’ and the Legacy of Steuart and Smith -- A: Introduction -- B: Steuart and Smith -- C: Hegel’s Qualifications to Liberalism -- Six. The Division of Labour -- A: The Scottish Contribution to the Problem -- B: Hegel’s Discussion of the Division of Labour -- Conclusion and Outlook -- Bibliography and Bibliographical Appendices -- Appendix I. A Bibliography of Contemporary German Translations of the Writings of the Scottish Enlightenment. -- Appendix II. A Bibliography of Contemporary German Reviews of the Writings of the Scottish Enlightenment. -- Appendix III. A Bibliography of Contemporary German Popularizations of the Theories of the Scottish Enlightenment. -- Appendix IV. All English Books and all Scottish Enlightenment Authors in Hegel’s Library — An Extract from the Auction Catalogue. -- Appendix V. All English Books and all Scottish Enlightenment Authors in the Steiger of Tschugg Library — An Extract from the Auction Catalogue.
    Abstract: The present study, which investigates the influence of the Scottish Enlightenment on Hegel's account of 'civil society' or "biirgerliche Gesellschaft", is based on my PhD thesis, submitted to the University of Cambridge in September 1983. Its publication provides me with a welcome opportunity to acknowledge the help and encouragement I have received over the years from scholars, friends, and relations. At the Ruhr University of Bochum where I began my studies, I am indebted to Professor Otto Poggeler (Director of the Hegel Archives), to the other, past and present members of staff at the Hegel Archives, and to Professors Jiirgen Gebhardt, Jiirgen von Kempski, Heinz Kim­ merle; and Leo Kofler. It was my time at Bochum under the guidance of these scholars that kindled my love for the study of Hegel, which proved to be a lasting romance. In Scotland, where I continued my studies and spent two fruitful and happy years, I am indebted to George Elder Davie and Richard Gunn, who first introduced me to the Scottish Enlightenment, and to Professors R. H. Campbell and T. D. Campbell, who supervised my research in that field. At Cambridge, where most of this study was prepared, my greatest debt is to Duncan Forbes. I am grateful for his supervision of my research, but also, beyond the scope of my research, for what I have learned, genuinely learned, from the man.
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    ISBN: 9789400929050
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 38
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: 1: Knowledge and Certainty -- 1. Three Conditions of Certainty -- 2. Modal Accounts of Certainty -- 3. The Infallibilist’s View of Certainty -- 4. Direct Knowledge and Infallibility -- 2: Certainty and Fallibilism -- 1. Possible Mistakes About Necessity -- 2. Incorrigibility of the Cogito -- 3. Certainty and the Cogito -- 3: Certainty and Sensations -- 1. The Fallibilist Argument -- 2. Standard Objections -- 3. Are Basic Propositions Incorrigible? -- 4: The Nature of Justification -- 1. Theories of Justification -- 2. Abilities and Reasons -- 3. Proof and Justification -- 4. The Nature of Justification -- 5. Alternative Explanations -- 6. Social-Aspect Cases -- 5: Justification and the Gettier Problem -- 1. The Gettier Problem -- 2. Causal and Defeasibility Theories -- 3. Evidence and Truth -- 4. Some Counterexamples -- 6: Perceptual Knowledge and Physical Objects -- 1. Perception and the Given -- 2. Recognition and Perceptual Knowledge -- 3. Further Restrictions -- 4. Inferential and Non-Inferential -- 5. Abilities and Justified Belief -- 6. Direct Perception of Physical Objects -- 7: Foundations and Coherence -- 1. Experience and the Coherence Theory -- 2. The Nature of Coherence -- 3. Circularity and Coherence -- 4. Reliability and Coherence -- 8: Skepticism and Rationality -- 1. Knowledge and Certainty -- 2. Dire-Possibility Arguments -- 3. The Problem of the Criterion -- 4. Internalism vs. Externalism -- 5. Rationality and Justification -- Select Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: It is convenient to divide the theory of knowledge into three sets of problems: 1. the nature of knowledge, certainty and related notions, 2. the nature and validi­ ty of the sources of knowledge, and 3. answers to skeptical arguments. The first set includes questions such as: What is it to know that something is the case? Does knowledge imply certainty? If not, how do they differ? What are the con­ ditions of knowledge? What is it to be justified in accepting something? The sec­ ond deals with the ways in which knowledge can be acquired. Traditional sources have included sources of premisses such as perception, memory, in­ trospection, innateness, revelation, testimony, and methods for drawing conclu­ sions such as induction and deduction, among others. Under this heading, philosophers have asked: Does innateness provide knowledge? Under what con­ ditions are beliefs from perception, testimony and memory justified? When does induction yield justified belief? Can induction itself be justified? Debates in this area have sometimes led philosophers to question sources (e. g. , revela­ tion, innateness) but usually the aim has been to clarify and increase our understanding of the notion of knowledge. The third class includes the peren­ nial puzzles taught to beginning students: the existence of other minds, the problem of the external world (along with questions about idealism and phenomenalism), and more general skeptical problems such as the problem of the criterion. These sets of questions are related.
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    ISBN: 9789400927117
    Language: English
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    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Environmental Ethics and Science Policy 1
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics ; Environmental management ; Sociology.
    Abstract: One: Introduction to Mandated Science -- Identifying Mandated Science -- The Character of Mandated Science -- The Approach to be Taken in the Study of Mandated Science -- Standard Setting: A Case Study of Mandated Science -- The Design of the Study -- Specific Methodological Decisions -- The Organization of the Book -- Two: An Introduction to Standards -- The Features of Standards -- Confusions in Terminology -- The Data Problem in Standard Setting -- The Debates about Standards -- Standard Setting as an Example of Mandated Science -- Three: In the Eye of the StormCase Study One: The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists -- The Early History -- The Active Phase -- The Transition Period -- ACGIH Today -- Membership of the TLV Committee -- Standard Setting in ACGIH -- ACGIH Standards -- Controversies about Standards -- The Status of ACGIH Standards -- The Use of ACGIH Standards -- Discussion -- Four: Alphabet SoupCase Study Two: The Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues -- The Codex Alimentarius -- The Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR) -- The Joint Management Committee on Pesticide Residues -- The Three Organizations -- The Standards -- The Status of Codex Standards -- Discussion -- Five: Political ChemicalsCase Study Three: The Toronto Lead Controversy -- Background Information -- Standards in the Toronto Lead Controversy -- The Toronto Lead Controversy (1) — Early History -- The Toronto Lead Controversy (2) — the Case Goes to Court -- The Toronto Lead Controversy (3) — Words Become Dangerous -- The Toronto Lead Controversy (4) — Studying the Problem -- The Toronto Lead Controversy (5) — The Hearing Acts as a Court -- Discussion -- Six: An Economic PoisonCase Study Four: Pentachlorophenol -- Sorne Background Information -- The Standards -- History of the Controversy -- Discussion -- Seven: Standards Revisited -- The Characteristics of Standards -- The Character of Standard Setting: The Two Organizations -- The Character of Standard Setting: The Two Controversies -- Standards and the Debate about Regulation -- The Debate about Standards: Prescriptive versus Performance Standards -- Standards and Mandated Science -- Eight: Mandated Science -- The Character of Mandated Science -- Questions Arising from the Study of Mandated Science -- The Debates in Mandated Science -- Conclusions from the Study of Mandated Science -- Notes.
    Abstract: For a long time I would not eat strawberries. In 1977, a scandal broke about a testing laboratory having falsified the data that was used to register a large number of pesticides. The Canadian government, along with several others, began the process of re-evaluating both the procedures for testing and these specific chemicals. One chemical proved particularly controversial, the commonly-used pesticide named captan. In light of the controversy, which was manifest in a conflict between two government departments, in 1981, the Canadian government chose to appoint a special panel of experts to advise them. I was a member of this expert committee. The experience on the captan committee did little to reassure me, either about captan or about the way that decisions had been made about many pesticides in widespread use. Although it could not be demonstrated that captan was dangerous to people in the amounts to which they would likely be exposed, the animal studies provided the basis for concern. Prudence required at the very least that consumers take the precaution of washing their fruit, for captan is widely used on apples, cherries and berry fruits. Captan residues wash off apples relatively easily; they are less easily removed from berry fruits, such as straw­ berries.
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    ISBN: 9789400928992
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies of Classical India 9
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: 1: Preliminaries -- 1.1 The central issues -- 1.2 The contributions of previous scholars -- 1.3 The argument of this book -- Notes -- 2: Rational Skepticism in Pre-Di?n?gan Buddhism -- 2.1 The foundation of skepticism in the Nik?yas -- 2.2 The influence of N?g?rjuna -- Notes -- 3: Nominalism in Pre-Di?n?gan Buddhism -- 3.1 The ?gama literature and Milindapañha -- 3.2 Nominalism in N?g?rjuna -- 3.3 Nominalism in Vasubandhu -- Notes -- 4: Di?n?ga’s Theory of Knowledge -- 4.1 Hetucakranir?aya -- 4.2 The Pram??asamuccaya -- 4.3 The skepticism implicit in Di?n?ga’s epistemology -- Notes -- 5: Di?n?ga’s nominalism -- 5.1 The ?lambanapar?k?? -- 5.2 The context of the discussion of nominalism in the Pram??asamuccaya -- Notes -- Translations Introduction to translation -- The history of the Pram??asamuccaya in Tibet -- 6: Pram??asamuccaya II “On reasoning” -- 6.1 Inference differentiated from sensation -- 6.2 The three characteristics of legitimate evidence -- 6.3 Property-bearer as the subject of inference -- 6.4 On restricted and errant properties -- 6.5 Non-symmetry of restriction and pervasion -- Notes -- 7: Pram??asamuccaya V: On the nature of signs in language -- 7.1 On the question of what verbal symbols make known -- 7.2 On the relationships between symbols that express preclusion -- 7.3 On the unreality of universals outside thought -- 7.4 On the question of what linguistic symbols preclude -- Notes -- 8: Conclusions -- Appendix A: Glossary of Sanskrit Terms -- Appendix B: Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon -- Selected Bibliography -- Subject and Author Index.
    Abstract: Buddhist philosophy in India in the early sixth century C. E. took an important tum away from the traditional methods of explaining and systematizing the teachings in Siitra literature that were attributed to the Buddha. The new direction in which several Indian Buddhist philosophers began to move was that of following reasoning to its natural conclusions, regardless whether the conclusions conflicted with traditional teachings. The central figure in this new movement was DiIinaga, a native of South India who found his way to the centre of Buddhist education at Nalanda, studied the treatises that were learned by the Buddhist intellectuals of his day, and eventually wrote works of his own that formed the core of a distinctly new school of Buddhist thought. Inasmuch as virtually every Indian philosopher after the sixth century had either to reject Dirinaga's methods or build upon the foundations provided by his investigations into logic, epistemology and language, his influence on the evolution of Indian philosophy was considerable, and indeed some familiarity with Dirinaga's arguments and conclusions is indispensable for anyone who wishes to understand the historical development of Indian thought. Moreover, since the approach to Buddhism that grew out of Dirinaga's meditations on language and the limits of knowledge dominated the minds of many of the scholars who took Buddhism to Tibet, some familiarity with Dirinaga is also essential to those who wish to understand the intellectual infrastructure of Tibetan Buddhist philosophy and practice.
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    ISBN: 9789400928978
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica, Publications and Monographs of the Institute of East-European Studies at the University of Fribourg / Switzerland and the Center for East Europe, Russia and Asia at Boston College and the Seminar for Political Theory and Philosophy at the University of Munich 51
    Series Statement: Sovietica 51
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Lukács’ Marxist Thought -- The Critical Thought of Georg Lukács -- Georg Lukács and the Bourgeois Mind in the Twentieth Century -- Lukács in the Eyes of Western Philosophy Today -- II Themes in History and Class Consciousness -- Lukács’ Concept of Ideology -- Objectivism and the Rise of Cultural Alienation -- Reification from Lukács to Halbermas -- Reification Re-examined -- The Question of Organization in the Early Marxist Work of Lukács. Technique or Praxis? -- Is There a ‘Proletarian Standpoint’? -- Lukács’ Wake: Praxis, Presence and Metaphysics -- III Lukács on Hegel -- Lukács’ Hegel Interpretation -- Lukács on Modern Philosophy -- IV Lukács’ Later Thought -- Lukács’ Ontology.
    Abstract: As this century nears an end, it has become increasingly clear that Georg Lukacs is one of the most ta.1ented intellectuals of our time, not only in the Marxist tradition, but in general. Lukacs' name is well­ known, and his views are increasingly attracting attention; but it cannot be said that his thought has so far been widely studied, or that it has been studied to the degree its place in the Marxist tradition warrants or its intrinsic interest demands. In the relatively short period since Lukacs' death, there have been a number of books and many articles devoted to his work. But, despite some efforts in that direction, there is still no adequate treatment of his work as a whole, surely a formidable task.! If, as I believe, Lukacs is the most important Marxist philosopher since Marx, and one of the most influential intellectual figures of this century, then surely his ideas are worth scrutinizing frequently and in detail. This is not the place to provide a general description either of Lukacs' life or of his work. Descriptions of his life, especially his early career, are widely available. For present purposes, it will suffice to provide only the barest mention of some biographical facts, together with a brief account of some items in his bibliography.
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    ISBN: 9789400913370
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (486p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 35
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    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: Seperating Linguistic Analyses from Linguistic Theories -- Applicability of Indexed Grammars to Natural Languages -- A Natural Language Toolkit: Reconciling Theory with Practice -- An Extension of LR-Parsing for Lexical Functional Grammar -- An Efficiency-Oriented LFG Parser -- Parsing with a GB-Grammar -- Combining Categorial Grammar and Unification -- A feature-Based Categorial Morpho-Syntax for Japanese -- The Treatment of the French adjectif détaché in Lexical Functional Grammar -- Some Problems of Coordination in German -- German Word Order and Universal Grammar -- Nonlocal-Dependencies and Infinitival Constructions in German -- GPSG and German Word Order -- Nested Cooper Storage: The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary Noun Phrases -- Compositional Semantics for LFG.
    Abstract: presupposition fails, we now give a short introduction into Unification Grammar. Since all implementations discussed in this volume use PROLOG (with the exception of BlockjHaugeneder), we felt that it would also be useful to explain the difference between unification in PROLOG and in UG. After the introduction to UG we briefly summarize the main arguments for using linguistic theories in natural language processing. We conclude with a short summary of the contributions to this volume. UNIFICATION GRAMMAR 3 Feature Structures or Complex Categories. Unification Grammar was developed by Martin Kay (Kay 1979). Martin Kay wanted to give a precise defmition (and implementation) of the notion of 'feature'. Linguists use features at nearly all levels of linguistic description. In phonetics, for instance, the phoneme b is usually described with the features 'bilabial', 'voiced' and 'nasal'. In the case of b the first two features get the value +, the third (nasal) gets the value -. Feature­ value pairs in phonology are normally represented as a matrix. bilabial: + voiced: + I nasal: - [Feature matrix for b.] In syntax features are used, for example, to distinguish different noun classes. The Latin noun 'murus' would be characterized by the following feature-value pairs: gender: masculin, number: singular, case: nominative, pred: murus. Besides a matrix representation one frequently fmds a graph representation for feature value pairs. The edges of the graph are labelled by features. The leaves denote the value of a feature.
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    ISBN: 9789400927070
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 31
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Public health laws ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Medical laws and legislation. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: I / Historical and Conceptual Foundations -- Back from the Grave: Recurring Controversies over Defining and Diagnosing Death In History -- Does Anyone Survive Neocortical Death? -- Reexamining the Definition of Death and Becoming Clearer about What it is to be Alive -- II / Beyond Whole-Brain Criteria of Death: Legal Considerations -- Should the Law Define Death? — A Genuine Question -- Legal Issues Leading to the Notion of Neocortical Death -- III / The President’s Commission and Beyond -- The Report of the President’s Commission on the Uniform Determination of Death Act -- Whole-Brain, Neocortical, and Higher Brain Related Concepts -- Brains and Persons: A Critique of Veatch’s View -- Human Death and the Destruction of the Neocortex -- IV / The Cultural Context -- Beyond a Whole-Brain Definition of Death: Reconsidering the Metaphysics of Death -- The Many Times of Death -- The Element of Choice in Criteria of Death -- Person Perception and the Death of the Person: A New Role for Health Professionals in Cases of Brain Death -- Notes on contributors.
    Abstract: From the tone of the report by the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Re­ search, one might conclude that the whole-brain-oriented definition of death is now firmly established as an enduring element of public policy. In that report, Defining Death: Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death, the President's Commission forwarded a uni­ form determination of death act, which laid heavy accent on the signifi­ cance of the brain stem in determining whether an individual is alive or dead: An individual who has sustained either (1) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions, or (2) irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem, is dead. A determination of death must be made in accordance with accepted medical standards ([1], p. 2). The plausibility of these criteria is undermined as soon as one confronts the question of the level of treatment that ought to be provided to human bodies that have permanently lost consciousness but whose brain stems are still functioning.
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    ISBN: 9789400930674
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Education 1
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Education Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Education—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Introduction: The Intentionalist Manifesto -- II. An Erotetic Concept of Teaching -- III. A Philosophical Critique of Process-Product Research in Teaching -- IV. Erotetic Logic and Teaching -- V. Erotetic Causation -- VI. Erotetic Teaching Strategies -- VII. Socratic and Erotetic Teaching -- VIII. Teachers’ Questions -- IX. Erotetics, Cognitive Psychology and the Process of Problem Solving -- X. Erotetic Prospects -- References -- Index Of Names -- Index Of Topics.
    Abstract: happens, how it happens, and why it happens. Our assumption ought to be that this is as true in education as it is in atomic physics. But this leaves many other questions to answer. The crucial ones: What kind of science is proper or appropriate to education? How does it differ from physics? What is wrong with the prevai1~ ing, virtually unopposed research tradition in education? What could or should be done to replace it with a more adequate tradi­ tion? What concepts are necessary to describe and explain what we find there? It is in this realm that we find ourselves. Where to start? One place - our place, needless to say - is with one limited but central concept in education, teaching. A long philosophical tradition concerned with the nature of teaching goes back (along with everything else) to Plato, divulging most recent­ ly in the work of such philosophers as B. O. Smith, Scheffler, Hirst, Komisar, Green, McClellan, Soltis, Kerr, Fenstermacher, et al. An empirical tradition runs parallelto the philosophers -it has its most notable modern proponents in Gage, the Soars, Berliner, Rosen­ shine, but its roots can be traced to the Sophists. These two tradi­ tions have been at loggerheads over the centuries.
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    ISBN: 9789400928411
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 443 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 23
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Inaugural Address -- “Poetics at the Creative Crucibles” Offering New Guidelines for Literary Interpretation -- I Plurivocal Poiesis of the Airy Elements -- Empedocles: The Phenomenology of the Four Elements in Literature -- Fire in Goethe’s Work: Neptunism and Volcanism -- The Tempestuous Conflict of the Elements in Baroque Poetry and Painting -- Fire Transfigured in T. S. Eliot’s Four Quartets -- Fire and Snow: The Dichotomies and Dichomachies of Polish Baroque Poetry -- II The Metamorphic Poiesis of Air -- Temporality Puts on Airs: Process, Purpose, and Poetry in Shakespeare’s Histories -- Filles de l’air -- Concretizations of the Aeolian Metaphor -- III The Aesthetic Forces of the Airy Elements -- Le thème de l’air dans la poésie de Paul-Marie Lapointe -- “L’Etre contre le vent”: Aspects du vent dans la poésie de Paul Valéry -- “Le Ciel est mort”: Mallarmé and a Metaphysics of (Im)Possibility -- IV The Elemental Fire and the Poetic Transfiguration of Reality -- Man against Fire: Alfred Döblin’s Utopian Novel Mountains, Oceans and Giants -- “This Hard Gemlike Flame”: Walter Pater and the Aesthetic Accommodation of Fire -- Thoreau’s Waiden: The Pro-vocation of Fire -- Flannery O’Connor: The Flames of Heaven and Hell -- V Fire, the Poetry of Elemental Passion -- From Fire to Fireworks in Baroque Poetry -- “Falling Fire”: The Negativity of Knowledge in the Poetry of William Blake -- The Poetics of Fire in Jean Giono’s Le Chant du Monde -- VI The Elemental Expanse -- Ruskin’s Queen of the Air -- Breathless Messages: Phenomenology in Deep Space -- A Poetics of Space: William Bronk’s Unhousing of the Universe -- Jean Giono’s Le Chant du monde: The Harmony of the Elements -- VII The Significance of Literature and Related Topics -- The Significance of Literature According to Contemporary Writers -- The “Literature in Life” Philosophy vs. Reality: The Role of the River in Beppe Fenoglio’s Il partigiano Johnny -- “The Origin of the Work of Art”: Truth in Existence and the Scholastic Tradition -- The Ontology of Language in a Post-Structuralist Feminist Perspective: Explosive Discourse in Monique Wittig -- Être-dans-un-monde-littéraire -- Index of Names.
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  • 180
    ISBN: 9789400927278
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (440p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Computer science ; Artificial intelligence
    Abstract: Philosophy and Natural-Language Processing -- Prologue: Modes of Meaning -- Utterer’s Meaning, Sentence-Meaning, and Word-Meaning -- I: Formal Syntax of Natural Language -- Footlose and Context-Free -- Evidence Against the Context-Freeness of Natural Language -- II: Semantic Aspects of Natural Language -- Truth and Meaning -- Semantics for Propositional Attitudes -- III: Connecting Syntax with Semantics -- The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English -- Phrase Structure Grammar -- IV: Natural Language and Logical Form -- Quantifiers in Natural Languages: Some Logical Problems, I -- Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language -- V: Possible-Worlds and Situation Semantics -- From Worlds to Situations -- Possible Worlds and Situations -- Epilogue: From Semantics to Pragmatics -- Semantics versus Pragmatics -- Selected Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This series will include monographs and collections of studies devoted to the investigation and exploration of knowledge, information and data-processing systems of all kinds, no matter whether human, (other) animal or machine. Its scope is intended to span the full range of interests from classical problems in the philosophy of mind and phi­ losophical psychology through issues in cognitive psychology and socio­ biology (concerning the mental capabilities of other species) to ideas related to artificial intelligence and computer science. While primary emphasis will be placed upon theoretical, conceptual and epistemologi­ cal aspects of these problems and domains, empirical, experimental and methodological studies will also appear from time to time. Among the most challenging and difficult projects within the scope of artificial intelligence is the development and implementation of com­ puter programs suitable for processing natural language. Our purpose in compiling the present volume has been to contribute to the foundations of this enterprise by bringing together classic papers devoted to crucial problems involved in understanding natural language, which range from issues of formal syntax and logical form to those of possible-worlds and situation semantics. The book begins with a comprehensive introduc­ tion composed by Jack Kulas, the senior editor of this work, which pro­ vides a systematic orientation to this complex field, and ends with a selected bibliography intended to promote further research. If our efforts assist others in dealing with these problems, they will have been worthwhile. J. H. F.
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  • 181
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401711562
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XLV, 380 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Commercial law ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law. ; Private international law.
    Abstract: 1 The School of International Arbitration -- 1 The birth of the School of International Arbitration -- 2 The School of International Arbitration: aspirations and objects -- 3 International arbitration — teaching and research -- 2 The jurisdiction and authority of arbitrators -- 4 ICSID arbitration -- 5 States in the international arbitral process -- 6 The sources and limits of the arbitrator’s powers -- 7 Determination of arbitrators’ jurisdiction and the public policy limitations on that jurisdiction -- 8 The sources and limits of the arbitrator’s powers in England -- 9 The law applicable to the merits of the dispute -- 10 The applicable law: general principles of law — the lex mercatoria -- 11 The law governing the agreement and procedure in international arbitration in England -- 3 International arbitration procedure -- 12 The extent of independence of international arbitration from the law of the situs -- 13 The role of national law and the national courts in England -- 14 The role of the courts under the UNCITRAL model law script -- 15 Supplementary rules governing the presentation and reception of evidence in international commercial arbitration -- 16 Judicial assistance for the arbitrator -- 17 The supervisory and adjunctive jurisdiction of American courts in arbitration cases -- 18 The conduct of ICC arbitration proceedings -- 19 The conduct of arbitration proceedings under English law -- 20 Finality of arbitral awards and judicial review -- 4 International arbitration involving states and state-entity parties -- 21 The strengths and weaknesses of international arbitration involving a state as a party -- 22 Disputes between states and foreign companies -- 23 The strengths and weaknesses of international arbitration involving a state as a party: practical implications -- 24 International arbitration between states and corporate entities: a cautionary note -- 25 Settlement of disputes within the framework of foreign debt rescheduling in Latin American countries -- 26 Arbitration with foreign states or state-controlled entities: some practical questions -- 27 Structuring the arbitration in advance — the arbitration clause in an international development agreement -- 28 Sovereign immunity and transnational arbitration -- 29 Sovereign immunity and arbitration -- 30 Enforcement of arbitral awards in Eastern Europe -- 31 The recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in the states of the Arab Middle East -- 32 So far, so good: enforcement of foreign commercial arbitration awards in United States courts -- 33 The enforcement of arbitral awards against a state: the problem of immunity from execution.
    Abstract: The establishment of a School of International Arbitration was a sufficiently important occurrence to have brought to London, for its inaugural conference, most of the world's leading experts on international arbitration. The three-day Symposium on March 25-27, 1985 sought to identify and consider the It was not the aim contemporary problems affecting international arbitration. of the Symposium to develop, propose or agree solutions to these problems, but rather to discuss the issues and alternative solutions. The success of the School will be measured in the future by its contribution, through research and teaching, to the development of solutions to the difficulties and uncertainties which reduce the effectiveness of international arbitration agreements and awards and the conduct of international arbitral proceedings. This book reproduces the papers presented at the Symposium (amended and varied by several contributors). It is not considered appropriate here to comment on or analyse paper by paper the ideas presented or discussions which ensued. However, it would be appropriate to make reference to specific developments in the short period since the Symposium directly relevant to the papers reproduced and the discussions which ensued. The pertinence of the subject-matter selected becomes clear from these subsequent developments.
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  • 182
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401719308
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVIII, 368 p) , digital
    Edition: Fifth Revised Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Economics ; Management science. ; Business.
    Abstract: 1: World Organizations -- 1. The International Monetary Fund -- 2. The World Bank Group -- 3. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade -- 4. The Commodity Agreements. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) -- 2: European Organizations -- 5. Benelux -- 6. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development -- 7. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance -- 8. The European Communities -- 9. The European Free Trade Association -- Conclusion.
    Abstract: Der Worte sind genug gewechse/t, lasst mich auch endlich Taten sehn. J.W. GOETHE Since the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which are analysed in Part 1, are spe­ cialized agencies linked by special agreements with the United Nations, a few words about the UN and two of the other specialized agencies, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Labour Organization, are called for. This is followed by a short account of the Bank for International Settlements, which is also referred to in connection with the IMF and the IBRD. The rest of this introduction is devoted to some non-European attempts at economic integration (which have not yet been very successful) and to the regional development banks. 1. The United Nations (UN) The United Nations comprises 159 countries (September 1986) which have accepted the Charter of the United Nations, which was signed at San Francisco on 26 June 1945 by fifty-one states and came into force on 24 October 1945. The aims of the organization include the maintenance of peace and security, the promotion of better standards of living and the encouragement of economic and social progress for all nations by means of international cooperation. The principal organs of the UN are: The General Assembly The Security Council The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) The Trusteeship Council The International Court of Justice The Secretariat.
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  • 183
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401168724
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 166 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Science.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- I Transducers -- 2 Position transducers -- 3 Light transducers -- 4 Force transducers -- 5 Velocity transducers -- II Sensors -- 6 Robot Vision Sensors -- 7 Robot Tactile Sensors -- III Image Processing -- 8 Image processing -- Solutions to revision questions -- References.
    Abstract: The use of sensor's with machines, whether to control them continuously or to inspect and verify their operation, can be highly cost-effective in particular areas of industrial automation. Examples of such areas include sensing systems to monitor tool condition, force and torque sensing for robot assembly systems, vision-based automatic inspection, and tracking sensor's for robot arc welding and seam sealing. Many think these will be the basis of an important future industry. So far, design of sensor systems to meet these needs has been (in the interest of cheapness) rather ad hoc and carefully tailored to the application both as to the transducer hardware and the associated processing software. There are now, however, encouraging signs of commonality emerging between different sensor application areas. For instance, many commercial vision systems and some tactile systems just emerging from research are able to use more or less standardized techniques for two-dimensional image processing and shape representation. Structured-light triangulation systems can be applied with relatively minor hardware and software variations to measure three-dimensional profiles of objects as diverse as individual soldered joints, body pressings, and weldments. Sensors make it possible for machines to recover 'sensibly' from errors, and standard software proce­ dures such as expert systems can now be applied to facilitate this.
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  • 184
    ISBN: 9789401749848
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 357 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general ; Indo-Iranian philology ; Linguistics ; Oriental languages.
    Abstract: One: A Concise English Grammar -- 1: Grammar and Contrastive Grammar -- 2: The Units of Grammatical Description -- Two: The Structures of English and Dutch Compared -- 3: Nouns, Noun Phrases and Pronouns -- 4: Verbs and Verb Phrases -- 5: Adjectives and Adjective Phrases Adverbs and Adverb Phrases Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases -- 6: The Sentence -- Appendix I List of Irregular Verbs in English -- II Inventory of Spelling Rules -- Select Bibliography.
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  • 185
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401577465
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 217 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 189
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Relativism and the Problem of Incoherence -- The Incoherence Argument and the Notion of Relative Truth -- Frameworks, Conceptual Schemes, and “Framework Relativism” -- Relativism and the Philosophy of Science -- Kuhn and Relativism: Is He or Isn’t He? -- The Kuhnians -- The Kuhn-Inspired New Philosophy of Science -- The Un-Kuhnians: Relativism via the Problem-Solving Theory of Rationality -- Further Epistemological Considerations -- Goodmanian Relativism -- Relativism and Rationality: Towards an “Absolutist” Epistemology.
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  • 186
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400935037
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIX, 201 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Anthropology
    Abstract: Shame and Feelings of Modesty -- The “Location” of the Feeling of Shame and Man’s Way of Existing -- I. The Preconditions for the Occurrence of Shame of the Body -- II. Shame and Related Feelings -- III. Basic Forms of the Feeling of Shame and Theories of its Origin -- IV. The Sexual Feeling of Shame and its Function -- V. Psychic and Bodily Feeling of Shame in Man and Woman -- Repentance and Rebirth -- Exemplars of Person and Leaders -- I. Some General Comments concerning Personal Exemplars and Leaders -- II. The Mind of the Person in the Formation of Human Groups. The Vehicles of the Effectiveness of Personal Exemplars (The Formation of Fate). Models of Personal Exemplars -- III. The Saint -- IV. The Genius -- V. The Hero -- VI. The Leading Mind of Civilization -- VII. The Master in the Art of Living -- Bibliography of English Translations of the Works of Max Scheler.
    Abstract: From the mysterious powers and forces peculiar to both individual and community that can turn our lives into either good or bad lives, I wish to point to two such powers being at the same time different in their own nature and yet closely related to each other: The powers that emerge from exemplary persons and leaders. Understood as basic to both sociology and the philosophy of history, it comes to us as no surprise that the problem of exemplary persons and leaders - along with the questions of the qualities types, selections and education of leaders; forms of unison existing be­ tween leaders and their followers, all of which belonging to the subdivisions of this problem - must be a burning problem for a people whose historical leaders from all walks of life have, in part, been swept away by wars and revolutions. This fact we also find in all salient epochs of history characterized more or less by changes in leadership. It is precisely for this reason that in our own time every group appears to struggle ever so hard with this problem, namely, who their leaders should be. This pertains equally to a group within a party, to a class, to occupations, to unions, to various schools or present-day youth movements, and even to religious and ecclesias­ tical groupings. Beyond any comparison, there is yearning everywhere for lead­ ership.
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  • 187
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400937031
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (262p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Slavic languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Balto-Slavic linguistic unity.
    Abstract: 0. Introduction -- 1 Previous Analyses of Hungarian Phrase Structure -- 1.1. The ‘Free Word Order’, or Fully Non-configurational Approach -- 1.2. The ‘NP VP’, or Fully Configurational Approach -- 1.3. The Partially Non-configurational Approach -- 2 Hungarian Phrase Structure -- 2.1. The Invariant Positions of the Hungarian Sentence -- 2.2. Base Rules -- 2.3. Movement into F -- 2.4. Movement into T -- 2.5. Quantifier-Raising -- 2.6. Summary, Implications for Universal Grammar -- 3 Long Wh-movement, or the Traditional Problem of Sentence Intertwining -- 3.1. Long Wh-movement as a Test for Structural Configuration -- 3.2. Sentence Intertwining in Hungarian -- 3.3. Subject-Object Symmetry in Hungarian Long Operator Movement -- 3.4. Conclusion -- 4 Questions of Binding and Coreference -- 4.1. Binding in Hungarian -- 4.2. The Coreference of Pronouns -- 4.3. Weak Crossover -- 4.4. Conclusion -- 5 Infinitival Constructions -- 5.1. Infinitives with an AGR Marker -- 5.2. Subject Control Constructions -- 5.3. The Problem of Governed PRO -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Index of Names -- General Index.
    Abstract: The purpose of this book is to argue for the claim that Hungarian sentence structure consists of a non-configurational propositional component, preceded by configurationally determined operator positions. In the course of this, various descriptive issues of Hungarian syntax will be analyzed, and various theoretical questions concerning the existence and nature of non­ configurational languages will be addressed. The descriptive problems to be examined in Chapters 2 and 3 center around the word order of Hungarian sentences. Chapter 2 identifies an invariant structure in the apparently freely permutable Hungarian sentence, pointing out systematic correspondences between the structural position, interpre­ tation, and stressing and intonation of the different constituents. Chapter 3 analyzes the word order phenomenon traditionally called 'sentence inter- I twining' of complex sentences, and shows that the term, in fact, covers two different constructions (a structure resulting from operator movement, and a base generated pattern) with differences in constituent order, operator scope and V-object agreement. Chapter 4 deals interpretation, case assignment, with the coreference possibilities of reflexives, reciprocals, personal pro­ nouns, and lexical NPs. Finally, Chapter 5 assigns structures to the two major sentence types containing an infinitive. It analyzes infinitives with an AGR marker and a lexical subject, focusing on the problem of case assignment to the subject, as well as subject control constructions, accounting for their often paradoxical, simultaneously mono- and biclausal behaviour in respect to word order, operator scope, and V-object agreement.
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  • 188
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400943643
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXI, 186 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H.L. van Breda et Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres d’Archives-Husserl 100
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 100
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: 1. Reality and Its Shadow -- 2. Freedom and Command -- 3. The Ego and the Totality -- 4. Philosophy and the Idea of Infinity -- 5. Phenomenon and Enigma -- 6. Meaning and Sense -- 7. Language and Proximity -- 8. Humanism and An-archy -- 9. No Identity -- 10. God and Philosophy -- 11. Transcendence and Evil.
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  • 189
    ISBN: 9789401568760
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 269 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness and Healing 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Public health ; Anthropology
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. History and Social Structure of North Yemen -- III. A Short History of Qat and Its Use -- IV. A Social Institution -- V. The Qat Experience -- VI. The Agriculture and Economics of Qat -- VII. The Botany, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Qat -- VIII. Qat and the Question of Addiction -- IX. Qat and Health -- X. Conclusion -- Name Index.
    Abstract: This book concerns the use of the drug qat in North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic), a country lying on the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula. However, because this substance is so interwoven into the fabric of society and culture, it is also necessarily about Yemen itself. The history and culture of South Arabia are still relatively unknown to the rest of the world, and the drug qat, so widely used there, is equally unknown. Thus, the material we present here should be of interest to all of those concerned with drug use, those who wish to understand more about Yemen and the Middle East, and to the Yemenis themselves. Another purpose is to develop some general understandings about sub­ stance uses and their effects which are less clouded by the mass hysteria and political considerations which often obscure drug issues in our own society. Examination of drug-use patterns in a country where millions of people are users on a regular basis, and where there has been familiarity with the drug for several hundred years, offers an opportunity to achieve perspectives not possible in countries with different attitudes and without such histories. I am not sanguine about the prospects of our abilities to learn from others or from the past, but I do not think we should abandon hope of doing so.
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  • 190
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400935419
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: 1. Dummett and Revisionism -- 2. Holism, Molecularity and Truth -- 3. In Defence of Modesty -- 4. Truth Beyond All Verification -- 5. Dummett on a Theory of Meaning and Its Impact on Logic -- 6. Fixed Past, Unfixed Future -- 7. Playing Cards -- 8. Twenty Years of Racialism and Multi-Racialism -- 9. Replies to Essays -- A. Reply to Crispin Wright -- B. Reply to Neil Tennant -- C. Reply to John McDowell -- D. Reply to Brian Loar -- E. Reply to Dag Prawitz -- F. Reply to D.H.Mellor -- G. Reply to Sylvia Mann -- H. Reply to John Rex -- Chronological Bibliography of Michael Dummett’s Publications -- Alphabetical Guide to Michael Dummett’s Publications -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: P. A. Schilpp's 'Library of Living Philosophers' is the series which introduced to the philosophical community the format of a volume of essays on the work of a distinguished philosopher, combined with replies to the essays by the philosopher targeted. The format proved attracti ve to a discipline which has always placed a high premium on debate. But the Schilpp series has shown itself unenterprising in its choice of subjects, concentrating on end-of-year reports on philosophers who are of undoubted distinction, but whose contribution to the subject can be regarded as rather definitely over. Which leaves a gap, which the present series is designed to fill, for volumes of a similar format aiming at assessment of philosophers who have distinguished themselves already by making a substan­ tial impact on their discipline, but whose further work too is awaited with eager anticipation. Michael Dummett is an ideal subject for a series with this goal of mid­ term assessment. His writings to date have permanently altered philosophy's conception of what is at issue between realism and idealism (and its paler cousin, anti-realism); and this has been achieved by way of a supplementary clarification of a host of issues in the philosophy of language and of mathematics, and of the Frege/Wittgenstein historical tradition from which such issues are typically approached in contemporary philosophy.
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  • 191
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    ISBN: 9789400937413
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Indic philology ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Indians—Languages. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1: Grammatical Notes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basics -- 3. Major Lexical Classes -- 4. Minor Lexical Classes -- 5. Flagging -- 6. Word Order -- 7. Construction Survey -- 2: Theoretical Sketch -- 1. Arcs -- 2. Sponsor and Erase -- 3. Ancestral Relations -- 4. Pair Networks -- 5. Resolution of Overlapping Arcs -- 6. Coordinate Determination -- 7. Rules and Laws -- 8. Word Order -- 9. APG Versions of RG Laws -- 3: Inflection and Agreement -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Moods and Aspects -- 3. Cross-referencing Person -- 4. Cross-referencing Number -- 5. The Optionality of Number Agreement -- 6. Agreement and Covert Arguments -- 7. APG Account of Agreement -- 4: Passive Clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Syntax of Passive Clauses -- 3. Tzotzil Passive Rules (APG) -- 5: Reflexive Clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Reflexive Clauses -- 3. Reciprocal Coreference -- 4. Tzotzil Rules (APG) -- 6: Unaccusative Clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Reflexive Unaccusative Clauses -- 3. Plain Unaccusative Clauses -- 4. Verb Classification -- 5. Tzotzil Rules (APG) -- 7: Ditransitive Clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ditransitive Clauses -- 3. 3-to-2 Advancement -- 4. Non-Existence of Final Indirect Objects -- 5. Restrictions on Advancement -- 6. Ditransitive Perfect Passives -- 7. Tzotzil Rules (APG) -- 8. Conclusion -- 8: Possessor Ascension -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Possessor Ascension -- 3. Coreference Condition 1 -- 4. Restriction on Ascension Host -- 5. Tzotzil Possessor Ascension Rule -- 6. The Unique 3 Arc Constraint -- 7. Optional Cases of Possessor Ascension -- 8. Coreference Condition 2 -- 9. Possessor Ascension in Discourse -- 10. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules -- 11. Conclusion -- 9: Topic, Focus, and Copy Possessor Ascension -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Distinguishing Topic and Focus -- 3. Surface Constituency in Possessor Ascension Structures -- 4. Topic and Focus -- 5. Copy and Coreferential Pronouns -- 6. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules -- 10: Surrogate Agreement -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Possessor Ascension -- 3. Conjunct Union -- 4. Summary -- 5. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules -- 6. Conclusion -- 11: Clause Unions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Causative Clause Union -- 3. Abilitative Clause Union -- 4. Summary -- 5. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules -- 12: Quantification and Initial Absolutives -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Quantifiers -- 3. Prepredicate Quantifiers without Classifier -- 4. Prepredicate Quantifiers with Classifier -- 5. Postpredicate Quantifiers -- 6. Grammatical Relations versus Linear Order -- 7. Conclusion -- Conclusion -- Phonological Rules -- 1. Deletion of Stem-initial Glottal Stop -- 2. Deletion of Prevocalic A3 Prefix -- 3. Neutral Aspect Marker -- 4. Spirant Assimilation -- 5. Contraction -- 6. Geminate Reduction -- 7. Vowel Deletion -- References.
    Abstract: xv NOTES ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY AND CITATIONS xxi LIST OF ABBREVIA TIONS XXIIl CHAPTER 1: GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Basics 1 3. Major Lexical Classes 2 3. 1. V 3 3. 2. N 3 3. 3. A 5 3. 3. 1. Quantifiers 6 3. 3. 2. Existentials and Locatives 6 4. Minor Lexical Classes 7 4. 1. Clitics 7 4. 1. 1. Clause-proclitic 7 4. 1. 2. S-enclitic 8 4. 1. 3. V-enclitic 8 4. 1. 4. Clause-second 9 4. 2. Directionals 9 4. 3. Particles 11 5. Flagging 11 6. Word Order 12 7. Construction Survey 12 7. 1. Negation 12 13 7. 2. Questions 7. 3. Complement Clauses 14 16 7. 4. Motion cum Purpose 17 7. 5. Topics 7. 6. Prepredicate Position 18 19 Notes CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL SKETCH 20 20 1. Arcs vii Vlll T ABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 1. Sets of Grammatical Relations 22 1. 2. Stratum 24 Ergative and Absolutive 1. 3. 25 1. 4. 25 Formal Connections between Arcs 2. Sponsor and Erase 26 2. 1. Successors 26 2. 2. Replacers 28 2. 3. Self-Sponsor and Self-Erase 30 3. Ancestral Relations 31 4. Pair Networks 31 Resolution of Overlapping Arcs 32 5. 6. Coordinate Determination 33 7. Rules and Laws 35 8. Word Order 36 9. APG Versions of RG Laws 36 9. 1. Stratal Uniqueness Law 36 9. 2. Chomeur Law and Motivated Chomage Law 36 Relational Succession Law and Host Limitation Law 9. 3.
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  • 192
    ISBN: 9789400940314
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (282p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica 50
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: J.M. Boche?ski’s Accomplishments as Philosophical Sovietologist -- The Philosophical-Sovietological Work of Gustav Andreas Wetter S.J. -- G.A. Wetter: Selected Sovietological Works -- The Myth of Marx’ Materialism -- Appendix I: A Critical Examination of Engels’ Tendentious Editing of the First English Translation of Das Kapital, Volume 1 -- Appendix II: A Comparison of the First French Translation of Das Kapital, Volume 1 (in which Marx was heavily involved) with the Engels Edition -- George L. Kline: Writings on Russian and Soviet Philosophy -- George L. Kline: Writings on Marx, Engels, and Non-Russian Marxism -- Kline on Marx and Marxism -- George L. Kline’s Influence on the Study of Russian and Soviet Philosophy in the United States.
    Abstract: On February 24-25, 1956, in a closed session of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Nikita S. Khrushchev made his now famous speech on the crimes of the Stalin era. That speech marked a break with the past and it marked the end of what J.M. Bochenski dubbed the "dead period" of Soviet philosophy. Soviet philosophy changed abruptly after 1956, especially in the area of dialectical materialism. Yet most philosophers in the West neither noticed nor cared. For them, the resurrection of Soviet philosophy, even if believable, was of little interest. The reasons for the lack of belief and interest were multiple. Soviet philosophy had been dull for so long that subtle differences made little difference. The Cold War was in a frigid period and reinforced the attitude of avoiding anything Soviet. Phenomenology and exis­ tentialism were booming in Europe and analytic philosophy was king on the Anglo-American philosophical scene. Moreover, not many philosophers in the West knew or could read Russian or were motivated to learn it to be able to read Soviet philosophical works. The launching of Sputnik awakened the West from its self­ complacent slumbers. Academic interest in the Soviet Union grew.
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  • 193
    ISBN: 9789400937659
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (484p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 186
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical logic. ; System theory. ; Mathematical physics.
    Abstract: I: Models and Structures -- I.0 Introduction -- I.1 Models and Potential Models -- I.2 Types and Structure Species -- I.3 Set-Theoretic Predicates and Lawlikeness -- I.4 Plausible Interpretations -- I.5 Example: Decision Theory -- I.6 Example: Collision Mechanics -- I.7 Example: Classical Particle Mechanics -- II: Theory-Elements -- II.0 Introduction -- II.1 Cores and Intended Applications -- II.2 Constraints -- II.3 Theoreticity, Partial Potential Models, and Links -- II.4 Theory-Cores Expanded -- II.5 Application Operators -- II.6 Intended Applications -- II.7 Idealized Theory-Elements and Empirical Claims -- III: Some Basic Theory-Elements -- III.0 Introduction -- III.1 Classical Collision Mechanics -- III.2 Relativistic Collision Mechanics -- III.3 Classical Particle Mechanics -- III.4 Daltonian Stoichiometry -- III.5 Simple Equilibrium Thermodynamics -- III.6 Lagrangian Mechanics -- III.7 Pure Exchange Economics -- IV: Theory-Nets -- IV.0 Introduction -- IV.1 Specializations -- IV.2 Theory-Nets -- IV.3 Theory-Net Content and Empirical Claim -- IV.4 The Theory-Net of Classical Particle Mechanics -- IV.5 The Theory-Net of Simple Equilibrium Thermodynamics -- V. The Diachronic Structure of Theories -- V.0 Introduction -- V.1 Pragmatic Primitive Concepts -- V.2 Theory-Evolutions -- V.3 The Evolution of CPM -- V.4 The Evolution of SETH -- VI: Intertheoretical Relations -- VI.0 Introduction -- VI.1 Global Intertheoretical Relations -- VI.2 Specialization and Theoretization -- VI.3 Types of Reduction -- VI.4 A General Concept of Reduction -- VI.5 Empirical Equivalence -- VI.6 Equivalence -- VI.7 Reduction, Language, and Incommensurability -- VII: Approximation -- VII.0 Introduction -- VII.1 Types of Approximation -- VII.2 Intratheoretical Approximation -- VII.3 Intertheoretical Approximation -- VIII: The Global Structure of Science -- VIII.0 Introduction -- VIII.1 Theory-Holons -- VIII.2 Theoreticity Reconsidered -- VIII.3 Graphs and Paths -- VIII.4 Local Empirical Claims in Global Theory-Holons -- VIII.5 Intended Applications Reconsidered -- VIII.6 Foundationalism Versus Coherentism -- Name Index.
    Abstract: This book has grown out of eight years of close collaboration among its authors. From the very beginning we decided that its content should come out as the result of a truly common effort. That is, we did not "distribute" parts of the text planned to each one of us. On the contrary, we made a point that each single paragraph be the product of a common reflection. Genuine team-work is not as usual in philosophy as it is in other academic disciplines. We think, however, that this is more due to the idiosyncrasy of philosophers than to the nature of their subject. Close collaboration with positive results is as rewarding as anything can be, but it may also prove to be quite difficult to implement. In our case, part of the difficulties came from purely geographic separation. This caused unsuspected delays in coordinating the work. But more than this, as time passed, the accumulation of particular results and ideas outran our ability to fit them into an organic unity. Different styles of exposition, different ways of formalization, different levels of complexity were simultaneously present in a voluminous manuscript that had become completely unmanageable. In particular, a portion of the text had been conceived in the language of category theory and employed ideas of a rather abstract nature, while another part was expounded in the more conventional set-theoretic style, stressing intui­ tivity and concreteness.
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  • 194
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400936379
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics ; Sociology. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I The Three Characters of Absolute Time -- a) The Coincidence of Meaning and Phase -- b) The Distinction between Becoming and What Comes-To-Be -- c) The Phenomenon of Transition -- II The Impulsion of Life -- a) Ultimate Foundations of Organic and Inorganic Matter -- b) Impulsion and Phantasy -- c) The Factors of Reality and Ideality -- III Mind and the Genesis of Human Ideas -- a) Two Examples for the Genesis of Ideas in Greek Philosophy -- b) Contemporary Conception of Ideas: The Essence of Pragmatism -- c) The Essence of Pragmatic Truth: Functionalization -- d) Idea as “Sketch”: Introductory Comment -- IV The Unfinished Idea of Man -- a) Man’s Self-Understanding as Sketch -- b) Capitalism and the Concept of an Entity -- c) Variations of the Functional Appearance of Entities and the Role of the Sketch -- d) A Second Look at the Idea as Sketch and the Essence of Capitalism and Economics -- Notes.
    Abstract: There is little more than a decade left before the bells allover the world will be ringing in the first hour of the twenty-first century, which will surely be an era of highly advanced technology. Looking back on the century that we live in, one can realize that generations of people who have already lived in it for the better parts of their lives have begun to ask the same question that also every individual person thinks about when he is faced with the first signs of the end of his life. It is the question: "Why did everything in my life happen the way it did?" Or, "It would have been so easy to have channelled events into directions other than the way they went. " Or, "Why, in all the world, is my life coming to an end as it does, or, why must all of us face this kind of end of our century?" Whenever human beings take retrospective views of their lives and times - when they are faced with their own personal "fin du siecle" - there appears to be an increasing anxiety throughout the masses asso­ ciated with a somber feeling of pessimism, which may even be mixed with a slight degree of fatalism. There is quite another feeling with those persons who were born late in this century and who did not share all the events the older generation experi­ enced.
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  • 195
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400937758
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (424p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Law—Philosophy. ; Law—History.
    Abstract: Analytical Table of Contents -- 1. Introduction: A Framework for Analysis -- 1.0. Introduction -- 1.1. A Normative Approach -- 1.2. Rational Persons -- 1.3. Values -- 1.4. Legal Principles -- 1.5. Elements of a Legal Case -- 2. Procedural Law -- 2.0. Introduction -- 2.1. Aims -- 2.2. The Adversary System -- 2.3. Elements of Procedure -- 3. Property Law -- 3.0. Introduction -- 3.1. Aims -- 3.2. Forms of Property -- 3.3. Rights and Limits -- 3.4. Acquisition and Disposal -- 4. Contract Law -- 4.0. Introduction -- 4.1. Aims -- 4.2. Contract Formation -- 4.3. Duties, Defects, and Defenses -- 4.4. Discharge and Remedies -- 5. Tort Law -- 5.0. Introduction -- 5.1. Aims -- 5.2. Duties -- 5.3. Defenses -- 5.4. Remedies -- 5.5. Beyond Tort Law -- 6. Criminal Law -- 6.0. Introduction -- 6.1. Aims -- 6.2. Criminal Acts -- 6.3. Defenses -- 6.4. Punishment -- 7. Values in the Law -- 7.0. Introduction -- 7.1. A Nontheory? -- 7.2. Freedom -- 7.3. Responsibility -- 7.4. Equality and Fairness -- 7.5. Social Good -- Appendix: Summary of Principles -- Works Cited -- Table of Cases.
    Abstract: During the last half of the twentieth century, legal philosophy (or legal theory or jurisprudence) has grown significantly. It is no longer the do­ main of a few isolated scholars in law and philosophy. Hundreds of scho­ lars from diverse fields attend international meetings on the subject. In some universities, large lecture courses of five hundred students or more study it. The primary aim of the Law and Philosophy Library is to present some of the best original work on legal philosophy from both the Anglo­ American and European traditions. Not only does it help make some of the best work available to an international audience, but it also en­ courages increased awareness of, and interaction between, the two major traditions. The primary focus is on full-length scholarly monographs, aIthouogh some eidted volumes of original papers are also included. The Library editors are assisted by an Editorial Advisory Board of inter­ nationally renowned scholars.
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  • 196
    ISBN: 9789400937918
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (484p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 37
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Abstract: Analytical Table of Contents -- 1. Some Views of the Forms; a Prolegomenon for Analytical Philosophers -- 2. A General Strategy for the Present Volume -- 3. Nominalism What -- 4. Incorrigible Conceptual States What -- 5. The Frege-Quine Objections -- 6. Plato’s other main Middle Period Argument for the Existence of Forms—the Argument from the Sciences -- 7. On giving Plato a Position he ‘could have had in mind’ -- The Nominalist -- 1. The Recollection argument of the Phaeao, commonly thought to presuppose the existence of the Forms, actually provides an argument (against nominalist opponents) for their existence -- 2. The opponents in the Republic (the ‘lovers of sights and sounds’) and in the Parmenides (Zeno, at least if his arguments against plurality are to be conclusive) also represented as nominalists -- 3. Various difficulties for the existence argument of the Phaedo -- 4. The basic idea of the argument: that the equal we perceive we can confuse with the unequal we perceive; but the equal we conceive is, in clear cases, unconfusable with the unequal we conceive -- 5. Incorrigible conceptual states and Moore’s argument against the ‘Naturalistic Fallacy’ -- 6. Forms of opposites as the opposites (themselves). How to understand the locution ‘the F-itself’ -- 7. The quasi-theological predicates of the Forms. The Forms and Universal Literal Self-Predication -- 8. Peculiarities of the contrast in Republic V between Knowledge and Opinion. The notion that the objects of opinion “lie between being and not-being” -- 9. Confusing the questions ‘What is F-ness?’ and ‘What things are F?’ Deficiencies of sensible F’s as (nominalist) answers to the question ‘What is F-ness?’ The notion that Forms are “separate” -- 10. Doesn’t the description of the Form of the Beautiful in the Upward Path in Symposium 210–212 compel the self-predicative notion that sensible particular F things are always less F than the F-itself? -- 11. Examination of Symposium 210–212 shows the latter suggestion to be a consequence of confusing the questions ‘What is beauty?’ and ‘What things are beautiful?’ -- 12. Plato’s argument being an anti-nominalist argument from certain sorts of psychological states to objects of those states, we must turn to look at the (from a Fregean point of view) suspicious notion of objects of thought -- Aristotle’s Dilemma -- 1. The Platonic ‘something or nothing?’ question, objects of thought, and ‘existential generalization from within psychological contexts’ -- 2. ‘Intensional’ objects, ‘extensional’ objects and the inference from the existence of thoughts of Santa Claus to the existence of Santa Claus himself. Difference between a thought being directed and there being something the thought is directed towards -- 3. Intensional/extensional and the taking of equal sticks to be unequal sticks or of the Morning Star to be other than the Evening Star. ‘Substituting for identicals within psychological states’ -- 4. Platonic worries about ‘logically parallel’ arguments. The suggestion in Aristotle’s discussion of the ‘Argument from Thinking’ that he is aware of the dangers of inferences in psychological contexts involving existence and identity; and a difficulty for this view—Aristotle’s endorsing of the Argument from the Sciences. (Aristotle’s Dilemma) -- 5. The plausible (though in fact incorrect) suggestion that we are unable, in clear cases, to confuse equality with inequality compared with the suggestion that there are such things as intuitions of contradictoriness -- 6. The idea of a science of logic that is neutral on matters of fact and real existence. Logical Form and the Platonic Forms -- 7. How Frege violates his own inferential restrictions—in Arguments from the Sciences—and even in his own theory of psychological contexts -- Clarifications -- I. The Recollection Argument at Phaedo 72A–77A -- II. Are Forms of Opposites just Opposites? Plato’s Final Argument for the Immortality of the Soul at Phaedo 102A–107A -- III. Between Being and Non-being: Why is the Object of Knowledge Being while the Object of Opinion is “What lies between Being and Not-being”? -- IV. Other Middle Period Passages with the Formula ‘The F Itself which are to be read with Caution -- V. Aristotle’s Lost Work On the Ideas -- VI. Formulating the Third Man Argument -- VII. Aristotle on whether ‘The Universal man is [a] man’ is true in the same sense as ‘Socrates is [a] man’ is true.p -- VIII. Plato and the Philosophers of Language -- Notes -- to Introduction -- to ‘The Nominalist’ -- to ‘Aristotle’s Dilemma’ -- to Clarification Two -- to Clarification Three -- to Clarification Four -- to Clarification Five -- to Clarification Six -- to Clarification Seven -- to Clarification Eight -- Index of Passages Cited -- Index of Persons and Subjects.
    Abstract: divisibility in Physics VI. I had been assuming at that time that Aristotle's elimination of reference to the infinitely large in his account of the potential inf inite--like the elimination of the infinitely small from nineteenth century accounts of limits and continuity--gave us everything that was important in a theory of the infinite. Hilbert's paper showed me that this was not obviously so. Suddenly other certainties about Aristotle's (apparently) judicious toning down of (supposed) Platonic extremisms began to crumble. The upshot of work I had been doing earlier on Plato's 'Third Man Argument' began to look different from the way it had before. I was confronted with a possibility I had not till then so much as entertained. What if the more extreme posi­ tions of Plato on these issues were the more likely to be correct? The present work is the first instalment of the result­ ing reassessment of Plato's metaphysics, and especially of his theory of Forms. It has occupied much of my teaching and scholarly time over the past fifteen years and more. The central question wi th which I concern myself is, "How does Plato argue for the existence of his Forms (if he does )7" The idea of making this the central question is that if we know how he argues for the existence of Forms, we may get a better sense of what they are.
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  • 197
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400935075
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: I The Theory of Value and the Rise of Ethical Emotivism -- i. The standard account -- ii. German and Austrian roots -- iii. Ayer and the Vienna Circle -- II Attitudes, Beliefs and Disagreements -- i. Introductory -- ii. Attitudes and beliefs: interest and cognition -- iii. Disagreement in belief and disagreement in attitude -- III Emotive Meaning: Marty to Ayer -- i. Introductory -- ii. Marty -- iii. Ogden and Richards -- iv. Ayer -- IV Emotive Meaning: Stevenson -- i. Morris and pragmatic meaning -- ii. Dispositions and the causal theory of meaning -- iii. A confusion of two theses -- iv. The pragmatic meaning question: emotive meaning and descriptive meaning -- v. Emotive meaning and human social nature -- V Perry, Hume and the Rejection of Naturalism -- i. Introductory; Hume and Stevenson -- ii. Perry’s interest theory -- iii. Stevenson’s rejection of Perry -- iv. Stevenson on Hume -- v. Further on Hume and emotivism -- vi. Sympathy, the is/ought gap and motivation -- VI Reasons and Persuasion -- i. Introductory -- ii. Ethical argument -- iii. The two patterns of analysis and the issue of relevance -- iv. Further on the two patterns; naturalistic fallacy; self-persuasion -- VII Hare’s Critique of Emotivism -- i. Introductory -- ii. Hare: two groups of verbs and six differences -- VIII Does Prescriptivism Supersede Emotivism? -- i. Introductory -- ii. General criticism -- iii. Emotivism vs. prescriptivism -- iv. Moral thinking: two levels.
    Abstract: The primary contributions of this work are in three overlapping categories: (i) the history of ideas (and in particular the history of the idea of value) and moral philosophy in both continental and Anglo-American traditions, (ii) the identification and interpretation of ethical emotivism as one of the major twentieth-century ethical theories, and (iii) the evolution of a philosophically viable form of ethical emotivism as an alternative to utilitarianism and Kantianism. In addition, along the way, many particular points are touched upon, e. g. , the relation of Hume to Stevenson and emotivism, the facti value distinction, and human emotional and social nature. The work begins by challenging the received account of the development of twentieth-century moral philosophy, i. e. , the account that occurs in all the recognized historical books (such as G. c. Kerner, The Revolution in Ethical Theory, Oxford, 1966; G. 1. Warnock, Contemporary Moral Philosophy, London, 1967; W. D. Hudson, Modern Moral Philosophy, London, 1967; Mary Warnock, Ethics Since 1900, 3rd ed. , Oxford, 1978; and W. D. Hudson, A Century of Moral Philosophy, New York, 1980). This received account is not only the property of scholars of the history of recent moral philosophy but is also generally assumed by philosophers themselves, and is repeated quite uncritically in the literature at large.
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  • 198
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400938113
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (344p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 99
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 99
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 Generalities -- 1.1. Introductory Remarks -- 2 Lawlike Equivalence Between Time and Space -- 2.1. More Than Two Millennia of Euclidean Geometry -- 2.2. The Three Centuries of Newtonian Mechanics: Universal Time and Absolute Space -- 2.3. Three Centuries of Kinematical Optics -- 2.4. Today’s Nec Plus Ultra of Metrology and Chronometry: ‘Equivalence’ of Space and Time -- 2.5. Entering the Four-Dimensional Spacetime Paradigm -- 2.6. The Magic of Spacetime Geometry -- 3 Lawlike Time Symmetry and Factlike Irreversibility -- 3.1. Overview -- 3.2. Phenomenological Irreversibility -- 3.3. Retarded Causality as a Statistical Concept. Arrowless Microcausality -- 3.4. Irreversibility as a Cosmic Phenomenon -- 3.5. Lawlike Reversibility and Factlike Irreversibility in the Negentropy-Information Transition -- 4 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and the Problem of Becoming -- 4.1. Overview -- 4.2. 1900-1925: The Quantum Springs Out, and Spreads -- 4.3. 1925—1927: The Dawn of Quantum Mechanics with a Shadow: Relativistic Covariance Lost -- 4.4. 1927–1949: From Quantum Mechanics to Quantum Field Theory: Relativistic Covariance Slowly Recovered -- 4.5. Parity Violations andCPT Invariance -- 4.6. Paradox and Paradigm: The Einstein— Podolsky—Rosen Correlations -- 4.7.S-Matrix, Lorentz-and-CPT Invariance, And the Einstein—Podolsky—Rosen Correlations -- 5 An Outsider’s View of General Relativity -- 5.1. On General Relativity -- 5.2. An Outsider’S Look at Cosmology, and Overall Conclusions -- Notes -- Added in Proof -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In an age characterized by impersonality and a fear of individuality this book is indeed unusual. It is personal, individualistic and idiosyncratic - a record of the scientific adventure of a single mind. Most scientific writing today is so depersonalized that it is impossible to recognize the man behind the work, even when one knows him. Costa de Beauregard's scientific career has focused on three domains - special relativity, statistics and irreversibility, and quantum mechanics. In Time, the Physical Magnitude he has provided a personal vade mecum to those problems, concepts, and ideas with which he has been so long preoccupied. Some years ago we were struck by a simple and profound observa­ tion of Mendel Sachs, the gist of which follows. Relativity is based on very simple ideas but, because it requires highly complicated mathe­ matics, people find it difficult. Quantum mechanics, on the other hand, derives from very complicated principles but, since its mathematics is straightforward, people feel they understand it. In some ways they are like the bourgeois gentilhomme of Moliere in that they speak quantum mechanics without knowing what it is. Costa de Beauregard recognizes the complexity of quantum mechanics. A great virtue of the book is that he does not hide or shy away from the complexity. He exposes it fully while presenting his ideas in a non-dogmatic way.
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  • 199
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400939059
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Scientific Realism 40
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 40
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One / Problems of Scientific Realism -- 1. Scientific Realism -- 2. The Problematic Character of Scientific Realism: Current Science Does Not Do the Job -- 3. Future Science Does Not Do the Job -- Two / Scientific Progress as Nonconvergent -- 1. The Exploration Model and Its Implications -- 2. Theorizing as Inductive Projection -- 3. Scientific Revolutions as Potentially Unending -- 4. Is Later Lesser? -- Three / Ideal-Science Realism -- 1. Reality is Adequately Described Only by Ideal Science, Which is Something We Do Not Have -- 2. Scientific Truth as an Idealization -- 3. Ideal-State Realism as the Only Viable Option -- Four / Against Instrumentalism: Realism and the Task of Science -- 1. Against Instrumentalism: The Descriptive Purport of Science -- 2. Realism and the Aim of Science -- 3. The Pursuit of Truth -- 4. Anti-realism and “Rigorous Empiricism” -- 5. The Price of Abandoning Realism -- Five / Schoolbook Science as a Basis for Realism -- 1. The Security/Definiteness Trade-off and the Contrast between Science and Common Sense -- 2. Schoolbook Science and “Soft” Knowledge -- 3. Schoolbook Science as a Basis for Realism -- Six / Disconnecting their Applicative Success from the Truth of Scientific Theories -- 1. Is Successful Applicability an Index of Truth? -- 2. Truth is NOT the Best Explanation of Success in Prediction and Explanation -- 3. Pragmatic Ambiguity -- 4. The Lesson -- Seven / The Anthropomorphic Character of Human Science -- 1. Scientific Relativism -- 2. The Problem of Extraterrestrial Science -- 3. The Potential Diversity of “Science” -- 4. The One-World, One-Science Argument -- 5. The Anthropomorphic Character of Human Science -- 6. Relativistic Intimations -- Eight / Evolution’s Role in the Success of Science -- 1. The Problem of Mind/Reality Coordination -- 2. The Cognitive Accessibility of Nature -- 3. A Closer Look at the Problem -- 4. “Our” Side -- 5. Nature’s Side -- 6. Synthesis -- 7. Implications -- Nine / The Roots of Objectivity -- 1. The Cognitive Inexhaustibility of Things -- 2. The Cognitive Opacity of Real Things -- 3. The Corrigibility of Conceptions -- 4. Perspectives on Realism -- Ten / Metaphysical Realism and the Pragmatic Basis of Objectivity -- 1. The Existential Component of Realism -- 2. Realism in its Regulative/Pragmatic Aspect -- 3. Objectivity as a Requisite of Communication and Inquiry -- 4. The Utilitarian Imperative -- 5. Retrojustification: The Wisdom of Hindsight -- Eleven / Intimations of Idealism -- 1. The Idealistic Aspect of Metaphysical Realism -- 2. The Idealistic Aspect of Epistemological Realism -- 3. Conceptual Idealism -- 4. Is Man the Measure? -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The increasingly lively controversy over scientific realism has become one of the principal themes of recent philosophy. 1 In watching this controversy unfold in the rather technical way currently in vogue, it has seemed to me that it would be useful to view these contemporary disputes against the background of such older epistemological issues as fallibilism, scepticism, relativism, and the traditional realism/idealism debate. This, then, is the object of the present book, which will recon­ sider the newer concerns about scientific realism in the context of these older philosophical themes. Historically, realism concerns itself with the real existence of things that do not "meet the eye" - with suprasensible entities that lie beyond the reach of human perception. In medieval times, discussions about realism focused upon universals. Recognizing that there are physical objects such as cats and triangular objects and red tomatoes, the medievels debated whether such "abstract objects" as cathood and triangularity and redness also exist by way of having a reality indepen­ dent of the concretely real things that exhibit them. Three fundamen­ tally different positions were defended: (1) Nominalism. Abstracta have no independent existence as such: they only "exist" in and through the objects that exhibit them. Only particulars (individual substances) exist. Abstract "objects" are existents in name only, mere thought­ fictions by whose means we address concrete particular things. (2) Realism. Abstracta have an independent existence as such.
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  • 200
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400934917
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (490p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Rationality in General -- 1. Seven Desiderata for Rationality -- 2. Arguments for Skepticism -- 3. Skeptical Rationalism -- 4. The Sceptic at Bay -- 5. Esotericism -- 6. Science and the Search for Truth -- 7. Rationality and the Problem of Scientific Traditions -- 8. An Ethic of Cognition -- 9. Methodological Individualism and Institutional Individualism -- 10. Epistemology and Politics -- 11. The Concept of Decision -- 12. Galileo’s Knife -- 13. The Objectivity of Criticism of the Arts -- 14. What is Literature? -- 15. Utopia and the Architect -- II: Rationality and Criticism -- 16. Theories of Rationality -- 17. Rationality and Problem-Solving -- 18. The Choice of Problems and the Limits of Reason -- 19. Rationality and Criticism -- 20. On Explaining Beliefs -- 21. Historicist Relativism and Bootstrap Rationality -- 22. On Two Non-Justificationist Theories -- 23. A Critique of Good Reasons -- III: Rationality and Irrationality -- 24. The Problem of the Rationality of Magic -- 25. Magic and Rationality Again -- 26. A Study in Westernization -- 27. Is Face the Same as Li? -- 28. The Rationality of Dogmatism -- 29. The Rationality of Irrationalism -- For Further Reading -- Sources -- Biographical Sketches -- Name Index.
    Abstract: In our papers on the rationality of magic, we distinghuished, for purposes of analysis, three levels of rationality. First and lowest (rationalitYl) the goal­ directed action of an agent with given aims and circumstances, where among his circumstances we included his knowledge and opinions. On this level the magician's treatment of illness by incantation is as rational as any traditional doctor's blood-letting or any modern one's use of anti-biotics. At the second level (rationalitY2) we add the element of rational thinking or thinking which obeys some set of explicit rules, a level which is not found in magic in general, though it is sometimes given to specific details of magical thinking within the magical thought-system. It was the late Sir Edward E. Evans-Pritchard who observed that when considering magic in detail the magician may be as consistent or critical as anyone else; but when considering magic in general, or any system of thought in general, the magician could not be critical or even comprehend the criticism. Evans-Pritchard went even further: he was sceptical as to whether it could be done in a truly consistent manner: one cannot be critical of one's own system, he thought. On this level (rationalitY2) of discussion we have explained (earlier) why we prefer to wed Evans­ Pritchard's view of the magician's capacity for piece-meal rationality to Sir James Frazer's view that magic in general is pseudo-rational because it lacks standards of rational thinking.
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