Abstract: 1 The Consequences of International Regimes -- I: Simple Effectiveness -- 2 Methodological Challenges in the Study of Regime Effectiveness -- 3 Case Studies of the Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes -- 4 Causal Mechanisms and the Study of International Environmental Regimes -- 5 Boolean Analysis, Mechanisms, and the Study of Regime Effectiveness -- 6 A Quantitative Approach to Evaluating International Environmental Regimes -- 7 Formal Theory and Regime Effectiveness: Rational Players, Irrational Regimes -- 8 Does Regime Robustness Require a Fair Distribution of The Gains from Cooperation? -- II: Broader Consequences -- 9 Methodological Issues in the Study of Broader Consequences -- 10 Exploring Regime Interaction -- 11 International Regimes And Democracy -- 12 Into the Methodological Void -- 13 Regimes and Social Transformation -- III: Conclusion -- 14 Research Strategies for the Future.

Abstract: This volume has a long and distinguished pedigree. It is the product of an effort to devise clear and unambiguous methods for demonstrating that international regimes make a difference stretching back at least to the early 1990s. What has transpired in the meantime is the development of a suite of useful techniques of analysis rather than the creation of a single, correct methodology for use in this field of study. Our assumption is that we can be relatively confident regarding assessments of the consequences of individual regimes when those employing a variety of methods converge on the same conclusions. When different methods yield divergent conclusions, on the other hand, we can take this as a signal that more work is needed to arrive at convincing judgments regarding the consequences of the regimes in question. Along the way, we came to understand that there is an important distinction between what we describe in this book as simple effectiveness and broader consequences. Most analyses of the effectiveness of international regimes focus on individual cases and seek to assess the performance of regimes on a case-by-case basis. This is entirely understandable. Yet it is now clear that individual regimes not only interact with one another but also operate in and affect broader settings. The study of these broader consequences is less mature than research on the effectiveness of individual regimes.

Abstract: Confronting Moral Pluralism: Assessing Universal Applicability -- Natural Law and Global Ethics -- Natural Law and Moral Pluralism -- Natural Law and Modern Meta-Ethics -- Moral Identity and the Natural Law Theory -- Engaging The Limits of Human Nature -- Global Ethics and Natural Law -- Natural Law and Conflict -- Natural Law and Historical Mindedness -- An Assessment of the Requirements of the Study of Natural Law -- Beyond Rationalistic Philosophy: Assessing Universal Accessibility -- Natural Law and Global Ethics -- The Perversity of Thomistic Natural Law Theory -- Natural Law and the Free Church Tradition -- Natural Law and the Free Church Tradition: A Biblicist Responds -- The Natural Law Tradition and a Culture in Crisis -- Insights and Hindsights from Seeking a Global Ethic.

Abstract: Accounts of natural law moral philosophy and theology sought principles and precepts for morality, law, and other forms of social authority, whose prescriptive force was not dependent for validity on human decision, social influence, past tradition, or cultural convention, but through natural reason itself. This volume critically explores and assesses our contemporary culture wars in terms of: the possibility of natural law moral philosophy and theology to provide a unique, content-full, canonical morality; the character and nature of moral pluralism; the limits of justifiable national and international policy seeking to produce and preserve human happiness, social justice, and the common good; the ways in which morality, moral epistemology, and social political reform must be set within the broader context of an appropriately philosophically and theologically anchored anthropology. This work will be of interest to philosophers, theologians, bioethicists, ethicists and political scientists.

Abstract: 1 Rights Talk and Rights -- 2 Broad Positive Rights -- 3 Narrow Positive Rights and Libertarian Alternatives -- 4 The American Political and Constitutional Context -- 5 Some Final Words -- References.

Abstract: Positive Rights in a Republic of Talk will appeal to philosophers and social scientists interested in issues of rights and social justice, and to graduate students and journalists seeking a critical survey of the field. Innumerable recent books have addressed the issues of rights and social justice, but none combines the comprehensiveness, disinterestedness, and brevity found in this work. Positive Rights in a Republic of Talk: -is unique in its critical, let-the-chips-fall-where-they-may approach; -is untainted with special pleading for specific philosophical schools or social policies; -is distinctive in its range, examining the views of classical as well as contemporary thinkers and trendy as well as more established approaches; -is relentless in its confrontation of the abstract with the concrete; -discusses positive rights in such contexts as health care, education, foreign aid, homelessness, welfare, and disaster relief policies; -is distinctive in its prose, which is vivid, engaging, clear, occasionally funny, and never pompous or engorged with jargon; -can be read and enjoyed by serious non-specialists as well as specialists.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Modeling Swedish Environmental Assistance -- 3 Roots of Contemporary Swedish Environmental Assistance -- 4 The Swedish Environmental Assistance Consensus -- 5 Prioritized Environmental Issue-Areas in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania -- 6 The Content and Administration of Swedish Assistance to the Baltic States -- 7 Analysis and Conclusions -- References -- Swedish Parliament Bills, Committee Reports, and Government Decisions -- Printed Sources.

Abstract: Contemporary international aid consists of a wide range of various support programs, where the end-result in many cases not only reflects the needs of the recipient country, but also the interests of the donor country. In Science and Politics of Foreign Aid - Swedish Environmental Support to the Baltic States it is shown that this particular support has been directed primarily towards areas of joint concern, such as air pollution and effluents to the Baltic Sea. Environmental problems with primarily local effects have, to a large extent, been neglected in the Swedish support program. The requirement on the Baltic recipient countries to finance a specific fraction of each joint program with local resources has furthermore drained the local national environmental budgets from resources, making it very difficult for these countries to mitigate various local environmental hazards by themselves. In contrast to many previous foreign aid studies where various donor country biases often are suggested but not empirically validated, this book gives an in-depth view of how a particular support program is influenced by specific and self-interested considerations.

Abstract: The European Union and Education and Training: An Overview of Policies and Initiatives -- Educating Europe: An Analysis of EU Educational Policies -- Interpreting EU Education and Training Policy: Thoughts from the English Perspective -- Tensions Between the European and the Nordic Dimension in Education, with Particular Reference to Sweden -- A Comparative Study of the European Dimension in Education in England, Scotland and Wales -- The European Dimension in the National Curriculum for England -- European Policies and Transition Processes: The Influence of EU Training Programmes in Eastern Germany -- The Impact of EU Education and Training Policies in Sweden -- Eu Programmes in Education and Training: Development and Implementation in Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom -- Standardisation and Differentiation in the Levels of Diplomas in Higher Education Systems in Europe -- Higher Education Student Mobility and the Interpretation of European Union Educational Policies in France.

Abstract: The papers which make up this volume have for the most part emerged from the work of a team of young researchers based for varying periods at the Department of Educational Studies of the University of Oxford as part of an international network funded by the European Union. The network, known as PRESTiGE (Problems of Educational Standardisation and Transition in a Global Environment), involves teams at six European universities, each of which can only employ young researchers from Member States other than that in which it is situated. The Oxford part of PRESTiGE has been concerned with the interpretation, transmission and implementation of European Union education and training policy in four Member States: France, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom. As the leader of the Oxford team I had the good fortune to work with young researchers from Denmark, Germany, Greece, Sweden and Portugal. Their work is included here. So too are contributions from Jake Murdoch (a member of the Dijon team, based at the Université de Bourgogne) and Professor António Nóvoa, the leader of the Lisbon team. Together the papers (which we have allowed to overlap to some extent, so that each one can be read independently) represent a genuinely international collaborative effort to understand the intentions and the effects of EU education and training policy, and we hope that they will contribute to further discussion of the important issues that those with an interest in European co-operation and development will wish to pursue.

Abstract: The first part of this collection traces the passage of toleration from a moral to a political virtue, which may contribute to avoid such a paradox. Political toleration asks not that people accept the reasons or actions of others, to whom they may strongly object, but rather that they reassess and revise their own reasons for opposition and repression in the light of public reason. Such a shift to the political perspective brings, however, new theoretical and institutional problems relating in particular to the nature of political neutrality and the working of democratic institutions. The second and third parts of the volume attempt to clarify the terms of the debate on political toleration. The book brings together a group of international scholars, many of whom have already contributed to the debate on toleration, and who are offering fresh thoughts and approaches to it. The essays of this collection are written from a variety of perspectives: historical, analytical, normative, and legal. Yet, all authors share a concern with the sharpening of our understanding of the reasons for toleration as well as with making them relevant to the way in which we live with others in our modern and diverse societies

Abstract: This volume fills this gap and presents case studies - particularly in consensus democracies such as the Netherlands, Flanders, and Germany but also in majoritarian democracies such as the UK and Canada - that describe and analyze the impact of the changing role of government, and focus on the introduction of interactive governance and the introduction of quasi-markets. The chapters explore how new forms of governance combine with the traditional institutions and processes of public decision making

Abstract: Editorial: The Financing of Terrorism — Criminal and Regulatory Reform -- Editorial: The Financing of Terrorism — Criminal and Regulatory Reform -- Articles -- Globalization, Terrorist Finance, and Global Conflict: Time for a White List? -- How Can Sound Customer Due Diligence Rules Help Prevent the Misuse of Financial Institutions in the Financing of Terrorism? -- Financing of Terrorism — A Predicate Offence to Money Laundering? -- Obstacles in Company Law to Anti-Money Laundering International Co-Operation in European Union Member States -- Terrorist Finance, Money Laundering and the Rise and Rise of Mutual Evaluation: A New Paradigm for Crime Control? -- Financing of Terrorism: Following the Money -- Documentation -- FATF Cracks Down on Terrorist Financing -- FATF Special Recommendations on Terrorist Financing -- Financial Action Task Force Guidance for Financial Institutions in Detecting Terrorism -- International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism -- Council Common Position of 27 December 2001 on the Application of Specific Measures to Combat Terrorism -- Council Common Position of 27 December 2001 on combating terrorism -- Customer Due Diligence for Banks -- Wolfsberg Group Pledges Anti-Terrorism Support -- The Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism — Wolfsberg Statement.

Abstract: In declaring the war against terrorism President George W. Bush also declared war on the financing of terrorism. The call to arms has been complemented by a concerted effort world-wide to track down and freeze the assets of suspected terrorists and financial institutions have risen to these challenges over the last year contributing their expertise gathered mostly through techniques to combat money laundering. In this book bankers, regulators and academics pose a variety of questions from their individual perspectives: To what extent are new laws really new? What can financial institutions realistically contribute to the suppression of terrorist financing? Can individual rights be protected in these circumstances? These questions are analysed by experts who come up with some thought provoking answers.

Abstract: Imagining Space -- Education and the European Space of Flows -- Notes towards the Definition of a European Educational Space -- Locating European Identity in Education -- Foreword -- Globalizing Space -- Reterritorializing Educational Import -- Returning to Europe -- Quality Education and Training for Tomorrow’s Europe -- Ways of Thinking about Education in Europe -- Coda: Europe, Social Space and the Politics of Knowledge -- Borderless Education.

Abstract: Fabricating Europe has within it a core idea, a crucial but imprecise idea, that of a European educational space, which transnational governance, networks and cultural and economic projects are creating now. Yet, the perceptible creation of this contemporary space of European policy making and networking has not been a subject of study. It appears offstage in studies of national systems in which national and professional identity; political organization; policy formation and public/private markets are all viewed as contained within the borders of the state. Fabricating Europe is concerned with the new possibilities to be discerned and imagined in the European public and institutional spaces and discourses in education and the lack of impetus within the broad area of educational studies to meet the task of creating analyses and responses.

Abstract: The most comprehensive international discussion of higher education governance ever published, this volume presents a critical analysis of governance issues and reforms in nine countries, including Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The authors share a common view that higher education governance has become an important issue as systems and institutions struggle to deal with new external and internal demands, but each chapter presents a unique perspective in the analysis of national systems and recent reforms. The book draws together many of the leading international scholars in higher education to explore different theoretical perspectives and present new empirical evidence on system and institutional governance issues. In the concluding chapter, the common things emerging from these national perspectives are presented and analysed, and an agenda for future research is discussed

Abstract: In her letters Mme de Staël provides a panoramic historical outlook of the European literary, cultural and political scene between 1789 and 1817, i.e. the Revolution, the Napoleonic era and the Restoration. This edition, as its French original, includes rare contemporary illustrations never published before in this connection. For this book there is no specific level of readership

Abstract: Although the illicit arms trade has evolved over recent years, despite the end of the Cold War it appears to be as vibrant as ever. From Bosnia and Kosovo to Angola and Sierra Leone, illicit arms flows have played a key role in areas of contemporary instability and violence. Against this background, this volume brings together studies of several key issues relating to this trade: the changing nature of the illicit arms trade; the origins of the Iran-Contra affair; the flow of illicit arms from post-communist Russia; the role of France in arming the genocide in Rwanda; the question of the role of private security companies in areas of instability; and the prospects of controlling the illicit trade in small arms. This timely volume will be essential reading for courses in Criminology, War and Peace Studies, International Politics, and African and other Area Studies which deal with arms trafficking and conflict issues

Abstract: The essays in this book treat important aspects of most of the major themes in contemporary philosophy of law and legal theory. Many of the essays are relatively original. All reveal the distinctive authenticity of the author's work, for he is not only a reputable legal theorist but an internationally known scholar of private law, and for many years chair of the Bielefelder Kreis, an international group of legal theorists who have jointly authored major works comparing methodologies of statutory interpretation and precedent

Abstract: How do small states approach their security problems? What types of strategic instruments exist for small states, and when and why are certain strategies chosen rather than others? The security of `weak' states is problematic, demanding trade-offs in the decisions made. Using 19th century Swedish security policy as an example, it is argued here that small states, in their pursuit of security and autonomy, face a dilemma between abandonment and entrapment, leading to a choice between balancing between great powers or making an approach to one of them. This hard choice confronts both non-aligned and allied states. It is also argued that a focus on the images of decision makers is required as a complement to traditional realist theory in order to gain an in-depth understanding of small state security decisions. This book is special in its focus on small, non-aligned states. Most studies on balance-of-power behaviour limit their analysis to alignment decisions. The study also expands the domain of image constructs by introducing perceived regime characteristics into the analysis, besides images of power and intentions. Audience: Scholars and students interested in foreign policy analysis, particularly small-state behaviour. The book points to the importance of beliefs and ideas in security policy

Abstract: This volume consists of selected papers from the 10th Congress of the World Council of Comparative Education Societies. An Editorial Introduction, giving an overview of the contents, is followed by 14 contributions from different parts of the world. The papers examine the themes of equity and transformation in relation to many educational issues including gender equity, globalisation, the erosion of state provision, the growth of free-market approaches, the weakening of theoretical perspectives, the post-colonial heritage and the emancipatory potential of lifelong learning

Abstract: Education, Leadership and Business Ethics: New Essays on the Work of Clarence Walton includes a history and anecdotes of Clarence Walton's professional and personal life; a discussion of the controversial introduction of ethics into the field of management studies; contributions on a variety of subjects connected to leadership and business ethics from experts in the field; and critical essays reviewing Clarence's most recent work in social criticism. The book gives a history of the rise of the fields of business and society and business ethics, details the events leading to its acceptance in academic circles and gives personal accounts by Clarence Walton, one of the people most responsible for its creation. Intended target groups are students, former academic peers, and friends of Clarence Walton, as well as anyone interested in the history of business ethics or connected to Columbia University of America, or The American College

Abstract: The political and economic transformation of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries has also affected their research systems. The radical regime change in these formerly state socialist societies made major reforms of their research systems possible. But the implementation of these reforms was constrained by the economic and fiscal crisis following the transition to a market economy. Scholars from post-communist CEE countries have studied in close cooperation how the major research organizations of these countries, their academies of sciences, have reacted to the new opportunities and problems. Based on a preliminary series of country reports, in-depth case studies of selected academy institutes in all major CEE countries were conducted to trace the effect of these changes on scientific research. The present volume analyses the rich case study material in a comparative perspective, highlighting both general trends and significant differences between countries and disciplines. Major aspects are: financial threats and coping strategies, especially personnel reduction and the consequence of an aging research staff, changes in academy-institute relations and in the relationship to the university sector, shifting emphases between basic and applied research, and the new patterns of international cooperation in research

Abstract: On 13 and 14 September 1997, municipal elections took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This book extensively covers the findings of the 363 international observers on both polling days. Were the elections `free and fair'? What did the observers record about the circumstances, procedures and security measurements at the polling stations? Which parties observed the elections, and why? How did the election process and the vote count compare to the 1996 elections? This book provides a regional profile and outlines specific problems in the various types of polling stations. The observation methodology and design of the observation reports are discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for the upcoming 1998 election observations, and future missions. The book should be of interest to students, scholars and others working in the fields of observation and analysis of elections, ethnic conflicts in the Balkans, and the role of international organisations in democratisation and peace processes

Abstract: Law and Reflexive Politics argues against the dominant recent `republican' trend in legal and democratic theory that sees law as the prime vessel of political action, means of empowerment of civil society and guarantor of democratic politics. Against theorists as diverse as Dworkin, Habermas, Unger, Ackerman and others it argues that the law cannot, as these theorists would have it, contain the politics of civil society and exhaust what these politics are about. The first part of the book explores the recent trends in legal and political theory that suggest the internal linking of democracy and law. The second part is a critique of these positions through an application of systems theory, but one that offers an internal critique of systems theory itself as well as a study of the inter-relationships between law, politics and conflict. The final part advances a suggestion for a definition, or re-conceptualisation, of the political as `reflexive', that will re-politicise law's rendering of conflict, political action and identity. What is `stilled' by the law here becomes contested terrain again and, as such, political

Abstract: This volume brings together and updates the classic work of the late Scottish political economist Duncan Black. It contains a revision of both The Theory of Committees and Elections and Committee Decisions with Complementary Valuation (with R.A. Newing) based on the notes and annotations of Duncan Black before his death in 1991. The work is then extended by the addition of five related manuscripts and a complete bibliography of this work. By publishing this work in one single volume, one can witness the tremendous contributions made by Duncan Black to public choice and social choice. This includes the median voter theory, `cyclical majorities', voting rules and strategic behavior, multidimensional spatial theory, and determining preferences from ballots. This volume should be required reading for all scholars and students of formal political science, public choice or social choice theory. `[I express] my great satisfaction at the publication of Black's writings.. thus affording scholars the opportunity of studying Duncan Black's Work.' from the Foreword by Ronald H. Coase

Abstract: This volume offers one of the first systematic analyses of the rise of modern social science. Contrary to the standard accounts of various social science disciplines, the essays in this volume demonstrate that modern social science actually emerged during the critical period between 1750 and 1850. It is shown that the social sciences were a crucial element in the conceptual and epistemic revolution, which parallelled and partly underpinned the political and economic transformations of the modern world. From a consistently comparative perspective, a group of internationally leading scholars takes up fundamental issues such as the role of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution in the shaping of the social sciences, the changing relationships between political theory and moral discourse, the profound transformation of philosophy, and the constitution of political economy and statistics

Abstract: On 14th September 1996, against the background of the Dayton agreement, six different elections took place in Bosnia-Herzegovina. This book covers in detail what was observed on the ground by 900 international observers: the voting process and the count of votes. Did the Polling Station Committee act impartially and competently? What representatives of parties or candidates were observing the elections? In which aspects do the regions in the entities Republica Srpska and the Federation Bosnia-Herzegovina differ? Did observers report specific problems in municipalities split by the Inter Entity Boundary Line? The book contributes to a clear understanding of the political climate, the role of the OSCE, and whether the elections were conducted properly. It should be of interest to students, scholars and others working in observation and analysis of elections, the political situation in Bosnia-Herzegovina, ethnic conflicts, and the role of international organisations in democratisation and peace processes

Abstract: Constitutional political economy is a research program that directs inquiry to the working properties of rules and institutions within which individuals interact and to the processes through which these rules and institutions are chosen or come into being. This book makes the case for an approach to constitutional political economy that is grounded in consistent, hard-nosed public choice analysis. Effective institutional design is simply not feasible unless the designers build their structures to withstand rational choice pressures from the political market place. If mean, sensual man is here to stay, then let us, in our better moments, incorporate that knowledge into the institutions that must govern his behavior. A distinguished list of public choice scholars pursue this approach against a varying backcloth of constitutional issues relevant to the United States, Canada, Western Europe, the transition economies and the third world

Abstract: Duncan Black made a significant contribution to the development of public choice theory during his lifetime. Upon his death it became apparent that much of his scholarship and critique of economics was never published. Formal Contributions to the Theory of Public Choice is a collection of Duncan Black's unpublished works, representing his continuing contribution to economics and political science. It provides an insight into Black's intellectual endeavors and introduces some new ideas and extensions of earlier work

Abstract: `This is a book about a well-known writer, Lewis Carroll, and about a little-known subject, the theory of voting' (from the Editors' Introduction). This book has been edited from the manuscripts of the late Scottish economist Duncan Black. Shortly after the publication of The Theory of Committees and Elections Black started to collect material for papers and a book on Lewis Carroll's theory of proportional representation. Black's chapter plans made it clear that the book was to be in three parts, written by himself, followed by a reprint of Carroll's Principles of Parliamentary Representation and its main sources. Part I is biographical, introducing Lewis Carroll and giving relevant details of his life. Part II is Black's already published work on Lewis Carroll. Part III comprises the more detailed arguments about Carroll's reasoning, and Part IV contains reprints of rare original material on proportional representation by Carroll, James Garth Marshall, and Walter Baily. Taken together, the editors have provided a complete reference source for the theory of voting and proportional representation

Abstract: The Construction of Europe contains a multidisciplinary treatment of the development of the European Union. Special attention is given to the political economy of European unification, including precursors of the EEC, the role of French--German relations, the Structural Funds, and the part played by the European Commission. There are also discussions of the implications for Europe of German reunification and the prospects raised by the possibility of expansion into Eastern Europe. The legal structure of the European Community is also examined, in contributions that deal with administrative law, guidelines, competition law, and feminist legal theory

Abstract: This volume brings together a number of scholarly studies on the definition, assessment and measurement of human quality of life. The book contains fundamental analyses of basic concepts such as welfare, wellbeing, happiness and quality of life itself, but contains also discussions on the application of such concepts for measuring purposes mainly in a health care context. Although the approach to these problems in the book is predominantly philosophical, there are also some studies which take a different, mainly sociological and medical, point of view. Most of the authors have a Scandinavian origin and their essays mirror the current debate on quality of life in northern Europe. The book however also contains contributions by distinguished scholars from the U.K., France, Italy and the Netherlands

Abstract: The Handbook of Democratic Government is the first compact and comprehensive data collection for 20 countries which simultaneously provides comparative and complete information on the composition of governments. Parties, ministries, portfolios, ministers and parliamentary support are listed, as well as duration, type of government and reasons for termination. The data are organised in such a manner that every researcher can use them as a basic data set, ready to be transformed according to the particular needs dictated by the research undertaken. Various levels of analysis are possible, both cross-nationally and across time, ranging from individual ministers and separate ministries to specific parties, governments or countries. Given its format, the data set is also a very useful background to the special annual issue of the European Journal of Political Research: Political Data Yearbook. It will save researchers in the field of comparative politics valuable time as it can be utilised in connection with, or in addition to other data sources

Abstract: The Next 25 Years of Public Choice brings together the perspectives of many of the world's leading scholars of public choice on the present state of knowledge and the likely future course of scholarship on public choice and constitutional economy. This book presents material in a manner accessible to a wide educated readership and will be influential in guiding future research in this important field. It is directed at professional scholars of public choice, economics and political science, government officials, graduate students and anyone seriously interested in public policy. A distinguished group of internationally well-known scholars offer their own often far-reaching views on strengths and weaknesses in the current literature and pinpoint important avenues of research amenable to future research

Abstract: This volume brings together the best essays and reviews of Herbert H. Rowen, professor emeritus of Rutgers University, foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and one of the first important English-speaking historians of the Dutch Republic since John Lothrop Motley. Many of the essays, though published previously, have not been readily available, while several appear here for the first time. They include close analysis of the Dutch Republic, French absolutism, the eighteenth-century Republic and the Atlantic Revolutions, and direct and indirect commentary on the task of the historian more generally. Also included are three essays and several reviews about the work of Herbert Rowen, which assess his particular contribution to historical studies. The leading characteristics of that work are reflected in the title of this collection: clarity and ease of expression, rigor of thought, and a focus on the intersection of political thought and practice in the early modern period

Abstract: Simulation-oriented scenarios -- Politics and administration during a ‘nuclear-political’crisis -- Comments on ‘The Chernobyl disaster and nuclear fallout’ -- The Zeebrugge ferry disaster. Elements of a communication and information processes scenario -- Comments on “The Zeebrugge ferry disaster” -- Riots without killings. Policy learning in Amsterdam 1980–1985 -- Comments on “Riots without killings” -- Interactive simulation and crisis management training. New techniques for improving performance -- Comments on “Interactive simulation and crisis management training” -- Decision pathways from crisis. A contingency-theory simulation heuristic for the Challenger Shuttle disaster (1983–1988) -- Contributors.

Abstract: One: Soviet Foreign Policy under Gorbachev -- Comments on the paper of Arnold L. Horelick (1) -- Comments on the paper of Arnold L. Horelick (2) -- Comments on the paper of Arnold L. Horelick (3) -- Summary of discussion -- Two: Domestic Policy under Gorbachev -- Comments on the paper of Michel Tatu (1) -- Comments on the paper of Michel Tatu (2) -- Comments on the paper of Michel Tatu (3) -- Summary of discussion -- Three: Arms Control under Gorbachev -- Comments on the paper of Lawrence Freedman (1) -- Comments on the paper of Lawrence Freedman (2) -- Comments on the paper of Lawrence Freedman (3) -- Summary of discussion -- Four: Security Aspects of Science and Technology in the Ussr -- Comments on the paper of Heinrich Vogel and Hans-Henning Schröder (1) -- Comments on the paper of Heinrich Vogel and Hans-Henning Schröder (2) -- Comments on the paper of Heinrich Vogel and Hans-Henning Schröder (3) -- Summary of discussion -- Five: Economics — Overall -- Comments on the paper of Pierre Audigier (1) -- Comments on the paper of Pierre Audigier (2) -- Comments on the paper of Pierre Audigier (3) -- Summary of discussion -- Six: Economics — Military-Industrial -- Comments on the paper of Herbert S. Levine and Bryan Roberts (1) -- Comments on the paper of Herbert S. Levine and Bryan Roberts (2) -- Comments on the paper of Herbert S. Levine and Bryan Roberts (3) -- Summary of discussion -- Seven: Current Soviet Military Doctrine -- Comments on the paper of Franklyn Griffiths (1) -- Comments on the paper of Franklyn Griffiths (2) -- Comments on the paper of Franklyn Griffiths (3) -- Summary of discussion -- Eight: Soviet Military Strategy in the Emerging Post-Nuclear Era -- Comments on the paper of Edward Luttwak (1) -- Comments on the paper of Edward Luttwak (2) -- Comments on the paper of Edward Luttwak (3) -- Summary of discussion.

Abstract: LORD CARRINGTON Secretary General, North Atla/ltic Treaty Orga/lisation In providing a foreword to this volume, I have to declare an interest. I was, and am still, an enthusiastic advocate of the idea of having a resident Sovietologist at NATO headquarters, Indeed, I wondered how the work of the organisation had been done for so long without the benefit of a resident expert on a subject of such crucial interest. I was therefore delighted when an American academic of high reputation, Murray Feshbach, joined us as our first Sovietologist. I was also encouraged that he decided to organise last November a Workshop in which NATO staff could take part and which would attract prestigious participants from all the countries of this alliance, I saw for myself the high level of interest created by the Workshop, and judge it to have a very considerable success, I hope there will be other similar events in the future, There is no doubt that, in the light of the series of developments and changes launched over recent months by Mr.

Abstract: I The Origins of Federal Governments -- 1 The Origin of Federal Government -- 2 The Invention of Centralized Federalism -- 3 Dutch and American Federalism -- II The Measurement of Federalism -- 4 Disharmony in Federal Government -- 5 The Measurement of American Federalism -- 6 The Relation Between Structure and Stability in Federal Governments -- III Federal Institutions -- 7 The Senate and American Federalism -- 8 The Decline and Rise of the Militia -- 9 Administrative Centralization -- 10 Presidential Action in Congressional Nominations -- 11 Party Organization.

Abstract: The chapters of this book have diverse origins. They were written over the period 1954-1984. Several (i.e., three, four, seven, and ten) were originally published in scholarly journals. Several (i.e., one, eight, nine, and eleven) are excerpts from my previous books: Soldiers of the States and Federalism: Origin, Operation and Significance. And several (i.e., two, five, and six) were written for conferences and are now published here for the first time. Despite the fact that this history suggests they are quite unrelated, these chapters do indeed center on one theme: the continuity of American federalism. In order to emphasize that theme, I have written an introduction and an initial commentary for each chapter. These commen­ taries, taken together, with the introduction, constitute the exposition of the theme. Some of these chapters (four, six, and ten) were written with my students, Ronald Schaps, John Lemco, and William Bast. They did much of the research and analysis so the credit for these chapters belongs to them as much as to me. Chapter five is based quite closely on William Paul Alexander's dissertation for the Ph. D. degree at the University of Rochester, 1973.

Abstract: France -- Les nouveaux réseaux d’images en France -- Tendances de l’audiovisuel en France a l’horizon 2000 -- Les médias électroniques, une chance pour les quotidiens francais? -- Great-Britain -- The development of transmission systems in the U.K. A fifteen-year forecast -- Impact of new communication technologies on media industry in the European Community: audio-visual media in Britain -- West-Germany -- The evolution of media infrastructure in the Federal Republic of Germany -- Future trends of the electronic textmedia in West-Germany -- The Netherlands -- Development of transmission facilities for electronic media in the Netherlands -- Future trends of audio-visual media in the Netherlands -- Future trends of electronic textmedia in the Netherlands -- Belgium -- Propos sur les nouveaux médias en Belgique francophone. Prévisions 1995 -- The development of the audio-visual and electronic textmedia in Flanders, respectivily Belgium -- Denmark -- Future media trends in Denmark -- Greece -- Future media trends in Greece -- Ireland -- The impact of new communication technologies on the media industry in the Republic of Ireland -- Italy -- Impact of new communication technologies in the media industry in Italy -- Luxembourg -- Future media trends in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg -- North-American Perspective -- Future development of new media in the European Community. Some implications drawn from the North-American experience -- Japanese Perspective -- The impact of new communication technologies on the media industry in Japan.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Coups and Their Prevention -- III. War -- IV. ‘Popular’ Risings -- V. Legitimacy and Ethics -- VI. The Uses of Dictatorship -- VII. Becoming a Dictator -- VIII. The Problem of Succession -- IX. Democracy and Despotism -- Envoy.

Abstract: My first serious thought about a scientific approach to politics was in Communist China. When the Communists seized China, the American Department of State, which was planning to recognize them, left its entire diplomatic establishment in place. At the time, I was a Vice Consul in Tientsin, so I found myself living under the Communists. While the Department of State was planning on recognizing the Communists, the Communist plans were obscure. In any event, they weren't going to recognize us in the Consulate­ General until formal relations were established between the two governments, so I had a great deal of leisure. As a man who then intended to spend his life as a political officer in the Department of State, I decided to fill in this time by reading political science. I rapidly realized, not only that the work was rather unsatisfactory from a scientific standpoint, but also that it didn't seem to have very much relevance to the Communist government under which I was then living. ! I was unable to solve the problem at the time, and after a number of vicissitudes which included service in Hong Kong and South Korea, neither of which was really a model of democracy, I resigned and switched over to an academic career primarily concerned with that mixture of economics and political science which we call Public Choice. Most of my work in Public Choice has dealt with democratic governments.

Abstract: by Peter Coffey This is indeed a most opportune time for the publication of a serious, critical and independent study about the "Main Economic Policy Areas of the EEC". The European Economic Community is the world's most import­ ant commercial and trading bloc and its economic policies consequently have the most far-reaching implications for all countries in the world. The rest of the world is acutely conscious of the Community's trading policies. In turn, these policies (apart from those based on historical links - ante­ cedent to the EEC's formation) are strongly influenced by the internal economic policies of the Common Market - especially by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). At the present time, the Community finds itself, both in­ ternally and externally, at a crossroads. This crossroads takes the form of a choice between 'protectionism' or 'open­ ness'. Unfortunately, present evidence suggests that currently and in the immediately foreseeable future the former option has been chosen by the EEC.

Abstract: I Theory -- 1 The Problem: Economic Analysis and the Rise of New Regulation -- 2 Ideology: An Explanation for Public Policy Making -- 3 Roll Call Voting by Congress -- II Evidence -- 4 Public Interest Lobbies -- 5 Voting on Minimum Wages -- 6 Ideology and Logrolling -- 7 Empirical Estimation of the General Equilibrium Model -- III Contributions -- 8 A Comparison of the 1972 and 1978 Elections: Role of the PACs -- 9 Some Additional Effects of Contributions -- 10 Conclusions and Implications -- Appendix: Analysis of Econometric Models with Qualitative Dependent Variables -- References.

Abstract: In a sense, this book might seem like a strange undertaking for two economists. The material seems to be much closer to political science than to economics; our topic is the determinants of congressional voting. Legislatures and roll call voting are traditionally in the domain of political science. This introduction is intended to explain why we have found this book worth writing. Today the economy functions in a regulated framework. Whether or not there ever was a "golden age" of laissez faire capitalism is an issue for historians; such an age does not now exist. One implication of the high degree of politicization of the modern economy is that one cannot any longer study economics divorced from politics. The rise to prominence of the field of public choice is one strong piece of evidence about what many economists see as the significant influence of the political sector over what would seem to be purely economic variables. A more homey example may also be used to il­ lustrate the phenomenon of increased politicization of the economy. All economists have had the experience of lecturing on the unemployment­ creating effects of a minimum wage or on the shortage-creating implications of price controls, only to have a student ask: "But if that is so, why do we have those laws?" One way of viewing this book is as an attempt to answer that question.

Abstract: The Union of Utrecht, its Genesis and Consequences -- Centralisation et décentralisation aux Pays-Bas à l’époque contemporaine -- The Dutch Republic and Antiquity -- The Example of the Dutch Republic for American Federalism -- Federalism: USA Style -- Essai de synthese de l’évolution de la réforme de l’état en Belgique de 1961 à 1979 -- Der Föderalismus in der deutschen Geschichte -- Der Föderalismus in der Schweiz. Entwicklungstendenzen im 19./20. Jahrhundert -- Ex Uno Plura? The British Experience -- La révolution française et la perception de l’espace national: fédérations, fédéralisme et stéréotypes régionaux -- Conscience nationale et conscience régionale en France de 1815 à nos jours -- The Regional Problem in Spain -- Der russische Vielvölkerstaat zwischen Zentralismus und Föderation.

Abstract: The commemoration of the formation of the Union of Utrecht, four hundred years ago on 23 January 1579, was celebrated by many different events. One of these, certainly not the least important to historians, was the holding of an inter­ national congress in Utrecht and Zeist on 8, 9 and 10 May 1979, organized by the Dutch Historical Association. This Association had decided to select a theme which fitted well in the framework of the Union celebrations: federalism, history and current significance of a form of government. For the Union of Utrecht con­ stituted the legal foundation, even the constitution, it is claimed, of the Republic of the United Netherlands, and that commonwealth can undoubtedly be regard­ ed as a very interesting example of a federal form of government. As is evident from the formulation of the congress theme the intention of the or­ ganizers was that attention should be given not only to federal and regional struc­ tures and tendencies in the past but also in the contemporary world. Historical phenomena needed (necessarily) to be viewed in present-day perspective, current problems ought if possible to be seen in historical perspective. There is no doubt that the prevailing view today, at least in the Western World, is to a great extent characterized by a growing dislike of the modern Leviathan, the highly centraliz­ ed, bureaucratic welfare State.

Abstract: 1 The First New Society -- 2 Public Authority and Social Structure -- 3 Pathways to Satisfaction -- 4 The “Ordinary” Civil Servant: Soft Activist -- 5 Managing Politics and Politicians -- 6 Images of Society and Power -- 7 Sweden Compared -- 8 No Place to Hide: Political Skill and the Social Psychology of Consensus -- 9 Postscript: On the Politics of Accommodation -- Appendix A: Sample Selection -- Notes.

Abstract: Several years ago, freshly returned from a year in Stockholm but deeply en­ meshed in the American Malaise of the late 1960's, I sketched out an image of Swedish policy-making that defined a generalized policy-making role and sought to relate that role to both citizen attitudes and the elite political culture 1 in Sweden. Although that sketch seems to have been taken seriously by other foreigners, I think it is fair to say that the principal reaction of my Swedish friends and colleagues was amusement. When I later (1970-71) returned for another year in Stockholm, I found myself being introduced at parties as the man who had written ''that marvelously out-of-date sketch of how Swedish politics used to work-hah, hah. " Or, I would be referred to as the American who, like Marquis Childs some years earlier, "believed our propaganda. " By 1970-71, of course, the Swedish political environment had become more boisterous than it had been in 1967-68. Indeed, during the course of that year my amused colleagues found themselves enmeshed in a strike action against the government that was part of an emotional series of such actions that some observers thought would bring most public services to a halt. If my earlier portrait had been influenced (too much, they thought) by the American Malaise in which I was implicated, so must their later reaction to my portrait have been influenced (too much, I thought) by the Swedish Turmoil of 1970 and 1971.

Abstract: The growing interest in the history of Indonesia has made it desirable to have an English summary of the principal works of the Dutch historian Dr H. J. de Graaf, who in several books and articles published between 1935 and 1973 has given a description of the development of the Javanese kingdom of Mataram, based both on European and in­ digenous material. His works form a substantial contribution to the study of the national history of Indonesia. The Summary contains references to the paragraphs of the Dutch books and articles. This makes it easy for those readers who have a know­ ledge of Dutch to consult the original texts. The List of Sources for the study of Javanese history from 1500 to 1700 is composed of the lists in the summarized books and articles, and the Index of Names refers not only to the present Summary but also to the eight original texts. Many names of persons and localities in the Index have been provided with short explanatory notes and references to other lemmata as a quick way to give some provisional information on Javanese history.

Abstract: I. The Roots of Peacetime Propaganda -- II. The Official Information Services -- III. The Central office of Information -- IV. The British Council -- V. The BBC External Services -- VI. Supervision of British Propaganda Programmes -- VII. Comparing Approaches: the United Kingdom and the United States -- Appendix. Estimated Cost of Overseas Information Services 1973-74 -- selected Bibliography.

Abstract: The systematic use of propaganda is very much a phenomenon of the 20th century. Through the years, kings, political leaders, and statesmen have often made use of what might now be called "propaganda tech­ niques" but it is only within the present century that the use of pro­ paganda has been developed as a systematic instrument of national and foreign policy. Nonetheless, since World War II propaganda has become a regular peacetime instrument of foreign policy for most states, be they large or small. While some considerable attention has been given to the propaganda organisations and activities of the United States and certain Com­ munist nations, especially the U.S.S.R., relatively little has been done on the British approach to propaganda. The present study attempts to at least partially fill that vacuum. A history of the overseas Informa­ tion Services is not undertaken and I will leave that important task to future scholars. Instead I have examined the British approach to the organisation of propaganda and the mechanics they have developed to utilize this instrument of foreign policy.

Abstract: 1 The Political Myth -- 2 Dutch Privileges, Real and Imaginary -- 3 The Black Legend during the Eighty Years War -- 4 Queen and State: the Emergence of an Elizabethan Myth -- 5 The Batavian Myth during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries -- 6 ‘No Popery’ in the Reign of Charles II -- 7 The Myth of ‘Patriotism’ in Eighteenth-Century English Politics -- 8 Oliver Cromwell’s Popular Image in Nineteenth-Century England -- 9 The Rise and Progress of Tory Democracy -- 10 Mythical Aspects of Dutch Anti-Catholicism in the Nineteenth Century.

Abstract: AS Dr. Coen Tamse points out in the introductory essay specially written for this volume, what we call myths are all too often the errors and misconceptions of others. Time being short and human un­ derstanding imperfect, it is wise to suppose that posterity will convict us all of thinking and acting in some sort within mythological uni­ verses; only a dead myth is by common consent recognized as a false reading of reality. And yet, in our troubled century, we have witnessed the deliberate fabrication of mythologies, apart from the inheritance of earlier growths like those which still feed nationalism and anti­ Semitism. It almost looks as if mass democracies positively require neatly packaged and emotionally charged explanations of the social and political environment as a substitute for religion. At all events, the modern science of public relations has advanced far enough for cer­ tain regimes, or for those who seek to overthrow them, to make a calculated appeal to the vanities, anxieties and frustrations of ordinary people by offering highly simplified explanations of a baffling world, often in easily grasped pictorial or dramatic forms, whether the object is to condition obedience or incite to 'struggle'. The advent of the mass media is generally, if unfairly, taken to have opened limitless new op­ portunities for the manipulation of our thought-processes, even below the threshold of consciousness.

Abstract: I. The Kingdom of Hanover and the Guelphs -- II. 1866 -- III. Prussian Negotiations with King George 1866–1871 -- IV. Guelph Subversive Activities -- V. Guelph Parliamentary Activities -- VI. Bismarck and the Guelph Dynasty 1871–1890 -- VII. Bismarck and the New Province -- VIII. Bismarck and the Secret Uses of the Guelph Fund -- Conclusions -- Map 1 — Historical Development of the Kingdom of Hanover -- Map 2 — Electoral Districts in the Province of Hanover 1867–1918 -- Map 3 — Administrative Divisions in the Province of Hanover 1867–1884 -- Map 4 — Administrative Divisions in the Province of Hanover 1884–1890.

Abstract: Many historians have concerned themselves with the founding of the German Empire in 1871 and the means used to unite the disparate sections of Germany, many of which had older traditions than did Bismarck's Prussia. Understandably writers have given more attention to the victor than to the vanquished. Except for polemicists who seek to prove the wrong done or to vindicate the action taken, scholars have been interested in writing about trends which were to become significant in the new Reich, about the new governmental structure itself, and about the diplomacy and statesmanship which were used to form the new German nation-state. But the consolidation of many diverging strands of political, economic, and social traditions in the new state left many issues unsolved and in fact seemed to create new ones. Many of these problems, while not overtly affecting the basic outline of German history, have nonetheless influenced it and have become at times serious matters of concern for the Reich Chancellor. One of the problems was the threat of particularist sentiment to the national unity which Bismarck was trying to create. Although there was an awareness among some nineteenth century Ger­ mans of a specific German nationality, the majority of people did not think in terms of a German unity but regarded themselves as Bavarians, Saxons, or belonging to some other Stamm, or tribal subdivision of the Germans.

Abstract: Abridged Table of Contents -- One: The Republic -- I: The Origins: The Period of the Mythological Kings -- II: The Class Struggle and the Merger between the Patricians and the Plebeians -- III: The Political Institutions of the Republic I: The Magistrates -- IV The Political Institutions of the Republic II: The Popular Assemblies -- V: The Political Institutions of the Republic III: The Senate -- VI. The Administration of Justice -- VII: The Collapse of the Republican Order -- A Postscript: Why the Roman Republic Never Became a Democracy -- Two: The Empire -- Introduction: Principate and Dominate -- I The Establishment of the Principate -- II The Institutions of the Augustan Principate I -- III: The Institutions of the Augustan Principate II -- IV: The Administration of justice -- V: The Augustan Reform Legislation -- VI: The Creator and His Work -- Section Two: The Principate in Operation -- VII: The Period in Retrospect -- VIII: The Emperor -- IX: the face of the republican institutions -- X: The Social Classes -- XI: The Administration of the Empire -- XII: Decline and Fall of the Principate -- Section Three: The Dominate -- XIII The Period in Retrospect -- XIV: The Rise of Christianity as the State Religion -- XV: The Emperor -- XVI: The Organization of the Imperial Government -- XVII: The Administration of Justice and the Law -- XVIII: The Coercive State -- Epilogue: Rome’s Impact on the Civilization of the Western World.

Abstract: Next to the Bible, Shakespeare, the French revolution and Napoleon, ancient Rome is one of the most plowed-through fields of historical experience. One of the truly great periods of history, Rome, over the centuries, deservedly has attracted the passionate attention of historians, philologists and, more recently, archeologists. Since Roman law constituted the source of the legal life of most of Western Europe, the legal profession had a legitimate interest. Veritable libraries have been built around the history of Rome. In the past confmed mostly to Italian, German, and French scholars the fascination with things Roman by now has spread to other civilized nations in­ cluding the Anglo-Saxon. Among the contributors to our knowledge of ancient Rome are some of the great minds in history and law. Our bibliography - selective, as neces­ sarily it has to be - records outstanding generalists as well as some of the numerous specialists that were helpful for our undertaking. Why, then, another study of the Roman political civilization and one that, at least measured by volume and effort, is not altogether insubstantial? And why, has to be added, one presented by an author who, whatever his reputation in other fields, ostensibly is an outsider of the classical discipline? These are legitimate questions that should be honestly answered. By training and avocation the author is a constitutional lawyer or, rather, a political scientist primarily interested in the operation of governmental institutions.

Abstract: I: Peacemaking with Germany, 1918–1919 -- i. The Conclusion of an Armistice: “Effectual Guarantees” or Unconditional Surrender -- ii. Responsibility and Retribution -- iii. Safeguards and Security: Churchill’s attitude to Allied military occupation, and his attempts to create an independent Rhineland -- iv. Easing the Blockade: Churchill’s Aldwych Club speech and his plan to counter the spread of Bolshevism in Germany -- v. Churchill’s Critique of the Paris Peace Conference -- II: The Russo-German Question, 1918–1920 -- i. The Menace of Russo-German Conjunction -- ii. The Case for Preventive War -- iii. The Military Situation in Russia: Churchill’s assessments and their impact upon his attitude towards Germany, January-April 1919 -- iv. The anti-Bolshevists Fail to Sustain their Offensive: Churchill suggests an Anglo-German modus vivendi as a complementary check against conjunction, May–December 1919 -- v. Churchill Resolves to Abandon the anti-Bolshevist Cause, January–February 1920 -- vi. “The Very Great and Imminent Danger” of Polish Collapse, July–August 1920: Churchill again proposes an Anglo-German agreement to deter conj unction -- vii. Conjunction Averted -- III: Foundations for a German Policy, 1920–1922 -- i. Two Proposals for Securing an Agreed Anglo-French German Policy -- ii. Churchill and Lloyd George dispute the Merits of a Coercive Approach -- iii. The Perils of Pragmatism -- iv. The Ascendancy of British Interests -- Conclusion.

Abstract: It was in the early summer of 1906 that Violet Bonham Carter first met Winston Churchill: an encounter which left an "indelible im­ pression" upon her. "I found myself," she recalled, sitting next to this young man who seemed to me quite different from any other young man I had ever met. For a long time he remained sunk in abstraction. Then he appeared to become aware of my existence. He turned on me a lowering gaze and asked me abruptly how old I was. I replied that I was nineteen. "And I," he said almost despairingly, "am thirty-two already. Younger than anyone else who counts, though," he added, as if to comfort himself. Then savagely: "Curse ruthless time! Curse our own mortality! How cruelly short is the allotted span for all we must cram into it!" And he burst forth into an eloquent diatribe on the shortness of human life, the immensity of possible human accomplishment - a theme so well exploited by the poets, prophets and philosophers of all ages that it might seem difficult to invest it with a new life and startling significance. Yet for me he did so, in a torrent of magnificent language which appeared to be both effortless and inexhaustible and ended up with the words I shall always remember: "We are all worms. But I do believe that I am a glow worm.

Abstract: Journalism in the Reign of Charles X: The Social and Political Setting -- I. Liberty of the Press in the Restoration -- II. Parisian Journals and Journalists in the Late Restoration -- III. Political Journalism in the Fall of the Villèle Ministry, 1827–1828: A Preview of Revolution -- IV. Political Journalism and the Martignac Ministry, 1828–1829: The Failure of Conciliation -- V. The Political Press and the Parti-Prêtre: The Anticlerical Campaign of 1828–1829 -- VI. The Press in the Crisis of August 8, 1829 -- VII. The New Militant Press -- VIII. Legal Resistance: The Breton Association and the Press -- IX. Winter Quarters: November, 1829 — February, 1830 -- X. The Press and the “221” -- XI. Judicial Ordeals, February-March, 1830 -- XII. “The King will not Yield” -- XIII. “It is Life or Death” -- XIV. The Journalists in the Trois Glorieuses -- XV. The Revolutionary Influence of Journalism -- Appendices.

Abstract: The "July Revolution" of 1830 in France overthrew the King, brought down the Bourbon dynasty, and ended the fifteen-year era known as the Restoration. lt established the "July Monarchy" of Louis-Philippe, citizen­ King of the Hause of Orleans, a regime also destined for extinction eighteen years later. Although the 1848 revolt is of somewhat greater domestic political importance and considerably greater in its European scope and its social implications, the July Revolution of 1830 should not be relegated to the lower Ievels of historical consciousness. Yet, in modern times, even in France, relatively few works have been published concerning either the Restoration or the revolution which terminated it. New interpretations, such as the excellent works of Bertier de Sauvigny and David Pinkney have awakened the enthusiasm of scholars; but in general, the intrinsic importance of this period has been slighted for nearly a century. There are reasons for this inattention: At first glance, the era seems retrograde, born of a conservative reaction; and placid - it falls between Napoleon's giant earthquake on one side, and on the other, the dynamics of European nationalism, imperialism, and the class struggle. But the Restoration was neither archaic nor calm. lt was, for all its manifest anachronisms, an age of rapid political, cultural, and social growth. France, during these years, was maturing and ripening toward nationhood - and toward the collision of many complex forces, culminating in revolution.

Abstract: I The Significance of the Element of Negotiation in the Pacific Settlement of Disputes Between States -- II Pacific Settlement of Disputes Between States — Creation of Law -- III Pacific Settlement of Disputes Between States — Implementation of Law -- Summary -- Annex I -- Annex II -- Annex III.

Abstract: The system of the pacific settlement of disputes contained in the United Nations Charter - confirmed in 1970 in the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States - is based on agreement between the parties on both the method to be applied and the acceptance of its results. From the juridical point of view states are free in this system to establish in advance their choice of the appli­ cation of one or more methods to a dispute and their willingness to accept the result in respect of all or certain groups of disputes or only to determine their choice when a dispute arises. The functioning of the International Court must be regarded in this light. The practice of pacific settlement shows that there is not too great a distance between the standpoints of the Soviet countries, who emphasise direct negotiation as the starting point in settling disputes, and that of the Western countries, who lay particular stress on judicial settlement as such, because the Western countries usually make the application of arbitration and judicial settlement to a specific dispute dependent on the cooperation of all parties, in obtaining which negotiations are essential.

Abstract: I. A Progressive Mind in the Age of Restoration, 1820–1848 -- The Education of a Nineteenth Century Liberal, 1818–1827 -- The Apprentice Writer: Cattaneo and the Annali Universali di Statistica, 1827–1836 -- The Years of Maturity: Cattaneo’s Economic and Social Thought, 1836–1839 -- Il Politecnico: “Herein Dwells My Spirit”, 1839–1844 -- Reformer and Critic: the Development of Cattaneo’s Political Thought, 1844–1848 -- II. Reluctant Revolutionary, 1848–1849 -- The Five Days of Milan -- Cattaneo, Charles Albert, and the Provisional Government of Lombardy, March-May 1848 -- Cattaneo, Mazzini, and the Politics of “Fusion”, May-August 1848 -- Informal Diplomacy: Cattaneo’s Mission to Paris, August-October 1848 -- A View of the Revolution in Lombardy: Cattaneo’s L’insurrection de Milan en 1848 -- Cattaneo, Mazzini, and the Revolution in Central Italy, November 1848–May 1849 -- The Triumph of Reaction, June-October 1849 -- III. Nationalism and Liberty: Cattaneo’s Search for a Political Program, 1850–1858 -- Cattaneo and the Archivio triennale, 1850–1851 -- Cattaneo, Mazzini, and the Lessons of History -- Cattaneo, Ferrari, and the Federalist Alternative -- Cattaneo, Pisacane, and the Social Question -- “Pursuits of a More Quiet Nature”: Cattaneo and the Cultural and Economic Life of Canton Ticino, 1852–1858 -- Cattaneo’s Attitude Toward Italian Politics and European Diplomacy 1852–1858 -- IV. Cattaneo and the Politics of Italian Unification, 1859–1860 -- “The Spirit of Napoleon Is Rising Again ”: Cattaneo and the Meaning of the Franco-Sardinian Alliance, January-April 1859 -- Cattaneo, Mazzini, and the Meaning of Bonapartism -- Cavour’s War and the Annexation of Lombardy, April-December 1859 -- Elections, Plebiscites... and “Pancakes”: Cattaneo and the Creation of a “Political Italy”, January-June 1860 -- A Last Chance for Liberty: Cattaneo and the Southern Question, June-November 1860 no -- V. Carlo Cattaneo and the Politics of The Risorgimento: An Ambiguous Legacy.

Abstract: In January 1948, Alessandro Levi, a distinguished scholar in the fields of law, philosophy and political theory, published an article entitled "The 'return' of Carlo Cattaneo. " 1 Levi, himself the author of an im­ portant work on Cattaneo, 2 reported on several initiatives which had been taken by Italian scholars since 1945 to rescue the Lombard writer and politician from relative obscurity. With some financial assistance from the City of Milan, a committee of Italian and Swiss scholars had been formed in the spring of 1946 to publish Cattaneo's works, which until then had only appeared in fragmentary and uncritical 3 editions. LeMonnier of Florence had agreed to publish the new edi­ tion. Meanwhile, the Lombard historian Rinaldo Caddeo was preparing with considerable pains an edition of several volumes of Cattaneo's correspondence. In addition, a catalog of materials pertaining to Cat­ taneo and found among the Crispi papers was being prepared at the State Archives in Palermo. A brief biography had appeared in 1945 and other works by historians, political scientists, and journalists were 4 in progress. These initiatives seemed long overdue, in view of the fact that Cattaneo's contemporaries had considered him a leading figure in the liberal-democratic current of the Risorgimento. As Levi acknowledged in his article, however, these efforts to rescue Cattaneo's work from obscurity were something more than a belated tribute to an important participant in the history of nineteenth century Italy.

Abstract: I. The Idea for the Office -- Presidental Personal Emissary -- Definition -- Presidential Appointment of Special Emissaries -- Functions -- Department of State Reorganization -- Synthesis — Norman H. Davis -- II. The Office Established — Philip C. Jessup: Secretary of State Deputy -- Appointment -- Functions -- United Nations -- Foreign Ministers’ Meetings -- Department of State Duties -- Resignation -- III. The Office Expanded — W. Averell Harriman: High-Level Roving Ambassador -- First Appointment as Ambassador at Large — 1961 -- Second Appointment as Ambassador at Large — 1965 -- Functions -- Roving Emissary -- Ad Hoc Missions -- Conference Delegate -- Department of State Duties -- Conclusion -- IV. The Office as Expedient — Chester Bowles and David M. Kennedy: Presidential Advisers -- Chester Bowles -- Appointment -- Functions -- Conclusion -- David M. Kennedy -- Appointment -- Functions -- Conclusion -- V. The Office as an Interim Post — Llewellyn E. Thompson, Ellsworth Bunker, Henry Cabot Lodge, George C. McGhee: Area Specialists -- Llewellyn E. Thompson -- Functions -- Ellsworth Bunker -- Functions -- Henry Cabot Lodge -- Functions -- George C. McGhee -- Functions -- Conclusion -- VI. The Ambassador at Large — Past and Future -- Background -- Concepts of the Office -- Appointment Process -- Functions -- Roving Emissary -- Ad Hoc Missions -- Conference Delegate -- Presidential Adviser -- Secretary of State Deputy -- Department of State Duties -- Summary -- Level of Operation -- Conclusion -- Appendix A. Background Sketch of Ambassadors at Large -- Appendix B. Principal Publications of Ambassadors at Large -- Appendix C. Summary of Activities of Ambassadors at Large -- Appendix D. Foreign Travel by Secretary of State Dean Rusk -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: A mbassador at Large: Diplomat Extraordinary is a welcome contri­ bution to the literature on contemporary diplomacy, and is especially relevant to the conduct of United States foreign relations. Concomitant with pressures to escalate the level of diplomatic representation and negotiation, the Ambassador at Large, a recent innovation in the American diplomatic hierarchy, may play an increasingly important role. Should other governments follow the American lead by creating similar offices, a new, flexible layer of diplomatic relations may be added to the four which currently are most widely used, namely, the summit, the ministerial, the traditional professional, and the technical strata. Diplomacy may be defined as the international political process whereby political entities - mostly the recognized members of the fami­ ly of nations, but also emergent states, international and supranational organizations, and a few special entities like the Vatican - conduct their official relations with one another in the international environ­ ment. Like other human and societal processes, it is astatic and in the course of time experiences significant changes. It has expanded to meet the needs of a rapidly proliferating community of nations and it has been adapted to the growing complex of international concerns and interactions. Scientific and technological changes have created new problems and revolutionized methods of diplomatic communication and transportation. These developments have both intensified the needs and enriched the potentialities of the diplomatic process. Throughout history doubtless each major, permeative modification in diplomatic practice has produced a so-called "new diplomacy.

Abstract: I. An Overview of the Problem -- II. Obligation of Compliance for Member and Nonmember States under the United Nations Charter -- III. Validity of the General Assembly Resolutions; an Inquiry -- IV. Reservations as Devices for Avoiding International Obligations -- V. Illustrations of Failure of Domestic Jurisdiction to Prevent an Increase in Obligations -- VI. Direct Intervention in Domestic Affairs by the United Nations -- VII. State Actions when Reliance on Reservations Fails -- VIII. The Middle East Case -- IX. The Cases of Indonesia, France and Cuba -- X. The Case of the People’s Republic of China -- XI. Appraisal.

Abstract: This monograph is primarily addressed to the problem of avoidance, noncompliance or defiance of obligations related to international organiza­ tions by members and nonmembers. Structurally, it is a survey of the practices of uncooperative members and nonmembers set against a general statement of the norms of international organizations. Minor disruptions in international affairs evoke conflicts of inter­ national obligations and state interests. Today, when the problems are grave and the prospects for peace are gloomy, there is an urgent need for scholars and practitioners of international relations to study and reflect upon the implications of prolonged disregard of international obligations during a time in which international organizations are increas­ ing in numbers and in functions. To provide a systematic framework for this effort is a main purpose of this work. Although the whole range of international organizations provide illus­ trations of these conflicts, practices within the United Nations system have been the focus of the study. There is no pretense of having made a comprehensive study of every international organization nor is there any claim that the coverage of cases having pertinence to the subject matter goes beyond the minimum required to illustrate these problems. From the many cases available, only those which promised to have most relevance or to provide the best understanding of the conflicts of inter­ national obligations and state interests were included.

Abstract: The Concept of “Sociology” -- The Concept of “Politics” -- I Political Structures -- 1. Physical Structures -- 2. Social Structures -- II The Causes of Political Antagonisms -- 3. Individual Causes -- 4. Collective Causes -- III From Antagonisms to Integration -- 5. The Forms of Political Conflict -- 6. The Development of Integration -- Notes.

Abstract: If the study of politics is to be rewarding both intellectually and practically it must. by definition. concern itself with the great issues which arise in the real world and with the fundamental arguments which occur about their nature and the possible solutions to them. Abstract political philosophy which is not informed by the experi­ ence of practice will become sterile. A study of constitutions and the machinery of government can become dry-as-dust and hence boring unless the underlying principles are analysed and grasped. But theo­ ries of political change divorced from an understanding of consti­ tutions and institutions will degenerate into mere phrase-mongering. Attempts to apply the techniques of the natural sciences to politics will lead to model building for its own sake and thence to arid and barren intellectualism unless it is understood that it is impossible to quantify the intangible. Indeed. anyone-sided approach to politics and consequent failure to grasp the essential wholeness of the sub­ ject is bound to end in disaster. The study of politics is a study of changing human relationships in dynamic societies. Thus it involves. since the present and hence the future are shaped in part by the past. an appreciation of history.

Abstract: I. Introduction: The New York Press in 1914 -- II. The First Hundred Days, June 1914–October 1914 -- III. The Press and the Perils of Neutrality, October 1914–January 1915 -- IV. Concerning the Submarine, I, February 1915–May 1915 -- V. At the Crossroads, May 1915–December 1915 -- VI. Concerning the Submarine, II, January 1916–May 1916 -- VII. The Press and the Politics of Neutrality, May 1916–November 1916 -- VIII. The Last Hundred Days, December 1916–April 1917 -- IX. Conclusion: The New York Press, 1914–1917.

Abstract: This study is an attempt to chronicle and analyse the attitudes of the New York press in connection with the events of the period from 1914 to 1917 relating to American neutrality. It is based primarily on a day­ to-day study of sixteen daily newspapers in New York City for the period of American non-participation in the First World War. The research involved not only editorial opinion but also news items, feature articles, letters to the editor, book reviews and special commentary. The files of the major New York newspapers of the period naturally constituted the basic sources. In addition to this, use was made of the memoirs, diaries and private papers of editors, publishers and other public figures; the Congressional Record, 1914-1917; Congressional hearings and reports, 1915, 1919, 1936 and 1937; certain British and German materials; books, articles and other secondary sources. The author also drew upon the recollections of New Yorkers active in journalism during the period.

Abstract: I. Introduction: A Conceptual Framework -- I The Political Environment -- II. The Historical Background -- III. The Communal Structure of Politics -- IV. Economic and Demographic Conditions -- II The Changing Structure of Society -- V. Patriarchal Oligarchy -- VI. Palace Politics Versus Constitutionalism (1950–1953) -- III External Factors in Political Development -- VII. From The Baghdad Pact to The Eisenhower Doctrine (1954–57) -- VIII. Jordan, The Arab Union, And The United Arab Republic -- IX. The Search for Stability, 1959–1965 -- X. Summary and Conclusions.

Abstract: The past decade has been a period of excessive fiuctuation fluctuation in the distribution and exerciseof exercise of power power in in Jordan, Jordan, and and the the land land and and the the people people have have passed passed through through some some of the most agonizing moments of their history. The political climate has been polluted with suspicion and repression, and even when peace and tranquility retumed, returned, the determinants ,¥ere ,,,,ere the the external extemal factors, factors, rather rather than than the the internal intemal maturity maturity and and harmony harmony of the system to create conditions of life which could ensure respect respeet for law lawand and liberties liberties among among the the rulers, rulers, and and trust trust and and confidence confidence among among the the subjects. subjects. The The defeat defeat of Arab armies in June, 1967 stimulated the rise of a Palestinian resistance movement based in Trans-Jordan, commonly known as the East Bank. This element has given a new dimension to Jordanian politics. The government and Commandos are at cross-purposes on practically every issue of public policy. The civil war and the blood-shed it it entailed entailed have have further further critically critically strained strained relations relations between between the the two. two. This This has has perpetuated perpetuated an an atmosphere atmosphere of chronic tension and insecurity in the country.

Abstract: The European Cultural Foundation has conceived an ambitious project: by means of interdisciplinary studies on an international basis it is setting out to "forecast" the future of Europe in the year 2000 in four major fields of human development (education, industrialization, urbanization and the transformation of rural society). In this sense "forecasting" implies defining what is inevitable in the future of this civilization, and identifying the choices open to Europeans in so far as they are free to exert their collective will to influence the future. I should like here to pay due tribute to the Secretary General of the Foundation, Mr. George Sluizer, who had the boldness to launch this initiative, the drive and perseverence to mobilize sufficient funds to carry it into effect, and the clear-sightedness to devise bodies and procedures that could serve as a flexible and effective framework for the development-necessarily aleatory-of such a large-scale project ... A udaces fortuna juvat. Our friend Sluizer must often have modelled his attitude on that of his great compatriot, William the Silent, thinking to himself: "It is not necessary to hope in order to act, nor to succeed in order to persevere". If this maxim was good enough to forge a nation, it can also serve our purposes to-day.

Abstract: This study is an attempt to chronicle and analyse the attitudes of the New York press in connection with the events of the period from 1914 to 1917 relating to American neutrality. It is based primarily on a day­ to-day study of sixteen daily newspapers in New York City for the period of American non-participation in the First World War. The research involved not only editorial opinion but also news items, feature articles, letters to the editor, book reviews and special commentary. The files of the major New York newspapers of the period naturally constituted the basic sources. In addition to this, use was made of the memoirs, diaries and private papers of editors, publishers and other public figures; the Congressional Record, 1914-1917; Congressional hearings and reports, 1915, 1919, 1936 and 1937; certain British and German materials; books, articles and other secondary sources. The author also drew upon the recollections of New Yorkers active in journalism during the period.

Abstract: I History of Political Theories — Geschichte der Politischen Theorien -- Philosophie et histoire des idées politiques -- Some Aspects of the History of Freedom -- Machiavelli’s Political Anthropology -- Theorie et pratique en philosophie politique: La monarchie française selon Jean Bodin et Montesquieu -- Immanuel Kants Bürgerlicher Reformismus -- Die Erfindung der „Repräsentativen Demokratie”. Eine Untersuchung von Thomas Paines Verfassungsideen -- Zur neueren Geschichte des Demokratiebegriffs -- Hegel’s Phenomenology: Paths to Revolution -- Natural Law Today -- Herbert Marcuse’s One-Dimensionality-The Old Style of the New Left -- Remarques sur le nouvel âge idéologique -- American Studies in Western Continental European Universities -- The Constitutional Ideas of Michel Debré -- II Problems of Present Political Theory — Probleme der Politischen Theorie der Gegenwart -- On Theory and Practice -- On the Notion of Political Philosophy -- Critique of Behavioralism in Political Science -- Agreement, Dissent, and Democratic Fundamentals -- Political Science and Education: The Long View and the Short -- „Politische Kultur” und „Politischer Stil”. Zur Rezeption zweier Begriffe aus den Kulturwissenschaften -- Dysfunctional Totalitarianism -- Aufhebung der Arbeitsteilung als Problem des Marxismus-Leninismus -- Politische Entwicklung zur nationalen Selbstbestimmung. Einige neuere Begriffe und Modelle -- Appunti per una Teoria Generale della Dittatura -- State and Nation -- Repräsentation, imperatives Mandat und Recall: Zur Frage der Demokratisierung und Parteienstaat -- Staatsrecht und Rechtsstaat -- Politische Aspekte der Justiz -- The Missing Dimension of Government -- Vernunft und Verrat. Zum Stellenwert des Treubruchs in der Politischen Theorie -- On Great Powers and Super Powers -- Effektivität und Legitimität als Faktoren Zwischenstaatlicher Anerkennungspolitik -- Bibliographie.

Abstract: I Conceptual Framework -- I. Evolutionary Perspectives -- II. Theoretical Analysis of International Privileges and Immunities -- II. Organizational Practice—The United Nations System -- III. Composition and Development -- IV. Constitutional Bases -- V. Host Nation Agreements -- VI. Assistance and Relief Agreements -- III. Organizational Practice—Regional Organizations -- VII. European Organizations -- VIII. Non-European Regional Organizations -- IV. Judicial, Financial and Security Institutions -- IX. International Courts of Justice -- X. International Financial Institutions -- XI. Security and Peacekeeping Forces -- V. Analysis and Conclusions -- XII. Composite Analysis of International Practice -- XIII. International Privileges and Immunities of the Future -- XIV. Conclusions -- Appendix I Partial list of international organizations considered -- Appendix II Extracts from general conventions on privileges and immunities -- Appendix III Summary of practice in the United Nations system -- Appendix IV Extracts of documents pertaining to regional practice -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: Since World War I scholars and practitioners alike have addressed themselves to defining and assessing the "new diplomacy," which the British diplomatist Harold Nicolson has branded the "American method." He distinguishes contemporary practice from earlier forms of diplomacy which, in The Evolution of Diplomatic Method (1954), on the basis of historical orientation, he designates the Greek, Roman, Italian, and French "systems" of diplo­ macy, in this order. Intensified multilaterial, as differentiated from bilateral, diplomacy - or what Lord Maurice Hankey treats as Diplomacy by Con­ ference (1946) - has become one of the principal qualities characterizing twentieth century diplomatic usage. "Conference diplomacy," in turn, consists of both ad hoc and regularized components. The latter, sometimes designated "parliamentary diplomacy," is essentially a form of institutionalized conferencing permeating the func­ tioning of permanent mechanisms called international organizations. Within them member states pursue national and collective interests and espouse national policies, confer and negotiate respecting mutual problems, engage in forensic and often public exposition, and reduce decision making, but usually only ostensibly, to a formalized voting process.

Abstract: I The Austrian Government -- II Sovereign and Servant -- III Reform before Metternich -- IV The Reichsrat of 1811 -- V The Staatsrat of 1814 -- VI The Nationalities in the Reichsrat and Chancelleries -- VII Mountains in Labor -- VIII Triumph and Frustration -- IX Enter Kolowrat -- X The Double Eagle -- XI The Succession Question -- XII The Government of the Dalai Lama -- XIII Creation of the Staatskonferenz -- XIV The Crisis -- XV Archduke Johann’s Intervention -- XVI Dreigreisenregiment -- XVII Justamentnicht-Regieren -- XVIII Reforming Autocracies -- XIX Metternich’s Failure -- Bibliographical Essay.

Abstract: I Genesis of the Congress: February 1821-October 1822 -- Prologue The Diplomatic Background of the Congress -- I The Road to Vienna -- II The Vienna Stalemate -- II The Congress at Work: October-December 1822 -- III From Vienna to Verona: Preliminaries to the Congress -- IV The Spanish Question -- V The Spanish Colonial Question -- VI The Slave Trade Question -- VII The Italian Congress -- VIII Great Britain and the Golden Maxim -- IX The Curtain Falls -- III Problems in Historiography and Interpretation -- X Wellington and the Congress -- XI Chateaubriand and the Congress -- XII Chateaubriand’s War -- Epilogue From Congress System to Concert of Europe.

Abstract: For one reason or another. modem historians have neglected the Congress of Verona. some because they thought the field already had been thoroughly plowed. while others doubted that enough material could be found for more than an article or two on the subject. Indeed. not a single book-length monograph of this international assembly has ever been published in any language. This study. therefore. attempts to fill the gap by (1) explaining the genesis of the Congress. (2) furnishing a comprehensive account of its work. (3) revising some of the interpretations of Sir Charles K. Webster. Harold W. V. Tempedey. and others. and (4) analyzing the significance of the Congress. with emphasis on its contribution to the fall of the Quintuple Alliance. a consequence aided by the dissimilar and often contradictory interests of the allies themselves. This book is essentially a diplomatic history. but diplomats. of course. do not live in a vacuum. Numerous political. social. commercial. financial. and sometimes even religious factors. impinge upon their consciousness.

Abstract: Preface -- Un Chercheur d’Outre-Atlantique: Notre Ami Lynn M. Case -- American Travelers in France 1814–1848 -- France Disserved: The Dishonorable Career of Dubois de Saligny -- The Mason Memorandum and the Diplomatic Origins of The Declaration of Paris -- The Special Commission and the Danubian Elections of 1857 -- The Vicariat Proposals: A Crisis in Napoleon III’s Italian Confederative Designs -- Henri Mercier and the American Civil War -- Napoleon III and Bismarck: The Biarritz-Paris Talks of 1865 -- The Diplomatic Origins of the Legion of Antibes: Instrument of Foreign Policy during the Second Empire -- The European Press on the Belgian Railway Affair of 1869 -- Bismarck and Haymerle: The Clashing Allies -- British Policy on the Middle Niger 1890–1898 -- British Foreign Policy and the Spanish Corollary to the Anglo-French Agreement of 1904.

Abstract: In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century international rela­ tions took on new and frightening aspects. A resurgent nationalism sharpened the conflicts between states, while an increasing industrial­ ism afforded them the means to make war on a scale previously unimaginable. Never before had there been greater need for art and skill in the conduct of international negotiations. The statesmen in charge of this intercourse often fell far short of the ideal necessary to eliminate the tensions in international relations. They not only had to deal with problems of great complexity, but they varied greatly in their temperaments, in their abilities, and even in their inclinations to accommodate themselves to a solution. Nevertheless, traditional diplomacy made possible the orderly handling of international crises and kept open the lines of communication. With all its imperfections it contributed largely to the maintenance of the European order from the turbulent mid-century through La Belle Epoque. The colleagues and former students of Professor Case represented here share with him his interest in this aspect of history. They analyse the methods of diplomats and the policies they implemented in articles ranging from empires in Africa and Mexico to Turkey and the Eastern Question. But regardless of the diversity of the subjects treated they are never separated from the mainstream of the diplomatic policies of the great powers. Moreover, the articles represent the same approach to history and the same techniques employed by Professor Case.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. The Causes of War 11 -- Views on Economic Causes -- Views on Political Causes -- Views on Psychological Causes -- III. World War -- The Controversy Regarding the “New Epoch” -- The Dispute on Avoidability -- The Decline of the West -- Views on East-West Relations -- IV. Civil War -- The Peaceful Transition to Socialism -- The Role of Civil War -- Civil War in Communist World Strategy -- V. Wars of National Liberation and Local Wars -- World Peace and Wars of National Liberation -- The End of the Colonial System -- Local Wars -- VI. Sino-Soviet Dialogue During the Vietnam War -- The Problem of Aiding Hanoi -- Lin Piao’s Geopolitics -- Sino-Soviet Non-coexistence -- Bourgeois Communism -- Social Imperialism -- Peking - The Headquarters of World Revolution -- VII. Conclusion.

Abstract: The author has spent upwards of ten years in working on this book. His objective is to clarify the military aspect of the Moscow-Peking dialogue which has not yet received its deserved treatment. The apogee of that dialogue seems to have been passed toward the end of the rule of Khrushchev. Yet the Vietnam war spawns fresh contention. Our cover­ age will span the development from I956 to the present. The beginning of the dispute with regard to the origins of war in general is taken up in the first two chapters. The next three chapters discuss the several types of war with the frame of reference set in what now appears to be a quondam era. But the principle differences between the disputants are just as outstanding today as they were then. The penultimate chapter is somewhat wide in scope in order to deal with the larger and more intensely bitter polemics evolving after Khrushchev left office. There have been many new and startling views held by both sides since then, views splitting them poles apart. Omi­ nously at issue now is the question of Sino-Soviet peaceful coexistence. Our work, obviously, cannot wait until that question is answered to be finished. The final chapter concludes our study. To write of subjects as dynamic as this one is a challenge because they are current affairs. Due to the swift change of events, no sooner is our typescript put to press than it needs a revision.

Abstract: I. The Reasons for Occupation, 1898–1899 -- II. The Administration of the Military Government of Cuba -- III. The Legal and Educational Systems -- IV. The Economy of Cuba -- V. Self-Government and Strategic Security, January Through July, 1900 -- VI. The Constitutional Convention, August, 1900 Through January, 1901 -- VII. Birth of the Platt Amendment, February to March 2, 1901 -- VIII. Negotiating the Platt Amendment, March Through April 15, 1901 -- IX. The Cubans Go To Washington: An Exegesis of the Platt Amendment -- X. Acceptance of the Platt Amendment, May and June, 1901 -- XI. The Transfer of Control, July, 1901 to May 20, 1902 -- Epilogue: The Fight Over Reciprocity -- Appendices -- A. Joint Resolution of Congress, April 20, -- B. Treaty of Paris, December 10, -- C. Disbursements of Military Government -- D. Vote on the Platt Amendment -- E. Map of Cuba -- F. Platt Amendment.

Abstract: This is a study of the Military Government of Cuba from 1898 to 1902. Tracing and explaining the actions of General Leonard Wood's adminis­ tration during those years reveals how the United States Government re­ solved the questions of independence, strategic security, and economic inter­ ests in regard to Cuba. Leonard Wood, Secretary of War Elihu Root, Senator Orville H. Platt, and President William McKinley formulated and carried out policies that had a strong influence on subsequent Cuban-American relations. The broader aspects of this study, civil-military relations and American imperialism, are topics of importance to all citizens today. This is institutional and biographical history, written in the belief that a full ac­ count of the men, action, and circumstances will add to our understanding of the period when the United States emerged as a world power. I am indebted to Professors Gerald E. Wheeler of San Jose State College and Armin Rappaport of the University of California, San Diego, who di­ rected my research in the early stages, and to Professor Eric Bellquist of the University of California, Berkeley, for his criticism of the manuscript when it was in dissertation stage. To Professor Raymond J. Sontag I would like to pay special tribute for his guidance and inspiration through the years. The assistance of my mother, Mrs. Sue Hitchman, is deeply appreciated. My thanks go also to the staffs at the Library of the U. S.

Abstract: I. The People and their Environment -- II. The Economic Life -- III. The Kinship System -- IV. The Religion -- V. The Political Communities of Timor in the Pre-Colonial Period -- VI. The Political System of Insana -- VII. Belu, Beboki and Fialaran -- VIII. The Immediate Sphere of Influence of Sonba’i -- IX. The Princedoms Beyond the Immediate Sphere of Influence of Sonba’i -- X. The Functioning of the Political Community in Timor -- XI. The System of the Political Community in Timor. Summary -- XII. The Political System of the Atoni as Viewed by Modern Science and as Classified by Timorese Thinking -- XIII. Totality, Unity and Adaptability of the System -- XIV. The Place of the Culture of the Atoni in the Indonesian Culture Province -- List of Abbreviations used in the Bibliography -- List of Timorese Words -- Index of Names.

Abstract: lowe the present book to the encouragement and guidance of my friends, for which I am moSll: indebted to them. This applies in the first place to Dr. P. Middelkoop, who worked in Timor for more than thirty years as a missionary and bible translator. My gratitude for all the help he has given can hardly be expressed in words, and I can do no more than simply say that this book is to a large extent also his book - the writing of it could not have been accomplished without his valued assistance. He has given up many an evening to the an­ swering of my countless questions with his inexhaustible knowledge of the language and culture of the Atoni. am also deeply grateful to Professor L. Onvlee, who acted as my I supervisor during the preparation of the D1.lII:ch version of this book for submission as a doctoral thesis (H et Politieke Systeem van de A toni van Timor, Driebergen, 1966, 278 pp.). But for the many stimulating conversations I was able to enjoy with him I would never have acquired the approach to our subject which lies at the basis of this book, namely that the essential point is the study of man in his culture, and that even in the analysis of one particular aspect of a cul.ture we are dealing with the culture as a whole and with man as the bearer of that cuLture.

Abstract: The Missed Opportunity 1871–1873 -- The Unhappy ‘Reign’ of ‘Philippe VII’ 1883–1894 -- Charles Maurras: The Beginnings of the Action Française -- The Action Française Militant 1906–1914 -- The Action Française Between the Wars 1919–1934 -- The Comte de Paris and the Action Française 1934–1937 -- The Comte de Paris: Doctrines and Politics to 1939 -- The Royalist Movement on the Eve of World War II -- World War II -- The Aftermath 1945–1950 -- Maurrassians, the Comte de Paris, and the Fourth Republic 1950–1958 -- Epilogue.

Abstract: "Let them come forward, they are thirsty for the sight of a King," said Henri IV to his followerswho were trying to push back the curious crowds as he entered Paris in February, 1594. It is perhaps to be regretted that seven kings (to say nothing of two emperors) have since more than quenched the French's taste for royalty, because they have long been in need of - and periodically have sought - a symbol of national unity. Modem-day France has had far more than her share of revolutions, counterrevolutions, uprisings, days, coups, affairs, crises, scandals - and constitution drafting. While it would be an over­ simplification to interpret this endemic strife as a seesaw conflict between two well-integrated blocs with the ideology of the Great Revolution as the dividing issue, the fact remains that since 1789 political divisions and quarrels arnong Frenchmen have been deep, bitter, and fundamental. After 1870, a Republic may have been the one solution which divided Frenchmen the least (to borrow an expression from Monsieur Thiers) ; but like any and all of the preceding alternatives it was to incur the relentless, irreconcilable opposition of important segments of the population. This study deals with those individuals and organ­ izations which continued to advocate, and sought to bring about a return to the monarchy under the Third and Fourth Republics.

Abstract: I. The Beginnings -- II. The “Constitutionalism” of Emperor Alexander I -- III. Administrative Activities 1802–1812 -- IV. Reform of Russia’s Finances and Central Administration -- V. Plans of Reform -- VI. Disgrace and Exile -- VII. Philosophical Views and Political Theory -- VIII. Governing Russia’s Provinces -- IX. Projects for Reforming the Provincial Administration -- X. An Unpleasant Interlude — Speransky and the Decembrists -- XI. Codifying Russian Law -- XII. Last Years — Conclusion -- Indices.

Abstract: "An autocracy tempered by assassination", clever foreigners used to say about the Russian empire in the 18th and 19th centuries. With this bon mot the average curiosity about the Tsars' government was satisfied and there seemed to be no need to look further into the matter. There was, on the surface of things, some justification for such a definition: many rulers had suffered violent death and little did the autocracy abate between 1725 and 1905. The impression created by travelers, by historians and journalists, as well as by Russia's own discontented intelligentsia was that nothing really ever changed in Russia, that the autocracy was the same in 1905 as it had been at the death of Peter the Great in 1725. Not that the outside world had remained ignorant of the efforts at reform, the changes, and the modernization wrought in Russia since the day Peter I had "cut a window into Europe. " But the prevailing opinion was that such changes as occurred were merely external and did not affect the fundamental structure of the government or of society.

Abstract: Table des Matières / List of Contents -- Première séance (plénière) -- 1. Paroles de bienvenue -- Prof. Dr. W. Brundert, Oberbürgermeister -- Prof. Dr. E. Schütte, Kultusminister -- Dr. H. Lohse, Präsident, Verein Deutscher Bibliothekare. -- 2. Discours d’ouverture du Président de la Fédération -- 3. Rapport financier du Trésorier -- 4. Rapport du Secrétaire général -- 5. Rapport du représentant de I’UNESCO -- 6. Rapport du représentant de la FID -- Deuxième séance (plénière) -- 7. « Le livre et la bibliothèque dans une société industrielle — Books and libraries in an industrial society » -- a) Prof. Dr. W. RÜEGG -- b) Dr. J. E. MORPURGO. -- c) Mr. V. ORLOV (document distribué). -- Troisième séance (plénière) -- 8. Rapports et résolutions des Sections et Commissions -- Associations internationales: AIL, IATUL -- A. Résolutions des Sections (de types de bibliothèques) -- la. Bibliothèques nationales et universitaires -- 1b. Sous-section des bibliothèques universitaires -- 2. Bibliothèques de lecture publique -- 2a. INTAMEL -- 2b. Sous-section des bibliothèques d’enfants -- 2c. Sous-section des bibliothèques d’hôpitaux -- 3. Bibliothèques spécialisées -- 3a. Sous-section des bibliothèques d’observatoires astronomiques -- 4. Bibliothèques parlementaires et administratives -- B. Résolutions des Commissions (problèmes de bibliothéconomie) -- 1. Unification des règles de catalogue -- 2. Catalogues collectifs et prêt international -- 3. Echange de publications -- 3a. Echange de publications officielles -- 4. Périodiques et publications en série -- 5. Statistique -- 6. Fonds et documents rares et précieux -- 7. Formation professionnelle -- 8. Construction des bibliothèques -- 9. Mécanisation -- 10. Bibliographie -- 9. Communications du Bureau exécutif -- a) Le prix Sevensma -- b) La commission de la statistique -- c) Changements de fonctionnaires -- d) Charte de livre -- e) Sessions futures du Conseil général -- 10. Discours de clôture du Président -- Annexes -- Rapports Annuels Et Détails des Associations-Membres Annual Reports and Details of Member-Associations -- UDC (100) Associations internationales -- Association of Libraries of Judaica and Hebraica in Europe -- International Association of Agricultural Librarians and Documentalists (IAALD) -- International Association of Technological University Libraries (IATUL) -- International Association of Law Libraries -- Association of International Libraries -- Membres nationaux UDC (4) Europe -- Allemagne: -- Bundesrepublik: Verein Deutscher Bibliothekare, 1967/1968 -- Verein der Bibliothekare an öffentlichen Büchereien (vormals: Verein Deutscher Volksbibliothekare) 1967/1968 -- Verein der Diplom-Bibliothekare an wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken, 1967/1968 -- Deutscher Büchereiverland -- Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Spezialbibliotheken 1967/1968 -- D.D.R. Deutscher Bibliotheksverband, 1967/1968. -- Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, 1967 -- Deutsche Bücherei, 1967/1968 -- Nationale Forschungs-und Gedänkstätten, Weimar -- Autriche:Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekare, 1967/1968 -- Verband Österreichischer Volksbüchereien -- Association des archivistes et bibliothécaires de Belgique, et Vlaamse Vereniging van Bibliothek -en archiefpersoneel -- Croix-Rouge de Belgique. Conseil national des Bibliothèques d’hôpitaux -- Union des Bibliothécaires auxiliaires sociaux. -- Association nationale des Bibliothécaires d’expression française de Belgique -- Bulgarie: Libraries in Bulgaria, 1967/1968 -- Danemark: Libraries in Denmark, 1967/1968 -- Danmarks Biblioteksforening -- Danmarks Videnskabelige og Faglige Bibliotekers Sammenslutning -- Espagne:Asociación nacional de Archiveros, bibliotecarios y arqueólogos de España -- Finlande: Suomen Kirjastoseura, 1967/1968 -- Suomen tieteellinen Kirjastoseura. Finlands Vetenskapliga Bibliotekssamfund -- France: Association des bibliothécaires français -- Grande-Bretagne: The Library Association, 1967 -- Hollande: Libraries in the Netherlands in 1967 -- Rijkscommissie van advies inzake het bibliotheekwezen -- Centrale Vereniging voor openbare Bibliotheken -- Nederlandse Vereniging van Bibliothecarissen -- Hongrie: Association of Hungarian librarians, 1967. -- Islande: Association of Icelandic Librarians -- Italie: Associazione Italiana Biblioteche, 1967/1968 -- Luxembourg: Bibliothèque nationale du Grand-Duché -- Monaco: Bibliothèque de Monaco -- Norvège: Norsk bibliotekforening, 1966 and 1967 -- Norsk bibliotekarlag -- Norsk forskningsbibliotekarers forening -- Pologne: Association des bibliothécaires polonais, 1968 -- Portugal: Direcçäo-Geral do Ensino superior e das Belas-artes -- Roumanie: Asociatia hibliotecarilor din Republica Populara Romîna -- Suède: Svenska Bibliotekariesamfundet -- Sveriges Allmänna Biblioteksforening -- Sveriges Vetenskapliga Specialbiblioteks förening -- Svenska Folkbibliotekarieförbundet -- Swedish libraries, 1967/1968 -- Suisse: Vereinigung Schweizerischer Bibliotekare, 1967/1968 -- URSS: USSR Library Council. Library activities in the USSR (Russian text) -- English summary -- Vatican: Biblioteca apostolica Vaticana -- Yugoslavie: Savez drustava bibliotekara Jugoslavije, 1966/1967 -- (4) Asia -- Hong Kong: Hong Kong Library Association -- Inde: Indian Library Association -- Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centers (IASLIC), 1967 -- Israel: Israel Library Association, 1967/1968 -- Japon: Japan Library Association, 1967/1968 -- Jourdain: Jordan Library Association, 1967 -- Liban: Lebanese Library Association, 1968/1969 -- Thailande: Thai Library Association -- Turquie: Türk Kütüphaneciler Dernegi -- (6) Afrique -- Afrique du Sud: The South African Libraries, 1967/1968 -- Ghana: Ghana Library Association -- Tunisie: Association tunisienne des Documentalistes, Bibliothécaires et Archivistes -- (7) Amérique du Nord -- Canada: Canadian Library Association, 1967/1968 -- Association canadienne des bibliothécaires de langue française, 1968 -- Ontario Library Association -- Quebec Library Association -- Etats-Unis d’Amérique American Library Association, 1967/1968 -- Medical Library Association -- Special Libraries Association, 1967/1968 -- American Association of Law Libraries -- Association of Research Libraries -- Puerto Rico: Sociedad de Bibliotecarios de Puerto Rico -- (5) Amérique latine -- Brésil: Associaçâo Paulista de Bibliotecârios -- Associaçâo Brasileira de Bibliotecâ.rios -- Federaçâo Brasileira de Associaçóes de Bibliote-cârios (FEBAB) -- Instituto Brasileiro de Bibliografia e Documentaçâo -- Mexique: Asociación Mexicana de Bibliotecarios -- Pérou: Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecarios -- Uruguay: Asociación de Bibliotecarios del Uruguay -- (9) Australasie -- Australie: Library Association of Australia, 1967 -- Nouvelle-Zélande: New Zealand Library Association, 1967/1968 -- * * * -- Associate members / Membres associés.

Abstract: I: Origins and Contexts -- Factors Shaping the Growth of Business Associations and their Involvement in Political Finance -- II: Germany -- How German Business Associations Came to Innovate Manifold Political Finance Techniques -- III: Norway -- Why Norwegian Business Associations Have Generally Avoided Political Finance Roles -- IV: Japan -- How Even a Giant Conveyer is Limited in its Impact on Japanese Party Politics by the Timidity of the Self-Effacing Entrepreneur -- V: Comparative Analyses -- How National Party and Interest Group Patterns Affected the Efficacy and Viability of Conveyers.

Abstract: Students of government and social power recognize that wherever governmental systems embrace popular elections, the functions and mechanisms of political finance constitute inevitable links of influence between economic structures and political processes. The transmu­ tation of economic power into political power has been of historic concern from ancient philosophers to modern political scientists. Efforts to discern and interpret the political roles of those engaged in funding candidates and political parties have intensified in recent years. Attention given the subject has deepened substantially in the United States since World War II and, while there have been differ­ ences in range and quality, serious analytical interests have also developed in numerous other nations around the world. These trends have been accompanied by increasingly more energetic and sophisti­ cated attempts at comparative analysis. Problems in transnational studies of political processes have always been formidable. The comparative study of political finance has been retarded by difficulties in defining units of analysis that make it possible to identify in some measurable way the effects of political fmance in precise phases of the governing process, e. g. , in the per­ suasion of voters, in party nominating processes, in executive decision­ making. Cash transactions, even when known with confidence, consti­ tute only a partial aspect of political finance. Other shades of economic power may be equally relevant, involving services or goods directly provided, credits and other economic benefits extended or withheld, and the exercise of less tangible but equally potent influence.

Abstract: I:Marxism -- The Person -- The Dialectic -- Freedom -- II:Catholicism -- The Person -- Authority -- The World -- III:Coexistence -- What the Marxists Must Do -- What the Catholics Must Do -- Epilogue.

Abstract: This is an authentic book. Its style fits its situation. The encounter between Marxism and Catholicism was yesterday diatribe, is today dialogue, and tomorrow will be epilogue. The virtue of Father Adelmann's writing is to make us aware that we are in via. Happenings are everywhere, not just in hippieland. In Salzburg and South Bend, in Chiem see and Cambridge conversations are going on - conversations that are no less than con­ fessions. For Catholics and Marxists are listening to each other and are changing their minds. It has been the peculiar good fortune of the author of this book to have been both recorder and participant in these changes. He has experienced the transition from diatribe to dialogue in his own thoughts and feelings, and he has here written not an outsider's account, but an insider's recounting. He is not simply this volume's author, but also one of its case of characters. Hence the style of his writing is apperceptively autobiographical. It fits the situation. He is a character in a play, who is also that drama's author. His essay, then, is not simply a discussion of the relation between Catholicism and Marxism today, but is a contribution to­ ward a new relation between them and tomorrow.

Abstract: I: The Precedents for United Nations Military Operations -- 1. The UN Action in Korea -- 2. United Nations Truce Supervision Organisation in Palestine (UNTSO) -- 3. United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon (UNOGIL) -- 4. United Nations Emergency Force in the Middle East (UNEF) -- 5. Conclusions -- II: The Historical Background to the Congo Situation -- 1. Historical background of Belgian administration -- 2. Events leading to independence -- 3. Independence and the breakdown of public order -- III: The Factual Context within Which the Basic Resolutions of the Security Council and General Assembly were Made -- 1. The First Phase: 12 July 1960–31 December 1960 -- 2. The Second Phase: 1 January 1961–31 January 1963 -- IV: Constitutional Basis and Effect of the Resolutions Made -- 1. Action by the Security Council — Creation of ONUC -- 2. The Resolutions of the General Assembly -- 3. The role of the Secretary-General under the Charter generally and the specific resolutions -- V: The Functions of ONUC -- 1. To assist the Congolese Government in the restoration and maintenance of law and order -- 2. To assist the Government in restoring and maintaining the territorial integrity and the political independence of the Republic of the Congo -- 3. To prevent the occurrence of civil war in the Congo -- 4. To secure the withdrawal and evacuation from the Congo of all foreign military, para-military and advisory personnel, not under the United Nations Command, and all mercenaries -- VI: The Principles Applied by the Secretary-General to the Operations of the Force -- 1. The Principle of Non-Intervention -- 2. The Principle of Self-Defence -- 3. The Right to Freedom of movement -- VII: Operational Problems Connected with the UN Force -- 1. Methods of raising the Force -- 2. Relations between UN and Contributing States -- 3. Command Structure -- 4. Strategic and political control -- 5. Applicability of the Laws of War -- VIII: Relations between the UN and the “Host” State -- 1. Exclusiveness of UN authority over the Force -- 2. Status of Forces Agreements -- 3. Relations between the UN and Provincial Authorities -- IX: Relations between the UN and Member States Generally -- 1. Expulsion of foreign military, para-military personnel, political advisers and mercenaries -- 2. Unilateral assistance outside UN -- 3. Use of territories -- 4. Economic “Sanctions” -- X: Claims and Responsibility -- 1. Civil Claims -- 2. Criminal Responsibility -- XI: Civilian Relief Operations -- XII: Financing -- 1. The Budget Procedure -- 2. Apportionment of Expenses generally -- 3. Sources of Funds -- 4. Practice followed in relation to ONUC -- 5. Default of payment and the problem of arrears -- 6. Submission of the Finance Question to the I.C.J. -- 7. The Court’s Opinion on the Finance Question -- 8. The question of Suspension -- 9. New Sources of Funds -- XIII: Conclusions -- I. A “Basic Agreement” between the United Nations and the Congolese Government on the Operation of the Force -- II. Agreement between the United Nations and the Republic of the Congo Relating to the Legal Status, Facilities, Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations Organization in the Congo -- III. Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice.

Abstract: Few episodes in recent history have aroused as much controversy as the United Nations military operations in the Congo. This controversy has no simple, straight-forward, and uniform explanation. Part of the explanation is to be found in the successes and failure of the operation itself; part in its labyrinthine international ramifications. But the most important explanation lies in its significance as a precedent. The ability of the Organization to take "collective measures" to maintain law and order within the territory of a Member State, albeit as a means of preserving international peace, was demonstrated, challenged and criticized. So much has been reported of the details and so varied has been the commentary that only the most intrepid spirit would venture something more with which to detain interested parties. The present study does not pretend to uncover new data so as to complete or correct the his­ torical record; it attempts, rather, to reflect on what has already been brought out and, against that background of factual knowledge, to indi­ cate and examine the legal problems involved. In so doing, it has been necessary to be ruthless in deciding what are central issues and in re­ jecting what is often interesting but probably peripheral.

Abstract: I. From Autocracy to Democracy: Political Institutions at the End of the Ch’ing Dynasty -- 1. Transformation from Absolute to Constitutional Monarchy -- 2. Causes of the Constitutional Movement -- 3. Preparation for Constitutionalism -- 4. The Principles of Constitution, September 22, 1908 -- 5. The National Legislative Council (Tse-cheng Yuan) -- 6. The Provincial Assembly (Tse-I Chu) -- 7. The Beginning of Local Self-Government -- 8. The Revolution and the Nineteen Articles of November 3, 1911 -- II. Democracy in Experiment: Political Institutions During the Early Republican Period -- 1. Preparations for a Provisional Government -- 2. Analysis of the Organic Law of the Provisional Government -- 3. Inauguration of the Provisional Government at Nanking -- 4. The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, March 11, 1912 -- 5. The Change of the Provisional Presidency and the Seat of Government -- 6. The Establishment of Parliament -- 7. The Drafting of the Constitution and the Election of President -- 8. The Judicial System of the New Republic -- 9. The Local Government System -- III. Monarchism vs. Republicanism: Political institutions Under the Dictatorship of Yüan Shih-K’ai -- 1. Yüan Shih-k’ai vs. Constitutional Democracy -- 2. Yüan Shih-k’ai and the Constitutional Compact of 1914 -- 3. The Reorganized National Government Under Yüan Shih-k’ai -- 4. The Local Government System Under Yüan Shih-k’ai -- 5. The Rise and Fall of Yüan’s Monarchial Movement -- IV. Split Between the North and the South: Political Institutions During the Period of Internal Dissensions -- 1. Developments under the Regime in Peking -- 2. The New Parliament and the New Constitutional Draft -- 3. Parliament’s Second Restoration and its Adoption of the 1923 Constitution -- 4. The Constitution-Protecting Government in the Southwest -- 5. The Peking Government Under Provisional Chief Executive Tuan -- 6. The Local Government System -- V. The Nationalist Party in Power: Unification of China Under Kuomintang Programs -- 1. The Reorganization of the Nationalist Party in 1924 -- 2. Basic Principles and Programs of the Nationalist Party -- 3. The Northern Expedition and the Unification of China -- 4. The Beginning of Political Tutelage -- VI. The Five-Power Constitution at Work: Political Institutions During the Period of Political Tutelage -- 1. The National Government Before 1928 -- 2. The National Government Since 1928 -- 3. The National People’s Convention and the Promulgation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China for the Period of Political Tutelage -- 4. Nationalist Efforts to Carry out Party Principles and Programs -- 5. The Preparation for Constitutional Rule in China -- 6. The Local Government System During the Period of Political Tutelage -- VII. Communism Versus Nationalism: The Chinese Communist Party and Soviet Regimes (1921–1945) -- 1. The Formation of Communist Organizations in China -- 2. The First United Front of the Nationalists and Communists -- 3. Armed Uprisings and the Change of Leadership -- 4. The Establishment of Soviet Regimes in China -- 5. The Second United Front and Expansion of the Communist Regimes -- VIII. China at War: Political Institutions During the Period of the Sino-Japanese War -- 1. The Hostilities Between China and Japan -- 2. The Formal Establishment of Chiang Kai-shek’s Leadership -- 3. Wartime Party Alignments -- 4. The Supreme National Defense Council — The Highest Organ of Wartime China -- 5. The Triple-linked Administrative System -- 6. The Wartime National Government -- 7. The People’s Political Council -- 8. The Wartime Local Government -- 9. The Local Representative Bodies -- IX. From the Mainland to Taiwan (Formosa): Political Institutions during the Postwar Period -- 1. Peace Negotiations Through the Political Consultative Conference -- 2. The Convocation of the National Assembly and the Constitution of 1946 -- 3. The Central and Local Governments Under the Constitution of 1946 -- 4. The First Session of the First National Assembly -- 5. The Nationalist Debacle and Retreat to Taiwan -- 6. The National Government in Taiwan -- 7. The Local Government System in Taiwan -- 8. Taiwan Today -- X. The Communist Party in Power: Mao’s Political Thought and the Party Organization -- 1. On the Road to Victory -- 2. The Political Thought and Strategy of Mao Tse-tung -- 3. The Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party and its Guiding Principles -- 4. The Organization and Functions of the Communist Party -- 5. The Communist Youth League -- 6. The Communist Relationship with Minor Political Parties and Mass Organizations -- XI. Fundamental Laws of the People’s Republic: From the Common Program to the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) -- 2. The Common Program of 1949 in the Nature of a Provisional Constitution -- 3. The Central Government System, 1949–1954 -- 4. The Local Government System, 1949–1954 -- 5. The Adoption of the Constitution by the National People’s Congress -- 6. General Principles of the Constitution of 1954 -- XII. The Government of “Democratic Centralism”: Political Institutions under the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Present System of Government -- 2. The National People’s Congress -- 3. The Head of the State -- 4. The State Council -- 5. The People’s Courts and Procuratorates -- 6. Local People’s Congresses and Councils -- 7. Self-Government Organs of National Autonomous Areas -- 8. The Communist Government in Action -- Appendices.

Abstract: This book is prepared primarily for students who are interested in studying the constitutional development and government structure of twentieth-century China. Since the emergence of the Chinese consti­ tutional movement at the end of the nineteenth century, political institutions in China have undergone constant changes. The first four chapters treat of constitutional development and government systems from the latter part of the Ch'ing dynasty to the re-unification of China by the Nationalist Party in 1928. The other eight chapters deal with the policies, programs, and institutions of the Nationalist and Commu­ nist governments up to 1962. While treatises on various subjects have been consulted, the sources of this book are chiefly based on the official documents from the collections as indicated in the bibliography. Materials in the first few chapters are partly drawn from my previous works on government and politics in China. Because of the immense scope of the subject and the intricacy of the problems involved, this work is not intended to be exhaustive, but is rather a brief description and discussion of each topic under consideration. As there are many valuable works on China in general as well as on her history and inter­ national relations, I have tried not to cover what has already been dealt with by others. In my presentation of facts and views, I have endeavored to be as objective as possible, personal political convictions notwithstanding.

Abstract: I. The Unity Theory VS. Socialism in One Country -- From “Proletarian internationalism” to “Socialism in One Country” -- II. The Soviet View of the Socialist World State: Development and Control Factor Aspects -- The Soviet Conception of the Communist Camp Future -- III. A Consideration of Chinese Contributions to “Marxism,” Including “Prolonged Struggle” and “revolutionary Fervor” -- The Chinese Communist View of Permissible and Impermissible “Paths to Socialism” -- IV. The Sino-Soviet Dispute, and Some Implications for the Future of the World Communist Movement -- The Dialectics of Dispute: Tactics and Strategy of Communist Concepts in the Thermonuclear Age -- Unity or Diversity -- Factors Tending Toward Unity in the Communist Camp -- The Breakdown in Communications -- The Changing Political Realities -- The Italian and German Party Congresses, 1962 and 1963 -- Communist Dogma or “Creative Marxism”? -- V. The Soviet Union and East Europe: Conflict, Support and Opposition -- Institutionalized Divergence: The Case of Yugoslavia -- Albania: China’s Window to Europe -- Poland: Nationalism Contained by Territorial Claims -- Hungary: From Repression to Permissiveness? -- Rumania: Path to Economic Independence -- Bulgaria: Unconditional Support for the U.S.S.R. -- Czechoslovakia: Politics take Precedence over Ideology -- East Germany: The Permanent Satellite -- Conclusion -- VI. The International Communist Movement: A Reappraisal of Some Theoretical Concepts.

Abstract: The current conflict which threatens the very existence of the inter­ national communist movement as a single coherent entity must be looked for in the roots of Marxian philosophy. The central concept of pre-Leninist communism is contained in the notion of "proletarian internationalism. " Yet the emergence of the communist party-states has been squarely predicated on the requirements of single national states, as viewed through the training and experience of the various communist leaders. Thus the Soviet version has been shaped by the nationalism of Lenin, Stalin, and Khrushchev. The only aberrant case, the internationalism of Trotsky, was doomed to failure. The Chinese version of "communism" has as its root concepts the spirit of "prolonged" struggle against a superior enemy, whose ultimate defeat is ensured through the dialectics of political growth. The non­ communist societies are by definition "decadent. " The movement came to power by exploiting the nationalism engendered within China by the Japanese invasion. Its mass support was based on the peasantry, although the transparent fiction of "proletarian leadership" was strictly maintained. Further, "communism" is a term which has lost its original encompassing definition. Peking now narrowly defines it as policies consonant with "the thought of Mao Tse-tung. " Thus both the Soviet and the Chinese interpretation of "commun­ ism" are based on a concept which was anathema to the intellectual founders of the movement.

Abstract: I: Background -- I: A Short History of German Socialism -- II: Ideological Development in the Postwar Period -- II: The New Program -- III: How the Program was Adopted -- IV: How the Program was Adopted [continued] -- III: The New Leadership; the New Style -- V: How the Guard was Changed -- VI: How the Guard was Changed (continued) -- VII: The Evolution Completed -- IV: Socialism in the New Europe -- VIII: Conclusions -- Epilogue -- Epilogue -- Appendices.

Abstract: On November 15, 1959, an extraordinary conference of the German Social Democratic Party adopted a new program, one which departed abruptly from the party's ninety-year tradition. One year later, on November 25, 1960, the party conference in regular session applauded the party's new "team," a group of personable candidates headed by Willy Brandt. In the fall of 1961, this team, with Brandt as chancellor candidate, led the SPD in a campaign based on the most modern techniques, many copied frankly from the American presidential campaign of the previous year. This three-fold change of program, leadership, and style was unlike any other in the party's long evolution. I t was the culmination of a conscious effort to adapt the party to chang­ ing times, an effort, in short, to modernize socialism. This development is of obvious interest to the observer of postwar West German politics. The SPD, oldest and formerly strongest of the German political parties, after 1949 became the second party in an essentially three-party system. As such it assumed the unhappy role of apparently perpetual opposition. Its escape from the role would depend to a large extent on the appeal of the new package offered the German voter. The success or failure of the party's effort of modern­ ization would thus greatly affect the subsequent course of German politics.

Abstract: IFLA/FIAB -- Programme -- Premiere Séance / First Session -- Comptes de la Fédération -- Deuxième Séance / Second Session -- Troisième Séance / Third Session -- Séance Spéciale/Special Session -- Annexes -- Membres Nationaux / National Members -- Bundesrepublik Deutschland, III: Verein der Diplom-Bibliothekare an Wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken e. V -- Bundesrepublik Deutschland, IV: Deutscher Büchereiverband e.V.: -- Deutsche Demokratische Republik I. Deutscher Bibliotheksverband -- Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin -- Deutsche Bücherei, Leipzig -- Autriche / Austria, I: Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekare -- Belgique / Belgium -- Bulgarie / Bulgaria -- Danemark / Denmark -- Finlande / Finland. I: Suomen Kirjastoseura / Finnish Library Association -- Grande-Bretagne / Great Britain -- Hollande / Holland -- Hongrie / Hungary -- Italie / Italy -- Pologne / Poland -- Suéde / Sweden -- Suisse / Switzerland -- UDC (5) ASIE / ASIA -- Israël / Israel -- Japon / Japan -- UDC (6) Afrique / Africa -- UDC (7) Amérique du Nord / North America -- États-UNIS D’Amérique / United States of America, I -- UDC (8) Amérique Latine / Latin America -- UDC (9) Australasie / Australasia.