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  • 2005-2009  (304)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (304)
  • London [u.a.] : Routledge
  • Environment  (304)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Essai n 302C : Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque: Essai MITI modifié (II) (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070417
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 302C; Inherent Biodegradability; Modified MITI Test (II)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 302C: Inherent Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (II)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit l'essai MITI modifié (II). Cet essai permet la mesure de la demande biochimique en oxygène (DBO) et l'analyse des produits résiduels afin d'évaluer la biodégradabilité intrinsèque des produits chimiques qui, d'après la méthode standard MITI (I) sont faiblement dégradable. Un appareil de mesure automatisé de la consommation d'oxygène en circuit fermé (DBO-mètre) est utilisé. On inocule des micro-organismes dans des récipients contenant les produits chimiques à tester (six bouteilles avec des quantités différentes de produit chimique d'essai). Afin de vérifier l'activité de l'inoculum, l'utilisation des substances de contrôle (aniline, acétate de sodium ou benzoate de sodium) est souhaitable. Au cours de l'essai, la DBO est mesurée sans interruption. La biodégradabilité est calculée sur la base de la DBO et des analyses chimiques complémentaires, telles que la mesure de la concentration du carbone organique dissous, la concentration des produits résiduels, etc. La courbe de DBO est obtenue en continue et automatiquement pendant une période de 14 à 28 jours. Après cette même période, le pH, les produits chimiques résiduels et les produits intermédiaires des récipients d'essai sont analysés.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070417-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Essai n 455 : Essai d'activation transcriptionnelle faisant intervenir le récepteur d'œstrogène alpha humain transfecté de façon stable pour la détection de l'activité œstrogénique agoniste des substances testées (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076389
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 455; The Stably Transfected Human Estrogen Receptor-alpha Transcriptional Activation Assay for Detection of Estrogenic Agonist-Activity of Chemicals
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 455: The Stably Transfected Human Estrogen Receptor-alpha Transcriptional Activation Assay for Detection of Estrogenic Agonist-Activity of Chemicals
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit un essai in vitro qui fournit des informations mécanistiques et peut être utilisé à des fins de dépistage et de mise en priorité. Le système utilise la lignée cellulaire hERalpha-HeLa-9903 provenant d’une tumeur cervicale humaine, transfectée de façon stable. Cette lignée cellulaire permet de mesurer la capacité d’une substance d’essai à induire la transactivation de l’expression du gène luciférase, médiée par le récepteur d’œstrogène alpha humain hERalpha. Les cellules sont exposées à 7 concentrations non cytotoxiques de la substance d’essai pendant 20-24 heures afin de provoquer la synthèse de produits de gènes rapporteurs. Quatre substances de référence sont incluses dans chaque essai : un estrogène fort (17bêta-estradiol, un faible (17alpha-estradiol), un très faible (17alpha-méthyltestostérone) et un témoin négatif (corticostérone). L’activité de l’enzyme luciférase est mesurée par un luminomètre. Une substance d’essai est considérée comme répondant positivement si la réponse maximale induite est égale ou excède 10 % de la réponse du témoin positif (1 Nm 17bêta-estradiol) dans au moins deux parmi deux, ou deux parmi trois expérimentations. Logiciel à utiliser pour les essais 425, 432, 455. Cliquer ici. Logiciel non couvert par l’Acceptation Mutuelle des Données.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076389-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 232: Collembolan Reproduction Test in Soil (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076273
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 232 ; Essai de reproduction de collemboles dans le sol
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 232 : Essai de reproduction de collemboles dans le sol
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed for assessing the effects of chemicals on the reproduction of collembolans in soil. The parthenogenetic Folsomia candida is the recommended species for use, but an alternative species such as sexually reproducing Folsomia fimetaria could also be used if they meet the validity criteria. This Guideline can be used for testing both water soluble and insoluble substances but it is not applicable to volatile ones. The Guideline aims to determine toxic effects of the test substance on adult mortality and reproductive output expressed as LCx and ECx respectively, or NOEC/LOEC value. The number of treatment concentrations varies depending on endpoints to be determined. For a combined approach to examine both the NOEC/LOEC and ECx, eight concentrations in a geometric series with four replicates for each concentration as well as eight control replicates should be used. In each test vessel, 10 juveniles F. candida (or 10 males and 10 females adults F. fimetaria) should be placed on 30 g of modified OECD artificial soil using a 5 % organic matter content. The duration of a definitive reproduction test is 4 weeks for F. candida or 3 weeks for F. fimetaria.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076273-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 509: Crop Field Trial (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076457
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 509 ; Essais au champ de plantes cultivées
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 509 : Essais au champ de plantes cultivées
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Crop field trials are conducted to determine the magnitude of the pesticide residue in or on raw agricultural commodities, including feed items, and should be designed to reflect pesticide use patterns that lead to the highest possible residues. Objectives of crop field trials are to: (1) quantify the expected range of residue(s) in crop commodities following treatment according to the proposed or established good agricultural practice; (2) determine, when appropriate, the rate of decline of the residue(s) of plant protection product(s) on commodities of interest; (3) determine residue values such as the “Supervised Trial Median Residue” and “Highest Residue” for conducting dietary risk assessment; and (4) derive maximum residue limits (MRLs). This Test Guideline requires one sample from treated plots at each sampling interval for crops that have eight or more crop field trials. The test substance(s) should be stored under appropriate conditions for the study duration and applied soon after preparation or mixing. Test substance applications should not be made in strong wind, during rain or when rainfall is expected shortly after application. For all applications, the application rate should be expressed in terms of amount of product and/or active ingredient per unit area. At the end of each crop field trial, the (stored) samples are analysed for residue level (expressed for example in mg/kg).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076457-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La croissance verte : La crise et au-delà (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264083646
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Green Growth; Overcoming the Crisis and Beyond
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Green Growth: Overcoming the Crisis and Beyond
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Dans le contexte du développement durable, les ressources naturelles et les services écosystémiques fournis par l’environnement sont essentiels à la croissance économique, au bien-être social et à la santé humaine. L’inaction face aux grands problèmes d’environnement comme le changement climatique pourrait être à terme lourde de conséquences économiques. Il importe que les mesures prises aujourd’hui par les gouvernements pour parer à la crise économique soient conçues de manière à favoriser à l’avenir – ou du moins à ne pas compromettre – une croissance durable et respectueuse de l’environnement sur le long terme.Le présent document de réflexion met en évidence des exemples de mesures qu’adoptent d’ores et déjà les gouvernements pour inscrire leurs stratégies de redressement économique dans une perspective plus « verte », et certains des grands enjeux qu’ils pourraient juger utile d’étudier plus avant concernant l’impact de ces stratégies sur l’environnement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264083646-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement : Document d'orientation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060296
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (215 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation; Policy Guidance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo ; Guía sobre Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento; Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation: Policy Guidance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo : Guía sobre Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento: Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Keywords: Environment ; Development
    Abstract: Les objectifs de ce document d’orientation sont : i) expliciter les incidences du changement climatique sur les pratiques de développement et, par conséquent, la nécessité d’intégrer pleinement l’adaptation au changement climatique dans les politiques des agences d’aide et des pays partenaires ; ii) recenser les approches qui permettent d’intégrer l’adaptation au changement climatique dans les politiques de développement aux niveaux national, sectoriel et des projets, tant en milieu urbain que rural ; et iii) indiquer comment les donneurs peuvent concrètement soutenir les efforts des pays partenaires pour réduire leur vulnérabilité face à la variabilité et au changement climatiques. S’il revient aux pays partenaires de jouer un rôle moteur dans le cadre d’efforts visant à intégrer l’adaptation au changement climatique dans le développement, les agences d’aide auront un rôle déterminant à jouer en soutenant ces efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060296-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policies for the Development and Transfer of Eco-Innovations : Lessons from the Literature (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.10
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Along with the recent success of economic growth in the developing world comes more pollution. Reducing these emissions while still enabling these countries to grow requires the use of new technologies in these countries. In most cases, these technologies are first created in high-income countries. Thus, the challenge for environmental policy is to encourage the transfer of these environmentally-friendly technologies to the developing world. This paper reviews the economic literature on both the creation and transfer of environmental technologies, with an emphasis on how the development of new technologies in leading economies can lead to environmental improvements in developing countries. I begin by discussing the incentives for environmentally-friendly innovation, which occurs primarily in developed countries. I then review the literature on the transfer of these technologies to the developing world. A key point is that technology diffusion is gradual. Early adoption of policy by developed countries leads to the development of new technologies that make it easier for developing countries to reduce pollution as well. Globalization also plays an important role in moving clean technologies to developing countries. Since clean technologies are first developed in the world’s leading economies, international trade and foreign investments provide access to these technologies. Finally, the absorptive capacity of nations is important. The technological skills of the local workforce enable a country to learn from, and build upon, technologies brought in from abroad. I conclude by discussing the implication of these lessons for policy, focusing on three examples pertaining to climate change: the Clean Development Mechanism, the role of intellectual property, and government-sponsored R&D.
    DOI: 10.1787/218676702383
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Essai n 232 : Essai de reproduction de collemboles dans le sol (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076280
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 232; Collembolan Reproduction Test in Soil
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 232: Collembolan Reproduction Test in Soil
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice est destinée à évaluer les effets des substances chimiques sur la reproduction des collemboles dans le sol. Folsomia candida, qui se reproduit par parthénogénèse, est l’espèce recommandée, mais une autre espèce telle que Folsomia Fimetaria, dont la reproduction est sexuée, peut aussi être utilisée si les critères de validité sont remplis. Cette Ligne directrice peut être utilisée pour des substances solubles ou insolubles, mais elle ne s’applique pas aux substances volatiles. L’objectif est de déterminer les effets toxiques de la substance sur la mortalité des adultes et sur le taux de reproduction exprimé respectivement par la CLx et la CEx, ou par les valeurs CSEO/CMEO. Le nombre de concentrations d’essai varie en fonction des effets à mesurer. Pour une approche combinée visant à déterminer les CSEO/CMEO, huit concentrations formant une série géométrique, quatre réplicats pour chaque concentration et huit réplicats témoins sont utilisés. Dans chaque récipient d’essai, 10 juvéniles F. candida (ou 10 males et 10 femelles F. fimetaria) sont placés sur 30 g de sol artificiel modifié OCDE contenant 5 % de matière organique. La durée d’un essai de reproduction définitif est de 4 semaines pour F. candida et de 3 semaines pour F. fimetaria.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076280-fr
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 452: Chronic Toxicity Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071209
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 452 ; Études de toxicité chronique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 452 : Études de toxicité chronique
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The objective of these chronic toxicity studies is to characterize the profile of a substance in a mammalian species (primarily rodents) following prolonged and repeated exposure. The Test Guideline focuses on rodents and oral administration. Both sexes should be used. For rodents, at least 20 animals per sex per group should normally be used at each dose level, while for non-rodents a minimum of 4 per sex per group is recommended. At least three dose levels should be used in addition to the concurrent control group. Frequency of exposure normally is daily, but may vary according to the route chosen (oral, dermal or inhalation) and should be adjusted according to the toxicokinetic profile of the test substance. The duration of the exposure period should be 12 months. The study report should include: measurements (weighing) and regular detailed observations (haematological examination, urinalysis, clinical chemistry), as well as necropsy procedures and histopathology.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071209-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies: Japan 2009 : Large-Scale Floods and Earthquakes (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264050303
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (275 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Japan
    Keywords: Katastrophe ; Überschwemmung ; Erdbeben ; Japan ; Environment ; Governance ; Japan ; Japan ; Risikomanagement ; Naturkatastrophe
    Abstract: Damages to economic assets resulting from natural disasters have soared in the past fifteen years, and climate change models forecast intensified exposure to extreme weather in many OECD countries. This OECD review of risk management policies focuses on Japan, because the geography, topography and climate of its national territory subject it to serious natural hazards, especially seismic activity and typhoons. The report looks at Japan’s policies in the areas of monitoring, preparing for and responding to floods and earthquakes, seeking out and identifying good practices and areas where improvements could be made. The case studies consider several issues of particular interest to policy makers, such as how to take climate change into account for long term policy planning related to large scale floods, and Japan’s unique earthquake insurance scheme for damages whose probability and impact are hard to accurately assess.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264050303-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Private Sector Participation in Water Infrastructure : OECD Checklist for Public Action (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059221
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Infrastructures en eau et secteur privé ; Guide de l'OCDE pour l'action publique
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Private sector participation in water infrastructure
    RVK:
    QR 600
    Keywords: Wasserwirtschaft ; Privatwirtschaft ; Welt ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Public Private Partnership ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Public Private Partnership ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: Many countries have sought the involvement of the private sector to upgrade and develop their water and sanitation infrastructure and improve the efficiency of water systems. This book provides a coherent catalogue of policy directions, including appropriate allocation of roles, risks and responsibilities, framework conditions and contractual arrangements necessary to make the best of private sector participation and to harness more effectively the capacities of all stakeholders.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059221-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cities, Climate Change and Multilevel Governance (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 125 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.14
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cities represent a challenge and an opportunity for climate change policy. As the hubs of economic activity, cities generate the bulk of GHG emissions and are thus important to mitigation strategies. Urban planning will shape future trends and the concentration of population, socio-economic activity, poverty and infrastructure in urban areas translates into particular vulnerability to increased climate hazards. City governments and urban stakeholders will therefore be essential in the design and delivery of cost-effective adaptation policies. Further, by empowering local governments, national policies could leverage existing local experiments, accelerate policy responses, foster resource mobilization and engage local stakeholders. This paper presents a framework for multilevel governance, showing that advancing governance of climate change across all levels of government and relevant stakeholders is crucial to avoid policy gaps between local action plans and national policy frameworks (vertical integration) and to encourage cross-scale learning between relevant departments or institutions in local and regional governments (horizontal dimension). Vertical and horizontal integration allows two-way benefits: locally-led or bottom-up where local initiatives influence national action and nationally-led or top-down where enabling frameworks empower local players. The most promising frameworks combine the two into hybrid models of policy dialogue where the lessons learnt are used to modify and fine-tune enabling frameworks and disseminated horizontally, achieving more efficient local implementation of climate strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/220062444715
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Essai n 453 : Études combinées de toxicité chronique et de cancérogénèse (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071230
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 453; Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 453: Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Studies
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'objectif d'une étude combinée de toxicité chronique/cancérogénèse est l’identification des effets cancérigènes et chroniques dans des espèces mammifères, et la détermination des relations dose-effets à la suite d’une exposition prolongée et répétée. Le rat est typiquement utilisé dans cette étude. Pour les rongeurs, chaque groupe de dose et groupe témoin de la phase « cancérogénèse » contient au moins 50 animaux de chaque sexe, tandis que pour la phase « toxicité chronique », chaque groupe contient 10 animaux de chaque sexe. Au moins trois niveaux de dose et un témoin sont utilisés pour chacune des phases « cancérogénèse » et « Toxicité chronique ». Les trois voies d'administration principales sont les voies orales, cutanées, et l’inhalation. La Ligne directrice traite plus particulièrement de la voie orale. La durée de l'étude est normalement de 12 mois pour la phase « toxicité chronique » et de 24 mois pour la phase « cancérogénèse ». Le rapport d’étude inclut des mesures (pesée) et observations détaillées régulières (examen hématologique, analyse d'urine, chimie clinique), tout comme des procédures d'autopsie et l'histopathologie. Toutes ces observations permettent la détection des effets néoplasiques et la détermination du potentiel cancérigène, ainsi que la détermination de la toxicité générale.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071230-fr
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  • 14
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    Online Resource
    Literature Review of Recent Trends and Future Prospects for Innovation in Climate Change Mitigation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.9
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The international discussion about global climate change now revolves around what the necessary set of policies and technologies will be needed to realize reduction goals. Stabilizing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations at 450 to 550 parts per million will require policy changes along with innovation and large-scale adoption of GHG-reducing technologies throughout the global energy system. Innovations will need to be supported by international cooperation and behavioral changes to further realize the benefits of technological advances. Much discussion has therefore focused on policies that target technology directly, including research and development (R&D) activities and technology-specific incentives, as well as policies and agreements that increase diffusion and adoption. This paper reviews the recent literature on trends and prospects for innovation in climate change mitigation, to identify the most important international and domestic actions necessary to technologically alter energy systems in a direction that can achieve GHG stabilization targets while also meeting other societal goals. It provides an overview of key technical issues associated with the development, diffusion, and adoption of technologies that mitigate climate change. It examines the role of environment and innovation policy measures to encourage innovation, and it outlines the conditions that trigger these advances. The review highlights that establishing a GHG emission price is essential from a technology perspective. Such a price should be coupled with public R&D support. The review discusses policy features that impact on environmentally oriented R&D, the diffusion of environmental innovations, their deployment in developing countries. In particular, the paper outlines the positive role of international technology-oriented agreements as part of the architecture of an international climate change policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/218688342302
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Farmland Conversion : The Spatial Dimension of Agricultural and Land Use Policies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264679542 , 9789264340008 , 9789264415522
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Land is a key input into agricultural production and the agricultural sector remains the main user of rural land in most OECD countries. How land is managed in agriculture, and the conversion of farmland to non-agricultural uses, are likely to have implications not only for the provision of food, but also for the supply of public goods such as rural amenities, as well as for the quantity and quality of water. Changes in agricultural, agri-environmental, land-use, and regional policies – together with factors such as climate and demographic changes – increasingly affect land use and management choices. This report examines the impact of several policies on farmland conversion using a combination of economic analysis and empirical case studies.
    DOI: 10.1787/ae50672e-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Financing Climate Change Mitigation : Towards a Framework for Measurement, Reporting and Verification (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2009/06
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The current monitoring, reporting and review framework under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has a number of strengths and weaknesses. Weaknesses include inconsistent and/or incomplete self reporting of financial support; infrequent reporting; limited and incomplete information on multilateral development banks and other non-UNFCCC funds; lack of primary data on financial flows under KP mechanisms (CDM); and lack of verification procedures. This paper aims to facilitate a discussion about a possible framework to measure, report and verify (MRV) mitigation support. It considers the main pathways through which mitigation support to developing countries may flow as well as the availability and suitability of information in this area to provide a basis to measure, report and verify mitigation support. A strengthened framework for reporting could be developed and layered into the existing system, e.g. via National Communications. Data gaps and reporting frequency could be corrected through improvements in National Communication guidelines and the development of a common reporting format. The UNFCCC could also collaborate with other institutions to develop and draw on more standardised data from other sources and to assure that information across sources is comparable and publicly available. A key aspect would be to provide a monitoring system that covers not just public but also private finance in mitigation specific as well as mitigation relevant areas. The absence of verification procedures in the current UNFCCC monitoring and review system for mitigation support should also be addressed. The Convention does not lay out specific guidelines for the review of mitigation support reported in National Communications and reported information is not formally cross checked with alternative information sources. Parties could agree to the elaboration of guidelines for review and verification to help determine whether Parties have employed agreed methods for self assessment and reporting on technology transfer, capacity building and financing, and whether reporting is conducted in a transparent manner. In addition, standardised reporting by recipient countries about funds received, use and usefulness of funds could also be an important addition to provide information for verification with information on contributions to mitigation support.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k453xh6h4r6-en
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  • 17
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    GHG Mitigation Actions : MRV Issues and Options (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2009/01
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The Bali Action Plan (BAP) language on “measurable, reportable and verifiable” (MRV) greenhouse gas mitigation actions and commitments for a post-2012 climate framework was introduced to apply both to developed countries’ greenhouse gas (GHG) commitments and actions (paragraph 1(b)(i) of the BAP), as well as to “nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing country Parties in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building” (paragraph 1(b)(ii)). This paper provides an overview of current efforts to assess if GHG mitigation actions underway in different countries and regions are “measurable, reportable and verifiable”. The paper also assesses how such efforts could be improved, explores MRV options for different types of GHG mitigation actions, and highlights decision points needed to establish a post-2012 framework.Several different types of GHG mitigation actions and commitments have been proposed for the post-2012 period. Some of these - such as national-level GHG emission limits - are already being used, with countries therefore already gaining experience with implementing, monitoring, reporting (and potentially reviewing or verifying the effects of) such actions/commitments. The extent of this experience varies both by type of action/commitment, as well as by country and sector. In general, Annex I countries have significant experience with monitoring and reporting national emission levels (reflecting their reporting commitments under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol). However, official reporting on other GHG-mitigation actions occurs every few years in Annex I countries and only irregularly in non-Annex I countries. Thus, significant new guidance would be needed if post-2012 MRV provisions were to focus on GHG mitigation actions rather than GHG emission levels. In deciding a MRV framework, it will be important to consider measurement, reporting and verification issues separately (as for example some non-supported actions may be reported but not verified). A transition process may also be needed for some countries, in terms of what is to be subject to MRV provisions, and how M, R and V are to be carried out.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k4695890xd6-en
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  • 18
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    Essai n 437 : Méthode d'essai d'opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l'œil (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076297
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 437; Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 437: Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La méthode d’essai d’opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l’identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l’œil (OPCB) est une méthode d’essai in vitro pouvant être utilisée pour classer des substances parmi les substances « corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l’œil ». La méthode OPCB utilise des cornées isolées provenant d’yeux de bovins abattus à des fins commerciales, évitant ainsi l’utilisation d’animaux de laboratoire. Chaque groupe de traitement (substance d’essai et témoins négatifs et positifs) est composé de trois yeux au minimum, dont la cornée a été prélevée et placée dans la chambre d’un porte-cornée. En fonction des propriétés physico-chimiques de la substance d’essai, différentes méthodes peuvent être utilisées pour l’appliquer, mais il est important que la substance recouvre bien la surface épithéliale. Les effets toxiques pour la cornée sont estimés à partir des mesures de son opacité et de sa perméabilité, qui une fois combinées, fournissent le score d’irritation in vivo (SIIV) pour chaque groupe de traitement. Une substance qui induit un SIIV≥ 55.1 est classée « corrosive ou fortement irritante ».
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076297-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 19
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    Sectoral Approaches and the Carbon Market (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2009/03
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Sectoral approaches are proposed as a means to broaden the global scope of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation to developing countries. Market mechanisms are put forward in that context to create incentives for mitigation in developing countries beyond the existing Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and to encourage mitigation at least possible cost. The introduction of new, sector-based, market mechanisms is only one of many proposals discussed by UNFCCC Parties in the context of a post-2012 international climate policy framework, as a possible means to support mitigation actions in developing countries. This paper considers the carbon market aspects of sectoral approaches to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in developing countries. It discusses three general ways to link sectoral goals with the carbon market: (i) intensity goals, based on a GHG performance per unit of output; (ii) fixed emission goals, with an ex-post issuance of credits or trading with an ex-ante allocation of allowances; and (iii) technology-based sectoral objectives. This paper explores the domestic policy implications of moving from a single project approach (i.e., CDM), to a multi-plant, sector-wide carbon market mechanism implied by sectoral crediting and trading. It also touches on possible transition issues, especially from intensity-based emission goals to fixed ones. The paper concludes that sector-based market mechanisms, regardless of the design option chosen, will require some significant upfront effort both nationally and internationally to set appropriate baselines and ensure adequate measurement, reporting and verification in order to generate economically valuable and environmentally-credible credits. Technology diffusion goals may be supported by other means than the carbon market if developing GHG baselines for such activities were too difficult. Sectoral approaches also imply some significant policy effort in countries that adhere to them, to ensure that the baselines are exceeded so that carbon market revenues are generated, and that these revenues represent effective incentives for entities to pursue GHG mitigation, wherever it is most cost-effective to do so.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k4559g5snzq-en
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  • 20
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    Test No. 436: Acute Inhalation Toxicity Acute Toxic Class Method (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076037
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 ; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation - Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 : Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method described by this Test Guideline provides information that allows hazard assessment for short-term exposure to a test article by inhalation, and allows the substance to be classified according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). The test method is based on a stepwise procedure, each step using 3 animals of each sex (the preferred species is rat). Animals are exposed in inhalation chambers to a pre-defined concentration for 4 hours. Absence or presence of compound-related mortality of the animals at one step will determine the next step. Animals in severe pain or distress should be humanely killed. The starting concentration is selected from one of four fixed levels corresponding to GHS categories 1-4 for gases, vapours or aerosols. Animals are observed daily for clinical signs of toxicity for a total of at least 14 days. Animals' body weights should be determined at least weekly. All the animals should be subjected to gross necropsy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076037-en
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  • 21
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    Test No. 437: Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076303
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 437 ; Méthode d'essai d'opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l'œil
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 437 : Méthode d'essai d'opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l'œil
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability test method (BCOP) is an in vitro test method that can be used to classify substances as 'ocular corrosives and severe irritants'. The BCOP uses isolated corneas from the eyes of cattle slaughtered for commercial purposes, thus avoiding the use of laboratory animals. Each treatment group (test substance, negative/positive controls) consists of a minimum of three eyes where the cornea has been excised and mounted to a holder. Depending on the physical nature and chemical characteristics of the test substance, different methods can be used for its application since the critical factor is ensuring that the test substance adequately covers the epithelial surface. Toxic effects to the cornea are measured as opacity and permeability, which when combined gives an In Vitro Irritancy Score (IVIS) for each treatment group. A substance that induces an IVIS superior or equal to 55.1 is defined as a corrosive or severe irritant.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076303-en
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  • 22
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    Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation: Policy Guidance (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264054950
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement ; Document d'orientation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo ; Guía sobre Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento; Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement : Document d'orientation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo : Guía sobre Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento: Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Integrating climate change adaptation into development co-operation
    DDC: 363.73874
    RVK:
    AR 28300
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Environment ; Development ; Klimaänderung ; Entwicklungszusammenarbeit
    Abstract: The negative impacts of climate change will hit poor people and poor countries disproportionately, and further compromise the achievement of their development objectives. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation provides essential information and advice on how to facilitate the integration of adaptation into development processes. The objectives of this policy guidance are to: i) promote understanding of the implications of climate change on development practice and the associated need to mainstream climate adaptation in development co-operation agencies and partner countries; ii) identify appropriate approaches for integrating climate change adaptation into development policies at national, sectoral and project levels and in urban and rural contexts; and iii) identify practical ways for donors to support developing country partners in their efforts to reduce their vulnerability to climate variability and climate change. While efforts to integrate climate change adaptation will be led by developing country partners, international donors have a critical role to play in supporting such efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264054950-en
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  • 23
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    Test No. 412: Subacute Inhalation Toxicity: 28-Day Study (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070783
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 412 ; Toxicité subaigüe par inhalation ; étude sur 28 jours
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 412 : Toxicité subaigüe par inhalation : étude sur 28 jours
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This revised Test Guideline 412 (TG 412) has been designed to fully characterize test article toxicity by the inhalation route following repeated exposure for a limited period of time (28 days), and to provide data for quantitative inhalation risk assessments. It was updated in 2017 to enable the testing and characterisation of effects of nanomaterials tested. Groups of at least 5 male and 5 female rodents are exposed 6 hours per day for 28 days to a) the test chemical at three or more concentration levels, b) filtered air (negative control), and/or c) the vehicle (vehicle control). Animals are generally exposed 5 days per week but exposure for 7 days per week is also allowed. Males and females are always tested, but they may be exposed at different concentration levels if it is known that one sex is more susceptible to a given test article. This guideline allows the study director the flexibility to include satellite (reversibility) groups, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung burden (LB) for particles, neurologic tests, and additional clinical pathology and histopathological evaluations in order to better characterize the toxicity of a test chemical.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070783-en
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  • 24
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    Guidance Manual for the Control of Transboundary Movements of Recoverable Wastes (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060753
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Guidance Manual includes detailed explanations on how to implement the OECD Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, as amended; copies of the Decision C(2001)107/FINAL (Annex A), including Appendices 3 and 4, and Appendix 8 which have been amended by C(2008)156; the updated consolidated lists of waste subject to the Green and Amber control procedures (Annexes B and C); other relevant information to facilitate the implementation of the OECD Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, such as applicable international transport agreements and a sample contract; and queries of the interactive database aiming to facilitate the paperwork of all parties involved in transboundary movements of wastes by providing the necessary information to complete the forms for the notification and movement documents. The database includes the information required by the Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, as amended and some practical information for each OECD member country (http://www2.oecd.org/waste).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060753-en
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  • 25
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    Test No. 455: The Stably Transfected Human Estrogen Receptor-alpha Transcriptional Activation Assay for Detection of Estrogenic Agonist-Activity of Chemicals (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076372
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 455 ; Essai d'activation transcriptionnelle faisant intervenir le récepteur d'œstrogène alpha humain transfecté de façon stable pour la détection de l'activité œstrogénique agoniste des substances testées
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 455 : Essai d'activation transcriptionnelle faisant intervenir le récepteur d'œstrogène alpha humain transfecté de façon stable pour la détection de l'activité œstrogénique agoniste des substances testées
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an in vitro assay, which provides mechanistical information, and can be used for screening and prioritization purposes. The test system utilises the hERalpha-HeLa-9903 cell line derived from a human cervical tumor and stably transfected. This cell line can measure the ability of a test chemical to induce hERalpha-mediated transactivation of luciferase gene expression. The cells are exposed to 7 non-cytotoxic concentrations of the test chemical for 20-24 hours to induce the reporter gene products. Four reference chemicals should be included in each experiment: a strong estrogen (17beta-estradiol), a weak estrogen (17alpha-estradiol), a very weak estrogen (17alpha-methyltestosterone) and a negative control (corticosterone). The activity of the luciferase enzyme is measured in a luminometer. A test chemical is considered to be positive if the maximum response induced is equal to or exceeds 10% of the response of the positive control (1 nM 17alpha-estradiol) in at least two of two or two of three runs. Software to be used with TG 425, 432, 455. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076372-en
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  • 26
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    Managing Water for All : An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059498
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De l'eau pour tous ; Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. OECD Managing water for all
    DDC: 338.4/336361
    RVK:
    QT 600
    Keywords: Wasser ; Wasserversorgung ; Wasserpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Environmental impact charges / OECD countries / Statistics ; Water quality management / OECD countries / Finance ; Environment ; OECD ; Wasser ; Wasserversorgung ; Finanzierung
    Abstract: Water is a key prerequisite for human and economic development, and for maintaining ecosystems. However, billions of people lack access to water and sanitation services, mainly due to poor governance and inadequate investment and maintenance. This report, which emphasises the economic and financial aspects of water resources management and water service provision, the need for an integrated approach (including governance considerations) to address these complex policy challenges, and the importance of establishing a firm evidence base to support policy development and implementation, summarises the results of OECD work in this area.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: De l'eau pour tous
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059498-en
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  • 27
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    The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation : Policies and Options for Global Action beyond 2012 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073616
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (302 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Économie de la lutte contre le changement climatique ; Politiques et options pour une action globale au-delà de 2012
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. The economics of climate change mitigation
    DDC: 530
    RVK:
    QT 800
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Klimaschutz ; Entwicklungsländer ; Climatic changes Economic aspects ; Climatic changes Government policy ; Environmental economics ; Environmental policy ; Greenhouse gas mitigation Economic aspects ; Greenhouse gas mitigation Government policy ; Environment ; Entwicklungsländer ; Klimaänderung ; Klimaschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Soziale Kosten ; Umweltökonomie
    Abstract: Against the background of a projected doubling of world greenhouse gas emissions by mid-century, this book explores feasible ways to abate them at least cost. Through quantitative analysis, it addresses key climate policy issues including: an ideal set of climate policy tools; the size of the economic and environmental costs of incomplete country or sector coverage of climate change mitigation policies; how to concretely develop a global carbon market; the case for, and what can we reasonably expect from, R&D and technology support policies; and the incentives for major emitting countries to join a climate change mitigation agreement.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Économie de la lutte contre le changement climatique
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073616-en
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  • 28
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    Test No. 413: Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-day Study (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070806
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 413 ; Toxicité subchronique par inhalation ; 90 jours
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 413 : Toxicité subchronique par inhalation : 90 jours
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This revised Test Guideline 413 (TG 413) has been designed to fully characterize test article toxicity by the inhalation route following repeated exposure for a period of 90 days, and to provide data for quantitative inhalation risk assessments. It was updated in 2017 to enable the testing and characterisation of effects of nanomaterials tested. Groups of at least 10 male and 10 female rodents are exposed 6 hours per day for 90 days to a) the test chemical at three or more concentration levels, b) filtered air (negative control), and/or c) the vehicle (vehicle control). Animals are generally exposed 5 days per week but exposure for 7 days per week is also allowed. Males and females are always tested, but they may be exposed at different concentration levels if it is known that one sex is more susceptible to a given test chemical. The results of the study include measurement and daily and detailed observations (haematology and clinical chemistry), as well as ophthalmology, gross pathology, organ weights, and histopathology. This Test Guideline allows the flexibility to include satellite (reversibility) groups, interim sacrifices, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung burden (LB) for particles, neurologic tests, and additional clinical pathology and histopathological evaluations in order to better characterize the toxicity of a test chemical.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070806-en
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  • 29
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    Test No. 453: Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071223
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 453 ; Études combinées de toxicité chronique et de cancérogénèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 453 : Études combinées de toxicité chronique et de cancérogénèse
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The objective of a combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study is to identify carcinogenic and the majority of chronic effects, and to determine dose-response relationships following prolonged and repeated exposure. The rat is typically used for this study. For rodents, each dose group and concurrent control group intended for the carcinogenicity phase of the study should contain at least 50 animals of each sex, while for the chronic toxicity phase of the study should contain at least 10 animals of each sex. At least three dose levels should be used, in addition to the concurrent control group for both the chronic toxicity phase and the carcinogenicity phase of the study. The three main routes of administration are oral, dermal, and inhalation. The Test Guideline focuses on the oral route of administration. The period of dosing and duration of the study is normally 12 months for the chronic phase, and 24 months for the carcinogenicity phase. The study report should include: measurements (weighing) and regular detailed observations (haematological examination, urinalysis, clinical chemistry), as well as necropsy procedures and histopathology. All these observations permit the detection of neoplastic effects and a determination of carcinogenic potential as well as the general toxicity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071223-en
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  • 30
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    Test No. 403: Acute Inhalation Toxicity (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070608
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 403 ; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 403 : Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from short-term exposure to a test article (gas, vapour or aerosol/particulate test article) by inhalation. The revised Test Guideline describes two studies: a traditional LC50 protocol and a Concentration x Time (C x t) protocol. It can be used to estimate a median lethal concentration (LC50), non-lethal threshold concentration (LC01) and slope, and to identify possible sex susceptibility. This Test Guideline enables a test article quantitative risk assessment and classification according to the Globally Harmonized System for the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. In the traditional LC50 protocol, animals are exposed to one limit concentration or to three concentrations, at least, for a predetermined duration, generally of 4 hours. Usually 10 animals should be used for each concentration. In the C x T protocol, animals are exposed to one limit concentration or a series of concentrations over multiple time durations. Usually 2 animals per C x t interval are used. Animals (the preferred species is the rat) should be observed for at least 14 days. The study includes measurements (including weighing), daily and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070608-en
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  • 31
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    Essai n 436 : Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈ (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076020
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 436; Acute Inhalation Toxicity - Acute Toxic Class Method
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 436: Acute Inhalation Toxicity Acute Toxic Class Method
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La méthode décrite dans cette Ligne directrice fournit des informations permettant d’évaluer les dangers liés à une exposition à court terme à un article d’essai par inhalation. Elle permet également de classer l’article d’essai conformément au Système général de classification et d’étiquetage des produits chimiques (SGH). La méthode consiste en plusieurs étapes, chaque étape utilisant 3 animaux de chaque sexe (l’espèce préférée est le rat). Les animaux sont exposés dans des chambres d’inhalation à une concentration prédéfinie pendant 4 heures. L’absence ou la présence de mortalités d’animaux liées à l’article d’essai à une étape détermine l’étape suivante. Les animaux présentant des signes de souffrance ou de détresse sévère sont euthanasiés. La dose de départ est sélectionnée parmi l’une des 4 concentrations correspondant aux catégories 1 à 4 du SGH pour les gaz, les vapeurs ou les aérosols. Les animaux sont observés quotidiennement en vue d’éventuels signes de toxicité pendant au moins 14 jours. Les animaux sont pesés au moins une fois par semaine. Tous les animaux font l’objet d’une autopsie générale.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076020-fr
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  • 32
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    Essai n 231 : Essai de métamorphose des amphibiens (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076266
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 231; Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 231: Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice décrit un essai de métamorphose des amphibiens dans le but de dépister certaines substances pouvant intérférer avec le fonctionnement normal de l’axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-thyroidien. L’essai a été validé sur le xénope (Xenopus laevis) qui est donc l’espèce recommandée dans la présente Ligne directrice. L’essai fait usage de trois niveaux de concentrations du produit chimique testé, ainsi que des témoins nécessaires, y compris un témoin-solvant au besoin. L’essai commence avec des têtards au stade de développement 51 sur l’échelle de Nieuwkoop et Faber, et s’étend sur une durée de 21 jours. Quatre cuves répliquats sont utilisés à chaque niveaux de traitement et pour le(s) témoin(s). Après 7 jours d’exposition, un sous-ensemble de têtards provenant de chaque niveau de traitement et du(des) témoin(s) est échantillonné pour mesurer la longueur du membre antérieur. A l’issue de la période d’exposition de 21 jours, le stade de développement, la longueur museau-cloaque et la longueur du membre antérieur sont mesurés chez tous les têtards restants. Un sous-ensemble de têtards provenant de chaque niveau de traitement, y compris du témoin, est fixé (in toto ou disséqué) pour l’évaluation histopathologique de la glande thyroide.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076266-fr
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  • 33
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    Promouvoir les avantages connexes liés à la biodiversité dans le cadre de la REDD (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Promoting Biodiversity Co-Benefits in REDD
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La réduction des émissions liées à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts (REDD) dans les pays en développement est un nouveau mécanisme financier proposé pour le régime climatique post-2012 sous l'égide de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC). L’obtention d’un accord sur un futur mécanisme de REDD constituerait un progrès majeur et sans précédent vers la création d’un dispositif international visant à internaliser les services écosystémiques forestiers liés au carbone, et pourrait sensiblement contribuer à relever le défi du changement climatique global. Les forêts jouent également un rôle essentiel pour assurer la biodiversité, et pour fournir d’autres services écosystémiques non liés au carbone. Le plan d’action de Bali reconnaît que l’action en faveur de la REDD « peut avoir des retombées positives et servir les buts et objectifs d’autres conventions et accords internationaux pertinents ». Un exemple notable est celui de la Convention sur la diversité biologique. Le présent rapport examine les moyens de renforcer les avantages connexes pouvant être tirés de la REDD sur le plan de la biodiversité, tant au niveau de la conception qu’à celui de la mise en oeuvre. Il analyse les répercussions potentielles sur la biodiversité des différents dispositifs de REDD envisageables qui ont été avancés dans les négociations internationales sur le changement climatique et poursuit en examinant comment compléter la REDD en créant des incitations supplémentaires spécifiquement axées sur la biodiversité, de manière à cibler directement les avantages liés à celle-ci. Les principaux aspects de la conception d’un mécanisme de REDD sur lesquels il reste à trouver un accord, et qui sont susceptibles d’avoir des répercussions sur la biodiversité, sont notamment la portée du mécanisme, son financement, les niveaux de base ou de référence, la permanence, etc. Par exemple, une approche du financement de la REDD s’appuyant sur le marché (plutôt que sur un système de fonds) permettra vraisemblablement d’obtenir des ressources financières beaucoup plus importantes (en mobilisant directement le secteur privé), d’où un plus grand volume d’activités de REDD, une superficie accrue des zones forestières conservées, et par conséquent des avantages connexes plus importants en termes de biodiversité. Dans l’ensemble, un mécanisme de REDD bien conçu sera susceptible de procurer des avantages connexes substantiels sur le plan de la biodiversité, dans la mesure où le ralentissement de la déforestation et de la dégradation contribue nécessairement à freiner la destruction des habitats et par conséquent la perte de biodiversité. Toutefois, certains des aspects de la conception d’un mécanisme international de REDD peuvent présenter des risques potentiels pour la biodiversité, par exemple les activités de boisement et de reboisement qui aboutissent à des mono-plantations, aussi peut-il être nécessaire de prévoir des mesures de sauvegarde appropriées.
    DOI: 10.1787/218787172420
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  • 34
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    Test No. 230: 21-day Fish Assay : A Short-Term Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076228
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 230 ; Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons ; un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 230 : Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons : un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an in vivo screening assay for certain endocrine active substances where sexually mature male and spawning female fish are held together and exposed to a chemical during a limited part of their life-cycle (21 days). This assay covers the screening of oestrogenic and androgenic activity, and aromatase inhibition. The assay was validated on the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and the zebrafish (Danio rerio); however zebrafish does not allow the detection of androgenic activity. At termination of the 21-day exposure period, depending on the species used, one or two biomarker endpoint(s) are measured in males and females as indicators of oestrogenic, aromatase inhibition or androgenic activity of the test chemical; these endpoints are vitellogenin and secondary sexual characteristics. Vitellogenin is measured in fathead minnow, Japanese medaka and zebrafish, whereas secondary sex characteristics are measured in fathead minnow and Japanese medaka only.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076228-en
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  • 35
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    Essai n 438 : Méthode d'essai sur œil de poulet isolé pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour les yeux (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076327
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 438; Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 438: Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La méthode d’essai sur œil de poulet isolé (OPI) est une méthode d’essai in vitro pouvant être utilisée pour classer des substances parmi les substances « corrosives et fortement irritantes pour les yeux ». La méthode OPI utilise des yeux prélevés sur des poulets provenant d’abattoirs, où ils sont tués à des fins de consommation humaine, évitant ainsi le recours à ders animaux de laboratoire. L’œil est énucléé et placé sur un support d’œil, la cornée étant en position horizontale. La substance d’essai et les contrôles négatifs/positifs sont appliqués sur la cornée. Les effets toxiques pour la cornée sont estimés à partir d’une évaluation qualitative de son opacité, une évaluation qualitative de l’endommagement de l’épithélium sur la base de la rétention de fluorescéine, une mesure quantitative de l’augmentation de son épaisseur (gonflement), et une évaluation qualitative de l’endommagement morphologique macroscopique de la surface. Chacune de ces évaluations se traduit par un classement OPI, et la combinaison des classements correspondants fournit un classement d’irritation pour chaque substance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076327-fr
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  • 36
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    Test No. 438: Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076310
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 438 ; Méthode d'essai sur œil de poulet isolé pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour les yeux
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Essai n 438: Méthode d'essai sur œil de poulet isolé pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour les yeux
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Isolated Chicken Eye (ICE) test method is an in vitro test method that can be used to classify substances as “ocular corrosives and severe irritants”. The ICE method uses eyes collected from chickens obtained from slaughterhouses where they are killed for human consumption, thus eliminating the need for laboratory animals. The eye is enucleated and mounted in an eye holder with the cornea positioned horizontally. The test substance and negative/positive controls are applied to the cornea. Toxic effects to the cornea are measured by a qualitative assessment of opacity, a qualitative assessment of damage to epithelium based on fluorescein retention, a quantitative measurement of increased thickness (swelling), and a qualitative evaluation of macroscopic morphological damage to the surface. The endpoints are evaluated separately to generate an ICE class for each endpoint, which are then combined to generate an Irritancy Classification for each test substance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076310-en
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  • 37
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    Greening Development Planning : A Review of Country Case Studies for Making the Economic Case for Improved Management of Environment and Natural Resources (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.5
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Different approaches to making the economic case for improved management of natural capital in national planning are reviewed in this report. In many low-income countries natural resources sectors (agriculture, mining, forestry, fishery, nature-based tourism) are identified as the engines of economic growth. However, a majority of the ecosystems on which human well-being depends are being degraded. The difficulties in providing economic and policy-relevant information about sustainable economic management of natural capital are often seen as an important reason for inadequate integration of the environment in macroeconomic and sector polices. The report concludes that the analysed country studies (Lao People's Democratic Republic, Mozambique, Peru, Tajikistan and Uganda) mainly relied on existing domestic or international analytical work, used relatively basic calculations/data (such as the market value of fisheries, the value of timber sold etc.) and often formed part of a broader analytical effort.
    DOI: 10.1787/227348018366
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  • 38
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    Nachhaltige Entwicklung : Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Umwelt im Zusammenhang betrachtet (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264055674
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Development; Linking Economy, Society, Environment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le développement durable ; À la croisée de l'économie, de la société et de l'environnement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Development: Linking Economy, Society, Environment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le développement durable : À la croisée de l'économie, de la société et de l'environnement
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Was bedeutet “nachhaltige Entwicklung” tatsächlich? Welchen Einfluss haben Produktion, Konsum und Globalisierung auf Nachhaltigkeit? Wie kann Nachhaltigkeit gemessen werden? Und was können Regierungen, Unternehmen und der Einzelne tun, um nachhaltige Entwicklung zu fördern? Zu vielen Themen, die nachhaltige Entwicklung betreffen, erstellt die OECD Daten und veröffentlicht Empfehlungen für Forschung und Politik; dazu gehören der Klimawandel, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und verantwortungsvolle Unternehmensführung. Die neue Veröffentlichung „Sustainable Development“ aus der Buchreihe „OECD Insights“ stützt sich auf diese Fachkompetenz. Um nachhaltige Entwicklung zu erreichen, müssen die drei Bereiche Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Umwelt zusammen berücksichtigt werden.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055674-de
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  • 39
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    De l'eau pour tous : Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement - Messages clés pour les décideurs (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060555
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Managing Water for All; An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing - Key Messages for Policy Makers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Managing Water for All: An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing - Key Messages for Policy Makers
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Pour soutenir le développement humain et économique et préserver les écosystèmes, une gestion plus efficace des ressources en eau s’impose. Alors que l’utilisation de l’eau est source de pressions grandissantes et l’enjeu d’une concurrence de plus en plus vive, voire de véritables conflits dans certaines régions, cette nécessité est plus impérieuse que jamais. Des milliards de personnes sont aujourd’hui privées d’accès à des services d’approvisionnement en eau et d’assainissement pour cause de mauvaise gouvernance et d’investissements inadéquats...
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060555-fr
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  • 40
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    Ensuring Environmental Compliance : Trends and Good Practices (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059597
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Faire respecter les normes environnementales ; Tendances et bonnes pratiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ensuring Environmental Compliance; Trends and Good Practices (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ensuring environmental compliance
    DDC: 363.7/0526
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Keywords: OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Umweltpolitik ; Internationale Kooperation ; Information ; Kommunikation ; Implementation ; Effektivität ; Environment ; Governance ; Umweltpolitik
    Abstract: Despite progress in recent years, there is growing evidence that OECD countries are not on track to reach some of their key environmental goals. This report examines the strategies and instruments that governments use to ensure compliance with pollution prevention and control regulations, particularly in the industrial sector. It compares the compliance assurance systems of six OECD countries – Finland, France, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States – as well as those of China and Russia. The report provides policy makers, environmental regulators, and other stakeholders with a comprehensive analysis of the design, management aspects, and the main elements of government compliance and enforcement programmes. Focusing on compliance promotion, compliance monitoring, and non-compliance response, it identifies and compares good practices, sets them in context of different countries’ regulatory cultures and highlights the key international trends.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059597-en
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  • 41
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    Faire respecter les normes environnementales : Tendances et bonnes pratiques (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059887
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ensuring Environmental Compliance; Trends and Good Practices
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ensuring Environmental Compliance; Trends and Good Practices (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance
    Abstract: En dépit des progrès accomplis ces dernières années, il est de plus en plus manifeste que certains des principaux objectifs environnementaux des pays de l’OCDE ne sont pas en voie d’être atteints. Cette étude examine les stratégies et instruments utilisés par les pouvoirs publics pour garantir la conformité aux réglementations en matière de prévention et de réduction de la pollution, en particulier dans le secteur industriel. Elle s’appuie sur une analyse comparative de la mise en application des dispositions environnementales dans six pays membres de l’OCDE (États-Unis, Finlande, France, Japon, Pays-Bas et Royaume-Uni), ainsi qu’en Chine et en Russie. L'étude propose aux responsables de l’action publique et aux organismes chargés de la réglementation sur l'environnement et autres parties prenantes une analyse approfondie de la conception, de la gestion et des principaux éléments qui constituent les programmes mis en place par les pouvoirs publics pour veiller au respect de la réglementation. Mettant plus particulièrement l’accent sur la promotion et la surveillance de la conformité aux réglementations et sur les mesures prises en cas de non-respect, elle recense et compare les bonnes pratiques observées dans les pays étudiés, les situe dans le contexte de la culture réglementaire de chaque pays et met en évidence les tendances clés observées à l’échelle internationale.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059887-fr
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  • 42
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    Cities, Towns and Renewable Energy : Yes In My Front Yard (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076884
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cities, towns & renewable energy
    RVK:
    QR 530
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung ; Stadt ; Energieversorgung ; Energieeinsparung ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Stadtökologie ; Energieversorgung ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Energieeinsparung
    Abstract: Local governments have the power to influence the energy choices of their citizens. Many cities and towns have already encouraged energy efficiency measures. Even so, as demand for energy services continues to grow, the energy infrastructure that every city and town depends on will need to be expanded, upgraded or replaced. This provides the opportunity to increase the deployment of renewable energy technologies and decentralised energy systems, and hence gain the multi-benefits of increased energy security, climate change mitigation and sustainable development, but also the social benefits of reduced air pollution, such as improved health and employment. Many combinations of policies have been employed to stimulate local renewable energy development. These policies include: local governance by authority; providing resources; enabling private actors; leading by example; allowing self-governance. Mega-city mayors, down to small-town officials, have successfully introduced such policies, although these vary with location, local resources and population. Cities, Towns and Renewable Energy – “ Yes In My Front Yard “ includes several case studies chosen to illustrate how enhanced deployment of renewable energy projects can result, regardless of a community’s size or location. The goals of this report are to inspire city stakeholders by showing how renewable energy systems can benefit citizens and businesses, assist national governments to better appreciate the role that local municipalities might play in meeting national and international objectives, and help accelerate the necessary transition to a sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076884-en
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  • 43
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    Essai n 413 : Toxicité subchronique par inhalation : 90 jours (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070813
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 413; Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity; 90-day Study
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 413: Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-day Study
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice révisée a été conçue afin de caractériser pleinement la toxicité par inhalation du produit chimique testé suite à une exposition subchronique (90 jours), et de fournir des données fiables pour l’évaluation quantitative des risques liés à l’inhalation. Elle a été mise à jour en 2017 afin de permettre de tester et caractériser les effets des nanomatériaux. Des groupes de rongeurs (10 mâles et 10 femelles) sont exposés 6 heures par jour pendant une période de 90 jours a) à la substance d’essai à trois niveaux de concentration ou plus, b) à de l’air filtré (témoin négatif), et/ou c) au véhicule (groupe témoin du véhicule). Les animaux sont exposés en général 5 jours par semaine, mais il est aussi permis de les exposer 7 jours par semaine. Des mâles et des femelles sont toujours utilisés, mais peuvent être exposés à des niveaux de concentration différents si l’un des sexes est connu pour être plus sensible à une substance d’essai donnée. Les résultats de l’étude incluent des mesures et des observations quotidiennes détaillées (hématologie et chimie clinique) ainsi qu’une autopsie générale, de l’ophtalmologie, le poids des organes et de l’histopathologie. Afin de mieux caractériser la toxicité de la substance d’essai, la Ligne directrice laisse la possibilité d’inclure des groupes satellites (étude de réversibilité), des sacrifices en cours d’essai, des lavages broncho-alvéolaires, la mesure de la charge pulmonaire pour les particules, des tests neurologiques et des évaluations histopathologiques ou de pathologie clinique supplémentaires.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070813-fr
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    Essai n 509 : Essais au champ de plantes cultivées (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076471
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 509; Crop Field Trial
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 509: Crop Field Trial
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Les essais au champ de plantes cultivées ont pour objet de déterminer la quantité de résidus de pesticides présents sur ou dans les produits agricoles bruts, y compris dans les aliments pour animaux. Ils doivent pouvoir mettre en évidence les modes d’utilisation des pesticides qui conduisent à la teneur en résidus maximale. Les essais au champ visent à (1) quantifier la teneur en résidu(s) à laquelle s’attendre après un traitement conforme aux bonnes pratiques agricoles en vigueur ou proposées; (2) déterminer, le cas échéant, le taux de dissipation du ou des résidus de produits phytosanitaires dans les cultures considérées; (3) déterminer des paramètres telles que la « valeur médiane des résidus en essais contrôlés » ou la « valeur de résidu la plus élevée », afin d’évaluer les risques alimentaires; enfin, (4) en déduire les limites maximales de résidus (LMR). La présente ligne directrice pour les essais au champ de plantes cultivées exige un échantillon provenant de parcelles traitées à chaque intervalle d’échantillonnage pour les cultures qui font l’objet de huit essais ou plus. La ou les substances d’essai sont stockées dans des conditions adaptées pendant la durée de l’étude et appliquées rapidement après leur préparation ou leur mélange. La substance d’essai n’est pas appliquée en cas de fort vent, de pluie, ou si des précipitations sont attendues peu après l’application. Pour chaque traitement, le taux d’application est exprimé en quantité de produit et/ou d’ingrédient actif par unité de surface. A la fin de chaque essai au champ de plantes cultivées, les échantillons (entreposés) sont analysés pour mesurer leur teneur en résidu (exprimée par example en mg/kg).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076471-fr
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    Test No. 229: Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076211
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 229 ; Essai à court terme de reproduction des poissons
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 229 : Essai à court terme de reproduction des poissons
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an in vivo screening assay for fish reproduction where sexually mature male and spawning female fish are held together and exposed to a chemical during a limited part of their life-cycle (21 days). The short term reproduction assay was validated in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and this is the recommended species. The assay is run with three test chemical concentrations and the necessary controls, including a carrier control if necessary. For the fathead minnow, four replicate test vessels are used for each treatment level and control(s). During the conduct of the assay, the egg production is measured quantitatively daily in each test vessel. At termination of the 21-day exposure period, two biomarker endpoints are measured in males and females separately, as indicators of endocrine activity of the test chemical; these endpoints are vitellogenin and secondary sexual characteristics. Gonads of both sexes are also preserved and histopathology may be evaluated to assess the reproductive fitness of the test animals and to add to the weight of evidence of other endpoints.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076211-en
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  • 46
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    Green Growth : Overcoming the Crisis and Beyond (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264083639
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La croissance verte ; La crise et au-delà
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La croissance verte : La crise et au-delà
    Keywords: OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Alternative ; Investition ; Umweltschutzmarkt ; Wirkung ; Auswirkung ; Beschäftigung ; Konjunkturpolitik ; Forschung und Entwicklung ; Direktinvestition ; Umweltpolitik ; Innovation ; OECD-Länder Wirtschaftskrise ; Alternative ; Investition ; Umweltindustrie ; Wirkung/Auswirkung ; Beschäftigung ; Konjunkturprogramm ; Forschung und Entwicklung ; Direktinvestition ; Umweltpolitik ; Innovation ; Environment
    Abstract: Within the context of sustainable development, natural resources and ecosystem services provided by the environment are essential to support economic growth social wellbeing, and human health. Inaction on key environmental challenges, such as climate change, could lead to severe economic consequences in the future. It is important that the measures governments are taking now to address the economic crisis are designed so that they support – and at least do not compromise – sustainable long-term, environmentally friendly growth in the future. This discussion paper highlights some of the measures governments are already taking to 'green' their approches to economic recovery, and some of the key issues they may wish to further consider going forward regarding the impact of these approaches on the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264083639-en
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  • 47
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    Essai n 403 : Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070615
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 403; Acute Inhalation Toxicity
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Test No. 403: Acute Inhalation Toxicity
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette méthode fournit des informations sur les dangers pour la santé qui peuvent résulter d’une exposition à court terme à un article d’essai (gaz, produit volatil, aérosol, substance particulaire) par inhalation. La ligne directrice révisée décrit deux études : un protocole traditionnel (CL50) et un protocole « concentration x temps ». Elle peut être utilisée pour estimer une concentration létale médiane (CL50), une concentration seuil non létale (LC01), et une pente, et pour identifier des susceptibilités possibles liées au sexe. Elle permet une évaluation quantitative des risques et une classification selon le selon le Système général harmonisé de classification et d’étiquetage des produits chimiques. Dans le protocole traditionnel, les animaux sont exposés à une concentration limite, ou à trois concentrations au moins, pour une durée prédéterminée, en principe 4 heures. En général, 10 animaux sont utilisés pour chaque concentration. Dans le protocole CxT, les animaux sont exposés à une concentration limite ou à une série de concentrations pour des durées multiples. En général, 2 animaux sont utilisés pour chaque CxT. La durée d’observation des animaux (rats de préférence) est d’au moins 14 jours. L’étude comprend des mesures dont celle du poids, des observations quotidiennes détaillées, et une autopsie générale.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070615-fr
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  • 48
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    Promoting Biodiversity Co-Benefits in REDD (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Promouvoir les avantages connexes liés à la biodiversité dans le cadre de la REDD
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report examines how biodiversity co-benefits in REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) can be enhanced, both at the design and implementation level. It discusses potential biodiversity implications of different REDD design options that have been put forward in the international climate change negotiations and proceeds by examining how the creation of additional biodiversity-specific incentives could be used to complement a REDD mechanism, so as to target biodiversity benefits directly.
    DOI: 10.1787/220188577008
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  • 49
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    Integrating Public Environmental Expenditure within Multi-year Budgetary Frameworks (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.7
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Medium-term approaches to budgeting are now common in OECD countries and are being adopted increasingly by developing countries. This reflects a realisation that the annual approach to budget making actually undermines budgetary performance, contributing to fiscal instability and, perhaps even more fundamentally, to resource misallocation and the inefficient and ineffective use of resources. The purpose of this study has been to analyse how multi-year budgetary processes work in practice in both high income OECD countries and in aid-receiving countries, with a view to identifying the opportunities for, and limits to, financing environmental management. It also provides suggestions to the donor community on how to make better use of multi-year budgeting when providing general support to the budgets of developing countries in order to ensure that environment is included in this process. In this context, the report may be of interest to various audiences. On the one hand, representatives of the ministries of environment and other relevant government agencies with responsibilities for environmental and natural resource management who struggle to prepare medium-term budgets may find this analysis useful. On the other hand, the report is targeted at experts from the ministries of finance and economy who are charged with assessing environmental programmes and taking decisions for their financing. The third target group are those donors who even if they are moving to direct budget support, may still be concerned that the environment sector is adequately funded.
    DOI: 10.1787/224138120533
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  • 50
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    Essai n 412 : Toxicité subaigüe par inhalation : étude sur 28 jours (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070790
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 412; Subacute Inhalation Toxicity; 28-Day Study
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 412: Subacute Inhalation Toxicity: 28-Day Study
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice révisée a été conçue afin de caractériser pleinement la toxicité par inhalation de l’article d’essai, suite à une exposition répétée sur une période de temps limitée (28 jours), et de fournir des données pour l’évaluation quantitative des risques liés à l’inhalation. Elle a été mise à jour en 2017 afin de permettre de tester et caractériser les effets des nanomatériaux. Des groupes de rongeurs (5 mâles et 5 femelles) sont exposés 6 heures par jour pendant une période de 90 jours a) à la substance d’essai à trois niveaux de concentration ou plus, b) à de l’air filtré (témoin négatif), et/ou c) au véhicule (groupe témoin du véhicule). Les animaux sont exposés en général 5 jours par semaine, mais il est aussi permis de les exposer 7 jours par semaine. Des mâles et des femelles sont toujours utilisés, mais peuvent être exposés à des niveaux de concentration différents si l’un des sexes est connu pour être plus sensible à une substance d’essai donnée. Les résultats de l’étude incluent des mesures et des observations quotidiennes détaillées (hématologie et chimie clinique) ainsi qu’une autopsie générale, le poids des organes et de l’histopathologie. Afin de mieux caractériser la toxicité de la substance d’essai, la Ligne directrice laisse la possibilité d’inclure des groupes satellites (réversibilité), des lavages broncho-alvéolaires, la mesure de la charge pulmonaire pour les particules, des tests neurologiques et des évaluations histopathologiques ou de pathologie clinique supplémentaires.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070790-fr
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  • 51
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    Competitive Cities and Climate Change (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 170 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Working Papers no.2009/02
    Keywords: Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Cities are part of the climate change problem, but they are also a key part of the solution. This report offers a comprehensive analysis of how cities and metropolitan regions can change the way we think about responding to climate change. Cities consume the vast majority of global energy and are therefore major contributors of greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, the exposed infrastructure and prevalent coastal location of many cities makes them common targets for climate change impacts such as sea level rise and fiercer storms. This report illustrates how local involvement through ?climate-conscious? urban planning and management can help achieve national climate goals and minimise tradeoffs between environmental and economic priorities. Six main chapters analyse the link between urbanisation, energy use and CO2 emissions; assess the potential contribution of local policies in reducing global energy demand and the trade-offs between economic and environmental objectives at the local scale; discuss complementary and mutually reinforcing policies such as the combination of compact growth policies with those that improve mass transit linkages; and evaluate a number of tools, including the ?greening? of existing fiscal policies, financing arrangements to combat climate change at the local level, and green innovation and jobs programmes. One of the main messages of this report is that urban policies (e.g. densification or congestion charges) can complement global climate policies (e.g. a carbon tax) by reducing global energy demand, CO2 emissions and the overall abatement costs of reducing carbon emissions. To inform the groundswell of local climate change action planning, the report highlights best practices principally from OECD member countries but also from certain non-member countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/218830433146
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  • 52
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    De l'eau pour tous : Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059511
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Etudes de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Managing Water for All; An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’eau est indispensable au développement humain et économique, ainsi qu’à la survie des écosystèmes. Cependant, des milliards de personnes n’ont pas accès aux services d’eau et d’assainissement, en premier lieu à cause d’une mauvaise gouvernance et d’un manque d’investissement et d’entretien. Ce rapport met l’accent sur les aspects économiques et financiers de la gestion des ressources et de la fourniture des services d’eau, sur la nécessité d’aborder ces questions complexes de manière intégrée (en prenant en compte les questions de gouvernance), et sur la nécessité de réunir des faits solides pour étayer la formulation et la mise en œuvre des politiques. L'ouvrage résume les travaux de l'OCDE dans ce domaine.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059511-fr
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  • 53
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Finlande 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060890
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (174 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Finland 2009
    Keywords: Environment ; Finland
    Abstract: Examen approfondie de l'OCDE des programmes et politiques environnementales de la Finlande. Il examine la gestion de l'air et de l'eau, la nature et la biodiversité, le développement durable, l'interface environnement/ économie, l'interface environnement/social et la coopération internationale. Cette étude propose un choix de données statistiques pertinentes et une série de recommandations destinées à renforcer l’infrastructure environnementale, à mettre en œuvre la politique de l’environnement et à intégrer les préoccupations écologiques aux décisions économiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060890-fr
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  • 54
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    Politiques de soutien des biocarburants : une évaluation économique (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264050167
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (166 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biofuel Support Policies; An Economic Assessment
    Keywords: Energy ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Les gouvernements de nombreux pays de l’OCDE, mais aussi de plusieurs pays non membres, s’emploient activement à promouvoir la production et la consommation de nouveaux carburants de transport issus de produits agricoles. Le rapport conclut qu’il existe d’autres solutions que les politiques actuelles de soutien des biocarburants qui permettraient aux gouvernements de réaliser plus efficacement leurs objectifs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264050167-fr
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  • 55
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    Essai n 229 : Essai à court terme de reproduction des poissons (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076204
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 229; Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 229: Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice décrit un essai de dépistage in vivo sur des groupes de poissons (composés de mâles sexuellement matures et de femelles reproductrices) exposés à une substance pendant une durée limitée de leur cycle biologique (21 jours). L’essai à court terme de reproduction a été validé chez le tête-de-boule (Pimephales promelas), qui est donc l’espèce de prédilection. L’essai est mené avec trois niveaux de concentration chimique et les contrôles appropriés, y compris un contrôle contenant le solvent si nécessaire. Pour le tête-de-boule, quatre réplicats sont utilisés pour chaque niveau de concentration et contrôle(s). Pendant toute la durée de l’essai, la fécondité est en outre évaluée quotidiennement sur le plan quantitatif. A l’issue de cette période d’exposition de 21 jours, deux biomarqueurs sont mesurés chez les mâles et les femelles pour servir d’indicateurs des effets de la substance d’essai sur le système endocrinien ; ces biomarqueurs sont la vitellogénine et les caractères sexuels secondaires. Les gonades sont préservées et l’histopathologie gonadique peut être utilisée pour évaluer l’adaptation du système reproducteur des animaux testés et pour confirmer les éléments de preuve apportés par les autres biomarqueurs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076204-fr
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  • 56
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    Test No. 451: Carcinogenicity Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071186
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 451 ; Études de cancérogénèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 451 : Études de cancérogénèse
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The objective of a long-term carcinogenicity study is to observe test animals for a major portion of their life span for the development of neoplastic lesions during or after exposure to various doses of a test substance by an appropriate route of administration. This Test Guideline is intended primarily for use with rats and mice, and for oral administration. Both sexes should be used. Each dose group and concurrent control group should contain at least 50 animals of each sex. At least three dose levels and a concurrent control should be used. Animals are dosed with the test substance daily (oral, dermal or inhalation administration) and the mode of exposure should be adjusted according to the toxicokinetic profile of the test substance. The duration of the study will normally be 24 months for rodents. For specific strains of mice, duration of 18 months may be more appropriate. Termination of the study should be considered when the number of survivors in the lower dose groups or the control group falls below 25 per cent. The results of these studies include: measurements (weighing, food consumption), and, at least, daily and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071186-en
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  • 57
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    Test No. 231: Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076242
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 231 ; Essai de métamorphose des amphibiens
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 231 : Essai de métamorphose des amphibiens
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an amphibian metamorphosis assay intended to screen substances which may interfere with the normal functioning of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. The assay was validated with the species Xenopus laevis, which is recommended for use in the Guideline. The assay uses three test chemical concentrations and the necessary controls, including a carrier control if necessary. The assay starts with tadpoles at the development stage 51 on the Nieuwkoop and Faber scale and is extended for a duration of 21 days. Four replicate test vessels are used for each treatment level and control(s). After 7 days of exposure, a sub-set of tadpoles from each treatment level is sampled for the measurement of the length of the hind-limb. At termination of 21-day exposure period, developmental stage, snout-to-vent length and hind limb length are measured on all remaining tadpoles. A sub-set of tadpoles from each treatment level is fixed (whole-body or dissected) for histopathology of the thyroid gland.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076242-en
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  • 58
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    Essai No. 441: Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat : Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076358
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 441; Hershberger Bioassay in Rats; A Short-term Screening Assay for (Anti)Androgenic Properties
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 441: Hershberger Bioassay in Rats: A Short-term Screening Assay for (Anti)Androgenic Properties
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Le bio-essai de Hershberger est un essai de dépistage in vivo à court terme. Il permet d’évaluer la capacité d’un produit chimique à induire des activités biologiques analogues à celles induites par des agonistes et des antagonistes d’androgène ou des inhibiteurs de 5α-réductase. L’essai actuel est fondé sur les variations de poids de cinq tissus dépendant des androgènes chez le rat mâle péri-pubertaire castré: la prostate ventrale, la vésicule séminale (plus les fluides et les glandes coagulantes), le muscle élévateur de l’anus et bulbo-caverneux, la paire de glandes de Cowper et le gland. Pour tester les androgènes ou les anti-androgènes, deux - respectivement trois - groupes de doses de la substance d’essai, plus un témoin positif et un témoin de véhicule (négatif) sont normalement suffisants. La substance d’essai est administrée par gavage ou injection sous-cutanée, chaque jour, pendant 10 jours consécutifs. Pour tester les anti-androgènes, la substance d’essai est administrée avec un agoniste d’androgène de référence. Chaque groupe traité ou témoin comprend au moins six animaux. Les animaux sont autopsiés environ 24 heures après la dernière administration de la substance d’essai. Les tissus sont excisés et les poids frais sont déterminés. Une augmentation (pour les androgènes) ou une diminution (pour les anti-androgènes) du poids de deux des cinq tissues, statistiquement significative, indique une réponse positive dans cet essai.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076358-fr
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  • 59
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    Test No. 441: Hershberger Bioassay in Rats : A Short-term Screening Assay for (Anti)Androgenic Properties (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076334
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai No. 441; Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat ; Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai No. 441: Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat : Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Hershberger Bioassay is an in vivo short–term screening test. It evaluates the ability of a chemical to elicit biological activities consistent with androgen agonists, antagonists or 5 á-reductase inhibitors. The current bioassay is based on the changes in weight of five androgen-dependent tissues in the castrate-peripubertal male rat: the ventral prostate, seminal vesicle (plus fluids and coagulating glands), levator ani-bulbocavernosus muscle, paired Cowper’s glands and the glans penis. In order to establish whether a test substance can have androgenic or antiandrogenic action, two – respectively three - dose groups of the test substance, plus positive and vehicle (negative) controls are normally sufficient. The test substance is administered by gavage or subcutaneous injection daily for 10 consecutive days. To test for antiandrogens, the test substance is administered together with a reference androgen agonist. Each treated and control group should include a minimum of 6 animals. The animals are necropsied approximately 24 hours after the last administration of the test substance. The tissues are excised and their fresh weights determined. A statistically significant increase (androgenic) or decrease (antiandrogenic) in the weights of two of the five tissues indicates a positive response in this assay.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076334-en
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  • 60
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    Test No. 302C: Inherent Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (II) (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070400
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 302C ; Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque; Essai MITI modifié (II)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 302C : Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque: Essai MITI modifié (II)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes the modified MITI test (II). This test permits the measurement of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the analysis of residual chemicals in order to evaluate the inherent biodegradability of chemical substances which have been found by the Standard MITI Method (I) to be low degradable. An automated closed-system oxygen consumption measuring apparatus (BOD-meter) is used. Chemicals to be tested are inoculated in the testing vessels (six bottles with different quantities of test chemical) with micro-organisms. In order to check the activity of the inoculum, the use of control substances (aniline, sodium acetate or sodium benzoate) is desirable. During the test period, the BOD is measured continuously. Biodegradability is calculated on the basis of BOD and supplemental chemical analysis, such as measurement of the dissolved organic carbon concentration, concentration of residual chemicals, etc. The BOD curve is obtained continuously and automatically for 14 to 28 days. After the 14 to 28 days of testing, pH, residual chemicals and intermediates in the testing vessels are analysed.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070400-en
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Finland 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264055582
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Finlande 2009
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Finlande 2009
    Keywords: Environment ; Finland
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive review of Finland's environmental programs and policies covers air and water management, nature and biodiversity, sustainable development, the environment-economy interface, the environment-social interface, and international commitments. The review includes relevant statistical information as well as a series of recommendations for strengthening environmental infrastructure, implementing environmental policy and integrating environmental concerns into economic decisions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055582-en
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  • 62
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    Assessing Environmental Management Capacity: Towards a Common Reference Framework (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 113 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.8
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness calls upon donor and partner countries to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of country systems in a way that guarantees ownership and sustainable results. Within this context, the current paper provides a synthesis of major elements and approaches of institutional assessment that may be applied to environmental management. It suggests that while a large number of diagnostic tools are in use, their level of elaboration is not sufficient for systemic sector-specific capacity assessments that would match partners’ and donors’ needs. In order to facilitate the improvement of these tools, the paper provides an inventory of core functions for environmental management. This inventory may be used by those involved in capacity assessments to consider more amply specifics of the environmental sector. Each function will need to be associated with benchmarks reflecting the multifaceted nature of institutional capacity. The evolving approaches to environmental management, as well as changes in the international and country context, impose the need to regularly update both the list of functions and complementary benchmarks.
    DOI: 10.1787/224131752784
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    Economic Aspects of Adaptation to Climate Change : Integrated Assessment Modelling of Adaptation Costs and Benefits (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.6
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The present report seeks to inform critical questions with regard to policy mixes of investments in adaptation and mitigation, and how they might vary over time. This is facilitated here by examining adaptation within global Integrated Assessment Modelling frameworks. None of the existing Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) captures adaptation satisfactorily. Many models do not specify the damages from climate change, and those that do mostly assume implicitly that adaptation is set at an “optimal” level that minimizes the sum total of the costs of adaptation and the residual climate damages that might occur. This report develops and applies a framework for the explicit incorporation of adaptation in Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs). It provides a consistent framework to investigate “optimal” balances between investments in mitigating climate change, investments in adapting to climate change and accepting (future) climate change damages. By including adaptation into IAMs these already powerful tools for policy analysis are further improved and the interactions between mitigation and adaptation can be analysed in more detail. To demonstrate the approach a framework for incorporating adaptation as a policy variable was developed for two IAMs– the global Dynamic Integrated model for Climate and the Economy (DICE) and its regional counterpart, the Regional Integrated model for Climate and the Economy (RICE). These modified models – AD-DICE and AD-RICE – are calibrated and then used in a number of policy simulations to examine the distribution of adaptation costs and the interactions between adaptation and mitigation. Using the limited information available in current models, and calibrating to a specific damage level, so-called adaptation cost curves are estimated for the world. Adaptation cost curves are also estimated for different regions, although given the limited information available to calibrate the regional curves these should be considered as rough approximations of the actual adaptation potential in the different regions. These adaptation cost curves reflect how different adaptation levels will provide a wedge between gross damages (i.e. damages that would occur in the absence of adaptation) and residual damages. The analysis presented suggests that a good adaptation policy matters especially when suboptimal mitigation policies are implemented. Similarly, a good mitigation strategy is more important when optimal adaptation levels are unattainable. The rationale for this result is that both policy control options can compensate to some extent for deviations from the efficient outcome caused by non-optimality of the other control option. It should be noted, however, that in many cases there are limits to adaptation with regard to the magnitude and rate of climate change. The higher the current value of damages, the more important mitigation is as a policy option in comparison to adaptation. The comparison between adaptation and mitigation therefore depends crucially on the assumptions in the model, and especially on the discount rate and the level of future damages. The policy simulations also suggest that to combat climate change in an efficient way, short term optimal policies would consist of a mixture of substantial investments in adaptation measures, coupled with investments in mitigation, even though the latter will only decrease damages in the longer term. The costs of inaction are high, and thus it is more important to start acting on mitigation and adaptation even when there is limited information on which to base the policies, than to ignore the problems climate change already poses. Ongoing increases in expected damages over time imply that adaptation is not an option that should be considered only for the coming decades, but it will be necessary to keep investing in adaptation options, as both the challenges and benefits of adaptation increase. The results of these policy simulations confirm the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on the relationship between adaptation and mitigation as described in the Synthesis Report of the Fourth Assessment Report. The framework developed in this report opens the door for further simulations that examine adaptation cost issues within other, more complex IAMs. The model additions investigated in this report can also shed light on how the next generation of IAMs will look. These tools can also be further strengthened by the incorporation of more detailed regional knowledge on the impacts of climate change and of adaptation options.
    DOI: 10.1787/225282538105
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    Essai n 451 : Études de cancérogénèse (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071193
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 451; Carcinogenicity Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 451: Carcinogenicity Studies
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’objectif d’une étude à long terme de cancérogénèse est d’observer des animaux d’essai au cours de la majeure partie de leur durée de vie, pour suivre le développement éventuel de lésions néoplasiques durant ou après l’exposition à de diverses doses d’une substance d’essai par une voie d’administration appropriée. Cette Ligne directrice concerne principalement des essais sur rats et souris, et une administration orale. Les deux sexes sont employés. Chaque groupe de dose et groupe témoin contient au moins 50 animaux de chaque sexe. Trois niveaux de dose et un témoin sont employés au moins. La substance d’essai est administrée chaque jour par voix orale (dermale ou par inhalation), et le mode d’exposition est ajusté selon le profil toxicocinétique de la substance d’essai. La durée de l’étude est normalement de 24 mois pour les rongeurs. Pour des souches de souris spécifiques, une durée de 18 mois peut être plus appropriée. La clôture de l’essai est envisagée lorsque le nombre de survivants dans les groupes de dose la plus faible ou dans le groupe témoin tombe en dessous de 25%. Les résultats de ces études incluent des mesures (pesée, consommation de nourriture), et au moins, des observations quotidiennes détaillées, ainsi que l’autopsie générale et l’histopathologie.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071193-fr
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    Measuring the Relationship between ICT and the Environment (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.162
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: While the links between ICT and environmental outcomes are becoming clearer, there is no separate statistical field that links the two. Nevertheless, some data are available from official statistical sources, from analytical work and from product life cycle studies. This paper suggests a conceptual framework for the new statistical field “ICT and the environment” based on an existing OECD framework for information society statistics. Sources of official data to populate the framework are investigated and some relevant work has been identified.
    DOI: 10.1787/221687775423
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    Essai n 452 : Études de toxicité chronique (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071216
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 452; Chronic Toxicity Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 452: Chronic Toxicity Studies
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’objectif des études de toxicité chronique est de caractériser le profil d’une substance dans des espèces mammifères (essentiellement rongeurs) à la suite d’une exposition prolongée et répétée. La Ligne directrice porte particulièrement sur les rongeurs et l’administration orale. Les deux sexes doivent être employés. Pour des rongeurs, chaque groupe de traitement contient au moins 20 animaux de chaque sexe, tandis que pour des non-rongeurs, un minimum de 4 animaux de chaque sexe par groupe est recommandé. Au moins trois niveaux de dose doivent être employés en plus du groupe témoin. Normalement, la fréquence de l’exposition est quotidienne, mais elle peut varier selon la voie choisie (orale, cutanée ou inhalation) et elle est ajustée selon le profil toxicocinétique de la substance d’essai. La durée de la période d’exposition est d’au moins 12 mois. Les résultats de ces études incluent des mesures (pesée), des observations détaillées régulières (examen hématologique, analyse d’urine, chimie clinique), ainsi que des procédures d’autopsie et l’histopathologie.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071216-fr
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    Managing Water for All : An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing - Key Messages for Policy Makers (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060548
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De l'eau pour tous ; Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement - Messages clés pour les décideurs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De l'eau pour tous : Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement - Messages clés pour les décideurs
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Water is vital for human and economic development, and for maintaining ecosystems. However, billions of people lack access to water and sanitation services, mainly due to poor governance and inadequate investment and maintenance. The situation is becoming more urgent due to increasing pressure, competition and even conflict over the use of water resources. The OECD has been working for many years to address these challenges. The results of recent work are summarised in Managing Water for All: An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing, which emphasises the economic and financial aspects of water resources management and water service provision, the need for an integrated approach (including governance considerations) to address these complex policy challenges, and the importance of establishing a firm evidence base to support policy development and implementation. The report examines: strategic financial planning for water supply and sanitation that balances the key sources of revenues for the water sector – the“3Ts” of taxes, tariffs and transfers; the design and implementation of water pricing strategies that balance financial sustainability with other policy objectives; recent developments in private sector participation in the water sector; and trends and the future outlook of water use in agriculture. It considers both developing and OECD countries and offers concrete recommendations and checklists for action. The report is an invaluable resource for policy makers, academics, NGOs and all others interested in the challenges facing the water sector today. The key messages for policy makers are summarised in this volume.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060548-en
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    National and Sectoral GHG Mitigation Potential : A Comparison Across Models (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2009/07
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Determining comparability of effort between mitigation actions and targets proposed by different countries is an ongoing issue for international climate negotiations. A number of indicators have been proposed to reflect comparability of effort and differences in national circumstances; key amongst these are greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (per capita), GDP per capita, as well as GHG mitigation potential. This paper focuses on mitigation potential to provide a comparative assessment between six OECD member economies: Australia, Canada, the EU, Japan, Mexico and the US. GHG mitigation potential is defined to be the level of GHG emission reductions that could be realised, relative to the projected emission baseline in a given year, for a given carbon price. Data for the selected countries were obtained across the time horizon of 2005-2050 from a total of 19 models, including models that are used to inform climate policy-makers in each of these economies. The paper examines the implications of model structure, and assesses how baseline scenarios vary between the models, before analysing the GHG mitigation potential estimates. GHG mitigation potential is compared for carbon prices of USD 20, 50 and 100/tCO2e. For an assumed carbon price of USD 50/tCO2e, mitigation potential in Japan is estimated to be relatively lower than for the other five economies, ranging from 5-20% emission reduction from baseline in 2020. Although noticeably fewer models report data for Mexico at this price level, the models show deeper potential reductions in the range of 25-37% at the same carbon price. Mitigation potential estimates for Australia, Canada and the US show a wider range of 14-39% reduction relative to 2020 baselines. The EU shows a relatively tighter range of 16-29% emission reductions to 2020. The results of this study show greater emission reduction potentials in the year 2050 than in the year 2020 across the six economies examined, reflecting structural and technical changes that occur over time, including the availability of carbon capture and storage from 2030. In general, the paper finds closer agreement across the models for mitigation potential in 2020 than for later years, reflecting greater uncertainty as projections extend into the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k453xgpqp9w-en
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    Sectoral Market Mechanisms : Issues for Negotiation and Domestic Implementation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2009/05
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper reviews proposals for the design of sectoral and related market mechanisms that are being debated both in the UNFCCC negotiations and in different domestic legislative contexts. Decisions on the design and scope of the mechanisms in the UNFCCC negotiations would affect the future supply of credits, while developed countries’ legislations could influence demand. National actions to establish carbon markets may also constrain or enable international developments and options, as domestic policies may establish conditions or restrictions on the import of “international” offset credits or linkages with other national or regional carbon markets. The paper also addresses the possible principles and technical requirements that Parties may wish to consider, as the foundations for further elaboration of the mechanisms. Beyond principles, a number of elements of a more technical nature need to be sorted out to set up new market mechanisms, such as: eligibility for participation by developed countries, as buyers; technical definition of baselines, including guidance on a process to agree to baseline levels, and possible revisions; length of the crediting period and frequency of issuance of credits; new trading units and registries; and national authorities for the new mechanisms. In the case of trading, a compliance reserve and liability rules may be topics for discussion as well. The third issue explored by this paper is domestic implementation of sectoral market mechanisms by host countries, and how the transition between current and future mechanisms could be managed. Transition issues including the situation of existing CDM projects vis-à-vis broader crediting mechanisms and also sectoral trading must be clarified. Domestic policy implementation in developing countries is of paramount importance to ensure the effectiveness of possible new international market mechanisms. Several illustrations are offered to show how a mix of policies could be used to outperform a baseline to generate credits, and how credit revenues could be used to further support domestic policy implementation. Among the options discussed are subsidies to low-carbon technologies (e.g. feed-in tariffs), mandated performance standards, and an entity level baseline-and-crediting system.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k454d2srld2-en
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    Guidance Document on Overview of Residue Chemistry Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264614574
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (93 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.32
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Overview Guidance Document summarises the major guidance aspects provided in the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5. This document also develops an approach for a Global Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) process to achieve use of a single globally acceptable feeding study for MRL setting and risk assessment for livestock food commodities that involves four key components: 1) Harmonised Guidance for the Definition of Residue; 2) Reasonable Worst Case Animal Diets/Maximum Reasonably Balanced Diet; 3) Harmonised Table of Livestock Feed Commodities; and 4) Definition of Reasonable Worst Case Livestock Feeding Levels. Each of these components is described and supported by the following resources: (i) a table of raw agricultural commodities; (ii) national and regional tables of livestock feedstuffs; (iii) a glossary of Terms; (iv) comprehensive submission criteria for supervised field trials in support of registration in all OECD countries; and (v) instructions for calculating the 1x (lowest dose) pesticide oral administration level for livestock feeding studies, taking into account the various livestock diets around the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/226617da-en
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    Essai n 230 : Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons : un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076235
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 230; 21-day Fish Assay; A Short-Term Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 230: 21-day Fish Assay: A Short-Term Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice décrit un essai de dépistage in vivo de certaines substances actives sur le système endocrinien sur des groupes de poissons (composés de mâles sexuellement matures et de femelles reproductrices) exposés à une substance pendant une durée limitée de leur cycle biologique (21 jours). Cet essai couvre le dépistage de l’activité oestrogénique, androgénique, et l’inhibition de l’aromatase. L’essai a été validé sur le tête-de-boule (Pimephales promelas), le médaka japonnais (Oryzias latipes) et le poisson-zèbre (Danio rerio); cependant le poisson-zèbre ne permet pas de détecter l’activité androgénique. A l’issue de la période d’exposition de 21 jours, en fonction de l’espèce testée, un ou deux biomarqueur(s) sont mesurés chez les mâles et les femelles pour servir d’indicateurs des effets de la substance d’essai sur l’activité oestrogénique, androgénique ou sur l’inhibition de l’aromatase. Ces biomarqueurs sont la vitellogénine et les caractères sexuels secondaires. La vitellogénine est dosée chez le tête-de-boule, le medaka japonais et le poisson-zèbre tandis que les caractères sexuels secondaires sont mesurés chez le tête-de-boule et le medaka japonais uniquement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076235-fr
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    Linking Mitigation Actions in Developing Countries with Mitigation Support : A Conceptual Framework (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2009/02
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Development
    Abstract: The Bali Action Plan introduced the notion of linking GHG mitigation action in developing countries with support for such action, in a "measurable, reportable and verifiable (MRV)" manner. However, it does not specify the relationship or link that may be made between nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) in developing countries and mitigation support. It also remains unclear whether the MRV requirements apply to the link between NAMAs in developing countries and mitigation support, or to one or both of the separate elements. This paper suggests a number of elements for a possible conceptual framework to "link" mitigation actions with mitigation support, including practical considerations for how one might measure, report and verify progress, with a view to understanding the role for such a framework in a post-2012 agreement. The design of a successful and effective linking framework might aim to achieve a number of specific goals. On the action side, a key goal may be to integrate NAMAs in developing countries into national development plans and to address a significant mitigation opportunities. On the support side, important goals are perhaps cost-effectiveness and how to prioritise spending. For a linking framework to successfully address these issues, both actions and support would need to be measurable, reportable and verifiable (MRV). Building on existing systems, a framework for MRV based on both the actual, possible or planned mitigation actions in developing countries as well as on current (public) mitigation support from developed countries could be a good starting point for further development of a linking framework.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k455r1485q4-en
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    Reporting and Recording Post-2012 GHG Mitigation Commitments, Actions and Support (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2009/04
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The Bali Action Plan (BAP) indicated the importance of “measurable, reportable and verifiable” (MRV) greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation actions and commitments, as well as support for GHG mitigation actions, in the post-2012 climate framework. Negotiations underway for this framework have highlighted the benefits of, and interest in, expanding current MRV-related provisions, including to develop a more comprehensive and timely picture of countries’ mitigation efforts and support. Establishing some form of reporting or recording mechanism that could be used to centralise and track information on country mitigation actions, commitments and support could fill this gap. This mechanism could focus on current efforts, or also include information on future or planned efforts. Such a mechanism could take different forms, including a stand-alone electronic registry where actions (and potentially also commitments and support) could be reported ex post. Alternatively, information on actions and commitments could be recorded ex ante as an integral appendix of a post-2012 climate agreement. This paper explores the possible purposes, coverage and form of such a reporting/recording mechanism (subsequently referred to as a NAMAs registry); what information it could include in terms of actions, commitments and support; and the institutional implications of different design options. It thus focuses on the measurable and reportable components of MRV, rather than on verification.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k454d4z64br-en
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    Essai n 314 : Essais de simulation pour évaluer la biodégradabilité de produits chimiques rejetés dans les eaux usées (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067509
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 314; Simulation Tests to Assess the Biodegradability of Chemicals Discharged in Wastewater
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 314: Simulation Tests to Assess the Biodegradability of Chemicals Discharged in Wastewater
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit une méthode pour évaluer l’ampleur et la cinétique de biodégradation primaire et ultime de substances organiques dont la voie d’entrée dans l’environnement commence par leur rejet dans les eaux usées. Elle consiste en cinq essais de simulation dans a) un système d’égout, b) de la boue activée, c) de la boue de digesteur anaérobique, d) une zone de mélange d’effluents traités et d’eau de surface, et e) une zone de mélange d’effluents non traités et d’eau de surface. Ces essais sont appropriés pour des substances déversées de façon continue ou discontinue dans les eaux usées. Les cinq méthodes d’essai décrites sont des systèmes discontinus ouverts ou des systèmes discontinus clos avec écoulement de gaz. Les principaux objectifs sont i) de mesurer la vitesse de biodégradation primaire, ii) de mesurer la vitesse de minéralisation, iii) de suivre, s’il y a lieu, la formation et la disparition des principaux produits de transformation. Habituellement, une substance d’essai, marquée par un isotope (14C) sur un site approprié, est incubée avec un échantillon environnemental approprié. Des traitements biotiques et abiotiques sont préparés pour chaque substance et condition d’essai. Les quantités de substance parent et de produits de dégradation sont déterminées par des méthodes de séparation chromatographique et de détection radioanalytique.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067509-fr
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    Gender and Sustainable Development : Maximising the Economic, Social and Environmental Role of Women (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264049901
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (82 p)
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Sustainable development depends on maintaining long-term economic, social, and environmental capital. In failing to make the best use of their female populations, most countries are underinvesting in the human capital needed to assure sustainabilitly. This market and systems failure is discussed in this publication in terms of gender constraints, which are based on the socially-constructed and historically developed roles of men and women. It also illuminates how female contributions can be better realized at present and how strategies can be developed for meeting the needs of future generations. This report is a contribution by the OECD to the UN Commission on Sustainable Development and its cross-cutting work on gender.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264049901-en
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  • 76
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    Test No. 407: Repeated Dose 28-day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070684
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 407; Toxicité orale à doses répétées - pendant 28 jours sur les rongeurs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 407: Toxicité orale à doses répétées - pendant 28 jours sur les rongeurs
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from exposure to test substance via oral administration. The method is based on the repeated oral administration of the substance of interest during one limited period (one dose level daily during 28 days). This Guideline is intended primarily for use with rodents (rat preferably). At least 10 animals (5 female and 5 male) should be used for each dose level. Three tests groups, at least, should be used. The test compound is administered by gavage or via the diet or drinking water. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The report of this study will include results from clinical and functional observations, body weight and food/water consumption measurements, hematology and clinical biochemistry; as well as gross necropsy and histopathology.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070684-en
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  • 77
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    Economic Aspects of Adaptation to Climate Change : Costs, Benefits and Policy Instruments (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264046214
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (134 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Aspects économiques de l'adaptation au changement climatique ; Coûts, bénéfices et instruments économiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Aspects économiques de l'adaptation au changement climatique : Coûts, bénéfices et instruments économiques
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Economic aspects of adaptation to climate change
    DDC: 363.73874
    RVK:
    AR 23100
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Climatic changes Economic aspects ; Climatic changes Government policy ; Environment ; Governance ; Klimaänderung ; Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaftspolitik
    Abstract: Climate change poses a serious challenge to social and economic development. This report provides a critical assessment of adaptation costs and benefits in key climate sensitive sectors, as well as at national and global levels. It also moves the discussion beyond cost estimation to the potential and limits of economic and policy instruments - including insurance and risk sharing, environmental markets and pricing, and public private partnerships - that can be used to motivate adaptation actions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264046214-en
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  • 78
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    Environmental Policy, Technological Innovation and Patents (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264046825
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Environmental Innovation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politique environnementale, innovation technologique et dépôts de brevets
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Environmental policy, technological innovation and patents
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Patent ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Kraftfahrzeug ; Papierindustrie ; Wasseraufbereitung ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Environmental policy Economic aspects ; Technological innovations Environmental aspects ; Technological innovations Patents ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Umweltpolitik ; Umwelttechnik ; Technische Innovation ; Patentdokumentation
    Abstract: This report presents three case studies to illustrate the relationship between environmental policy and technological innovation. The case studies cover abatement technologies for wastewater effluent from pulp production, abatement of motor vehicle emissions, and development of renewable energy technologies. On the basis of patent data, the nature, extent, and causes of innovation in each of these areas have been explored. While a particular focus has been placed on the role of environmental policy in bringing about the innovation documented, it is recognised that other factors play a key role in inducing innovation that has positive environmental implications.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264046825-en
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  • 79
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    OECD-Umweltausblick bis 2030 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264043329
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (522 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Perspectives de l'environnement de l'OCDE à l'horizon 2030
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Der OECD-Umweltausblick bis 2030 liefert Analysen ökonomischer und ökologischer Trends bis 2030 sowie Simulationen politischer Maßnahmen zur Bewältigung der wichtigsten Herausforderungen. Wenn keine neuen Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, laufen wir Gefahr, die Umwelt und die natürliche Ressourcenbasis, die zur Sicherung von Wirtschaftswachstum und Wohlstand notwendig ist, irreversibel zu schädigen. Bei politischer Untätigkeit drohen hohe Kosten. Der Ausblick zeigt allerdings, dass es sowohl möglich als auch finanzierbar ist, die größten ökologischen Probleme der heutigen Zeit – darunter Klimawandel, Verlust an biologischer Vielfalt, Wassermangel und Gesundheitsschädigungen durch Umweltverschmutzung – zu bewältigen. Er richtet das Augenmerk auf den Policy Mix, mit dem diesen Herausforderungen auf kosteneffiziente Weise begegnet werden kann. Im Vergleich zur Ausgabe 2001 wurde der Blickwinkel dieses Ausblicks erweitert, da nicht nur auf die Entwicklungen in den OECD-Ländern, sondern auch auf Brasilien, Russland, Indien, Indonesien, China sowie Südafrika (BRIICS) und insbesondere auf die Frage eingegangen wird, wie die Länder im Hinblick auf globale und lokale Lösungen für ökologische Probleme besser zusammenarbeiten können.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264043329-de
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  • 80
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264049161
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Turquie 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Turkey 2008; (Turkish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Turquie 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 2008: (Turkish version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Turkey
    Abstract: This edition of OECD's periodic review of Turkey's environmental policy finds that Turkey has achieved consolidation of environmental progress and its environmental legislation is increasingly incorporating the EU environmental aquis. But pollution, energy, and resource intensities still need to be reduced and environmentally related health problems need to be addressed. This review systematically looks at air, water, nature and biodiversity, the environmental-economic interface, the environmental-social interface, and international co-operation, making 45 specific recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264049161-en
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  • 81
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    The Economics of Climate Change Impacts and Policy Benefits at City Scale : A Conceptual Framework (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.4
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Climate change has become a priority issue in global environmental governance and cities are important players. For over three decades, the OECD has been actively supporting member and non-member countries to design environmental policies that are both economically efficient and effective at achieving their environmental objectives.1 Through peer reviews of policy implementation, the OECD helps governments to improve their collective and individual environmental performance, through sound economic and policy analysis and dialogue on how to establish and to achieve climate change goals. Climate change has been on the agenda since the late 1980s at the OECD, where we provide a forum for countries to, discuss and develop a shared understanding of the key policy challenges as well as to assess performance and identify good practice in the design and implementation of climate policies. Today the OECD is actively working with governments to highlight the role of cities to deliver cost-effective policy responses to climate change. A number of projects at the OECD are advancing the understanding of the roles that cities can play to respond to efficiently and effectively to climate change. This report is one in a series under the OECD Environment Directorate’s project on Cities and Climate Change. The project aims to explore the city-scale risks of climate change and the local benefits of both adaptation policies and (global) mitigation strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/230232725661
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  • 82
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    Residential Energy Demand (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 95-115
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 95-115
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides a concise review of the empirical literature on residential energy demand. It also discusses the findings in the reviewed literature and their implications for the choice of policy instruments. While there is a plethora of studies on the technical possibilities, i.e. the potential energy savings that new technologies allow, it is plain that energy consumption also depends on our attitudes, preferences and income as well as relative prices1. Therefore, this review is based on the idea that energy demand is essentially driven by human behaviour and our main task is then to explore a range of empirical evidence that sheds useful light on our limited objective. Indeed, the literature on energy demand is impressively rich; already in the early years of the 1980s there were more than 2 500 papers available on this topic (Joerges, 1988 cited in Weber, undated). This brief review will focus mainly on the economics domain, a limitation to be true, although pointers will be given to findings in related fields.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art12-en
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  • 83
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    Eco-Efficiency (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264040304
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report evaluates strategies to improve the efficiency with which environmental resources are used to meet human needs. Many firms in OECD countries have developed strategies that involve:- developing goals to reduce resource use and pollutant release while improving customer service;- working towards the goals through innovation in technology, practices, and ways of thinking; and- designing indicators to monitor progress.Similar approaches have been used outside business, for example by governments, communities and groups of households. Such strategies have achieved improvements in material and energy efficiency in the region of 10% to 40%. The full potential for improving eco-efficiency is much greater, but it is only likely to be achieved through coherent government policies for sustainable development. The report identifies policies that can encourage innovation by firms and communities, and provide an economy-wide framework of economic and regulatory incentives for the adoption of more sustainable patterns of production and consumption.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264040304-en
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  • 84
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    La performance environnementale de l'agriculture dans les pays de l'OCDE depuis 1990 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264040946
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (657 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmental Performance of Agriculture in OECD Countries Since 1990
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Dans les pays de l’OCDE, l’agriculture utilise en moyenne plus de 40 % des ressources en terres et en eau et a, par conséquent, des incidences sont notables sur l’environnement. Ce rapport présente les données et analyses les plus récentes et les plus complètes sur la performance environnementale de l’agriculture dans les pays de l’OCDE depuis 1990. Il couvre les principaux aspects environnementaux notamment les sols, l’eau, l’air et la biodiversité et passe en revue les faits récents intervenus dans les 30 pays membres.Le saviez-vous : Dans les pays de l’OCDE, l’agriculture utilise en moyenne 40 % des ressources en terres et en eau.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264040946-fr
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  • 85
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    The Health Costs of Inaction with Respect to Air Pollution (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.2
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: How much does the environment affect human health? Is air pollution shortening our lives and those of our children? These questions are fundamental to environmental policies. Air pollution is a major environmental health threat in OECD countries, contributing to a number of illnesses, such as asthma, cancer and premature deaths. Despite national and international interventions and decreases in major emissions, the health impacts of air pollution are not likely to decrease in the years ahead, unless appropriate action is taken. This report presents estimates of the costs and benefits of environmental policies aiming at reducing air pollution and provides policy recommendations in order to better address environmental health issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/241481086362
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  • 86
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Australie 2007 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039636
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (342 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Australia 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; Australia
    Abstract: Cette édition de l’examen périodique des politiques et programmes environnementaux de l’Australie passe en revue les progrès intervenus depuis l’édition précédente, publiée en 1998, et dans le contexte de la Stratégie de l’environnement de l’OCDE de 2001. Elle propose une analyse systématique de la gestion de l’environnement (eau, air, nature), du développement durable (interfaces environnement-économie, environnement-agriculture et environnement-social) et des engagements internationaux. Dans chaque domaine, un ensemble de recommandations est présenté.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039636-fr
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  • 87
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    Costs of Inaction on Key Environmental Challenges (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264045828
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Coûts de l'inaction sur des défis environnementaux importants
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Costs of inaction on key environmental challenges
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Keywords: OECD ; Umweltbelastung ; Umweltpolitik ; Soziale Kosten ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Regulierung ; Aufwendung ; Ressourcenmanagement ; Environment ; Umweltschaden ; Kosten ; Umweltpolitik
    Abstract: Countries today face numerous environmental policy challenges, such as climate change, air and water pollution, natural-resource management, natural disasters and environment-related hazards. The costs of not responding to them can be considerable, in some cases representing a significant drag on OECD economies. Estimation of these costs can be an important part of identifying areas in which policy interventions are required, as well as of establishing priorities for future action. There is, however, considerable uncertainty associated with all stages of “costing” the impacts of environmental and resource degradation. Even when the costs of inaction are deemed important, identifying the areas where environmental policies need to be strengthened still requires careful comparison between the marginal costs of inaction versus action. This report provides introductory perspectives on the costs of inaction and discusses some of the future problems likely to be encountered in this very complex area.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264045828-en
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  • 88
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    Environmental Performance of Agriculture at a Glance (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264046788
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (122 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Performance environnementale de l'agriculture ; Panorama
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Parris, Kevin Environmental indicators for agriculture ; [Vol. 5]: Environmental performance of agriculture at a glance
    Keywords: Landwirtschaft ; Umwelt ; Umweltverträglichkeit ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: In OECD countries, agriculture uses on average over 40% of land and water resources, and thus has significant affect on the environment. This report provides the latest and most comprehensive data and analysis on the environmental performance of agriculture in OECD countries since 1990. It covers key environmental themes including soil, water, air and biodiversity and looks at recent policy developments in all 30 countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264046788-en
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  • 89
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    Assessing Climate Change Impacts, Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Risk in Port Cities : A Case Study on Copenhagen (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.3
    Keywords: Environment ; Denmark
    Abstract: This study illustrates a methodology to assess economic impacts of climate change at city scale, focusing on sea level rise and storm surge. It is based on a statistical analysis of past storm surges in the studied city, matched to a geographical-information analysis of the population and asset exposure in the city, for various sea levels and storm surge characteristics. An assessment of direct losses in case of storm surge (i.e. of the damages to buildings and building content) can then be computed and the corresponding indirect losses – in the form of production and job losses, reconstruction duration, amongst other loses – deduced, allowing a risk analysis of the effectiveness of coastal flood protections, including risk changes due to climate change and sea level rise. This methodology is applied in the city of Copenhagen, capital of Denmark, which is potentially vulnerable to the effects of variability in sea level, as a low lying city....
    DOI: 10.1787/236018165623
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  • 90
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    Test No. 226: Predatory mite (Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer) reproduction test in soil (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067455
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 226 ; Essai de reproduction d'un acarien prédateur (Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer) dans le sol
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 226 : Essai de reproduction d'un acarien prédateur (Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer) dans le sol
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to assess the effects of chemical substances in soil on the reproductive output of the soil mite species Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer Canestrini (Acari: Laelapidae). It can be used for water soluble or insoluble substances, but not with volatile substances. Adult females of similar age are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test substance mixed into 20 g dry mass of artificial soil 28-35 days after the start of the egg laying period. Depending on the endpoint (ECx, NOEC or both), five to twelve concentrations should be tested. At least two to four replicates for each test concentrations and six to eight control replicates, of 10 animals each, are recommended. At 20¡ãC, the test lasts 14 days after introducing the females, which usually allows the control offspring to reach the deutonymph stage. The number of surviving females (mortality ¡Ü 20% for a valid test) and the number of juveniles per test vessel (at least 50 for a valid test) are determined. The fecundity of the mites exposed to the test substance is compared to that of controls in order to determine the ECx (e.g. EC10, EC50) or the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC). Any observed differences between the behaviour and the morphology of the mites in the control and the treated vessels should be recorded.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067455-en
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  • 91
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    People and biodiversity policies : Impacts, Issues and Strategies for Policy Action (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264034341
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (249 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques de la biodiversité; Impacts socio-économiques, enjeux et stratégies d'action des pouvoirs publics
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques de la biodiversité: Impacts socio-économiques, enjeux et stratégies d'action des pouvoirs publics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bagnoli, Philip People and biodiversity policies
    DDC: 333.95/16
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Keywords: Artenvielfalt ; OECD-Staaten ; Biodiversity ; Biodiversity conservation ; Sustainable development ; Environment ; Biodiversität ; Naturschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Effizienz ; Wohlfahrtseffekt ; Verteilung
    Abstract: The implementation of biodiversity policies will often benefit different groups to a greater or lesser degree. For example, in establishing a property right to facilitate management of a biodiversity-related resource, people who previously had unrestricted use will be adversely affected. Combining analysis and a wealth of case studies, this book offers concepts and tools for addressing distributive issues in biodiversity policy. It will help policy makers put together strategies for anticipating distributive impacts across different groups; and for selecting processes and instruments that manage distributive impacts without compromising conservation and use objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264034341-en
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  • 92
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    Environmental Performance of Agriculture in OECD Countries Since 1990 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264040854
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (576 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La performance environnementale de l'agriculture dans les pays de l'OCDE depuis 1990
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Environmental indicators for agriculture ; volume 4: Environmental performance of agriculture in OECD countries since 1990
    Keywords: Agriculture Environmental aspects ; OECD countries ; Environmental policy OECD countries ; Environmental protection OECD countries ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; OECD ; Landwirtschaft ; Umweltstatistik
    Abstract: In OECD countries, agriculture uses on average over 40% of land and water resources, and thus has significant affect on the environment. This report provides the latest and most comprehensive data and analysis on the environmental performance of agriculture in OECD countries since 1990. It covers key environmental themes including soil, water, air and biodiversity and looks at recent policy developments in all 30 countries. Over recent years the environmental performance of agriculture has improved in many countries, largely due to consumer pressure and changing public opinion. Many OECD countries are now tracking the environmental performance of agriculture, which is informing policy makers and society on the trends in agri-environmental conditions, and can provide a valuable aid to policy analysis. The indicators in this report provide crucial information to monitor and analyse the wide range of policy measures used in agriculture today, and how they are affecting the environment. Did You Know? In OECD countries, agriculture uses on average 40% of land and water resources.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264040854-en
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  • 93
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    Test No. 314: Simulation Tests to Assess the Biodegradability of Chemicals Discharged in Wastewater (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067493
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 314 ; Essais de simulation pour évaluer la biodégradabilité de produits chimiques rejetés dans les eaux usées
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 314 : Essais de simulation pour évaluer la biodégradabilité de produits chimiques rejetés dans les eaux usées
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to assess the extent and kinetics of primary and ultimate biodegradation of organic chemicals whose route of entry into the environment begins with their discharge to wastewater. It consists of five simulation tests in a) sewer systems, b) activated sludge, c) anaerobic digester sludge, d) treated effluent in the mixing zone of surface water, and e) untreated wastewater that is directly discharged to surface water. These tests are appropriate for chemicals released continuously or episodically to wastewater. The five test methods described are open batch systems or closed gas flow-through batch systems. The principle objectives are to i) measure the rate of primary biodegradation, ii) measure the rate of mineralization and iii ) follow the formation and decay of major transformation products when appropriate. Typically, a test chemical, radiolabelled (14C) in an appropriate position, is incubated with a representative environmental sample. Abiotic and biotic treatments are prepared for each test chemical and condition. The level of parent and degradation products is determined using chromatographic separation and radio-analytical detection methods.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067493-en
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    Essai n 316 : Phototransformation de produits chimiques dans l'eau Photolyse directe (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067592
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 316; Phototransformation of Chemicals in Water - Direct Photolysis
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 316: Phototransformation of Chemicals in Water Direct Photolysis
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit des études de phototransformation dans l'eau afin de déterminer les effets potentiels des radiations solaires sur les produits chimiques dans les eaux de surface. Seule la photolyse directe est prise en compte. La Ligne directrice est organisée par étapes. La première étape se base sur un dépistage théorique. Dans les études de photolyse directe, la vitesse de dégradation d'une substance suit approximativement une cinétique de premier ordre. Si les pertes maximales estimées sont supérieures ou égales à 50% de la concentration initiale au bout de 30 jours, on effectue une étude expérimentale en deuxième étape. En laboratoire, les constantes de vitesse de photolyse directe des produits chimiques sont déterminées en utilisant des lampes à arc de xénon filtrées capables de simuler la lumière naturelle entre 290 et 800 nm ou des radiations solaires, et extrapolées pour simuler les conditions dans l'eau. Si les pertes estimées sont supérieures ou égales à 20%, les voies de transformation, ainsi que la nature, les concentrations, les taux de formation et de dégradation de principaux produits de transformation sont identifiés. De plus, il est possible de déterminer le rendement quantique en fonction du type d'eau, des saisons et de la latitude. La substance testée devrait être directement dissoute dans le milieu aqueux saturé en air à une concentration inférieure à la moitié de sa solubilité. Pour les étapes supérieure et finale du test, au moins 5 et 7 échantillons doivent être prélevés respectivement pour la régression des données. Le nombre exact d'échantillons ainsi que la fréquence de prélèvement sont déterminés dans des études préliminaires. Pour établir la variabilité et réduire l'incertitude de détermination, il est recommandé d'utiliser au moins deux réplicats par expérimentation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067592-fr
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  • 95
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    Test No. 316: Phototransformation of Chemicals in Water Direct Photolysis (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067585
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 316 ; Phototransformation de produits chimiques dans l'eau - Photolyse directe
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 316 : Phototransformation de produits chimiques dans l'eau Photolyse directe
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test guideline describes studies on phototransformation in water to determine the potential effects of solar irradiation on chemicals in surface water, considering direct photolysis only. It is designed as a tiered approach. The Tier 1 is based on a theoretical screen. The rate of decline of a test chemical in a direct photolysis study is generally assumed to follow pseudo first-order kinetics. If the maximum possible losses is estimated to be superior or equal to 50% of the initial concentration over a 30-day period, an experimental study is proceeded in Tier 2. The direct photolysis rate constants for test chemicals in the laboratory is determined using preferably a filtered xenon arc lamp capable of simulating natural sunlight in the 290 to 800 nm, or sunlight irradiation, and extrapolated to natural water. If estimated losses are superior or equal to 20%, the transformation pathway and the identities, concentrations, and rate of formation and decline of major transformation products are identified. An optional task is the additional determination of the quantum yield for various types of water bodies, seasons, and latitudes of interest. The test chemical should be directly dissolved in the aqueous media saturated in air at a concentration which should not exceed half its solubility. For linear and non-linear regressions on the test chemical data in definitive or upper tier tests, the minimum number of samples collected should be 5 and 7 respectively. The exact number of samples and the timing of their collection is determined by a preliminary range-finding. Replicates (at least 2) of each experimental determination of kinetic parameters are recommended to determine variability and reduce uncertainty in their determination.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067585-en
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  • 96
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    Test No. 228: Determination of Developmental Toxicity of a Test Chemical to Dipteran Dung Flies(Scathophaga stercoraria L. (Scathophagidae), Musca autumnalis De Geer (Muscidae)) (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067479
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 228 ; Détermination de la toxicité d'une substance d'essai pour le développement des mouches du fumier(Scathophaga stercoraria L. [Scathophagidae] et Musca autumnalis De Geer [Muscidae])
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 228 : Détermination de la toxicité d'une substance d'essai pour le développement des mouches du fumier(Scathophaga stercoraria L. [Scathophagidae] et Musca autumnalis De Geer [Muscidae])
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to estimate the developmental toxicity of a test chemical to the dung dwelling life stages of dung-dependent dipteran species. Two test species can be used. The test chemical is mixed with bovine faeces, to which either 10 eggs of Scathophaga stercoraria or 10 larvae of Musca autumnalis are added. The test will be terminated 5 days after emergence of the last adult in the control (〉 18 days for S. stercoraria, 〉13 days for M. autumnalis). Then the possible impacts of the test chemical on the following measurement endpoints are assessed under controlled conditions: sex and total number of emerged adult flies, retardation of emergence indicated by the developmental rate and morphological change. Depending on the experimental design, the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) or the Effect concentration for x percent effect (ECx) can be determined. This Guideline can be used for water soluble or insoluble substances, but is not applicable to volatile substances. If the toxicity of the chemical is unknown, five nominal test concentrations should be conducted. A positive control should be tested periodically. The test is considered valid if in the controls hatching of larvae is superior or equal to 70% of the number of introduced eggs, emergence of adults is superior or equal to 70% and superior or equal to 50% of the respectively hatched and introduced larvae and if the emergence of adult flies starts after 18 +- 2 days (S. stercoraria) or after 13 +- 2 days(M. autumnalis).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067479-en
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  • 97
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Australia 2007 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039612
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Australie 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Australie 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; Australia
    Abstract: OECD's periodic review of Australia's environmental policies and programmes. This edition reviews progress since the last review in 1998 and in relation to the 2001 OECD Environmental Strategy. It systematically examines environmental management (water, air, nature), sustainable development (environment-economy interface, environment-agriculture interface, environment-social interface) and international commitments. In each area, it makes a series of recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039612-en
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  • 98
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    Le développement durable : À la croisée de l'économie, de la société et de l'environnement (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107106 , 9789264055773
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.)
    Series Statement: Les essentiels de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Development; Linking Economy, Society, Environment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Umwelt im Zusammenhang betrachtet
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Development: Linking Economy, Society, Environment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nachhaltige Entwicklung: Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Umwelt im Zusammenhang betrachtet
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Umweltverträglichkeit
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage examine minutieusement le concept de développement durable. Que signifie-t-il ? Quel rôle jouent la mondialisation, la production et la consommation ? Et comment peut-on mesurer et promouvoir le développement durable ? L'OCDE fournit des données, mène des recherches et formule des orientations politiques dans de nombreux domaines liés au développement durable, tels que le changement climatique, la coopération avec les pays en développement et la responsabilité sociale des entreprises. En s’appuyant sur cette expertise, Les essentiels de l‘OCDE : Le développement durable soutient que le développement durable doit procéder de progrès réalisés simultanément dans trois domaines : l’économie, la société et l’environnement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055773-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 99
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    Essai n 407: Toxicité orale à doses répétées - pendant 28 jours sur les rongeurs (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070691
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 407; Repeated Dose 28-day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 407: Repeated Dose 28-day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette méthode fournit des informations sur les dangers pour la santé qui peuvent résulter d’une exposition à une substance d’essai par voie orale. La méthode est basée sur l’administration orale répétée de la substance étudiée pendant une période limitée (un niveau de dose quotidiennement pendant 28 jours). Cette Ligne directrice utilise principalement des rongeurs (de préférence des rats). Au moins 10 animaux (5 femelles et 5 mâles) doivent être employés pour chaque niveau de dose. Trois groupes d’essai, au moins, doivent être utilisés. Le composé d’essai est administré par gavage ou via la nourriture ou la boisson. Un essai limite peut être effectué si on n’attend pas d’effet à une dose de 1000 mg/kg poids corporel/j. Le rapport de cette étude inclut les résultats d’observations cliniques et fonctionnelles, des mesures de poids corporel et de consommation de nourriture/d’eau, des données d’hématologie et de biochimie clinique, ainsi que d’autopsie générale et d’histopathologie.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070691-fr
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  • 100
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    Test No. 425: Acute Oral Toxicity: Up-and-Down Procedure (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071049
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 425; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par voie orale; méthode de l'ajustement des doses
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 425: Toxicité aigue͏̈ par voie orale: méthode de l'ajustement des doses
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method permits estimation of an LD50 with a confidence interval and the results allow a substance to be classified for acute toxicity according to the Globally Harmonised System of classification and labelling of chemicals. It is easiest to apply to materials that produce death within couple of days. This Test Guideline is intended for use with rodents (rat female preferably). There are a limit test and a main test. The limit test can be used efficiently to identify chemicals that are likely to have low toxicity. The test substance is administered generally in a single dose by gavage to animals fasted prior to dosing. Single animals are dosed in sequence usually at 48h intervals. The first animal is dosed a step below the best preliminary estimates of the LD50. The second animal receives a lower dose (if the first animal dies) or a higher dose (if the first animal survives). Animals are observed with a special attention given during the first 4 hours and daily thereafter, for a total of 14 days generally. Weights Animals should be determined at least weekly. All the animals should be subjected to gross necropsy. Globally the LD50 is calculated using the maximum likelihood method. Following this, it may be possible to compute interval estimates for the LD50; most narrow is the interval and better is LD50 estimation. Software to be used with TG 425, 432, 455. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071049-en
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