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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cham : Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783319503196
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xv, 297 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Ausgabe: Second Edition
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 302.1
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Political economy ; Economic theory ; Welfare economics ; Public finance ; Economics ; Social Choice/Welfare Economics/Public Choice ; Economic Theory/Quantitative Economics/Mathematical Methods ; Public Economics ; Political Economy ; Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Wohlfahrtstheorie ; Ethik ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Ethik ; Wohlfahrtstheorie
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9783319646596
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xiv, 183 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Serie: Studies in choice and welfare
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 302.1
    Schlagwort(e): Elections ; Game theory ; Welfare economics ; Economics ; Social Choice/Welfare Economics/Public Choice ; Electoral Politics ; Game Theory ; Operations Research/Decision Theory ; Wirtschaft ; Volkswirtschaftslehre ; Wahlverhalten ; Wahlverfahren ; Spieltheorie ; Kollektiventscheidung ; Wahl ; Wahl ; Wahlverfahren ; Kollektiventscheidung ; Wahlverhalten ; Spieltheorie ; Volkswirtschaftslehre
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    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9789812878328 , 9812878327
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XIII, 245 Seiten) , 4 illus., 2 illus. in color.
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2017
    Serie: Creative Economy
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Tax Incentives for the Creative Industries
    DDC: 306.3
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Culture ; Business enterprises—Taxation ; Business tax—Law and legislation ; Cultural Economics ; Business Taxation and Tax Law
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9783319090962 , 3319090968
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XXXII, 388 Seiten) , 38 illus., 21 illus. in color.
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2017
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Enhancing Participation in the Arts in the EU
    DDC: 306.3
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Culture ; Ethnology—Europe ; Cultural property—Protection ; Educational technology ; Cultural policy ; Economic development ; Cultural Economics ; European Culture ; Cultural Resource Management ; Digital Education and Educational Technology ; Cultural Policy and Politics ; Economic Development, Innovation and Growth
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9789811007309 , 9811007306
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XXVII, 238 Seiten) , 71 illus.
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2017
    Serie: Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Wang, Ya'nan Annual Evaluation Report of China's Cultural Consumption Demand
    DDC: 306.3
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Culture ; Marketing ; Economic sociology ; Cultural Economics ; Marketing ; Economic Sociology
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783319532462 , 3319532464
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (IX, 110 Seiten)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2017
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Crowley, Adam The Wealth of Virtual Nations
    DDC: 302.2
    Schlagwort(e): Communication ; Technology—Sociological aspects ; Economics ; Culture ; Popular Culture ; Ethnology—America ; Media and Communication ; Science, Technology and Society ; Cultural Economics ; Popular Culture ; American Culture
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783319556482 , 3319556487
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XV, 239 Seiten) , 7 illus. in color.
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2017
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Horat, Esther Trading in Uncertainty
    DDC: 306.3
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Culture ; Asia—Economic conditions ; Economic history ; Development economics ; Ethnology ; Cultural Economics ; Asian Economics ; Economic History ; Development Economics ; Ethnography ; Sociocultural Anthropology
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783319452197 , 3319452193
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XVII, 273 Seiten) , 55 illus., 12 illus. in color.
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2017
    Serie: Palgrave Studies in American Economic History
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Abt, Jeffrey Valuing Detroit’s Art Museum
    DDC: 306.3
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Culture ; Urban economics ; Nonprofit organizations ; Public administration ; Economic history ; Cultural Economics ; Urban Economics ; Non-Profit Organizations and Public Enterprises ; Public Administration ; Economic History
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    London : Palgrave Macmillan UK
    ISBN: 9781137552662
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XIII, 355 p)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 305
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Social sciences ; Economics ; Social structure ; Social inequality ; Social Sciences ; Social Structure, Social Inequality ; Economic Systems ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Wirtschaft
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789811007309
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xxvii, 238 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Serie: Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306.3
    Schlagwort(e): Marketing ; Culture - Economic aspects ; Economic sociology ; Economics ; Cultural Economics ; Organizational Studies, Economic Sociology ; Wirtschaft ; Konsumgüternachfrage ; China ; China ; Konsumgüternachfrage
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cham : Springer
    ISBN: 9783319452197
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xvii, 273 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: Palgrave studies in American economic history
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306.3
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Public administration ; Economic history ; Urban economics ; Culture - Economic aspects ; Economics ; Cultural Economics ; Urban Economics ; Non-Profit Organizations and Public Enterprises ; Public Administration ; Economic History ; Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaft. Geschichte ; Taylorismus ; Taylorismus
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cham : Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783319512655
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xv, 191 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Serie: Perspectives from Social Economics
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 302.1
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Welfare economics ; Labor economics ; Economics ; Social Choice/Welfare Economics/Public Choice ; Labor Economics ; Wirtschaft ; Soziale Gerechtigkeit ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Neoklassische Theorie ; Einkommensunterschied ; Neoklassische Theorie ; Soziale Gerechtigkeit ; Einkommensunterschied ; Soziale Ungleichheit
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9783319556482
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xv, 239 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertationsvermerk: Dissertation Universität Zürich 2016
    DDC: 306.3
    Schlagwort(e): Ethnology ; Economic history ; Development economics ; Asia / Economic conditions ; Culture - Economic aspects ; Ethnography ; Economics ; Cultural Economics ; Asian Economics ; Economic History ; Development Economics ; Ethnography ; Cultural Anthropology ; Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaft. Geschichte ; Asien ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9783319090962
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xxxii, 388 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306.3
    Schlagwort(e): Ethnology / Europe ; Educational technology ; Economic policy ; Culture - Economic aspects ; Management ; Economics ; Cultural Economics ; European Culture ; Cultural Management ; Technology and Digital Education ; Cultural Policy and Politics ; R & D/Technology Policy ; Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Europa ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cham, Switzerland : Springer
    ISBN: 9783319569079
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xii, 160 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Serie: Studies in public choice volume 33
    Serie: Studies in public choice
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 302.1
    Schlagwort(e): Political economy ; Terrorism ; Political violence ; Economic theory ; Welfare economics ; Economics ; Religion and sociology ; Social Choice/Welfare Economics/Public Choice ; Economic Theory/Quantitative Economics/Mathematical Methods ; Political Economy ; Terrorism and Political Violence ; Sociology of Religion ; Economic Systems ; Terrorismus ; Wirtschaft
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    ISBN: 9780198718116
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 electronic resource (304 p.))
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Macroeconomics ; Monetary economics ; International finance ; Development economics & emerging economies ; Economic & financial crises & disasters ; Finance
    Kurzfassung: This book provides an analysis of the global monetary system and the necessary reforms that it should undergo to play an active role in the twenty-first century. As its title indicates, its basic diagnosis is that it is an ad hoc framework rather than a coherent system?a ?non-system??which evolved after the breakdown of the original Bretton Woods arrangement in the early 1970s. The book places a special focus on the asymmetries that emerging and developing countries face within the current system, and therefore on the development dimensions of the global monetary system and of global monetary reform. The book proposes a comprehensive yet evolutionary reform of the system that includes: (i) provision of international liquidity through a system that mixes the multi-currency arrangement with a more active use of the IMF?s Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), the only true global currency that has been created; (ii) stronger mechanisms of macroeconomic policy cooperation, including greater cooperation in exchange rate management, and freedom to manage capital flows as a complement to counter-cyclical macroeconomic policy and other instruments of financial regulation; (iii) additional automatic balance-of-payments financing facilities, and the complementary use of swap and regional arrangements; (iv) a multilateral sovereign debt workout mechanism; and (v) major reforms of the system?s governance, based on a more representative apex organization, more equitable participation of emerging and developing countries in decision-making, and a network of global, regional, inter-regional, and sub-regional organizations
    Anmerkung: English
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  • 17
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    ISBN: 9780198801641
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 electronic resource (400 p.))
    Schlagwort(e): Politics & government ; Economics ; Economic growth ; Development economics & emerging economies ; Political economy
    Kurzfassung: "International financial crises have plagued the world in recent decades, including the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s, the East Asian crisisof the late twentieth century, and the global financial crisis of 2007-09. One of the basic problems faced during these crises is the lack of adequatepreventive mechanisms, as well as insufficient instruments to finance countries in crisis and to overcome their over-indebtedness. Resetting theInternational Monetary (Non)System provides an analysis of the global monetary system and the necessary reforms that it should undergo to playan active role in the twenty-first century and proposes a comprehensive yet evolutionary reform of the system.Criticising the ad hoc framework- a ""(non)system""- that has evolved following the breakdown of the Bretton Woods arrangement in the early1970's, Resetting the International Monetary (Non)System places a special focus on the asymmetries that emerging and developing countries face,analysing the controversial management of crises by the International Monetary Fund and proposing a consistent set of reform proposals to designa better system of international monetary cooperation. Policy orientated and structured to deal in a sequential way with the issues involved, itsuggests provision of international liquidity through a system that mixes the multicurrency arrangement with a more active use of the IMF's SpecialDrawing Rights; stronger mechanisms of macroeconomic policy cooperation, including greater cooperation in exchange rate management andfreedom to manage capital flows; additional automatic balance-of-payments financing facilities and the complementary use of swap and regionalarrangements; a multilateral sovereign debt workout mechanism; and major reforms of the system's governance
    Anmerkung: English
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  • 18
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Titel der Quelle: Datenlieferant: Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg: /oops/ - Oldenburger Online-Publikations-Server
    DDC: 390
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Earth sciences and geology
    Kurzfassung: While most climate change vulnerability assessments focus on regional or city-levels, this paper studies villages and their different forms of vulnerability vis-à-vis climate change. In the African context, the village level proves to be central for land-use related decision-making given the traditional role of village communities. The paper analyses two different regions, namely the Mkomazi Water Basin in Tanzania and the Keiskamma River Catchment in South Africa. Due to the differing roles of agriculture, income sources and village structures, we developed and applied specific vulnerability indicators in the different regions. In both regions, we harness the Socio-Ecological Systems Framework to study explanatory factors for the variation in vulnerability between villages. In doing so, vulnerability has been found to be determined by an aggregate of ecological factors including water availability and soil depletion and social determinants including conflicts, strength of institutions and leadership as well as knowledge. Climate-change related factors play a role with regard to rainfall frequency and quantities, but need to be analysed together with other drivers of change, including population dynamics and migration. Our comparative conclusions focus on the need for explicit and clear institutional structures, legitimized leadership and good knowledge about land use options and their consequences.
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282108239
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Les rapports de table ronde du FIT no.160
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: L’objet de ce rapport est d’exposer plusieurs des progrès récemment accomplis dans la mesure et l’analyse des avantages économiques des transports et de mettre en relief les méthodes les plus prometteuses. Sous l’effet conjugué de la sophistication des chaînes logistiques modernes et de la tertiarisation, les décideurs s’intéressent de plus en plus aux avantages économiques des transports au-delà de ceux traditionnellement considérés. L’évolution des méthodes d’évaluation et leur application dans l’aide à la décision rendent nécessaire de dresser un état des lieux dans deux domaines en particulier : les avantages liés à la fiabilité des transports et les effets économiques plus larges de l’évolution de la situation dans les transports.
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  • 20
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264285552
    Sprache: Koreanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Industry and Services ; Korea, Republic of
    Kurzfassung: Since joining the OECD in 1996, Korea has made impressive progress in raising living standards. Over 1996-2016, the country closed the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita gap with the OECD average by 26 percentage points. Vibrant exports underpinned strong economic growth, with Korea becoming the eighth largest exporter in the world. The country’s focus on innovation (its R&D spending is the second highest in the OECD) combined with its highly skilled population (it is among the top performers in the OECD’s Programme of International Student Assessment) supported this success. However, the convergence of Korea’s living standards to those in the most advanced countries has stalled in recent years. Output growth has slowed from 4.4% annually over 2001-10 to 2.8% since 2011. The country faces strong competition from emerging economies, notably the People’s Republic of China in low- and medium-end markets, and with advanced economies in high-end markets. This makes it more difficult for Korea to further expand its global market share.
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  • 21
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264285545
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Serie: Better Policies
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Industry and Services ; Korea, Republic of
    Kurzfassung: Since joining the OECD in 1996, Korea has made impressive progress in raising living standards. Over 1996-2016, the country closed the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita gap with the OECD average by 26 percentage points. Vibrant exports underpinned strong economic growth, with Korea becoming the eighth largest exporter in the world. The country’s focus on innovation (its R&D spending is the second highest in the OECD) combined with its highly skilled population (it is among the top performers in the OECD’s Programme of International Student Assessment) supported this success. However, the convergence of Korea’s living standards to those in the most advanced countries has stalled in recent years. Output growth has slowed from 4.4% annually over 2001-10 to 2.8% since 2011. The country faces strong competition from emerging economies, notably the People’s Republic of China in low- and medium-end markets, and with advanced economies in high-end markets. This makes it more difficult for Korea to further expand its global market share.
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  • 22
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264265981
    Sprache: Polnisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Economics ; Poland
    Kurzfassung: Agenda na rzecz zrównoważonego rozwoju 2030 przyjęta przez światowych przywódców w ramach Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych w dniu 25 września 2015 r. wyznacza ambitny plan działania służący poprawie życia ludzi na całym świecie. W dniu 14 lutego 2017 r. Rząd RP przyjął Strategię na rzecz odpowiedzialnego rozwoju, w której przewidziano ponad 700 działań ukierunkowanych na zwiększenie dochodu obywateli Polski oraz wzmocnienie społecznej, gospodarczej, środowiskowej i terytorialnej spójności kraju. Przyjmując Strategię na rzecz odpowiedzialnego rozwoju, Polska wykonała pierwszy ważny krok w stronę zmierzenia się z tymi wyzwaniami. Osiągnięcie celów zrównoważonego rozwoju będzie jednak długim procesem z wieloma przeszkodami, podczas którego Polska będzie musiała regularnie dostosowywać swoje strategie, plany działania i środki polityki oraz aktualizować zobowiązania wszystkich interesariuszy. Wymiana doświadczeń z innymi państwami, służąca ustaleniu sprawdzających się i niesprawdzających się rozwiązań, może pomóc Polsce w pomyślnej realizacji tego procesu.
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  • 23
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264277946
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Serie: Better Policies
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Canada
    Kurzfassung: After two decades of solid growth of household disposable income and living standards more generally, Canadians generally enjoy a high level of well-being. However, disparities persist – not all population groups have benefitted equally strongly from past improvements in living standards. Income inequality is close to the OECD average, but the tax and benefit system is less redistributive than those in most OECD countries. Despite high social mobility over a number of different dimensions such as health, earnings, social class or education, middle class self-identification has fallen in recent years. At the same time, productivity growth has slowed own, limiting the potential for further improvements in living standards. The slowdown in productivity growth is linked to a growing divide between high-productivity frontier firms and low-productivity laggards, as well as a weakening of business dynamism. The cross-cutting challenge presented by the persistence of multidimensional inequalities and weak productivity growth underlines the need for a reappraisal of Canada’s policy making process with the aim of fostering stronger and more inclusive growth.
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  • 24
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1405
    Schlagwort(e): Qualifikation ; Fachkräfte ; Bildungswesen ; Berufsbildung ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsmarktsegmentation ; Führungsstil ; Portugal ; Economics ; Portugal ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Despite significant progress made, improving skills remains one of Portugal’s key challenges for raising growth, living standards and well-being. Upskilling the adult population remains a priority and lifelong learning activities should focus more on the low skilled. While active labour market policies have increased their training content in recent years, spending per unemployed is still low. A systematic monitoring of the different programmes would allow concentrating resources on the policies that are more effective in raising skills and employment prospects. In the education system, successive increases in compulsory education have not eliminated early school leaving, and a significant share of youth is left without completed secondary education, thus facing poor labour market prospects and a risk of falling into poverty. Another challenge for the education system is to reduce the link between learning outcomes and socio-economic backgrounds. This could be achieved by providing earlier and individualised support to students at risk of falling behind, strengthening teachers and principals training and exposure to best practices, and creating incentives to attract the more experienced teachers to disadvantaged schools. Vocational education and training (VET) has received less attention than general education until recent years and has suffered from fragmented management. This has curtailed the employment prospects of youth not wishing to pursue tertiary education. Establishing a single VET system and reinforcing work-based learning in companies would address this issue. Tertiary education has expanded considerably over recent years but could have a stronger focus on labour market needs, including by developing tertiary technical education. Enhanced support for business research activities could be coupled with strengthening management skills and the ties between businesses and researchers, for example by creating incentives for academics to cooperate with the private sector. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Portugal (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-portugal.htm).
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 25
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1406
    Schlagwort(e): 2008 - 2009 ; Finanzkrise ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Coping-Strategie ; Finanzpolitik ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides an overview of labour market resilience in the wake of the Great Recession of 2008-09 and the role played by macroeconomic and structural policies. The OECD unemployment rate has returned to close to its pre-crisis level, but the unemployment cost of the Great Recession has nonetheless been very large and long-lasting in many countries. Moreover, as the recovery in output has been weak relative to the recovery in employment, labour productivity and wage growth remain low. Labour market resilience depends crucially on macroeconomic and labour market policy settings. Macroeconomic policies are highly effective in limiting employment declines during economic downturns and preventing that cyclical increases in unemployment become structural. Spending on active labour market policies needs to respond strongly to cyclical increases in unemployment to promote a quick return to work in the recovery and preserve the mutual-obligations ethos of activation regimes. Overly strict employment protection for regular workers reduces resilience by promoting the use of temporary contracts and slowing job creation in the recovery. Co-ordinated collective bargaining systems can promote resilience by facilitating wage and working-time adjustments.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 26
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD statistics working papers 2017, 10
    Schlagwort(e): Soziale Beziehungen ; Vertrauen ; Ultimatumspiel ; Messung ; Vergleich ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Interpersonal trust (i.e. trust in other people) is an issue of high interest to both policy-makers and researchers seeking to understand what drives social and economic outcomes. However, for trust to usefully inform policy and analysis it is necessary to have valid and reliable measures of it. Despite a large body of evidence on the relationship between trust and other social and economic outcomes, evidence on the validity of trust from experimental data is conflicting. In particular, while many studies find no correlation between survey measures of trust and experimental measures at an individual level, other studies suggest a significant, if modest, correlation at the country level. This article examines the relationship between survey and experimental measures of trust in others using a large dataset containing aggregate experimental and survey measures of trust from 167 studies conducted in 36 countries. Importantly, the dataset also includes individual measures of both survey and behavioural trust in seven countries, and data from two panel studies with repeated survey measures of trust. Using these multiple data sources, the paper investigates the degree to which survey measures of interpersonal trust are valid at both an individual and cross-country level. The paper shows the existence of a significant correlation between survey and experimental measures of interpersonal trust at the country-level. Evidence on measurement errors in existing small-scale studies underscores the importance of developing better quality data from both surveys and experiments.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 27
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1424
    Schlagwort(e): Politische Reform ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Kolumbien ; Economics ; Colombia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Over the past decade, sound macroeconomic policies and an improved business environment have helped generate relatively strong GDP growth. Investments in infrastructure are improving connectivity and trade integration has been facilitated by lower tariffs. Simplification in opening of businesses, getting construction permits, registering property and payment of taxes improved the ease of doing business. Nevertheless, labour productivity remains low with large differences between firms and regions, and the contribution of technological progress to growth has been negative in recent years. Low productivity growth reflects poor educational and managerial quality, still large infrastructure gaps, low investment in innovation and R&D and stringent regulations in some sectors. To raise productivity growth Colombia should focus on some key areas. First, reverse the drop in public investment and reduce high transport and logistics costs. Second, intensify trade links and participation in GVCs, by further improving trade facilitation, to encourage firms to adopt the best technologies and know how. Third, create better incentives for firms to invest on R&D, and strengthen the links between the business sector and research institutions to foster innovation. Fourth, increase competition and reduce regulation in specific sectors to promote investment and facilitate the allocation of resources towards most productive firms. And fifth, upgrade the quality of education to develop better skills and professional management to enhance the creation and diffusion of new technologies. In 2016, the government established the National Policy for Productive Development to address the impediments to increased productivity. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Colombia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-colombia.htm)
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 28
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1425
    Schlagwort(e): Insolvenz ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftsdaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper explores the link between the design of insolvency regimes across countries and laggard firms’ multi-factor productivity (MFP) growth, using new OECD indicators of the design of insolvency regimes. Firm-level analysis shows that reforms to insolvency regimes that lower barriers to corporate restructuring are associated with higher MFP growth of laggard firms. These results are consistent with the idea that insolvency regimes that do not unduly inhibit corporate restructuring can incentivise experimentation and provide scope to reconfigure production and organisational structures in order to faciliate technological adoption. The results also highlight policy complementarities, with insolvency regimes that reduce the cost of entrepreneurial failure potentially enhancing the MFP gains from lowering administrative entry barriers in product markets. Finally, we find that reducing debt bias in corporate tax systems and well-developed venture capital markets are associated higher laggard firm MFP growth, suggesting that equity financing can also be an important driver of technological diffusion. These findings carry strong policy implications, in light of the fact that there is much scope to reform insolvency regimes in many OECD countries and given evidence that stalling technological diffusion has contributed to the aggregate productivity slowdown.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 29
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1428
    Schlagwort(e): Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Konjunktur ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Forecasts of GDP growth are typically over-optimistic for horizons beyond the current year, particularly because they fail to predict the occurrence or severity of future downturns. Macroeconomic forecasters have also long been under pressure to convey the uncertainty surrounding their forecasts, particularly since the financial crisis. The current paper proposes a method to address both these issues simultaneously by constructing fan charts which are parameterised on the basis of the historical forecasting track record, but distinguish between a "safe" regime and a "downturn-risk" regime. To identify the two regimes, use is made of recent OECD work on early warning indicators of a prospective downturn, relating to housing market or credit developments. Thus, when an early warning indicator is “flashing", the associated fan chart is not only wider to reflect increased uncertainty, but is also skewed to reflect greater downside risks using a two-piece normal distribution of the form used by central banks to provide fan charts around inflation forecasts. Conversely, in a safe regime, when the early warning indicators are not flashing, as well as being symmetric, the fan chart is narrower both relative to the downturn-risk regime and relative to what the fan chart would be if the dispersion was calculated with respect to the entire forecast track record with no distinction between regimes. The method is illustrated by reference to OECD GDP forecasts for the major seven economies made just prior to the global financial crisis, with fan charts calibrated using the track record of forecasts published in the OECD Economic Outlook. Fan charts which take account of early warning indicators in this way are much better at encapsulating the outturns associated with a downturn than a symmetrical fan chart calibrated indiscriminately on all forecast errors.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 30
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1434
    Schlagwort(e): Urbanisierung ; Privater Konsum ; Arbeitsmigranten ; China ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper focusses on the link between urbanisation and consumption behaviour in China. Urbanisation is defined here as rural people moving to cities to work and migrant workers in cities obtaining urban residential status, against the backdrop of government plans to settle 100 million rural dwellers into cities and grant urban residential status to another 100 million migrant workers who already reside in cities. Using household data of the China Family Panel Studies dataset, the paper investigates the impact of those residential status changes on household consumption. The results of the analysis suggest that moving up the residential ladder in this way will likely result in increased consumption by almost 30% for both groups of people and thus contribute to rebalancing of the economy. Higher incomes and longer times in education are important drivers of this process, while a greater number of children in the family discourages consumption. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of China (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-china.htm).
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 31
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1437
    Schlagwort(e): Investitionspolitik ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Immaterielle Werte ; Estland ; Economics ; Estonia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Since the crisis, Estonia has experienced one of the most pronounced declines in the ratio of non-residential investment to GDP in the OECD. In addition, investment in intangible capital has remained well below OECD standards, partly explaining the low innovative capacities of typical Estonian firms. Uncertainty created by regional geopolitical tensions has played a role but poor investment performance stems from domestic factors too, such as a normalisation after the boom years, the lack of adequate skills and insufficient incentives for risk-taking. Improving lifelong learning and maintaining skilled mothers in employment can contribute to reducing shortages in skills needed by investors. Restructuring of insolvent firms should be eased to increase credit recovery and redirect capital to the most productive ones. Developing alternatives to bank funding can support investment in small and innovative firms. While there is room to improve the quality of infrastructure further, selection and prioritisation of projects should improve. Incentives for green investment, in particular to reduce pollution emitted by the oil shale industry and to achieve energy efficiency gains, could be strengthened. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Estonia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-estonia.htm).
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 32
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1438
    Schlagwort(e): Betriebliches Bildungsmanagement ; Innovation ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Lettland ; Economics ; Latvia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Stronger integration in global value chains would speed up economic convergence to advanced OECD economies and raise living standards. Participation in global value chains (GVCs) offers opportunities for boosting productivity through knowledge transfer and intensive use of technologically advanced inputs. It also enables Latvia to diversify exports into high value added goods and services. Latvia’s participation in GVC lags behind its Baltic and Central European peers. It also draws less value added from GVCs compared to many OECD economies. Nevertheless, GVC participation boosts the productivity of Latvian firms and enables them to increase employment and wages. Strong skills, high innovation capabilities and efficient resource allocation are essential for Latvian firms to engage in more knowledge intensive activities within GVCs. Improving access to higher education, promoting innovation cooperation between Latvian firms and foreign research institutes, reducing the large informal economy and establishing an effective judiciary and insolvency regime would unlock productivity growth through stronger integration in GVCs. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Latvia. (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-latvia.htm).
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 33
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1440
    Schlagwort(e): Szenariotechnik ; Finanzpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The paper describes the fiscal framework used in long-term economic scenarios, with some emphasis on revisions made since the 2013 vintage of the long-term model. Long-term projections for public spending on pensions, health and long-term care are now separate from other primary expenditure and sourced from previous OECD work taking account of population ageing and other cost pressures. Other primary expenditure are assumed to remain constant in real terms on a per capita basis, rather than remaining stable as a share of GDP. This difference is important for long-term fiscal projections because government finances are sensitive to the employment rate, whereas expenditure is linked to the total population. A fiscal rule adjusts government revenue to ensure that public debt eventually stabilises as a share of GDP, making government revenue as a share of GDP the preferred indicator of future fiscal pressure.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 34
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1447
    Schlagwort(e): 1980 - 2014 ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Haushaltseinkommen ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Can reforms that shift the balance among different taxes in the revenue mix lastingly influence the overall prosperity of an economy and the distribution of income across households? The present study takes this question to the data, using the experience of 34 OECD countries over 1980-2014 to assess the effects of changes in the tax structure on the long-term level of average output per capita and the distribution of disposable income across households. Changing the revenue mix while keeping government size constant typically lift long-term output per capita when they involve cuts in the labour tax wedge below or above average incomes, cuts in corporate income taxes or increases in property taxes. The relative-income effects of revenue-neutral reductions in labour tax wedges are broadly in line with intuition: the relative position of those benefitting from them typically improves. In absolute terms, however, nearly all the income distribution benefits from revenue-neutral reductions in labour tax wedges, be they focused on below or average income earners.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 35
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1448
    Schlagwort(e): Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Export ; Lettland ; Estland ; Economics ; Estonia ; Latvia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates the effect of export entry on productivity, employment and wages of Latvian and Estonian firms in the context of global value chain (GVC). Like in many countries, exporting firms in Latvia and Estonia are more productive, larger, pay higher wages and are more capital intensive than non-exporting firms. While this is partly because firms that are originally more productive and have better performances are more likely to enter export, Latvian and Estonian firms also realise more than 23% and 14% higher labour productivity level as the result of export entry. Export entry also increases employment and average wages. Gains in productivity and employment are particularly large when firms enter exports that are related to participation in knowledge-intensive activities found in the upstream of GVC. For instance, Latvian firms that start exporting intermediate goods or non-transport services (which include knowledge intensive services) enjoy significantly higher productivity gains than those starting to export final goods or transport services. These findings underscore the importance of innovation policies that strengthen firms’ capabilities to supply highly differentiated knowledge-intensive goods and services to GVC.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 36
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1451
    Schlagwort(e): Belgien ; Betriebliches Umfeld ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Innovation ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Infrastruktur ; Entrepreneurship ; Belgien ; Economics ; Belgium ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Un environnement économique favorable est crucial pour stimuler la productivité en Belgique et l’inclusivité, et est le principal moteur de la prospérité économique à long terme. Ce document analyse l’impact de l’environnement économique sur la performance de productivité. La gestion des innovations, la diffusion technologique, l’investissement des secteurs privé et public ainsi que les politiques de concurrence et de régulation ont tous un impact sur la croissance de la productivité. Les défis clefs pour la Belgique incluent la modulation des exonérations fiscales en vigueur en faveur des activités de recherche-développement afin d’améliorer leur utilisation et leur efficacité ; la réduction des charges administratives sur les entreprises, l’amélioration de l’accès à la finance pour les jeunes entreprises innovantes et la stimulation de la culture entrepreneuriale en matière de jeunes pousses.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 37
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1452
    Schlagwort(e): Digitalisierung ; Humankapital ; Bildungschancen ; Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Soziale Integration ; Lebenslanges Lernen ; Hochschule ; Atypische Beschäftigung ; Belgien ; Economics ; Belgium ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: A highly educated and skilled workforce has been an important driver of productivity performance and prosperity in Belgium. This paper examines skills policies that could help improve productivity and inclusiveness. An increased focus on lifelong learning, improved and more flexible working conditions for older workers, and a more efficient allocation of students and skills would benefit productivity growth. Improving inclusiveness requires increasing access and participation in tertiary education, especially for students with disadvantaged backgrounds. Digitalisation holds the promise of large gains in labour productivity, but is disrupting the nature of employment relationships. It calls for measures that encourage information and communication technology (ICT) upskilling and for adapting tax and benefit systems to the rise of on-demand jobs linked to the use of e-platforms.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264273528
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (309 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Ausgabe: Revised version
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Investing in climate, investing in growth
    Schlagwort(e): Investitionspolitik ; Klimaschutz ; Wachstumspolitik ; G20-Staaten ; Internationaler Umweltschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Klimaschutz ; Klimaänderung ; Wachstumspolitik ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Investition ; Infrastruktur ; Strukturanpassung ; Finanzierung ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Economics ; Erde
    Kurzfassung: This report provides an assessment of how governments can generate inclusive economic growth in the short term, while making progress towards climate goals to secure sustainable long-term growth. It describes the development pathways required to meet the Paris Agreement objectives and underlines the value of well-aligned policy packages in mobilising investment and social support for the transition while enhancing growth. The report also sets out the structural, financial and political changes needed to enable the transition.
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  • 39
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189645
    Sprache: Spanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Economics ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: El Gobierno de México, bajo el liderazgo del Presidente Enrique Peña Nieto, diseñó el paquete de reformas más ambicioso que la OCDE ha presenciado en años recientes. Después forjó el consenso político necesario para refrendarlo mediante el inusitado Pacto por México; promovió la aprobación de estas y otras reformas en el Congreso; y comenzó a ponerlas en marcha. A través de esta batería de reformas se abordaron problemas en áreas de política pública que habían esperado cambios profundos durante décadas; en el mercado laboral, la educación, el trabajo, los impuestos, las telecomunicaciones, el sector energético y el sistema judicial, entre otras. México todavía afronta retos importantes, por lo que es decisivo para México continuar con su agenda de reformas. Además, se requiere fortalecer algunas de las reformas recientes, mantenerlas actualizadas y promoverlas para garantizar su aplicación eficaz. La OCDE está lista para seguir acompañando a México en este camino.
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  • 40
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD productivity working papers no. 08 (May 2017)
    Serie: OECD productivity working papers
    Schlagwort(e): Structural reforms ; Growth ; Total Factor Productivity ; Distance to frontier ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: In recent years, literature has linked structural reforms with productivity growth. Considering Portugal’s recent comprehensive reform agenda, this topic acquires particular relevance. Using data for Portuguese firms for the period 2006-2014, this paper assesses the impact of structural reforms on firms’ productivity. In line with existing literature, the analysis shows that most reforms entail long-term gains, despite, in some reform areas, the existence of short-term costs. In general, there are important differences across reform areas and across firms, namely when comparing firms with different productivity levels. The firms’ distance to the technological frontier mediates the impact of reforms, either by potentiating its effects or by curbing them, depending on the reform area.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 41
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1407
    Schlagwort(e): 1978 - 2014 ; Laffer-Kurve ; Einkommensteuer ; Sozialversicherungsbeitrag ; Umsatzsteuer ; Grenzsteuersatz ; Steuereinnahmen ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates the factors that shape governments’ capacity to collect revenue. To do so, it analyses how tax revenue responds to tax rates using evidence from a panel of 34 OECD countries over 1978-2014. The estimations show that the response of revenue to rates weakens as rates become higher, confirming the existence of a hump-shaped relationship between tax revenue and rates for corporate income taxation and providing a new contribution by analysing value-added taxation. Importantly, the estimated responses of revenue to tax rates vary, in some cases very strongly from an economic perspective, depending on country-specific policies and framework conditions. In particular, the corporate income tax revenue-generating potential of hiking the effective rate shrinks much more quickly in more open economies than in more closed ones. Tax revenue is found to be more responsive to tax increases in countries where the tax authorities have more resources. The investigations also cover personal income taxation. They point to diminishing revenue returns of increasing the effective marginal tax rates that apply at substantially above-average income levels.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 42
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1412
    Schlagwort(e): Föderalismus ; Regionalentwicklung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Landwirtschaft ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Urbanisierung ; Indien ; Economics ; India ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: While India’s per capita income is converging towards that of the richer countries, inequality has drifted up. Spatial inequality – across states and between urban and rural areas – is pronounced, with large differences in output per capita and in access to core public services, such as electricity, roads, and education. Implementing the GST will contribute to reduce trade barriers across states while recent changes in the federalism model are empowering states and promoting experimentation. Prompting states to modernise product and labour market regulations should allow firms in the organised sector to reach an efficient size, and promote job creation and rising incomes in all states. Raising the living standards in poorer states would also require increasing productivity in the agricultural sector by supporting farm consolidation and improving infrastructure in rural areas, particularly roads that connect villages to market towns, crop storage infrastructure and access to sustainable irrigation technologies. As working population moves out of agriculture, urbanisation will gather pace. However, exploiting cities’ potential for job creation, productivity gains and improvement in the quality of life would require better physical and social urban infrastructure. Local spending and regulatory competences should be clarified. Performance of local bodies should be assessed regularly to make them accountable. Municipalities should also be granted clear revenue-raising power (in particular property taxes and user charges for urban infrastructure) to enable them to fund better public infrastructure and services.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 43
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1415
    Schlagwort(e): Armutsbekämpfung ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Entwicklung ; China ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper estimates urban and rural poverty rates across five Chinese administrative regions (Shanghai, Liaoning, Guangdong, Henan and Gansu) in 2014 using representative household level data from the China Family Panel Studies survey. The types of government transfer payments that households in poverty received and the ability for such payments to lift households from poverty are also assessed. Consistent with official estimates, the results highlight substantial disparities in poverty rates between administrative regions. Smaller differences exist between urban and rural locations within the same administrative region. In 2014, the most common types of government transfer received by households in poverty were agricultural subsidies or social assistance - principally the dibao. Regarding the latter, the results suggest some improvement in payment targeting in rural areas, but most dibao recipients had income above the poverty line (as defined in this paper) in 2014. Furthermore, across all administrative regions, the vast majority of households living below the defined poverty line did not receive social assistance at that time.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 44
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1417
    Schlagwort(e): Technischer Fortschritt ; Fachkräfte ; Bildungswesen ; Berufsbildung ; Lebenslanges Lernen ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit ; Luxemburg ; Economics ; Luxembourg ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Digitalisation, automation and future technological changes are changing the world of work, affecting the skills needed to perform them. The future of jobs will not look like the present situation: increasingly, workers will have to adapt to fast technological change, accept more mobility during their career, and regularly upgrade their skills to remain employable. Luxembourg’s workforce is highly skilled, reflecting the concentration in the country of sophisticated firms in the financial sector and other top-end international services. However, some middle- skilled routine jobs – especially back office, custodian and legal services in the financial sector – may disappear as a result of automation. Workers with strong and adaptable skills will be well prepared to thrive in this new environment. While many individuals working in Luxembourg already possess such characteristics, many others do not, resulting in a relatively high level of skills mismatch. Further improvements in the education system are needed to address this challenge, provide the young with learning-to-learn as well as technical capabilities and avoid that large groups of people are left behind. As skill sets will need to be updated during working careers, the system of initial education must be complemented by a flexible system of lifelong learning, tailored to the special needs of individuals with limited education attainment and older workers. Better use of existing skills would entail reorienting labour market policies from supporting job creation towards high-quality training programmes with substantial on-the-job learning component and reflecting future labour market needs. The tax and benefit system needs to be adjusted to increase incentives to work for low-skilled youth, older workers and second earners. Fully individualised taxation would increase incentives to work of second earners and make the tax system more gender neutral, while an additional parental leave entitlement for fathers may result in more gender-balanced use of part-time work. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Luxembourg (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-luxembourg.htm).
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 45
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1419
    Schlagwort(e): Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Wettbewerb ; Innovation ; Investition ; Auslandsinvestition ; Wohnungsmarkt ; Haushaltseinkommen ; Wirtschaftsgeographie ; Neuseeland ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: New Zealand ranks highly on most indicators of well-being, but incomes are below the OECD average due to low labour productivity. Low labour productivity is only partly explained by the industry composition of the NZ economy and is primarily a consequence of sustained low multi-factor productivity growth within industries, as well as weak investment. Economic geography is an important factor in New Zealand’s poor productivity performance, as the small size and remoteness of the economy diminish its access to global markets, the scale and efficiency of domestic businesses, the level of competition, and the ability to benefit from innovation at the global frontier. Policy and institutions are generally supportive of productivity growth, but there are a number of areas where there is scope for reforms that would help offset the country’s geographical disadvantages and improve the welfare of New Zealanders over the coming decades. This includes promoting international connections, removing barriers to fixed capital investment (including taxation), accessing benefits from agglomeration by improving urban planning and infrastructure provision, enhancing competition and increasing investment in innovation and intangibles. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of New Zealand (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-new-zealand.htm).
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 46
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD statistics working papers 2017, 07
    Schlagwort(e): Zeitverwendung ; Gesundheit ; Frankreich ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; France ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The last decade has seen a sustained surge of interest in measures of subjective well-being on the part of economists and other social scientists. The vast majority of the academic literature on subjective well-being focuses on measures of life evaluation, as does most discussion of how measures of subjective well-being can be applied to policy. However, measures of life evaluation have well-known limitations, and other measures of subjective well-being, including experienced well-being (i.e. people’s time use and emotional state over time), can be an important complement to measures of life evaluation. As of 2016, however, few countries have included experienced well-being in their official time use surveys, and there is relatively little understanding of how different methodological approaches to measuring experienced well-being affect the results obtained. This paper presents results using data from the US and the French time use surveys, showing that the different approaches adopted by these two countries have quite different implications for the data collected. Results highlight the sensitivity of experienced well-being measures – particularly the U-index – to the choice of affective states included, and shed light on the differing results found in the literature on how unemployment impacts upon experienced well-being.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 47
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD statistics working papers 2017, 09
    Schlagwort(e): Electronic Commerce ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Statistischer Fehler ; Preisniveau ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The digital economy has created some new measurement challenges for macroeconomic statistics and may have exacerbated some older ones, raising some concerns about the scope and estimation of GDP. Against a backdrop of slowing rates of measured productivity growth, this has raised questions about the conceptual basis of GDP and output, and whether current compilation methods are adequate to capture them (known as the mismeasurement hypothesis). In response to these concerns the international statistics community has reinforced efforts to investigate these concerns, chiefly under the vehicle of OECD-IMF collaboration and a newly formed Advisory Expert Group working under the auspices of the OECD’s Committee for Statistics and Statistical Policy. This paper is intended to provide momentum to these on-going efforts and to address immediate concerns about the potential scale of GDP mismeasurement in key areas where mismeasurement is often suspected. Notwithstanding the need for further work in some areas, notably with regards to cross-border transactions as well as potential mismeasurement in other macro-economic statistics, such as the consumer prices index, this paper concludes that even if mismeasurement is occurring, its scale is not sufficient to explain the widespread slowdown in measured GDP growth or multi-factor productivity growth. Nevertheless it’s important to note that this is a backward looking exercise. Even though the distortionary impact of any potential mismeasurement is currently thought to be small the growing size of digitised transactions could point to larger impacts in the future.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 48
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 75 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions no. 43
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) make up the majority of enterprises in the world, providing employment and contributing significantly to national incomes. Many MSMEs face a number of challenges, including regulatory hurdles and tax burdens, difficulties accessing finance and a lack of general guidance or support. Financial education can be an important tool for helping MSMEs and potential entrepreneurs to obtain access to finance and strengthen money management skills. This working paper presents the results of a stocktake of 21 economies. It shows that, while some MSMEs have access to education, training or mentoring, in most economies approaches are fragmented and risk missing important groups. Identifying MSMEs as a target group within national strategies for financial education would contribute to addressing some of the challenges they face. This would also underline the importance of measuring levels of financial literacy among MSMEs and help policy makers and stakeholders to evaluate programmes that target this group.
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  • 49
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD statistics working papers 2017, 11
    Schlagwort(e): Regierung ; Vertrauen ; Statistische Bestandsanalyse ; Haushaltsstatistik ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: A key policy concern in recent years has been the decline in levels of trust by citizen in public institutions. Trust is one of the foundations upon which the legitimacy and sustainability of political systems are built. It is crucial to the implementation of a wide range of policies and influences people’s behavioural responses to such policies. However, despite its acknowledged importance, trust in public institutions is poorly understood and is not consistently measured across OECD countries. The OECD Trust Database brings together information from a wide range of different household surveys containing measures of trust and combines this with information on other social and economic outcomes. The size of the database and range of covariates make it possible to identify the underlying patterns captured by survey based measures of trust in institutions and systematically test the accuracy (i.e. reliability and validity) of these measures. Reliability is tested by examining the consistency of measures of institutional trust across different surveys and between different waves of the same survey. Validity is harder to test than reliability. It is however possible to examine the construct validity of institutional trust measures by looking at whether these measures show the expected correlation with other social and economic variables on a cross-country basis. Analysis of item-specific non-response rates provides important additional information on the face validity of institutional trust measures.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 50
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1427
    Schlagwort(e): 2002 - 2011 ; Einkommensteuer ; Einkommen ; Steuertarif ; Steuervergünstigung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Privater Haushalt ; Spanien ; Economics ; Spain ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The personal tax system has a large influence on incentives to work, save and invest and hence growth. At the same time it is a key policy lever for income redistribution. This paper analyses how income distribution patterns changed in Spain before and after the crisis using the personal income tax samples constructed by the Spanish Institute of Fiscal Studies for the period 2002 to 2011. We find that the top and bottom of the income distribution gained the most from the boom period, and the bottom suffered proportionally more in the subsequent bust. Although Spain's average personal tax rates were above the OECD average, personal tax revenue as a share was below the OECD average. One reason for this is substantial fiscal benefits that significantly reduce total tax received by the government. We examine the distribution of the tax burden, and especially how income deciles benefit from the different fiscal benefits, namely tax exemptions, reductions and tax credits. This reveals that Spain's personal income tax system is progressive, especially for labour income, but far less so for capital income. Some fiscal benefits, notably the tax credit on maternity, are highly progressive. Other fiscal benefits, mainly exemptions and reductions, are regressive. These include the exemptions on renting and on the interest from investing in dwellings and the reduction for contributions to personal pension plans.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 51
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1430
    Schlagwort(e): Innovationsdiffusion ; Informationstechnik ; Digitalisierung ; Österreich ; Economics ; Austria ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Austria’s transition to a digital economy and society is slower than in other high-income small open European economies. The rate and pace of utilisation of eight main ICT applications shows that Austrian firms follow peer country counterparts with a gap, which has widened in most areas in recent years. Two dynamics drive digital transitions and Austria has room for progress in both of them. First, the potential for digitalisation in all firms, and especially in the smaller ones (where gaps are largest) should be freed-up by upgrading the full range of ICT-generic, ICT-specific and ICT-complementary skills. Second, Austria needs to make its business environment more conducive to firm entry and exit. The rate of entry of new firms and their growth are crucial for the diffusion of new business models and ICT innovations but fall behind peer countries. The adoption of ICT innovations by households also follows a staggered path: young and highly educated Austrians adopt ICT applications in similar ways to their counterparts in peer countries, while middle and older age cohorts display noticeable gaps. This calls for policies to help lagging groups become more acquainted with innovations. A whole-of-government approach, including large-scale utilisation of e-government applications in enterprises and households, should help to embrace change and facilitate the flourishing of innovative businesses, work practices and lifestyles throughout Austria. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Austria (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-austria.htm)
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 52
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1433
    Schlagwort(e): Kreditrationierung ; Produktivität ; Insolvenz ; Europa ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper explores the connection between “zombie” firms (firms that would typically exit in a competitive market) and bank health and the consequences for aggregate productivity in 11 European countries. Controlling for cyclical effects, the results show that zombie firms are more likely to be connected to weak banks, suggesting that the zombie firm problem in Europe may at least partly stem from bank forbearance. The increasing survival of zombie firms congests markets and constrains the growth of more productive firms, to the detriment of aggregate productivity growth. Our results suggest that around one-third of the impact of zombie congestion on capital misallocation could be directly attributed to bank health and additional analysis suggests that this may partly be due to reduced availability of credit to healthy firms. Finally, improvements in bank health are more likely to be associated with a reduction in the prevalence of zombie firms in countries where insolvency regimes do not unduly inhibit corporate restructuring. Thus, leveraging the important complementarities between bank strengthening efforts and insolvency regime reform would contribute to breaking the shackles on potential growth in Europe.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 53
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1439
    Schlagwort(e): Tarifverhandlungen ; Mediation ; Gewerkschaft ; Konfliktregelung ; Island ; Economics ; Iceland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Iceland has high living standards, low poverty, high inclusiveness and one of the most sustainable pension systems. It is the most highly unionised country in the OECD and, in the past, successful social pacts have protected the lowest paid workers during crises, and on occasion helped fight inflation. Nevertheless, Iceland experiences recurrent bursts of social tensions and labour unrest that often result in large wage awards, particularly in times of economic boom. Iceland is prone to accentuated economic cycles, and the pro-cyclical nature of collective bargaining aggravates these harmful dynamics. Social partners often have disagreements over what has been agreed in the past and they can have differing views on the state of the economy. Trust among the social partners has been undermined and wage co-ordination is low. There is a large number of unions, many of them very small, and wage demands are often not consistent with macroeconomic stability. Labour unrest frequently originates in the public sector as wages lag behind the private sector. Fostering trust and increasing wage co-ordination would make collective bargaining more effective and help sustain the benefits of the system for future generations. A technical committee should be established to provide reliable and impartial information to wage negotiators. Wage negotiations could start with “wage guidelines” issued by the major labour and employer confederations. State mediator should have greater powers in order to improve wage co-ordination and support the “wage guidelines”. This working paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Iceland (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-iceland.htm).
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 54
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1443
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitsproduktivität ; Wirtschaftsdaten ; Forschung ; Schweiz ; Economics ; Switzerland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Swiss GDP per capita stands amongst the top OECD performers. However, to face medium-term challenges productivity developments will be key to allow the country to maintain its enviable position. Recent trends have not been favourable, with productivity growth underperforming peer countries. Based on macroeconomic analysis and supported by firm-level data, results point to a significant role for competition, innovation, education, firm characteristics and entrepreneurship. The regulatory environment is a crucial element driving productivity and could explain some of the differences across cantons. It is also an important factor for productivity differences across sectors. Other issues weighing on Switzerland’s future performance include risks from ageing, which can have major consequences on productivity via its influence on economic sectors and also via the age structure and the evolution of productivity through working life. Fully utilising the potential of underrepresented population segments would also be beneficial, notably encouraging full-time participation of women and better integrating immigrants. More enterprise creation could be achieved with increased entrepreneurship education, expanded non-bank financing and a reduced regulatory burden. R&D, while an obvious success in Switzerland, has apparently not produced commensurate returns in output. Diversification, more knowledge sharing, a stronger role for higher education institutions and promotion of start-ups would help reinforce the links from R&D to productivity. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Switzerland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-switzerland.htm).
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 55
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1444
    Schlagwort(e): Qualifikation ; Berufsbildung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Lebenslanges Lernen ; Schweiz ; Economics ; Switzerland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Switzerland makes more use of its human resources than most other OECD countries. Labour force participation is high and the unemployment rate low for most segments of society. This ensures a high standard of living for most Swiss people. Nevertheless, productivity growth is relatively slow. While this may in part be attributable to already being an advanced economy, it also means that Switzerland cannot be complacent with regard to education and skills. Its admirably low youth joblessness suggests that the transition from education to work is functioning soundly. However, there is mounting evidence that as the structure of industry is changing, due to globalisation and digitalisation for instance, vacancies and skills mismatches are spreading. The mix of skills being taught differs from those taught in most other high income OECD countries in which a common secondary school track predominates and the emphasis is on equipping young adults with academic tertiary qualifications. In this context, it is important that the system is flexible enough to respond to shifts in the demand for skills and that workers continue to learn. While the participation of women and immigrants in the economy compares relatively well, more can still be done to improve equity in the accumulation of skills. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Switzerland (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-switzerland.htm).
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 56
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 17 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1446
    Schlagwort(e): Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Entrepreneurship ; Humankapital ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftliche Konvergenz ; Rechtsstaat ; Schwellenländer ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The mixed growth performance of emerging market economies has revived angst about a "middle-income trap". However, a forensic review of statistical evidence shows that middle-income countries “escape” to higher income levels more often than both poorer and richer countries. At the same time, growth slowdowns are also more frequent in this group. Recent econometric research confirms that the impact of economic policies on GDP growth is greater at middle than at lower and higher income levels. Middle-income countries harvest higher returns from structural reforms, but also meet special political economy obstacles in implementing them. The resulting policy divergences imply differences in performance, reflecting notably the uneven expansion of their high-productivity entrepreneurial firms. The paper highlights the channels through which performance improves when obstacles to policy innovations are overcome and reforms are implemented.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 57
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1450
    Schlagwort(e): Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Handelsabkommen ; Infrastruktur ; Südafrika ; SADC-Staaten ; Economics ; South Africa ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Deepening regional integration within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) will raise potential growth for all member countries. Integrated economies will increase market size, trade opportunities and improve resource allocation across member countries. Key pillars of functioning regional integration are the free circulation of goods and services, mobility of workers and interconnected infrastructure. To boost regional integration, remaining tariff barriers and non-tariffs barriers should be removed. Ensuring greater compliance to agreements by SADC members will also facilitate intra-regional trade and cross-investments. More co-operation between competition authorities should facilitate harmonisation of competition rules in particular in services and transport-related services which would ease circulation of good and services. The other key pillars of regional integration (industrial policy, infrastructure, investment, financial integration and tax) are also reviewed.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 58
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 92 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1453
    Schlagwort(e): Umverteilung ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Steuer ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper produces a comprehensive assessment of income redistribution to the working-age population, covering OECD countries over the last two decades. Redistribution is quantified as the relative reduction in market income inequality achieved by personal income taxes, employees’ social security contributions and cash transfers, based on household-level micro data. A detailed decomposition analysis uncovers the respective roles of size, tax progressivity and transfer targeting for overall redistribution, the respective role of various categories of transfers for transfer redistribution; as well as redistribution for various income groups. The paper shows a widespread decline in redistribution across the OECD, both on average and in the majority of countries for which data going back to the mid-1990s are available. This was primarily associated with a decline in cash transfer redistribution while personal income taxes played a less important and more heterogeneous role across countries. In turn, the decline in the redistributive effect of cash transfers reflected a decline in their size and in particular by less redistributive insurance transfers. In some countries, this was mitigated by more redistributive assistance transfers but the resulting increase in the targeting of total transfers was not sufficient to prevent transfer redistribution from declining.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 59
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189553
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Serie: Better Policies
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Economics ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: Under President Enrique Peña Nieto’s leadership, Mexico has put together the most ambitious reform package of any OECD country in recent times, forged the political consensus necessary to approve it through the unprecedented Pacto por México, promoted these and other reforms in Congress and has started implementing them. The battery of reforms has addressed challenges in policy areas that had been waiting for deep changes for decades, including education, labour, tax, health, telecommunication, and energy and justice, among many others. Mexico still faces important challenges which is why it is crucial for Mexico to continue its reform agenda. It is imperative to strengthen some of the recent reforms, and to keep updating and promoting them to ensure their effective implementation. The OECD stands ready to further accompany Mexico on this path.
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  • 60
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD productivity working papers no. 09 (September 2017)
    Serie: OECD productivity working papers
    Schlagwort(e): Structural Reforms ; Product Markets ; Total Factor Productivity ; Growth ; Exit Rates ; ResourceAllocation ; Resilience ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper assesses the impact of product market deregulation in upstream sectors on the productivity growth of firms in downstream sectors (i.e. those firms using the output of the reformed sectors as inputs in their production process). Relying on a firm level database for the period 2004-2014 covering all Portuguese firms, we show that reforms bring productivity gains already in the short-run and that are sustained in the long-run. The effects are more positive for those further away from the technological frontier and are also heterogeneous across sectors. In addition, reforms potentiate the exit of the least productive firms, improving the resource allocation in the economy by a process of selection – for the least productive, only those that have scope to catch-up with the frontier are able to remain. Finally, we show that the adoption of product market reforms in upstream sectors leads to a more resilient economy, better equipped to face adverse shocks.
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  • 61
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1408
    Schlagwort(e): Innovationsmanagement ; Industrieforschung ; Industriepolitik ; Immaterialgüterrechte ; Betriebliches Umfeld ; Entrepreneurship ; Marktaustritt ; Insolvenz ; Corporate Governance ; Verbindlichkeiten ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Privatisierung ; Produktionskapazität ; China (Grenzregion) ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: With persisting slower growth worldwide and in China, over-capacity in some heavy industry sectors, declining profitability, and intensifying competition from other, lower-cost emerging economies, corporate behaviour in China needs to change and focus more on efficiency and sustainability. This need is further intensified by mounting environmental pressures and China’s ambition for greener and more sustainable growth. A larger proportion of firms, including state-owned enterprises, should step up innovation efforts and improve corporate governance practices. To this end, supportive policies are needed, fostering an environment that is more conducive to innovation and entrepreneurship, and facilitating resource reallocation through the exit of unviable firms. At the same time, fraudulent corporate practices must be halted and State assets need to be better managed. Reforms are under way or envisaged that will help improve corporate performance and, more broadly, deliver more resilient and environmentally sustainable growth and continuing progress in living standards. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of China (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-china.htm).
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  • 62
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1411
    Schlagwort(e): Finanzielle Inklusion ; Unternehmensgründung ; Unternehmensgründung ; KMU ; Unternehmensfinanzierung ; Mexiko ; Economics ; Mexico ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Financial inclusion and women entrepreneurship concern policymakers because of their impact on job creation, economic growth and women empowerment. Women in Mexico do engage in paid work but many of them work in the informal sector because they lack opportunities to work in the formal sector. Moreover, financial exclusion rate in Mexico remains the highest amongst OECD countries, affecting women in particular. This paper uses an individual-based panel dataset over the period 2009-2015 to examine the determinants of women entrepreneurship in Mexico and to determine the relationship between women entrepreneurship and financial inclusion across informal and formal work and across economic sectors. The results suggest that financial inclusion is positively linked with entrepreneurship and it can open up economic opportunities for women entrepreneurs. Various financial access points like banking branches, POS terminals, banking agents, ATMs and microfinance banks can be a gateway to the use of additional financial services which can allow businesses development through access to credit facilities. However, the positive relationship between women entrepreneurship and financial inclusion does not hold for women entrepreneurs working in the informal sector or women working in the commerce sector, highlighting lower entry barriers, including financial, in the informal sector and problems pertaining to financial illiteracy. Results also highlight that the probability of a women being an entrepreneur in the informal sector is higher than in the formal sector. Education, age, income, marital status (married or divorced), and income level at the municipality level are amongst other significant determinants which are positively linked with women entrepreneurship. The results also highlight the existence of gender disparity in the status of entrepreneurship across formal and informal work in Mexico. On average, women are about 56% less likely to be entrepreneurs in the formal sector and 63% more likely to be entrepreneurs in the informal sector, as compared to men, after taking into account other relevant individual and municipality level characteristics that are important in explaining entrepreneurship.
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  • 63
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1416
    Schlagwort(e): Fachkräfte ; Berufsbildung ; Hochschule ; Brain Drain ; Slowakei ; Economics ; Slovak Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Changing labour market demand and moving up the global value chain requires high-skilled workers. However, the share of adults with high skill levels in the Slovak Republic is one of the lowest in the OECD. Improving the education system would raise quality and better align students’ skills with new labour market needs and help them face further changes in the work environment. The contribution of the tertiary education system to skills improvement is one of the lowest in the OECD. It has to open itself more to the outside world: by easing the conditions for foreign professors and researchers to teach at Slovak universities, promoting internationally respected research and intensifying the cooperation with the business sector. Another challenge is to secure an adequate supply of skilled workers in the face of rapid population ageing and increasing emigration of young high-skilled workers. Ageing of the population will not only lead to shrinking labour supply, but a growing part of the workforce will need to be retrained. Bolstering the supply of skills requires lifelong learning and attracting skilled migrants, including returning Slovaks. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of the Slovak Republic (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-slovak-republic.htm).
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  • 64
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1418
    Schlagwort(e): Migranten ; Soziale Integration ; Migrationspolitik ; Arbeitsmarktsegmentation ; Politische Partizipation ; Öffentlicher Sektor ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Frühkindliche Bildung ; Bildungsverhalten ; Bildungsertrag ; Luxemburg ; Economics ; Luxembourg ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Luxembourg’s large foreign-born population is a pillar of the country’s prosperity: they have brought skills and knowledge to many sectors of the economy. They also tend to successfully find jobs, with a higher employment rate than natives. However, not all immigrants have done well. The minority from non-EU origin (about 10% of the country’s population) suffers from high unemployment, large gender gaps in activity and below-average incomes. Refugees are particularly vulnerable. Other integration shortcomings go beyond disadvantaged minorities. Pervasive labour market segmentation is well illustrated by the marked under-representation of the foreign-born in public sector jobs. Political participation of immigrants at local level is modest. At school, their children are often put at a disadvantage by an education system which tends to perpetuate socio-economic inequality. The diversity of Luxembourg’s society contributed by immigrants should be seen as an asset for economic growth and well-being. Initiatives such as the diversity charter can help private and public organisations to reap the benefit of diversity through the inclusion of outsiders and the strengthening of social cohesion. Learning the languages of Luxembourg, developing social capital and having foreign qualifications validated are key preconditions for successful integration. Education requires both general equity-enhancing reforms, starting at early childhood, and targeted support to disadvantaged students, including upgraded vocational studies. Furthermore, job matching and social cohesion would benefit from greater immigrant participation in public sector employment and civic life. Avoiding that asylum seekers undergo protracted inactivity is also a concern. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Luxembourg (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-luxembourg.htm).
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  • 65
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1422
    Schlagwort(e): Ökotourismus ; Wohnungsmarkt ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Island ; Economics ; Iceland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Iceland has been experiencing a tourism boom. The number of tourists visiting annually quadrupled between 2010 and 2016 and shows continued strength. The tourism sector is now the major export earner and is also creating new jobs and supporting new businesses. The government budget has also benefitted from high tax revenues. The surge in tourism supported growth after the crisis and the sector has become a major pillar of the economy. But, the breakneck growth of tourism has created a number of challenges. Growing pains have emerged as accommodation supply has lagged in the wake of unexpectedly large number of tourists, contributing to pressure on the local housing market. The environment, particularly in some popular sites, has also come under pressure. The government has reacted to these environmental and social impacts and has worked with the industry to agree on a path forward. Sustaining a nature-based tourism for Iceland will require more coordinated policy across government and a long-term strategic plan that builds on Iceland's strengths. Protecting the unique environmental attractions of Iceland - while mitigating adverse social impacts - will lay the basis for the healthy development of a new important sector. This working paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Iceland (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-iceland.htm).
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  • 66
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1423
    Schlagwort(e): Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Integration ; Kolumbien ; Economics ; Colombia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Growth has become more inclusive in recent years in Colombia. Strong growth and targeted social policies have reduced absolute poverty. Conditional cash transfers and education policies have increased attendance in schools. Universal health care is improving wellbeing of many Colombians. Reductions in non-wage labour costs have increased formal employment and access to social benefits. However, income inequality remains high with large disparities across regions. The causes are many. High informality keeps many workers in low quality jobs without social benefits or access to finance. Inequality is a gender issue as labour force participation rates and wages are lower for women than for men. Inequalities also reflect low social mobility as opportunities for education and jobs are influenced by socio-economic backgrounds. More targeted programmes are necessary to increase education enrolment rates of disadvantaged children in less developed regions. Further reductions in non-wage labour costs can raise formal employment. Better access to labour market programmes, early childhood education and elderly and disability care can boost female labour market participation. More resources are needed for targeted social programmes to achieve stronger outcomes. A comprehensive pension system reform is needed to extend coverage and alleviate old-age poverty. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Colombia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-colombia.htm)
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  • 67
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1426
    Schlagwort(e): Industriepolitik ; Technologiepolitik ; Investition ; Kapitalintensität ; Arbeitsproduktivität ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftliche Konvergenz ; Großbritannien ; Economics ; United Kingdom ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The United Kingdom is preparing a modern industrial strategy to boost labour productivity across the whole country and to narrow regional gaps in living standards. This raises the question of the optimal allocation of scarce resources in meeting these targets. This study identifies industrial strengths of each region and scope to boost regional productivity through the channel of higher capital intensity. Overall regional investment ratios appear weakly linked to regional productivity, but the sectoral composition of regions and their type of investment are more important determinants. Each region has productivity leaders, but the concentration of such firms is the highest in the south of England. Differences in the representation of the most productive firms in regions are strongly related to differences in regional productivity. The empirical methodology quantifies the productivity effects of raising the capital intensity in each sector-region, focusing on viable firms falling behind the national productivity frontier in all but the finance and insurance sectors over 1995-2014. To enhance labour productivity of lagging regions, the industrial strategy should promote the catch up of firms with the national best performers in services sectors, in particular knowledge intensive services such as ICT and business services, but also wholesale and retail trade. This finding is consistent with the UK’s leading global position in high value-added services sectors. The type of investment matters: boosting research and development in the manufacturing sector in some lagging regions would also be effective in stimulating productivity. Manufacturing investment cannot be a substitute to investment in services given the small size of the manufacturing sector and its high exposure to competition from rapidly emerging global hubs. However, this study does not quantify the effects of skills, the benefits of greater industrial diversification and the positive impact that larger cities would have on agglomeration effects.
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  • 68
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1429
    Schlagwort(e): Strukturpolitik ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Datenbank ; Wirtschaftsforschung ; Schwellenländer ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This document describes the OECD’s new Structural Policy Indicators Database for Economic Research (SPIDER). The database compiles data from various existing databases. It contains indicators capturing structural policies (including institutions, framework condition policies and policies specifically related to labour markets and drivers of productivity and investment such as trade, skills and innovation). It also contains some basic macroeconomic indicators. The main idea of the database is to provide all the data needed for empirical analysis on structural policies in one place to facilitate empirical investigations. The indicators collected comprise three types of data: data with long-time series covering OECD countries, data covering a larger set of countries for a varying number of years, and finally a set of time-invariant indicators. The paper illustrates the use of the database on the basis of different growth regressions employed in the literature.
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  • 69
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1431
    Schlagwort(e): Digitalisierung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Arbeitsgesellschaft ; Österreich ; Economics ; Austria ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Digitalisation is one of the megatrends affecting societies and labour markets, alongside demographic change and globalisation. The fourth industrial revolution will redesign production processes and alter the relationships between work and leisure, capital and labour, the rich and the poor, the skilled and the unskilled. The degree of disruption induced by the technological transformation ahead largely depends on the policy framework. Digitalisation can lead to anything between soaring inequalities and widespread improvements of living and working conditions. Two main questions arise for policy makers: how to ensure equality of opportunities in the race with technology and how to find the appropriate level of redistribution of the gains associated with digitalisation to preserve social cohesion. Against this backdrop, this working paper will analyse the technology-induced transformation of labour markets, argue for a new social contract and discuss how the provision and use of skills need to adapt to the digital work environment. This working paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Austria (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-austria.htm).
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  • 70
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1432
    Schlagwort(e): Weiterbildung ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Produktivität ; Humankapital ; Allokation ; Slowenien ; Economics ; Slovenia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Higher living standards and well-being, as well as convergence with more advanced economies, will depend on achieving higher productivity, which in turn would be boosted by more investment in capital. In particular, investment in knowledge-based capital and greater inward FDI can help Slovenia develop its economy and improve global integration. Complementing such investments requires a workforce that is given the opportunities and incentives to continuously engage in upskilling and seek employment where they are most productive, in the process raising their incomes. Reskilling can be improved by boosting the links between educational institutions and local and foreign firms, helping Slovenia to overcome its problems of long-term unemployment and low employment rates of older workers. Improving life-long learning will allow workers to adapt to a changing economic environment and thereby contribute to their own well-being. Adjusting wage determination and broadening labour market activation measures can smooth these adjustments. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Slovenia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-slovenia.htm).
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  • 71
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1435
    Schlagwort(e): Internationale Migration ; Qualifikation ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Lohn ; Matching ; Arbeitsmarkttheorie ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Assuming that immigrants select destinations according to absolute returns to their observable and unobservable human capital, I present a human capital model of migration accounting for taxes, transfers and limited portability of skills. The model predicts both segmented sorting of migrants to countries with a compressed income distribution, with negative sorting increasing with lower portability and positive sorting increasing with portability. Sorting to countries with greater income dispersion increases unambiguously with host-country relevant skills. Migrants to countries with compressed incomes will hence be more likely to be either out of work or overqualified and low-paid compared to natives with similar observable skills, and compared to migrants to countries with greater income dispersion. Regressions results on data for 16 OECD countries from the OECD Survey of Adult Skills are in line with the model. Controlling for observable skills and characteristics, including a literacy test score, immigrants from countries that are less wealthy or further away in geographical and cultural distance are significantly more likely to be either out of work or overqualified and low-paid in high-benefit countries. Wage compression, generous transfers and high taxes, typical traits of the so-called “Nordic” or “Flexicurity” model, may therefore contribute to making immigrant integration more challenging.
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  • 72
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1436
    Schlagwort(e): Soziale Sicherheit ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Produktivität ; Innovation ; Migrationspolitik ; Estland ; Economics ; Estonia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Estonia is highly integrated into the global trade system: it exports approximately 80% of GDP and around half of domestic employment is sustained by foreign demand. Given that international trade and foreign direct investment are considered as major channels of technology diffusion and productivity growth, this bodes well for reviving income convergence. To capitalize on the country’s high trade intensity, policymakers need to remove remaining trade barriers and improve policies fostering knowledge diffusion as well as talent retention and attraction. At the same time, to ensure that benefits of more trade are shared across the population, the social safety net should be bolstered, and participation in upskilling programmes and their labour-market relevance increased. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of New Zealand (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-estonia.htm).
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 73
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1441
    Schlagwort(e): Produktivität ; Humankapital ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyses for 34 OECD countries the extent to which the calculation of aggregate multi-factor productivity (MFP) is sensitive to alternative parameterisations. The starting point is the definition of MFP used in previous work in the OECD’s Economics Department (e.g. Johansson et al. 2013). They include alternative MFP measures, with human capital included or excluded, with different measures of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) exchange rates, using time-varying capital depreciation rates and different measures of capital stock and labour input (headcount against hours worked). The main result of the paper is that whether or not human capital is included in MFP makes a significant difference for the level and dynamics of MFP. At the same time, MFP measures are less sensitive to other parameters of the calculation.
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  • 74
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1442
    Schlagwort(e): Erwerbstätigkeit ; Produktivität ; Regulierung ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Schwellenländer ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper estimates and quantifies the impact of structural reforms on per capita income for a large set of OECD and non-OECD countries. The findings suggest that the quality of institutions matters to a large extent for economic outcomes. More competition-friendly regulations, as measured by the OECDs’ Product Market Regulation (PMR) indicator improve economic outcomes. Lower barriers to foreign trade and investment help MFP. Lower barriers to entry and less pervasive state control of businesses boost the capital stock and the employment rate. No robust link between labour market regulation and MFP and capital deepening could be established. But looser labour market regulation is found to go hand in hand with higher employment rates. The paper shows that countries at different level of economic development face different policy impacts. Furthermore, PMR effects depend on the level of labour market regulations.
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  • 75
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1445
    Schlagwort(e): Investitionsgüter ; Kapitalstock ; Investition ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyses how technological progress embodied in capital goods raises productivity and income, while at the same time it can modify the allocation of consumption, investment and the capital stock. With capital-embodied technological progress, new capital goods become more productive, thus more valuable, but the production capacity of the existing capital goods declines comparatively and they become less valuable. In a dynamic and stochastic general equilibrium framework, a shock to the process of capital-embodied technological progress is shown not to raise investment as much as could be expected, allowing the owners of capital goods mainly to raise consumption instead. As a result, overall capacity taking account of the improvement in the quality of capital goods rises only modestly. The muted investment response might seem very conservative, because the owners of capital could take greater advantage of the sudden acceleration in the improvement of the quality of capital goods which allows them to raise their production capacity more than usually. However, this conservative behaviour is consistent with an anticipated faster decline in the value of capital goods which become quickly obsolete, raising the cost of capital for the owners. Finally, this paper analyses the implications of the shock to capital-embodied technological progress coinciding with other shocks, namely, a positive one to the investment accelerator mechanism and a negative one to the risk premium. With deceleration in the quality improvement of capital goods, investors would require higher rates of return while affecting negatively the valuation of the capital stock.
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  • 76
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1449
    Schlagwort(e): KMU ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Gesellschaftsrecht ; Entrepreneurship ; Gründungsausbildung ; Südafrika ; Economics ; South Africa ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Lowering high levels of unemployment and inequality are amongst the largest challenges facing South Africa. More entrepreneurs and thriving small businesses would contribute to inclusive growth. Measures of entrepreneurial activity are lower in South Africa than in other emerging economies. Barriers to entrepreneurship include bureaucratic procedures and licensing, which are also an ongoing burden on small firms. Public procurement is being used to overcome the dominance of large incumbents, but so far its net effect on small firms is not clear. An education system that better equipped students with basic skills as well as entrepreneurial skills would grow the pipeline of entrepreneurs. New forms of financing are slowly emerging in a system that is dominated by banks. A better evidence base is crucial for more effective financial and non-financial support programmes to boost start-up rates and small firms’ growth.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 77
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD SME and entrepreneurship papers no. 6
    Serie: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers
    Schlagwort(e): Financial Crisis ; Non-bank Finance ; Financial Skills ; SME Finance ; Equity ; Public Policy ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The 2008-09 global financial crisis had a profound impact on the availability of bank credit for SMEs. Although a decline in the demand for bank credit played an important role, banks have also become more reluctant to lend, including as a consequence of new capital requirements. Moreover, a longstanding financing gap exists for SMEs with a high risk/return profile, such as start-ups, fast-growing and highly innovative SMEs. While bank financing will continue to be crucial for SMEs, broadening the financing options would enable SMEs to better seize growth opportunities and reduce their vulnerability to changes in credit market conditions and economic downturns. The present study analyses key impediments to SMEs’ uptake of alternative financial instruments, both on the demand- and supply-side. The study discusses the role of policy in fostering SME finance markets and reviews recent trends in policy measures to support the development of alternative financial instruments for SMEs.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 78
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD productivity working papers no. 07 (April 2017)
    Serie: OECD productivity working papers
    Schlagwort(e): government bodies ; independence ; political economy of reform ; public sector productivity ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyses and compares ten institutions that have a mandate to promote productivity-enhancing reforms. The selected bodies include government advisory councils, standing inquiry bodies, and ad hoc, temporary task forces. We find that well-designed pro-productivity institutions can generally improve the quality of the policy process and political debate, and can make a significant contribution to evidence-based policymaking. Our findings also support the view that concentrating knowledge and research on productivity in one independent, highly skilled and reputed body can help create the momentum and the knowledge that are required to embrace the challenging task of promoting long-term productivity growth. We also find evidence that while institutions located outside government have more leeway in promoting reforms that challenge vested interests and produce results over a time span that goes beyond the electoral cycle, the existence of smart government bodies can allow experimental policymaking and a more adaptive, evidence-based policy process. We also find that it is of utmost importance to provide these bodies with sufficient resources, skills, transparency and procedural accountability to fulfil their tasks; a sufficiently broad mission, oriented towards long-term well-being and at both supply-side and demand-side considerations; policy evaluation functions; and the ability to reach out to the general public in a variety of ways, from consultation to advocacy, use of social media, and other forms of communication.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 79
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1409
    Schlagwort(e): Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Integration ; Bildung ; Gesundheit ; Altersvorsorge ; China ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Living standards in China have greatly improved over the past few decades. Both sustained economic growth and an expansion of the social security system have contributed to a sharp reduction in the number of people in poverty. However, urban-rural inequalities remain large and some of the poorest households are being left behind. Further reforms are needed to ensure that the benefits of future growth are shared and that marginalised groups have the opportunity to actively participate in the economy. In particular, policy settings should be adjusted to increase access to good quality education and healthcare for rural and migrant workers and to improve the portability of social security benefits. Changes to the social assistance system that raise work incentives and protect low-income households in poorer locations are also a priority. New spending measures can be funded by adjustments to the tax system which will, in themselves, benefit inclusiveness. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of China (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-china.htm).
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 80
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1410
    Schlagwort(e): Kapitalmobilität ; Globalisierung ; Bibliometrie ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Financial globalisation has given international capital flows a central role in the functioning of the global economy and has therefore led to considerable economic research over the past 30 years. Making the most of capital flows by allowing countries to reap their benefits while reducing associated risks has always been a challenge. This challenge became however even more acute in the past decade: following the Global Financial Crisis new concerns have indeed emerged related to the complexity of global financial relations, their role in shock transmission as well the ability of fundamentals to protect countries from financial instability. Against this background, recent research has focused on understanding better the implications of financial globalisation for economic stability and the design of policies. This literature review assesses these recent developments. After reviewing the most important trends in capital flows over the past decade, it takes stock of the discussion on the role of the global financial cycle in driving cross-border capital flows and financial instability, reviews the new findings on the real impact of international capital flows on recipient economies, and provides an overview of the ongoing debates on the role of capital controls and the need for policy coordination.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 81
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1413
    Schlagwort(e): Finanzpolitik ; Öffentliche Schulden ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Verbrauchsteuer ; Schuldenmanagement ; Politikberatung ; Armut ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Rentenpolitik ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Häusliche Pflege ; Steuervergünstigung ; Japan ; Abenomics ; Economics ; Japan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: With gross government debt of 219% of GDP in 2016, Japan’s fiscal situation is in uncharted territory and puts the economy at risk. In addition to raising productivity and growth, Japan needs a more detailed and credible fiscal consolidation path, including specific revenue increases and measures to control spending to restore fiscal sustainability. Spending pressures associated with rapid population ageing make reforms to contain social expenditures a priority. Local governments need to be part of the effort to contain public spending in the context of a shrinking population. Much of the consolidation, though, will have to be on the revenue side, primarily through hikes in the consumption tax rate toward the OECD average and a broadening of the personal income tax base. Fiscal consolidation should be accompanied by measures to promote inclusive growth through the tax and benefit system, in particular by introducing an earned income tax credit to assist the working poor, hiking the tax on capital income and broadening the base of the inheritance tax. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Japan (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-japan.htm)
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 82
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1414
    Schlagwort(e): Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Marktaustritt ; Insolvenz ; Entrepreneurship ; Regulierung ; Corporate Governance ; Innovation ; KMU ; Arbeitsmarktsegmentation ; Humankapital ; Japan ; Abenomics ; Economics ; Japan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Never in the past 30 years has productivity growth been lower than since the 2008 global financial crisis, and never has income inequality been higher than it is today in Japan, and in the OECD area. The two challenges have some common origins, including a widening productivity and wage gap between leading firms and those that are lagging. This creates scope for positive synergy between policies to promote productivity and inclusive growth. Exit policy should be improved to facilitate the closure of non-viable firms, whose survival hampers the growth of viable firms in Japan. This would also increase firm entry, along with policies to promote entrepreneurship. The growing gap between small and medium-sized enterprises and large firms also needs to be addressed. Breaking down labour market dualism, which limits human capital accumulation by non-regular workers and contributes to earnings and income inequality, is also a priority. Finally, ensuring appropriate skills, including those needed for digitalisation, would help support higher productivity and inclusive growth. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Japan (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-japan.htm)
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 83
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1420
    Schlagwort(e): Qualifikation ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Beruf ; Lebenslanges Lernen ; Fachkräfte ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Neuseeland ; Economics ; New Zealand ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Technological change is increasing the productivity of highly skilled workers but creating more challenging labour-market conditions for their low-skilled counterparts. These pressures are likely to grow, especially in light of progress being made in Artificial Intelligence. The NZ labour force is upskilling to meet these challenges, but more progress will be needed to keep ahead of the race with technology. Young New Zealanders will need to continue their education to higher levels than in the past and acquire skills that are more highly valued in the labour market. To maintain valuable skills, workers of all ages will need to engage more in lifelong learning. Some will need to retrain when their occupation becomes obsolete. Getting the most out of skills will also depend on allocating skills to their most productive uses. Reducing New Zealand’s high rates of qualification and skills mismatches would boost both wages and productivity. With the possibility of more workers being displaced than in the past, greater efforts may need to be considered to help them get back into jobs. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of New Zealand (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-new-zealand.htm).
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 84
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1421
    Schlagwort(e): Corporate Governance ; Produktivität ; Board of Directors ; Managervergütung ; Eigentümerstruktur ; Institutioneller Investor ; Unternehmenserfolg ; China ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: A key priority in China’s “new normal” period -- where returns on investment are slackening -- is corporate governance, which could lead to enhanced productivity by a better management of resources at the firm level. Corporate governance principles for listed firms follow global best practices, though their history is relatively short and the Chinese stock market has a number of features, which make the investigation of the impact of various corporate governance practices on firm performance of particular interest. Productivity is considered as a major measure of firm performance, but for comparison accounting indicators are also used to check the impact of selected corporate governance practices using firm-level data of listed firms between 1999-2015. The results are broadly in line with the existing literature: once controlling for endogeneity, there is no evidence that a greater share of independent directors boosts firm performance in general. At the time when the requirement that at least one third of directors must be independent was introduced in 2002, however, profitability improved. A greater salary gap between executives and staff hurts productivity, but boosts ROA and ROE, which are often among the objectives of executives and thus encourage them to seek short-term returns, even at the expense of productivity. While volume-based growth may lead to higher performance by the accounting ratios, it does not necessarily guarantee higher productivity. If such an expansion is debt financed, it can even harm productivity. Excessive ownership concentration appears harmful, but a certain degree of concentration may improve performance. Institutional investors, even though may own only a tiny fraction of shares, are found to boost firm performance. This Working Paper relates to the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of China (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-china.htm).
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 85
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD statistics working papers 2017, 08
    Schlagwort(e): Wertschöpfung ; Globalisierung ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Traditionally, the main source of data used to measure countries’ participation in international production networks or global value chains (GVCs) has been conventional international trade statistics. However, international fragmentation of production has weakened the analytic interpretability of these data as intermediate goods but also services cross borders many times on the way to their final destination. This is often referred to as the double (or multiple)-counting problem of international trade Statistics. This, in turn, has led to the development of a new branch of trade statistics, referred to as Trade in Value-Added (TiVA) providing new insights on GVCs, and corresponding databases, notably the OECD-WTO TiVA database, which provide a measure of international interdependencies through the construction of global input-output tables that show how producers in one country provide goods and/or services to producers and consumers in others. But with the field still relatively new, many users are struggling to fully understand how these new indicators should be used and indeed how they have been constructed. This document is designed to address those difficulties, providing, where appropriate guidance on “dos” and “don’ts”. It also reviews many other typical GVC indicators derived outside of input-output frameworks; recognising that gross measures of trade, and indicators derived from them, remain important and relevant for policy making.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 86
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD economic policy paper no. 21 (December 2017)
    Serie: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.21
    Schlagwort(e): Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Insolvenz ; Unternehmenssanierung ; Bank ; Allokation ; Marktaustritt ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Policies that spur more efficient corporate restructuring can revive productivity growth by targeting three inter-related sources of labour productivity weakness: the survival of “zombie” firms (low productivity firms that would typically exit in a competitive market), capital misallocation and stalling technological diffusion. New OECD policy indicators show that there is much scope to improve the design of insolvency regimes in order to reduce the barriers to restructuring of weak firms and the personal costs associated with entrepreneurial failure. Insolvency regime reform can not only address the aforementioned sources of productivity weakness but also enhance the productivity impacts of reducing entry barriers in product markets. As the zombie firm problem may partly stem from bank forbearance, complementary reforms to insolvency regimes are essential to ensure that a more aggressive policy to resolve non-performing loans is effective. Distortions in the banking sector highlight the importance of market-based financing instruments for productivity growth with the inherent debt bias in corporate tax systems emerging as a key barrier to technological diffusion. Finally, well-designed job search and retraining policies are effective at returning workers displaced by firm exit to work, particularly in environments where barriers to firm entry are low.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 87
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 96 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD productivity working papers no. 10 (October 2017)
    Serie: OECD productivity working papers
    Schlagwort(e): productivity ; technology diffusion ; resource allocation ; innovation ; New Zealand ; New Zealand ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Productivity growth has slowed across most OECD economies since the mid-2000s. While important aspects of New Zealand’s economic performance have improved over this period, productivity growth is still comparatively low. This continues a long-run trend of poor productivity in New Zealand, which is the key reason why average incomes are still below the OECD average notwithstanding recent strong growth. Given that framework policy settings are often regarded as fit for purpose, this long-run track record has puzzled international and domestic economists for decades. The apparent disconnect between policy and performance naturally raises questions about the broad policy directions and institutions necessary to close New Zealand’s still-substantial productivity and income gaps relative to leading OECD economies. In an effort to provide some answers, this paper outlines the extent and nature of New Zealand’s long-run productivity underperformance and the broad economic reasons why lifting productivity has proven to be so difficult. On the basis of this diagnosis, the paper sketches out broad areas of policy reform that would help improve long-run growth in productivity and incomes. In some respects, this represents a new reform challenge with a focus on investing in the assets necessary to fully benefit from the important changes taking place in the global economy.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 88
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264282711
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (300 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Projet OCDE/G20 sur l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Measuring and Monitoring BEPS, Action 11 - 2015 Final Report
    Schlagwort(e): Taxation ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Des centaines d’études factuelles, utilisant différentes sources de données et méthodes d’évaluation, ont établi l’existence de transferts de bénéfices répondant à des motivations fiscales. Si l’ampleur des pratiques de BEPS est difficile à estimer, compte tenu de la complexité de ces stratégies et des limitations affectant les données disponibles, plusieurs études récentes suggèrent un manque à gagner important en termes de recettes de l’impôt sur les bénéfices des sociétés en raison des pratiques de BEPS. Ce rapport évalue les données actuellement disponibles et conclut que d’importants obstacles empêchent une analyse économique de l’ampleur et des effets des pratiques de BEPS, soulignant le besoin d’améliorer ces données et méthodologies. Concernant les limitations propres aux données, un tableau de bord regroupant six indicateurs des pratiques de BEPS a été créé, afin d’analyser diverses stratégies de BEPS à partir de plusieurs sources de données. Selon ces indicateurs, la réalité des pratiques de BEPS ne fait guère de doute, et il semble même qu’elles aient pris de l’ampleur au fil des ans. De nouvelles études empiriques menées par l’OCDE permettent d’estimer que le manque à gagner subi par les États en recettes de l’impôt sur les bénéfices des sociétés serait compris entre 100 et 240 milliards USD chaque année aux niveaux de 2014. Le rapport présente également de nouveaux outils d’analyse pouvant aider les pays à mesurer l’efficacité des mesures prises au titre du projet BEPS. Ces recherches ont aussi souligné l’existence d’importantes distorsions, de nature non fiscale, générées par les pratiques de BEPS, et le rapport formule des recommandations pour utiliser au mieux les données disponibles et améliorer les analyses de suivi de ces pratiques à l’avenir.
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789264274297
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (220 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD/G20 Projekt Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Aligner les prix de transfert calculés sur la création de valeur, Actions 8-10 - Rapports finaux 2015
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Garantizar que los resultados de los precios de transferencia estén en línea con la creación de valor, Acciones 8 a 10 – Informes finales 2015
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Aligning Transfer Pricing Outcomes with Value Creation, Actions 8-10 - 2015 Final Reports
    Schlagwort(e): Taxation ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Der vorliegende Bericht enthält Änderungen der OECD-Verrechnungspreisleitlinien, die die Übereinstimmung der Verrechnungspreise mit der Wertschöpfung gewährleisten sollen. Diese Änderungen betreffen die folgenden wichtigen Themen: Verrechnungspreisfragen im Zusammenhang mit Geschäftsvorfällen, bei denen es um immaterielle Wert geht; vertragliche Vereinbarungen, einschließlich vertraglicher Aufteilungen der Risiken und entsprechenden Gewinne, die nicht mit den tatsächlich wahrgenommenen Tätigkeiten im Einklang stehen; die Höhe der Rendite von Finanzierungen kapitalstarker Mitglieder eines multinationalen Konzerns, wenn diese Rendite nicht mit dem Umfang der von der Finanzierungsgesellschaft wahrgenommenen Tätigkeiten übereinstimmt; sonstige Risikobereiche. Der Bericht erläutert zudem Folgearbeiten, die hinsichtlich der geschäftsvorfallbezogenen Gewinnaufteilungsmethode durchgeführt werden und die in detaillierten Leitlinien dazu münden sollen, wie diese Methode sachgerecht angewandt werden kann, um die Verrechnungspreise stärker an der Wertschöpfung auszurichten.
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264279049
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (488 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Multi-level Governance Studies
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Making decentralisation work in chile
    Schlagwort(e): Dezentralisierung ; Kommunalpolitik ; Chile ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Chile ; Chile ; Dezentralisation ; Kommunalpolitik
    Kurzfassung: This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges confronting Chile’s centralised growth model and recommendations towards developing a more integrated territorial approach, capable of mobilising regional productivity catch-up potential in order to strengthen the role of regions and municipalities. The Chilean government has launched an ambitious decentralisation agenda, aimed at empowering municipalities by providing them with the legitimacy, financial resources, human capacities and tools required to improve their autonomy and performance. This study seeks to assist the government by covering several dimensions, looking at municipal responsibilities, fiscal and human resources, equalisation mechanisms, local public service performance, citizen participation, and co-ordination mechanisms across levels of government.
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  • 91
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264271159 , 9789264271036 , 9789264295483
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (440 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe La prochaine révolution de la production : Conséquences pour les pouvoirs publics et les entreprises
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als The next production revolution
    Schlagwort(e): Produktionstechnik ; Produktionsprozess ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Welt ; Employment ; Environment ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Bericht ; Forschung und Entwicklung ; Produktinnovation
    Kurzfassung: This publication examines the opportunities and challenges, for business and government, associated with technologies bringing about the “next production revolution”. These include a variety of digital technologies (e.g. the Internet of Things and advanced robotics), industrial biotechnology, 3D printing, new materials and nanotechnology. Some of these technologies are already used in production, while others will be available in the near future. All are developing rapidly. As these technologies transform the production and the distribution of goods and services, they will have far-reaching consequences for productivity, skills, income distribution, well-being and the environment. The more that governments and firms understand how production could develop in the near future, the better placed they will be to address the risks and reap the benefits.
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  • 92
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264269040
    Sprache: Spanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (140 p.) , ill.
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: Las ambiciosas reformas estructurales y las sólidas políticas macroeconómicas han asegurado la resistencia de la economía mexicana, sumamente abierta, ante las desafiantes condiciones mundiales. El crecimiento de la productividad de México repuntó hace poco en los sectores que se beneficiaron de las reformas estructurales: energético, financiero y de telecomunicaciones. La apertura comercial, la inversión extranjera directa, la integración en las cadenas globales de valor y los incentivos a la innovación han impulsado las exportaciones, en especial las de automóviles. Sin embargo, otros sectores se han rezagado, al verse afectados por regulaciones locales demasiado rigurosas, instituciones jurídicas débiles, informalidad arraigada, corrupción y desarrollo financiero insuficiente. Por otra parte, el crecimiento no ha sido suficientemente incluyente para lograr mejores condiciones de vida para todas las familias mexicanas, muchas de las cuales viven en la pobreza; y cuyas oportunidades para los hijos de superar a sus padres podrían mejorarse. Las políticas anteriores ya han empezado a corregir estas tendencias, pero es necesario hacer más en este sentido. El Estudio de 2017 hace recomendaciones clave que podrían ayudar a estimular la productividad y hacer que el crecimiento sea más incluyente. CAPÍTULOS ESPECIALES: CRECIMIENTO INCLUYENTE; PRODUCTIVIDAD
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  • 93
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264270572
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (95 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Accrual practices and reform experiences in OECD countries
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Öffentliches Rechnungswesen ; Rechnungsabgrenzung ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics ; OECD ; Fiskalpolitik ; Rechnungswesen ; Rückstellung
    Kurzfassung: Financial reporting is one of the foundations of good fiscal management. High-quality financial reports are essential to ensure that a governments fiscal decisions are based on the most up-to-date and accurate understanding of its financial position. Financial reports are also the mechanism through which legislatures, auditors, and the public at large hold governments accountable for their financial performance. Over the past two decades, a growing number of governments have begun moving away from pure cash accounting toward accrual accounting to improve transparency and accountability and better inform fiscal decision making. This study reviews and compares accounting and budgeting practices at the national government level in OECD countries. It also discusses both the challenges and benefits of accruals reforms. Finally, it looks at some steps countries are taking to make better use of accrual information in the future. This is a joint publication with the International Federation of Accountants and the OECD.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264274341
    Sprache: Polnisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Poland
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  • 95
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264274174
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (129 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Un Compte satellite du tourisme a pour objectif d’analyser en détail tous les aspects de la demande de biens et de services associés à l’activité des visiteurs; de voir comment cette demande se confronte dans la pratique à l’offre de ces biens et services dans cette même économie; et de décrire les interactions entre cette offre et d’ autres activités économiques. Le présent volume, Compte satellite du tourisme : recommandations concernant le cadre conceptuel 2008, offre un cadre mis à jour pour la construction d’un Compte satellite du tourisme. Il devrait permettre une plus grande compatibilité interne des statistiques du tourisme avec le reste du système statistique d’un pays et une meilleure comparabilité internationale des données.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264275683
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (120 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Small, medium, strong
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): KMU ; Unternehmenserfolg ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Betriebliches Umfeld ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Governance ; Economics ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Klein- und Mittelbetrieb ; Gewerbepolitik
    Kurzfassung: SMEs and entrepreneurs play a key role in national economies around the world, generating employment and income, contributing to innovation and knowledge diffusion, responding to new or niched demands and social needs, and enhancing social inclusion. However, SMEs are often more affected by business environment conditions and structural policies than larger firms. This report presents comparative evidence on SME performance and trends, and on a broad range of policy areas and business environment conditions that are important for small businesses. The analysis takes into account the multi-dimensionality of SME policy objectives and the significant heterogeneity of the SME population, within and across countries. Data and indicators on framework conditions are complemented with information on recent policy trends in OECD countries. This publication addresses a growing demand by governments for tools to monitor the business environment for small and medium-sized enterprises, and benchmark the effectiveness of policies in creating appropriate conditions for them to flourish and grow.
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  • 97
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Development Centre working paper no. 338
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.338
    Schlagwort(e): Taxation ; Development ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This study documents the process through which standard tax reliefs and tax allowances reduce the taxable base of the Personal Income Tax (PIT) in Latin American countries by using the models developed in Taxing Wages in Latin America and the Caribbean 2016. The theoretical estimations on the personal income tax are complemented with data from the tax administrations. The study finds that the PIT is progressive, but only paid by a small proportion of formal high-wage earning individuals. On average, more than 80% of the PIT is paid by the richest ten per cent of the population but at average effective rates below the region’s average statutory minimum tax schedule rate. The combination of these factors results in the PIT having a scant revenue-raising capacity and a meagre impact on income redistribution.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 98
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions no. 42
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: The G20/OECD Task Force on Financial Consumer Protection has highlighted that "regulators and supervisors can use the insights gained through behavioural economics research to inform their approach to potential remedies to help consumers". This paper, prepared under the aegis of the G20/OECD Task Force, first provides some historical context for the development of the field of behavioural economics and its increased application to policy. It then looks more specifically at the application of behavioural economics in the area of financial consumer protection. Common biases that individuals demonstrate in the context of making financial decisions are identified, and an overview of how numerous governments are testing and implementing the application of behavioural economics for policies promoting financial consumer protection is provided. The paper concludes by highlighting the opportunity for behavioural economics to help provide cost-efficient ways of making policy more effective at promoting positive outcomes for consumers, and stressing the need to continue an open dialogue with policy makers, regulators and supervisors to exchange experiences and good practices.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1357
    Schlagwort(e): Verbindlichkeiten ; Kapitalstruktur ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Steuerplanung ; Eigenkapital ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Multinational enterprises (MNEs) manipulate the location of their debts to reduce their corporate tax burden. Indeed, by locating debts in higher-tax rate countries, MNEs can deduct interest payments against a higher tax rate. This paper provides evidence of such manipulation of debt location. The analysis is based on a large sample of firm-level data from the ORBIS database. By comparing the indebtedness of MNE entities with similar characteristics but different debt shifting opportunities, the analysis suggests that a 1 percentage point higher tax rate is associated with 1.3% higher third-party debt. This is a lower bound estimate of debt manipulation, since it excludes the manipulation of internal debt. The analysis also shows that strict rules limiting interest deductibility (e.g. thin capitalisation or interest-to-earnings rules) can reduce debt manipulation. The possibility to locate debts in higher-tax rate countries reduces the effective cost of debt for MNE groups. The empirical analysis suggests that this can lead MNE groups to increase their overall external indebtedness, compounding the “debt bias” existing in most tax systems.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 100
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1359
    Schlagwort(e): Multinationales Unternehmen ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Auslandsinvestition ; Steuerplanung ; Steuerrecht ; Steuereinnahmen ; Welt ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper assesses the redistribution of foreign direct investments (FDI) and tax revenues among countries due to multinationals’ response to international differences in corporate tax systems. The paper briefly reviews the literature on the tax sensitivity of FDI and uses a consensus estimate of this sensitivity in combination with bilateral FDI data to compute hypothetical bilateral FDI positions in the absence of tax rate differences. In a second step, tax revenue effects are estimated by assuming a conventional rate of return on investment. For most OECD countries, the effects of tax rate differentials on FDI positions range between -15% and 15% of current FDI positions. The calculated effects of taxes on FDI reflect real investments as well as tax planning behaviours and the methodology cannot distinguish between these two channels. The methodology only captures part of the tax planning activities of multinationals, since some of these activities are not reflected in the size of the FDI positions.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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