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  • 1995-1999  (137)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (137)
  • Development  (123)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264164079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.30
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Communauté Européenne 1998
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    Keywords: Development ; OECD
    Abstract: The European Community (EC) is the world's second largest multilateral channel for development assistance (after the World Bank). Its combined programmes are the fifth-largest among the 22 Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC), and EC programmes have grown an average 3.3 per cent annually over the past five years, while the combined effort of DAC countries declined by 4.7 per cent annually. The Community's allocation of resources to lower income countries has not kept pace, however, with the overall growth of the ODA budget over recent years. EC programmes operate within a complex organisation and management structure, and Brussels faces serious challenges of implementation in adapting its operations to achieve agreed development objectives. There have been important steps in the evolution of the European Commission structures: a Common Service has been created to implement co-operation activities for the four Directorates General. But there is still a need to strengthen the capacity of delegations in the field to work fully with partners in advancing local ownership and co-ordination. The EC has a strong role to play in improving the coherence of policies affecting developing countries. The report analyses this question in fields such as agriculture, trade, fisheries agreements and Community fishing fleet subsidies. Co-ordination with other donors also seems to be improving, which bodes well for better overall partnerships between donors and partner countries. In 1998, the development co-operation policy of the following DAC Member countries will be reviewed: Canada, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Spain, and the United States.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264272019
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.31
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; Finland 1999
    Keywords: Development ; Finland
    Abstract: La Finlande a maintenant entrepris de restructurer et de renforcer son programme d'aide, qui avait subi de fortes compressions au début des années 90. La Décision de principe adoptée par le Cabinet en septembre 1996 est désormais le principal document servant de référence pour la politique de coopération pour le développement. Elle stipule que le rapport entre l'aide publique au développement émanant de la Finlande et le produit national brut (ou rapport APD/PNB) devra être porté à 0.4 pour cent d'ici l'an 2000. Elle prévoit également l'intégration de la coopération pour le développement à un cadre cohérent en matière de politique étrangère ainsi que la réorganisation de l'administration de l'aide au sein du ministère des Affaires étrangères. Lors de l'examen auquel il a procédé de la politique et du programme de la Finlande en matière de coopération pour le développement, le CAD s'est félicité de l'importance accordée à la notion de partenariat dans la politique finlandaise, telle que définie dans la Décision de principe. Il a aussi salué l'accroissement du volume de l'aide finlandaise, retournement bienvenu de la nette tendance à la baisse qui prévalait au moment du précédent examen en 1995. D'autres questions essentielles ont été abordées lors de cet examen : les relations de partenariat à long terme entre la Finlande et les pays bénéficiant en priorité de son aide, la notion de flexibilité incluse dans la Décision de principe, la nécessité d'établir des orientations précises pour guider les interventions sectorielles et transversales, la gestion des activités sur le terrain et la délégation de pouvoirs aux représentations locales, et enfin la nouvelle procédure d'examen préalable des projets et propositions qui a été intégrée au système de contrôle de la qualité de l'aide finlandaise. Au programme des examens par les pairs réalisés par le CAD figurent, pour 1998, le Canada, l'Espagne, la Communauté européenne, la Finlande, l'Allemagne et le Luxembourg, et pour 1999, le Danemark, le Japon, l'Irlande, la Norvège.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264264076
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.30
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; European Community 1998
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: La Communauté européenne (CE) est le deuxième donneur multilatéral d'aide au développement (après la Banque mondiale). Elle se classe au cinquième rang des 22 Membres du Comité d'aide au développement (CAD) de l'OCDE par l'ensemble de ses programmes, qui ont connu une croissance moyenne de 3.3 pour cent par an au cours des cinq dernières années, tandis que l'effort global des Membres du CAD accusait un recul de 4.7 pour cent par an. Les ressources allouées par la Communauté aux pays à faible revenu n'ont cependant pas progressé au même rythme, ces dernières années, que le budget d'APD dans son ensemble. Les programmes de la CE sont régis par une organisation et des structures de gestion complexes, et la Commission est confrontée, en matière de mise en oeuvre, à un réel défi pour adapter son mode de fonctionnement à la poursuite des objectifs convenus dans le domaine du développement. D'importants remaniements ont été opérés dans la structure de la Commission européenne, notamment avec la création d'un Service commun chargé de la mise en oeuvre des activités de coopération pour le développement arrêtées par les quatre directions générales. Il reste cependant nécessaire de renforcer la capacité des délégations sur le terrain à travailler de concert avec les partenaires afin que ceux-ci fassent leurs les politiques mises en place et que la coordination soit optimale. La CE a un rôle décisif à jouer dans l'élaboration de politiques de développement plus cohérentes. C'est ce que souligne ce rapport à travers l'analyse de domaines comme l'agriculture, les accords de pêche et les subventions à la flotte de pêche de la Communauté. La coordination avec les autres donneurs semble quant à elle sur la bonne voie, ce qui est de bon augure pour l'avenir du partenariat entre donneurs et pays bénéficiaires. Les examens du CAD en matière de coopération pour le développement prévus en 1998 concernent, outre la Communauté européenne, les Membres du CAD suivants : l'Allemagne, le Canada, l'Espagne, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande et le Luxembourg.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264172050
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.32
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Luxembourg 1999
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    Keywords: Development ; Luxembourg ; OECD ; Luxemburg
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1999 review of Luxembourg's development aid programmes and policies. It finds that Luxembourg's aid programme has made considerable headway since the first review by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in 1993. The government has implemented most of the DAC's recommendations following that review. Measures taken by the government include: a new law defining the aims of co-operation; selection of target countries; an increase in the number of staff assigned to the aid programme; an agreement governing relations between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Co-operation (MFA) and Lux-Development, the executive agency. Over the last five years the volume of Luxembourg's official development assistance (ODA) has risen by an average of 15 per cent a year in real terms. Luxembourg's development aid reached 0.55 per cent of its gross national product (GNP) in 1997. This advance has been made possible by the unanimous support of political parties and public opinion. The non-governmental organisations occupy a special place in the aid programme since a quarter of bilateral aid is channelled through them. Luxembourg delivers its aid entirely in grant form, and largely untied. The sharp rise in the volume of aid makes it important to control and improve the quality of projects and programmes by means of more stringent selection procedures, closer monitoring of projects and systematic [ex-ante] and [ex-post] evaluations. To that end it is crucial to reduce the number of recipient countries, to strengthen further human resources for the aid programme and to extend training for co-operation staff.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264274495
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.27
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; Spain 1998
    Keywords: Development ; Spain
    Abstract: Le gouvernement espagnol a entrepris de gros efforts pour consolider le cadre de sa politique de coopération pour le développement et améliorer la qualité et la transparence de son aide. Un projet de loi sur la coopération pour le développement a été soumis au Parlement à l'automne 1997 et de nouveaux systèmes de planification et d'évaluation destinés à faciliter la gestion de l'aide sont en cours de mise en place, dont un plan indicatif pluriannuel et des programmes par pays. Malgré de sérieuses contraintes budgétaires, il est par ailleurs envisagé d'accroître le budget de l'aide. Ces initiatives ont été accueillies favorablement par le Comité d'aide au développement (CAD) de l'OCDE à l'occasion de l'examen de la politique et du programme d'aide de l'Espagne. Le Comité a également pris note du net rééquilibrage de l'effort d'aide espagnol où l'accroissement sensible du programme d'aide sous forme de dons s'est accompagné d'une diminution des crédits d'aide liée du Fonds d'aide au développement (FAD), et il a exprimé le voeu que cette tendance se poursuive. Le CAD a encouragé les autorités espagnoles dans leur effort pour garantir une plus grande cohérence des crédits du FAD avec les objectifs de coopération pour le développement et les orientations générales de l'aide espagnole. Eu égard aux bonnes pratiques en vigueur parmi les donneurs, le Comité s'est déclaré favorable aux mesures visant à rehausser l'efficacité du programme d'aide de l'Espagne et la capacité de ce pays de le mettre en oeuvre, et a invité les autorités espagnoles à réfléchir à un certain nombre d'autres initiatives destinées notamment à : - garantir une application plus rigoureuse des critères de développement pour l'identification et la sélection des projets financés par des crédits du FAD et une meilleure coordination de ces derniers avec le programme de dons, une attention particulière étant accordée à la situation des pays très endettés ; - poursuivre les efforts engagés pour doter l'AECI d'une plus grande autonomie au regard des règles administratives et en matière de recrutement, afin d'en améliorer la souplesse de fonctionnement et le professionnalisme, de sorte qu'elle puisse fonctionner dans le cadre de la loi envisagée ; - réaliser une étude sur la liaison de l'aide afin d'en mieux appréhender les avantages et les inconvénients et d'alimenter le débat sur cette question à l'échelon national ; - continuer d'améliorer les méthodes d'administration des subventions aux ONG. En 1998, les examens de la politique de coopération pour le développement concerneront les pays Membres du CAD suivants : Allemagne, Canada, Communauté européenne, Etats-Unis, Finlande, et Luxembourg.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789264273306
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade, Investment and Development; Reaping the Full Benefits of Open Markets
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade, Investment and Development: Reaping the Full Benefits of Open Markets
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade
    Abstract: Les économies en développement et en transition s'efforcent d'accélérer leur développement en libéralisant leurs échanges et leurs investissements, et en saisissant les opportunités offertes par l'économie mondiale. A la suite des crises financières récentes, la crainte a cependant été exprimée que certains pays se détournent de la libéralisation des échanges et de l'investissement. En fait, la plupart des pays touchés par la crise continuent de libéraliser échanges et leurs investissements, en quoi ils voient une solution, et non une cause de la crise. Cette étude examine les avantages et les enjeux de la libéralisation des échanges et de l'investissement pour le développement, en s'appuyant sur les expériences menées par des économies de différentes régions du monde. L'expérience montre que l'ouverture des marchés et de l'investissement a été bénéfique lorsqu'elle s'est accompagnée d'un ensemble cohérent de mesures macroéconomiques et structurelles conçues pour stimuler la croissance, d'un renforcement des capacités, d'une politique sociale appropriée, et d'une bonne gestion des affaires publiques. Qui plus est, des pays comme la Corée ou le Mexique, qui ont opposé à la crise économique la libéralisation et les réformes structurelles, en ont tiré des résultats positifs. Un nouveau cycle de négociations commerciales multilatérales est donc d'un intérêt vital pour tous les pays -- développés, en développement ou en transition -- pour préparer l'économie mondiale du XXIe siècle. Pour en savoir plus Echanges, investissement et développement : Pour la cohérence des politiques
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173309
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Échanges, investissement et développement ; Optimiser les bénéfices de l'ouverture des marchés
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Échanges, investissement et développement : Optimiser les bénéfices de l'ouverture des marchés
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    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade ; Freihandel ; Globalisierung ; Entwicklung
    Abstract: Developing and transition economies are seeking to accelerate their development by liberalising trade and investment, and taking advantage of the opportunities of the global market place. However, in the wake of recent financial crises, concerns have been expressed that some countries might turn away from open trade and investment. In fact, most crisis-affected countries are continuing to liberalise trade and investment, which they see as part of the solution to the crisis, not the cause. This report reviews evidence of the benefits and challenges of trade and investment for development, drawing on experiences from economies in various parts of the world. Experience shows that open trade and investment have been beneficial for development, when accompanied by a coherent set of growth-oriented macroeconomic and structural policies, capacity-building, social policy and good governance. Further, countries like Korea and Mexico that have responded to economic crisis with liberalisation and structural reform have experienced positive results. All countries -- developed, developing and transition -- have a vital stake in a new Round of multilateral trade negotiations to prepare for the global economy of 21st century.
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.152
    Keywords: Development ; Viet Nam
    Abstract: Reform in Viet Nam is a protracted process. Beginning in 1979, it experienced both advances and reversals until 1986, a sudden acceleration in 1989-91, then gradualism hampered by a deepening entrenchment of interests in positions both for and against further liberalisation. A stop-go cycle has developed in which the new incentives and opportunities resulting from reform are sufficient to block broad reversion to earlier phases, but comprehensive advances would seem to depend on the occurrence of deeply unfavourable shocks. When crisis has seriously undermined performance, leaders have embraced reform to shore up legitimacy, while in good times they have tended to disagree over the long-term risks of reform and how to deal with those risks ...
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9264174044
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Trade and competition policies
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    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung ; Konferenzschrift ; OECD ; Außenhandel ; Internationaler Wettbewerb
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  • 10
    Language: French
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.17
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Participatory Governance: The Missing Link for Poverty Reduction
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Renforcer le pouvoir des populations défavorisées est un élément déterminant pour lutter efficacement contre la pauvreté. • Une approche participative reposant sur la demande accroît l'efficience et l'efficacité. • L'obligation de rendre des comptes est le pivot de la gouvernance participative. • Pas de véritable gouvernance participative sans un réel développement des capacités.
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Foreign direct investment and the environment
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    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung ; Konferenzschrift ; Direktinvestition ; Umweltschutz
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.147
    Keywords: Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: During the 1990s, China has experienced a surge in imports of services, particularly those of communication, insurance and other business services, despite the fact that the authorities have maintained a plethora of restrictive measures limiting access to the service sector. Not only does this cast strong doubt over the effectiveness of these measures currently in place but also raises some important political-economy questions regarding the market access issues related to this sector. Following a brief review of the country’s efforts made since 1994 to sustain its openeconomy reforms, the paper takes stock of major policy developments in the service sector and discusses the pros and cons of liberalisation of services. The paper argues that a further liberalisation of services would be imperative for China to develop a more viable and dynamic service sector and stands to gain the full benefits of globalisation. The protective measures imposed for short-term, political ...
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.16
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Au lendemain de la crise asiatique : Comment gérer les flux de capitaux ?
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • The unprecedented withdrawal of foreign private capital from Asia, more than 10 per cent of GDP in the crisis countries, confronts them with a transfer problem. Creditor governments should induce their home banks into financial rescue operations to reduce moral hazard in private-sector lending, and to encourage Asia’s recovery. • The resolution of Asia’s domestic debt overhang must be the overriding policy concern for Asia’s governments; paying the inevitable fiscal cost in Asia’s restructuring process requires tax-base broadening, supported by easy monetary policy. • Progress towards a less crisis-prone international financial system will hinge on how to correct the excessive risk taking by banks. Regulatory distortions through the Basle Accord which bias bank lending towards the short term should be corrected. • Developing countries should strengthen bank and non-bank balance sheets and raise the quality of inflows; Chile-type regulatory measures, however, will only be effective in an appropriate policy context.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264273504
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Échanges, investissement et développement ; Pour la cohérence des politiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Échanges, investissement et développement : Pour la cohérence des politiques
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    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade ; OECD ; Entwicklungspolitik
    Abstract: The development process can advance more rapidly than ever before in the new global economy. While opening their economies to trade and investment is a necessary condition for developing countries to achieve sustained high growth and reduce poverty, it is by no means a sufficient condition. Initiating a sustainable dynamic growth requires sound, market-oriented economic policies; appropriate social policy frameworks, including strong investment in human capital and adequate social safety-nets; and good governance. But, as shown by the Asian financial crisis, weaknesses in any of these basic foundations make even successful developing economies vulnerable to crisis. OECD countries have a pivotal role to play in facilitating developing countries' efforts to fully exploit the benefits of open trade and investment. The key objective of this report is to identify how OECD countries can promote policy coherence by improving the framework for international investment and capital flows; addressing environmental concerns; facilitating participation of developing countries in the global information society; and enhancing the coherence of development co-operation policies. To be successful, policy coherence implies the broader agenda of consciously taking account of the needs and interests of developing countries in order for them to be effective rather than vulnerable and marginal players in the global economy.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264274235
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade, Investment and Development; Policy Coherence Matters
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade, Investment and Development: Policy Coherence Matters
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade
    Abstract: Le développement devrait pouvoir progresser plus rapidement que jamais dans la nouvelle économie mondiale. Si l'ouverture des économies en développement aux échanges et à l'investissement est une condition nécessaire pour instaurer une croissance élevée et durable en participant à l’économie mondiale, ce n’est en aucun cas une condition suffisante. Enclencher une dynamique de croissance durable requiert des politiques économiques saines et obéissant aux principes du marché, des politiques sociales d'accompagnement adaptées, ainsi qu'une bonne gestion des affaires publiques. Mais comme l'a démontré la crise financière asiatique, des carences dans ces trois domaines peuvent fragiliser des économies en développement même très performantes. Les pays de l'OCDE ont un rôle central à jouer pour faciliter les efforts que mènent les pays en développement pour tirer parti de tous les avantages de l'ouverture aux échanges et à l'investissement. Le principal objectif de cette étude est de déterminer comment les pays de l'OCDE peuvent promouvoir la cohérence des politiques en : améliorant le cadre dans lequel s'inscrivent les flux internationaux d'investissement et de capitaux ; en prenant en compte les préoccupations environnementales ; et en facilitant la participation des pays en développement à la société mondiale de l'information. Pour être couronnée de succès, il est nécessaire que la cohérence des politiques prenne délibérément en compte les besoins et les intérêts des pays en développement, afin d'en faire des acteurs de l'économie mondial efficaces, plutôt que vulnérables et marginaux. Pour en savoir plus Echanges, investissement et développement : Optimiser les bénéfices de l'ouverture des marchés
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789264173088
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.33
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Danemark 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Danemark 1999
    Keywords: Development ; Denmark
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1999 review of Denmark's development aid programmes and policies. It finds that Denmark is the top performer among the 22 Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in terms of the volume of its official development assistance (ODA). Denmark’s ODA volume has been maintained at around 1% of gross national product (GNP) since 1992, thanks to a strong consensus and public support for development aid. The quality of Denmark’s aid effort is also most impressive. In particular this high volume of aid is supported by a strong long-range strategy, whose directions - and especially the central emphasis on poverty reduction - are in harmony with the Development Partnership Strategy agreed by the DAC in 1996. Denmark has succeeded in concentrating its bilateral assistance on 20 countries, 18 of which are low-income or least developed countries. Aid is concentrated on sectors of particular relevance to the poor and on programmes in the poorest areas of these countries, thus working towards the goal of poverty reduction. Since 1996, Denmark has pursued a policy of "active multilateralism" to promote its concerns for increased focus and efficiency in multilateral aid programmes. However, there is no clear evidence that this policy has greatly advanced the intended results, as it still reflects a largely unilateral approach more than a joint endeavour. Denmark is a long-standing positive example of the integration of the aid system with other aspects of foreign relations. This approach combines policy coherence in Denmark’s relations with developing countries and professionalism in the aid programme, enhanced by an effective decentralisation of responsibility to embassies in programme countries. This integrated approach has helped Danish development assistance (Danida) to pioneer since 1994 a shift in aid implementation from project support to Sector Programme Support (SPS), an approach which should be mutually reinforcing with the DAC’s Partnership Strategy. It implies also a stepping up in co-ordination activities, both between donors and with partner countries, which Denmark has fully backed.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789264072619
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This report provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) to African countries for the years 1997 and 1998. This Special Africa Edition of the Gazette records the commitments which have been reported by Member countries of the OECD Development Assistance Committee and by multilateral organisations, and which have been entered into the Creditor Reporting System (CRS) database up until now (September 1998).
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.155
    Keywords: Development ; India
    Abstract: The paper analyses economic and political causes as well as outcomes of the sudden reversal of Indian economic policies in 1991–93, after four decades of autarky and interventionism. It argues that a changing political landscape and the emergence of new interest groups, coupled with a severe balance–of–payments crisis, left little choice to the governing party but to break with the legacy of a patrimonial state. More competition, at political and economic levels, forced the hand of politicians to remove direct quantitative controls on industrial production, imports and access to capital. These reforms remained, however, partial and did not fundamentally change the politico–economic equation. Systemic opposition to reform remained strong enough to capture or neutralise some of the gains of liberalisation. Thus, the reform movement faltered and eventually ceased ...
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.154
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This Technical Paper analyses the main policy issues raised by regulatory reform in air transport in sub–Saharan Africa. Its basic premise is that improving air infrastructure is of paramount importance for the region as it tries to integrate more thoroughly into the world economy. On the basis of the experience of OECD countries with privatisation, liberalisation, and regulatory design, the author analyses progress being made in sub– Saharan Africa and identifies three important case studies: the restructuring of the regional airline of Francophone Western Africa, the sell–off of the state–owned airline of Kenya, and the overall reform process in South Africa, by far the largest market in the sub–continent. The analysis highlights the importance of regional dynamics in the upgrading of the air transport industry in developing and emerging areas. Sub–Saharan Africa has made smaller progress in this respect than, for instance, Central America. As the start of the Millenium Round and ...
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.146
    Keywords: Development ; Cameroon
    Abstract: This study presents the main developments in the manufacturing industry in Cameroon, based on firm-level data covering the 1980-95 period. The emphasis is on structural factors of competitiveness. A production function and an export function are estimated in order to study the determinants of total factor productivity (TFP) and export performance. The results provide evidence indicating that openness to trade, development of skilled labour and adequate management of the real exchange rate are crucial factors for the enhancement of productivity and exports. Moreover, a mutually reinforcing relationship between productivity and export performance is demonstrated. The performance of the manufacturing sector in Cameroon has deteriorated considerably since the mid-1980s. This decline is to a degree explained by Dutch disease and inward-looking policies in the manufacturing sector, resulting in a highly overvalued real effective exchange rate (REER). Based on the estimated export and ...
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.16
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. After the Great Asian Slump: Towards a Coherent Approach to Global Capital Flows
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Le repli massif des capitaux étrangers investis en Asie — plus de 10 pour cent du PIB des pays en crise — les place devant un problème de transfert. Pour favoriser la relance en Asie, les pays créanciers devraient impliquer leurs banques domestiques dans les opérations de sauvetage financier, ce qui réduirait les aléas de moralité dans les activités de prêt du secteur privé. • Pour les pays d’Asie, la priorité est de résoudre le problème du surendettement domestique. Financer le coût budgétaire inhérent à la restructuration exige que les gouvernements des pays asiatiques élargissent la base d’imposition tout en adoptant une politique d’abondance monétaire. • Les pays en développement doivent s’assurer du bon équilibre financier des établissements bancaires et non bancaires et être plus exigeants sur la qualité des capitaux étrangers investis. Toutefois, une réglementation « à la chilienne » ne peut être efficace que dans un contexte politique approprié. • Pour évoluer vers un système financier international moins vulnérable aux crises, il importe d’agir sur les risques excessifs pris par les banques. Les Accords de Bâle induisent des distorsions favorisant les prêts bancaires à court terme qui devraient être corrigées.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264172012
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.31
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Finlande 1999
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    Keywords: Development ; Finland ; OECD ; Finnland
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1999 review of Finlands development aid programmes and policies. It finds that following a steep decline in its development co-operation programme in the early 1990s Finland is engaged in redesigning and building up its aid programme. The Cabinet Decision-in-principle of September 1996 is now the main point of reference for Finnish development co-operation. It includes a firm target of 0.4 per cent by the year 2000 for the ratio of Finland's official development assistance to the gross national product (the ODA/GNP ratio), the integration of development co-operation into a coherent foreign policy framework and the reorganisation of the aid administration within the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. At the DAC review of Finland's aid policies and programmes on 16 October 1998 the Committee commended both the partnership orientation of Finland's policies, as set out in the Decision-in-principle, and the growing volume of Finnish aid, a welcome reversal of the situation at the time of the last DAC Peer Review of Finland in 1995, when aid volume was in a deep decline. This Review addresses several other key issues: Finland's long-term partnerships with primary orientation countries; the flexibility concept, included in the Decision-in-principle; the need for clear sectoral and cross-cutting policy guidance; field management and delegation to the field; and the revised screening process for project and policy proposals that is part of the quality control system of Finnish aid.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789264174290
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.27
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Espagne 1998
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Espagne 1998
    Keywords: Development ; Spain
    Abstract: The Development Assistance Committee's 1998 review of Spain's development aid programmes and policies. It finds that The Spanish Government is making significant efforts to consolidate the political framework for development co-operation and improve the quality and transparency of its aid. A draft law on development co-operation was submitted to Parliament in the autumn of 1997 and new planning and evaluation systems for aid management are being introduced, including a multi-year indicative plan and country programmes. Despite severe budgetary constraints, an increase in the aid budget is also envisaged. These initiatives were well received by the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) during the review of Spain's aid policies and programmes. The Committee also took note of the major improvement in the balance of the Spanish aid effort with a significant increase in the grant aid programme, accompanied by a decline in the tied Development Aid Fund (FAD) loan component, and expressed the hope that this trend would continue. The DAC encouraged the Spanish authorities to pursue their efforts to ensure greater consistency of the FAD loans with the overall development objectives and policy directions for Spanish aid. In relation to general good practice among donors, the Committee indicated its support for the measures to enhance the effectiveness of the Spanish aid programme and its capacity to implement and suggested that the Spanish authorities consider a number of further initiatives
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pension Reform: Lessons from Latin America
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Les réformes des régimes de retraite en Amérique latine ont eu des effets bénéfiques, cependant surestimés. • Tous les pays, Membres ou non Membres de l'OCDE, peuvent tirer profit des approches et des premiers résultats des réformes de « deuxième génération ». • Une capitalisation partielle est réalisable. Elle peut être financée de diverses manières et permettre de mieux diversifier les risques. • Des coûts administratifs élevés et l'uniformité des placements rendent les nouveaux systèmes improductifs. Une réglementation appropriée des régimes de retraite limiterait ces effets négatifs.
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  • 25
    Language: French
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.144
    Keywords: Development ; European Union ; Tunisia
    Abstract: In the context of the partnership agreement signed between Tunisia and the European Union in 1995, talks will begin in the year 2000 on the liberalisation of their agricultural trade. Tunisia’s political attachment to Europe will give the country the opportunity to diversify agricultural policy. Hitherto based on achieving self sufficiency in food, this policy has resulted in poor resource allocation. The goal now is to find the least costly means of reforming Tunisian agricultural policy, particularly for rural households, while seeking the extent to which Europe could help in the transition towards a more dynamic agricultural sector. With the assistance of a dynamic general equilibrium model, this technical paper examines a number of scenarios for Tunisian agriculture towards 2010. It finds that in the absence of EU concessions, which could take the form of the removal of tariff quotas, it would not be in Tunisia’s interest to reduce support for agriculture and lower its own ...
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme des fonds de pension : Leçons d'Amérique Latine
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • There are benefits from Latin American pension reform, but they have been overestimated. • The approaches taken in second-generation reforms and their still early results hold lessons for OECD and non-OECD countries alike. • A partial shift to funding is feasible and can be financed in different ways; partial funding of pensions can lead to greater risk diversification. • High administrative costs and uniformity of investment portfolios make the new systems inefficient; pension regulation has to be designed and implemented to lessen these negative effects.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264273085
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.33
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; Denmark 1999
    Keywords: Development ; Denmark
    Abstract: L'aide publique au développement (APD) du Danemark dépasse, en volume, celle des 21 autres Membres du Comité d'aide au développement (CAD) de l'OCDE. Depuis 1992, l'APD danoise se maintient en effet aux alentours de 1 % du produit national brut (PNB), en volume, et ce grâce à la vigueur du consensus que suscite l'aide au développement et du soutien qu'elle recueille dans l'opinion publique. L'effort d'aide danois se distingue également par sa qualité. Abstraction faite de son volume, l'aide danoise s'appuie sur une stratégie à long terme bien définie, dont les grands axes - en particulier la place centrale qui y est faite à la réduction de la pauvreté - sont conformes à la stratégie de partenariat pour le développement approuvée par le CAD en 1996. Le Danemark a réussi à concentrer son aide bilatérale sur 20 pays, dont 18 sont des pays à faible revenu ou comptent parmi les pays les moins avancés. L'aide est en outre ciblée sur des secteurs qui présentent une importance particulière pour les pauvres et sur des programmes destinés aux régions les plus démunies de ces pays, contribuant ainsi à faire refluer la pauvreté. Le Danemark mène, depuis 1996, une politique de « multilatéralisme actif » afin que soit pris en considération son souci d'amélioration du ciblage et de l'efficacité des programmes multilatéraux. Il n'est toutefois pas évident que cette démarche ait vraiment contribué à produire les résultats escomptés, car elle s'apparente encore davantage à de l'unilatéralisme qu'à une entreprise commune. Le Danemark fournit depuis longtemps un bel exemple des avantages qu'on peut retirer de l'intégration du système d'aide aux autres aspects des relations extérieures. Dans le cas de ce pays, cette intégration a contribué à la fois à la cohérence des relations avec les pays en développement et au professionnalisme du programme d'aide, lesquels sont encore renforcés par une décentralisation effective des responsabilités aux ambassades danoises dans les pays du programme. Grâce à cette approche intégrée, les services responsables de l'aide danoise au développement (Danida) ont pu entreprendre, depuis 1994, d'abandonner l'aide-projet au profit d'une aide-programme sectorielle (APS), en synergie avec la stratégie de partenariat préconisée par le CAD. Cette démarche implique un renforcement des activités de coordination, à la fois entre donneurs et avec les pays partenaires, auquel le Danemark est tout à fait favorable. En 1999, la politique de coopération pour le développement des pays du CAD suivants sera examinée : Australie, Autriche, Danemark, Irlande, Japon et Norvège.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173576
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.34
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Japon 1999
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    Keywords: Development ; Japan ; Japan ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Entwicklungshilfe
    Abstract: Japan is the leader in volume among DAC donors, but it ranks 19th out of 21 bilateral Members in terms of ODA as a percentage of GNP. Compared to other Members, its aid programme has a higher proportion of loans, with preference towards Asia and lower middle-income countries, and a heavy emphasis on assistance for economic infrastructure as opposed to the social sectors. Japan is making major efforts to improve its aid programme through an administrative reform, piloting the new international development strategy, a country-focused approach, and a push towards increased quality, transparency, and efficiency. The DAC encourages these developments and recommends that Japan should: - strengthen staffing and decentralisation; - enhance NGO involvement; - mainstream cross-cutting issues such as poverty, gender, and governance; - design and evaluate projects with a view towards cost-efficiency, sustainability, technological appropriateness, and socio-economic impact; - and ensure policy dialogue with recipient countries.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264273573
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.34
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; Japan 1999
    Keywords: Development ; Japan
    Abstract: Le Japon est le donneur le plus généreux du CAD, en volume, mais ne se classe qu’à la 19ème place parmi les 21 Membres du comité par son rapport APD/PNB. Comparativement à celui des autres Membres, son programme d’aide fait une large place aux prêts, privilégie l’Asie et les pays à revenu intermédiaire et accorde une grande importance aux infrastructures économiques par rapport aux secteurs sociaux. Le Japon s’applique résolument à améliorer son programme d’aide ; à cet effet, il a engagé une réforme administrative, entrepris d’expérimenter la nouvelle stratégie internationale en matière de développement, adopté une approche ciblée par pays et pris des mesures visant à rehausser la qualité, la transparence et l’efficience de son aide. Le CAD se félicite de cette évolution tout en recommandant au Japon de s’employer également à : - renforcer les effectifs affectés au programme d’aide et décentraliser l’administration de ce dernier ; - associer davantage les ONG à l’action engagée ; - se préoccuper plus systématiquement des problèmes transversaux tels que la lutte contre la pauvreté, l’égalité homme-femme et la bonne gestion des affaires publiques ; - tenir compte dans la conception et l’évaluation des projets des questions d’efficacité par rapport au coût, de viabilité et d’adéquation technologique ainsi que des retombées socio-économiques ; - resserrer le dialogue avec les pays bénéficiaires. Des examens en matière de coopération pour le développement sont prévus pour l’an 2000 pour les Membres suivants du CAD : France, Nouvelle-Zélande, Italie, Suède, Suisse et Portugal.
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9264173625
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Asia and the global crisis
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    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Asiatisch-Pazifischer Raum ; Währungskrise ; Industrie
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789264173330
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.35
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Irlande 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Irlande 1999
    Keywords: Development ; Ireland
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1999 review of Ireland's development aid programmes. It finds that in 1999, Ireland marks the 25th anniversary of Irish Aid, its official aid programme. Over the last five years, the volume of Ireland’s official development assistance (ODA) has risen by an average of 20 per cent a year in real terms, the most rapid growth by a Member of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Preliminary data indicate that Ireland’s development co-operation reached 0.30 per cent of GNP in 1998, nearly double its 1992 level, and is projected to reach 0.35 per cent in 1999. After six years of impressive growth in volume and improvement in quality, most of the increase in aid in 1999 is being used for debt relief measures, European Union contributions, emergency humanitarian assistance and support for refugees in Ireland, rather than for allocations for the long-term development programmes administered by the Department of Foreign Affairs. Political commitments on aid allocations undertaken by the Minister of Finance mean that increases in the Department of Foreign Affairs’ part of the programme are now expected in 2000 and 2001. Two main issues confront the Irish Aid programme: how best to grow and how best to manage that growth. These are clearly issues which Ireland needs to consider and resolve itself, but the Development Assistance Committee can draw on its collective experience to contribute to Ireland’s reflections on these issues. A starting point, from experience elsewhere, is that Irish Aid should maintain and enhance the focused nature of the programme which is now one of its major strengths.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9264173811
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Agricultural finance and credit infrastructure in transition economie
    DDC: 330.09
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    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Osteuropa ; Wirtschaftsreform ; Landwirtschaft ; Finanzierung ; Agrarkredit
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.156
    Keywords: Development ; Chile
    Abstract: What interest do developing countries have in limiting the growth of their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions? Answering this question is crucial to moving international climate policy negotiations forward. The primary benefits for individual countries of GHG abatement remain highly uncertain and, in any case, long-term in nature. The costs, on the other hand, are near-term. Using an economy-wide model of Chile, this study examines a hitherto neglected set of benefits from climate policy, viz., the reduction in emissions of local and regional air pollutants and the “ancillary” health benefits, in this case for the people of Santiago, the capital city. These benefits are both near-term and readily captured by the country implementing the policy. Extensive sensitivity analysis is performed in recognition of the uncertainty surrounding certain key parameter and exogenous variable values — notably, Santiago residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for reduced mortality and morbidity risk, and ...
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.17
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gouvernance participative : Le chaînon manquant dans la lutte contre la pauvreté
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Empowerment of the poor is one ingredient in effective poverty reduction. • A demand-driven participatory approach enhances effectiveness and efficiency. • Accountability is the central lever for participatory governance. • Capacity building is necessary for making participatory governance a reality.
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.149
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: A basic feature of development dynamics is the reallocation of labour from low– productivity to higher–productivity activities (generally more capital–intensive and also often more skill–intensive). The expansion of skilled labour supply that accompanies rising per capita incomes is both cause and effect of this shift in skills demand. Over long periods, if skills supply and demand grow apace, skill premia would show little secular change; over shorter periods, however, inevitable lags may show up as growing or shrinking premia. A policy reform like trade liberalisation can accelerate structural change in an economy, causing an exogenous shift in relative factor demands. For some developing countries, the result may be an increase in skills demand associated with the adoption of newly available foreign technology and lower cost imported capital goods. This demand shift may be permanent or only temporary, but in either case the skills supply should eventually increase in response to ...
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9789264073890
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Aid Activities in South-East Europe provides detailed information on individual commitments of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Official Aid in the Balkan region for the years 1990-1998. This special edition includes the commitments reported by Members of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) as well as statistical tables which provide a more comprehensive picture. Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with DAC statistics' definitions and methodologies. This publication contributes to the European Commission's and World Bank's joint effort to provide information on aid activities undertaken by OECD/DAC donors in South-East Europe. The information is designed for development agencies and institutions involved in country/sector programming and analysis. For each country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and for each sector, by donor.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.153
    Keywords: Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: China is considered to be a particularly successful example of a gradual approach to transition from a command economy to a market economy. This paper reviews the initial conditions, the calendar of reform steps, and the political preconditions for liberalisation. It argues that gradualism was rather the result of a political balancing act between orthodox and reform–minded elements in the Chinese Communist Party than a deliberate approach towards facilitating transition. Economic liberalisation was considered as an instrument for safeguarding the power of the Party, but opinions differed on the degree of liberalisation needed to achieve this goal. Thus, the pace and the direction of the reform process were very much a function of the composition of the leadership of the Party at any given time ...
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9264173420
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Preparing youth for the 21st century
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    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Berufsbildung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik
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  • 39
    ISBN: 9264173757
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Repr.
    Edition: Bd. 1 (Concepts and framework) - 2 (Issues and design)
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Environmental indicators for agriculture
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T. Indicateurs environnementaux pour l'agriculture
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicateurs environnementaux pour l'agriculture : Vol. 1: Concepts et cadre d'analyse Vol.2: Questions clés et conception -- "Le séminaire de York"
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    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Landwirtschaft ; Umweltindikator ; Landwirtschaft ; Umweltverträglichkeit
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.150
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In this study, we analyse extended periods of growth in Africa based on panel estimations from 27 African countries during the 1960-1996 period. Only a dozen of such rapid growth episodes are observable in Africa since 1960, and several of them eventually came to an end. We use all existing information on macroeconomic performance in Africa in a comparative manner, in order to assess the sustainability of current growth episodes. Our main conclusion is that sustainable growth needs to be based on a balanced mix of capital accumulation, macroeconomic adjustment and structural change. In addition to more commonly used determinants of Total Factor Productivity, we construct a measure for the effect of labour reallocation as well as an index of economic diversification and estimate the impact of the latter on long-term growth. We also build an analysis of investment behaviour, which is influenced by Total Factor Productivity gains, while influencing economic growth directly through ...
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.145
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: We assess the prospects for growth of African economies up to the year 2010 by modelling structural and policy determinants of growth, under different scenarios for changes in the exogenous factors and economic policies which shape the projections. To this end we estimate a growth model for 39 African economies, during seven five-year periods from 1960 through 1995. The model emphasises two engines of growth: i) investment and ii) growth of exports. Using a composite indicator of “emerging economies” iiset up on the basis of the economic performance, quality of policies and political stability of African countries ppwe identify 14 African economies that stand better chances to achieve a lasting improvement in their policies and growth performance in the years ahead. These “emerging economies” can be mostly found in the Southern-Eastern and the Western parts of Africa. Our growth simulations involve two policy scenarios: a baseline scenario which extends policy trends observed ...
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 96 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.151
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This Technical Paper reports on a body of research conducted for the OECD Development Centre by Donald J. Robbins. It examines the patterns and determinants of rapidly rising educational attainment in six Latin American countries — Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico and Uruguay — all of which illustrate the sweeping transformations in growth, demographics and education now occurring in much of the world. It finds that rising per capita output, through a mechanism which induces women to join the labour force and interacts with falling family size, acts as the key factor leading to mounting educational achievement. This in fact highlights the role of women in basic household microeconomic decisions with powerful economic and social effects — decisions about female labour-force participation and family shifts from notions of “quantity” (large families) to those of “quality” (fewer children, with more investment in health and education). It carries important implications ...
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.148
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The 1990s have witnessed pronounced boom-bust cycles in emerging-markets lending, culminating in the Asian financial and currency crisis of 1997-98. By examining the links between sovereign credit ratings and dollar bond yield spreads over 1989-97, this paper aims at broad empirical content for judging whether the three leading rating agencies — Moody’s, Standard ' Poor’s and Fitch IBCA — can intensify or attenuate boom-bust cycles in emerging-market lending. First, an event study exploring the market response for 30 trading days before and after rating announcements finds a significant impact of imminent upgrades and implemented downgrades for a combination of ratings by the three leading agencies, despite strong anticipation of rating events. Second, a Granger causality test, by correcting for joint determinants of ratings and yield spreads, finds that changes in sovereign ratings are mutually interdependent with changes in bond yields. These findings are based on many more ...
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264273337
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.35
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; Ireland 1999
    Keywords: Development ; Ireland
    Abstract: L’année 1999 marque le 25ème anniversaire du programme d’aide publique de l’Irlande « Irish Aid ». Ces cinq dernières années, le volume de l’aide publique au développement (APD) de l’Irlande a progressé en moyenne de 20 pour cent par an en termes réels, soit plus rapidement que celui de n'importe quel autre Membre du Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) de l’OCDE. Selon les données préliminaires dont on dispose, l’aide de l’Irlande a atteint 0.30 pour cent du PNB en 1998, ce qui représente près du double de son niveau de 1992, et devrait atteindre 0.35 pour cent en 1999. Après six ans de croissance remarquable en volume et d’amélioration de la qualité de l’aide, l’essentiel de la hausse intervenue en 1999 a été destiné à des mesures d’allégement de la dette, aux contributions à l’Union européenne, à des opérations humanitaires d’urgence et au soutien aux réfugiés en Irlande et non au financement des programmes de développement à long terme administrés par le ministère des Affaires étrangères. Toutefois, la volonté politique qu’a exprimée le ministre des Finances en faveur de l’aide permettra d’assurer une augmentation de l’enveloppe budgétaire consacrée à la partie du programme dont s’occupe le ministère des Affaires étrangères en 2000 et 2001. Le programme d’aide irlandais se heurte à deux difficultés : comment assurer au mieux son expansion et comment gérer au mieux cette expansion ? C’est à l’évidence à l’Irlande qu’il appartient de résoudre ces difficultés, mais le Comité d’aide au développement peut mobiliser son expérience collective pour aider l’Irlande à y réfléchir. Un point de départ, tiré de l’expérience d’autres pays, est que l’Irlande doit conserver et même renforcer le ciblage de son programme, qui est à l’heure actuelle l’un de ses points forts. Les examens en matière de coopération pour le développement prévus pour l’an 2000 porteront sur les Membres suivants du CAD : France, Nouvelle-Zélande, Italie, Suède, Suisse et Portugal.
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789264173293
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 338.1/851
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; China, People’s Republic ; Konferenzschrift ; China ; Agrarpolitik ; OECD ; Agrarpolitik
    Abstract: The pace of growth in China's agricultural sector is remarkable. Over the past 20 years, food production has outpaced population growth, and enhanced the nutritional status of a billion people. But this success has given rise to a number of questions. Most importantly, will China be able to provide food for its population in a sustainable way, while absorbing the 15 million people added to its population each year? What policies should accompany China’s transition to a market-based economy in the agricultural sector which employs the vast majority of China’s working population? What are the implications of economic and agricultural growth for the environment, the rural communities and the social fabric? What are the implications for international agricultural markets and what could be at stake for other food importing countries? Determining how this demand for food will be met requires a complex analytical framework whose parameters are the subject of an intense discussion and debate. The proceedings of this workshop provide a rich repository of material that helps answer many of these questions.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264162778
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.25
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Royaume-Uni 1998
    DDC: 338.9469
    RVK:
    Keywords: Development ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1998 review of the UK's development aid programs and policies. It finds that the United Kingdom is changing its approach to international development policy. The new British Government, elected in May 1997, has created a Department for International Development (DFID), headed by a Secretary of State within the Cabinet. This body has a much wider range of responsibilities than its predecessors, notably in ensuring the coherence of all British policies affecting development. For the first time in two decades, the government issued a White Paper on International Development. This document commits the government to the goal of halving the proportion of people living in extreme poverty by 2015, along with other key international development goals. In its triennial review of British aid policies and programmes, the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) welcomed the United Kingdom's new policies. It viewed the creation of DFID, with its broader responsibilities covering the whole range of bilateral and multilateral aid, the emphasis on strengthened international co-ordination, and the new role in securing consistency across all British policies affecting development as promising steps. The DAC also noted that in focusing its efforts on the eradication of extreme poverty, DFID, like its DAC partners, will need to emphasize the shaping of its programmes and the testing of their outputs with respect to their impact on the poor.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264262775
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.25
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; United Kingdom 1998
    Keywords: Development ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: La politique britannique en matière de développement international est en pleine mutation. Le nouveau gouvernement élu en mai 1997 a créé un ministère du développement international (le DFID - Department for International Development), avec, à sa tête, un secrétaire d'Etat qui fait partie du Cabinet. Ce ministère a un mandat beaucoup plus large que ses prédécesseurs ; il est notamment chargé d'assurer la cohérence de toutes les politiques du Royaume-Uni touchant au développement. Pour la première fois en vingt ans, le gouvernement a publié un Livre blanc sur le développement international. Ce document met l'accent sur certains objectifs clés du développement international et affirme la volonté du gouvernement de respecter l'objectif visant à réduire de moitié d'ici l'an 2015 la proportion de la population des pays en développement vivant dans l'extrême pauvreté. Lors de son examen triennal des politiques et programmes d'aide britanniques, le Comité d'aide au développement de l'OCDE (CAD) s'est félicité de la nouvelle politique du Royaume-Uni. La création du DFID, doté d'un mandat élargi qui couvre la totalité de l'aide bilatérale et multilatérale, l'accent mis sur le renforcement de la coordination internationale, et le rôle confié à ce ministère d'assurer la cohérence de toutes les politiques touchant au développement, lui ont paru de bon augure. Le CAD a par ailleurs souligné qu'en focalisant ses efforts sur l'éradication de l'extrême pauvreté, le DFID, comme ses partenaires du CAD, devra s'attacher à concevoir ses programmes et à en mesurer les résultats en fonction de leurs retombées pour les pauvres. Les prochains examens des politiques de coopération pour le développement prévus en 1998 porteront sur : le Canada, l'Espagne, les Etats-Unis, l'Allemagne, la Communauté européenne, la Finlande et le Luxembourg.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264263178
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.26
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; Canada 1998
    Keywords: Development ; Canada
    Abstract: Dans son Enoncé de politique étrangère intitulé Le Canada dans le monde, le gouvernement canadien réaffirme sa volonté de jouer un rôle actif dans les efforts déployés à l'échelle internationale en faveur de la paix et de la prospérité mondiales et fixe un certain nombre d'objectifs ambitieux à son programme de coopération pour le développement. Le Canada entreprend des efforts importants pour apporter une réponse cohérente aux grands problèmes du monde et le Comité d'aide au développement (CAD) s'est félicité du processus de complète restructuration engagé par l'Agence canadienne de développement international (ACDI) pour se doter des moyens indispensables pour mener à bien sa mission ambitieuse. L'ACDI est, au sein du CAD, un des premiers organismes d'aide à abandonner l'approche sectorielle classique au profit d'une approche thématique en concentrant son attention sur les résultats effectivement obtenus plutôt que sur les moyens mis en oeuvre. Cette initiative prometteuse mérite d'être suivie avec la plus grande vigilance et devrait apporter des enseignements utiles pour les autres donneurs. L'ampleur et la portée des efforts déployés par le Canada au plan international -- qui s'enracinent sans conteste dans les valeurs, les intérêts et les capacités de la société canadienne -- sont toutefois limitées par les compressions de dépenses publiques opérées face à la charge de la dette publique. Le Comité craint que les réductions successives du budget de l'aide n'entament la capacité du Canada de répondre aux attentes de ses citoyens comme de la communauté internationale. Les autres examens en matière de coopération pour le développement prévus pour 1998 seront consacrés aux Membres du CAD suivants : le Royaume-Uni, l'Espagne, les Etats-Unis, l'Allemagne, la Communauté européenne, la Finlande et le Luxembourg.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264263468
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.28
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; United States 1998
    Keywords: Development ; United States
    Abstract: Depuis quelques années, les autorités américaines se sont appliquées à restaurer la confiance des milieux politiques et de l'opinion publique dans les programmes d'aide étrangère, autour desquels le soutien s'était érodé. Le nouveau Plan stratégique de l'USAID, paru en septembre 1997, vise à produire des résultats concrets en soutenant les efforts déployés par les pays en développement et en transition pour obtenir des avancées économiques et sociales durables et pour participer plus étroitement à la solution des problèmes mondiaux. Un ambitieux exercice a été engagé en vue à la fois de réformer le système de gestion de l'aide, de définir des objectifs plus précis et d'intensifier les relations de partenariat. Il n'en reste pas moins que le volume des ressources consacrées par les Etats-Unis à l'aide publique au développement a continué de s'effriter. En pourcentage du PNB, celui-ci classe désormais les Etats-Unis au dernier rang, et de loin, des Membres du Comité d'aide au développement (CAD) de l'OCDE. Lors de son examen triennal de la politique et du programme d'aide des Etats-Unis le 6 avril 1998, le CAD s'est félicité des mesures qui ont été prises et a formé le voeu que les réformes et initiatives lancées portent tous leurs fruits. Après les grandes inquiétudes qu'avait suscité, ces dernières années, dans la communauté internationale le fléchissement général des financements d'APD et des ressources en personnel affectés au programme d'aide des Etats-Unis, les premiers signes de redressement du budget de l'aide aux pays en développement sont les bienvenus ; cette tendance a d'ailleurs été confirmée par le Président Clinton, lequel s'est engagé à demander un accroissement de l'enveloppe allouée à l'aide à l'Afrique, qui retrouverait ainsi ses niveaux élevés passés. Il est essentiel que les Etats-Unis s'appliquent à favoriser le développement par les politiques qu'ils mènent dans tout un éventail de domaines. Lors de l'examen, une attention particulière a donc été portée aux travaux réalisés par l'USAID dans les domaines de la démocratie, du développement participatif, de la bonne gestion des affaires publiques, des conflits et de l'aide d'urgence, ainsi qu'à la Transition Initiative, qui vise à répondre à des besoins se situant à la charnière de l'aide d'urgence et de l'aide au développement. La politique commerciale des Etats-Unis fait également l'objet d'analyses, ainsi que ses contributions multilatérales et son action en faveur de l'égalité entre les sexes. En 1998 sera examinée la politique de coopération pour le développement des Membres suivants du CAD : l'Allemagne, le Canada, la Communauté européenne, l'Espagne, la Finlande et le Luxembourg.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264263666
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.29
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; Germany 1998
    Keywords: Development ; Germany
    Abstract: Le programme d'aide de l'Allemagne est un des plus importants au monde. Il est géré avec une compétence et un savoir-faire impressionnants. Il s'articule sans conteste autour du principe du partenariat. L'aide allemande a trois objectifs fondamentaux : faire reculer la pauvreté, protéger l'environnement et les ressources naturelles, et améliorer l'enseignement et la formation. Toutes les activités d'aide de l'Allemagne intègrent le souci de réduire la pauvreté, d'assurer l'égalité entre les sexes et de préserver l'environnement. Depuis le dernier examen du programme allemand de coopération pour le développement par le Comité d'aide au développement de l'OCDE en 1995, l'Allemagne a pris diverses mesures pour rehausser la qualité et l'efficacité de son aide, parmi lesquelles : - le recadrage de sa politique de coopération pour le développement ; - l'établissement de directives pour l'intégration des considérations de réduction de la pauvreté et de la problématique homme-femme dans la conception de tous les projets et programmes ; - l'élaboration et la mise en oeuvre de programmes d'aide d'urgence axés sur le développement, notamment dans le domaine du règlement des conflits ; - l'adoption d'une nouvelle approche de l'évaluation ; - la décentralisation de l'agence allemande chargée de la coopération technique (la GTZ) et l'ouverture de bureaux locaux de celle chargée de la coopération financière (la KfW) ; - l'instauration de relations plus structurées avec les organisations non gouvernementales. D'un autre côté, du fait de sa structure complexe où interviennent de nombreuses institutions, le système allemand a encore beaucoup de mal à s'adapter aux besoins nouveaux qu'imposent des programmes coordonnés de caractère stratégique; il lui est par ailleurs difficile de faire face aux pressions persistantes qui s'exercent sur le budget de l'aide. Le volume de l'aide allemande s'est nettement effrité ces dernières années. La part des versements nets d'APD dans le PNB est en effet tombée de 0.42 pour cent en 1990 à 0.28 pour cent en 1997. Le soutien apporté au processus de réforme en cours en Europe centrale et orientale et dans l'ex-Union soviétique a, lui aussi, sensiblement fléchi en 1996 et 1997. Outre celui de l'Allemagne, le programme de coopération pour le développement des Membres suivants du CAD sera également soumis à un examen au cours de l'année 1998 : Canada, Communauté européenne, Espagne, Etats-Unis, Finlande et Luxembourg.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163171
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.26
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Canada 1998
    RVK:
    Keywords: Development ; Canada
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1998 review of Canada's development aid programmes and policies. It finds that in its foreign policy statement Canada in the World, the Canadian government reaffirmed its commitment to playing an active role in international efforts towards global peace and prosperity and set out a range of ambitious goals for the development co-operation programme. Canada is deploying great efforts to develop coherent responses to global challenges and the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) commended the comprehensive renewal process being undertaken by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) to equip itself with the means to tackle its challenging mission. CIDA is among the pioneers in the DAC in redirecting its programmes from a traditional-sector focus to a theme-based approach, concentrating on actual results rather than inputs. These promising efforts deserve careful monitoring and should yield valuable lessons for other donors. The reach and depth of Canada's international involvement -- clearly rooted in the country's values, interests and capabilities -- have, however, been constrained by public sector expenditure cuts, implemented in response to Canada's public debt burden. The Committee expressed concern that successive reductions in Canada's aid budget could affect Canada's ability to meet expectations, both at home and internationally.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163393
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La société civile et le développement international
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Civil society and international development
    DDC: 327.1/7
    RVK:
    Keywords: Development ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Bürgerliche Gesellschaft
    Abstract: Interest in the concept of civil society has undergone a remarkable renaissance in the 1990s. It is currrently seen as a potential tool to overcome some of the main theoretical and political stalemates. But what exactly does the concept of civil society mean ? Can civil society really be a counterweight to governments which have become too remote from their people ? The Western concept of what constitutes civil society may well have to be adjusted when applied to developing economies where different cultural forces and values come into play. This book takes up the challenge of defining civil society's role in furthering developmental objectives within the context of developing societies themselves. It compares the activities and attitudes of different elements of civil society within the development process, and suggests ways in which they could be made more effective. It also shows that governments should not try to replace their own development activities with those of civil society.
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9789264163607
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environnement économique et politique de transition vers l'économie de marché ; l'Égypte
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Weiss, Dieter, 1935 - 2016 The economics and politics of transition to an open market economy
    DDC: 338.962
    RVK:
    Keywords: Wirtschaftsreform ; Systemtransformation ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Ägypten ; Development ; Egypt ; Ägypten ; Wirtschaftsreform ; Marktwirtschaft ; Ägypten ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Geschichte 1990-1998
    Abstract: Egypt is lagging behind other countries in the Mediterranean region in reforming its economy. This book explains why. The authors contend that the Egyptian political system, based to a large extent on discrete patronage and dominated by powerful interest groups was inherently resistant to reform. In addition, the country's strategic position in Middle Eastern politics provided the environment for aid flows which mitigated the need for change by creating an illusion of economic wellbeing. Egypt has thus been protected from the pressure of the international market system. Yet, argues this study, such pressure is the only effective stimulus to fundamental reform.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Environnement économique et politique de transition vers l'économie de marché : l'Égypte
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9789264263604
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Etudes du Centre de Développement
    Series Statement: Études du Centre de développement
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Economics and Politics of Transition to an Open Market Economy; Egypt
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Economics and Politics of Transition to an Open Market Economy: Egypt
    Keywords: Development ; Egypt
    Abstract: Dans la région méditerranéenne, l'Égypte reste à la traîne en matière de réformes économiques. Ce livre en donne les raisons. Selon les auteurs, le système politique égyptien est, par nature, hostile à la réforme car il repose dans une large mesure sur le clientélisme et la domination de puissants groupes d'intérêt. De plus, la position stratégique de l'Égypte dans la politique moyen-orientale a favorisé les flux d'aide, créant un bien-être économique illusoire qui a rendu le besoin de changement moins perceptible. L'Égypte a ainsi pu échapper aux pressions du marché. Or, comme le montre cette étude, ces pressions sont le seul véritable stimulant d'une réforme fondamentale.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: The economics and politics of transition to an open market economy
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163010
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Seminars
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine et les économies européennes en transition; les voies de la réforme
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Different paths to a market economy
    DDC: 338.947
    RVK:
    Keywords: Systemtransformation ; Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Kapitalstruktur ; Vergleich ; China ; Osteuropa ; Development ; China, People’s Republic ; Konferenzschrift 1995 ; China ; Wirtschaftsreform ; Osteuropa
    Abstract: The similarities and differences between the transition experiences of the Central European countries and the People's Republic of China are often, wrongly, taken as alternative approaches to the same problem. In reality, there is great complexity, not only in the environments of these two great regions -- for China is as big as a region by itself -- but also within them and, therefore, great complexity in the transition process itself.The chapters in this volume, originally produced as papers for a joint OECD Development Centre/CEPR/CEPII Conference in Budapest, examine and contrast the experience of the different jurisdictions within which transition is underway. The authors concentrate on three, broad areas of commonality: public finance; foreign trade regime; and financial intermediation and a critical chapter synthesizes their findings at the end of each part. Differences do, of course, emerge, but so do similarities, leading to general policy conclusions applicable to all transition societies.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: La Chine et les économies européennes en transition
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163553
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie chinoise ; Une perspective historique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie chinoise : Une perspective historique
    Keywords: Development ; Economics
    Abstract: This book is unique in its depth of perspective. It uses a comparative approach to explain why China’s role in the world economy has changed so dramatically in the last thousand years. It concludes that China is likely to resume its natural role as the world’s largest economy by the year 2015, thus regaining the position it had held until the end of the nineteenth century. The study provides a major reassessment of the scale and scope of China’s resurgence over the past half century, employing quantitative measurement techniques which are standard practice in OECD countries, but which have not hitherto been available for China. Written by the author of many studies on comparative economic history, including two best sellers for the OECD Development Centre, this book is essential reading for all those who seek to understand the role of China in the world economy, in the past, as well as in the present and the future.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.137
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: How and to what extent can a high degree of global financial integration help the fast-ageing OECD benefit from the delayed ageing process in the non-OECD area? The question is being raised with increasing urgency as it is slowly understood that even fully funded pension schemes will not escape demographic pressures in the absence of considerable capital flows between the ageing OECD and the younger part of the world. A simulation with a two-region neo-classical economic-demographic model reaches two basic conclusions of importance to policy makers. First, capital flows from fast-ageing, mostly OECD countries to slowly ageing, mostly developing countries can only slightly attenuate, but not reverse, the consequences of an ageing population on falling returns to capital. Second, significant distributional effects are likely to arise from the interaction of population ageing and financial integration. Global financial integration benefits elderly lifetime savers, but hurts elderly ...
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.138
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Corruption in customs administrations is a major problem in many African countries. Data from the period 1990-96 are used to examine several hypotheses concerning the determinants of customs fraud in Senegal and Mali. Statistical tests using product-by-product data support the widely held view that high levels of taxation lead to fraud. The findings also show that hiring a pre-shipment inspection company can be an effective tool in fighting corruption, but only if it is accompanied by internal reforms like computerisation of customs procedures. Finally, changes in determinants of corruption, such as levels of taxation, have themselves depended upon broader political changes in each of the two countries ...
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.139
    Keywords: Development ; India
    Abstract: We present estimates, at the State level, of Indian manufacturing Total Factor Productivity (TFP) and Technical Efficiency (TE) from the estimation of production functions for 17 manufacturing industries from 1976 to 1992. Our analysis relates TFP and TE to the availability of infrastructure. We construct an aggregate infrastructure indicator from 12 indicators of core, social, and economic infrastructure. According to our findings, differences across States in manufacturing TFP and TE performance are accounted for, to a significant extent, by differences in infrastructure endowments. Our estimations make it possible, moreover, to measure the productive impact of the various types of infrastructure, as well as to identify the manufacturing industries where productivity gains are relatively more constrained by inadequate infrastructure. The findings could help in designing an effective policy of infrastructure investment, supporting both recent economic reforms towards industrial restructuring and efforts aiming to promote regional convergence in India ...
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.131
    Keywords: Development ; India
    Abstract: This paper examines the growth performance of Indian States during 1970-94. We, first, propose a grouping of States according to differences in the availability of physical, social, and economic infrastructure, using principal components analysis. Then, combining principal components analysis and panel data estimation techniques, we assess the contribution of various infrastructure indicators to growth performance. The analysis tackles endogeneity issues in the provision of infrastructure by way of instrumental variables estimation for many of the infrastructure indicators. We do find evidence of conditional convergence across States. This does not rule out persistent income inequalities due to the dispersion of steady-state income levels. Such disparities are accounted for by differences, first, in the structure of production, second, in infrastructure endowments, and, third, in Statespecific fixed effects in the growth regression. Consequently, economic policy measures aiming at ...
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.143
    Keywords: Development ; Bangladesh
    Abstract: In 1995/96, 47.5 per cent of the population of Bangladesh were still living below the poverty line. While this represents a decline compared to 62.6 per cent in 1983/84, the absolute number of poor people has in fact increased over the same period. This paper argues that the persistence of poverty in Bangladesh originates less in the lack of resources for its alleviation than in the failures of governance. These failures consist of a lack of a developmental vision, absence of a commitment that goes beyond rhetoric and that could translate the vision into policies and programmes, and weak capacities at the administrative, technical and political levels to implement such programmes. As a corollary of these failures, successive governments have surrendered ownership over national policy agendas in the field of poverty alleviation to international donors and NGOs. Furthermore, different areas of policy–making have been appropriated by special interest groups pursuing sectional concerns ...
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.132
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Large current account deficits are often assumed to play an important role in the propagation of financial crises in emerging markets in receipt of heavy private capital inflows. This paper reaches some major conclusions. First, the Lawson Doctrine — according to which current account deficits that result from a shift in private-sector behaviour should not be a public policy concern — has been discredited by recent currency crises in Latin America and Asia. Second, it is possible to define the size of current account deficits that should be sustainable in the long run. Third, the intertemporal approach to the current account does not provide a reliable benchmark to define when deficits become “excessive”. Fourth, large external deficits should be resisted if unsustainable currency appreciation, excessive risk-taking in the banking system and a sharp drop in private savings are seen to coincide ...
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264262195
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.22
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; Portugal 1997
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews: Portugal 1997
    Keywords: Development ; Portugal
    Abstract: Le programme portugais de coopération pour le développement se caractérise par la place privilégiée qu'il accorde, dans ses activités bilatérales, aux pays lusophones d'Afrique. Cela reflète l'étroitesse de liens historiques, linguistiques et culturels, unissant le Portugal à ces pays, qui comptent actuellement parmi les pays les moins avancés. Depuis peu, le Portugal privilégie deux nouveaux axes de coopération pour le développement. Le développement du secteur privé, d'une part, s'appuie sur les réformes économiques opérées avec le soutien des institutions internationales et sur les instruments susceptibles de favoriser la participation du secteur privé portugais. Le renforcement des systèmes de gestion publique des pays lusophones d'Afrique, d'autre part, tout en mettant plus particulièrement l'accent sur les systèmes juridiques et judiciaires, s'étend également aux institutions parlementaires, aux systèmes électoraux, aux administrations locales et à la fourniture de conseils sur des questions d'ordre constitutionnel. Cet examen du programme portugais par le Comité d'aide au développement de l'OCDE (CAD) souligne que le Portugal pourrait jouer un rôle plus important encore, notamment en Angola et au Mozambique, où la fin des conflits appelle de toute urgence une action dans le domaine du développement. Il prend note de la création récente d'une Communauté des pays de langue portugaise (la CPLP), intégrant le Brésil, destinée à renforcer le dialogue et les efforts mutuels de développement. Au cours de l'année 1997, des examens de politique en matière de coopération pour le développement sont prévus pour la France, la Belgique, les Pays-Bas et le Royaume-Uni.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.)
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) have long recognised that sustainable development must reflect the needs of women and men. These Guidelines from 1998 aim to advance gender issues in their development co-operation programmes, furthering the contribution of the DAC Expert Group on Women in Development to bringing gender issues to the fore.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163164
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p)
    Series Statement: Development Centre Seminars
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gestion de conflits en Afrique ; Un défi permanent
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Conflict management in Africa
    RVK:
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Friedenssicherung ; Politische Unruhen ; Sozialer Konflikt ; Zentralafrika ; Development
    Abstract: In many African countries, violent conflicts have slowed down economic and social development, if they have not actually pushed it backwards. In order to manage conflicts in a non-violent manner, governance methods adapted to the development process are needed. Effective conflict prevention, however, demands thorough understanding of the origins and dynamics of these conflicts. The outcome of a meeting jointly organised by the Development Centre and the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD, this volume considers the options available to donors in the effort to prevent conflict and enhance prospects for peaceful social, economic and political development. Despite the complexity of the subject, the contributors to the book arrive at some prudent conclusions of interest to policy makers. At the national level, action programmes should promote social, political and economic justice; empower civil society through skill, knowledge and resource transfer; develop good governance for conflict management; and accommodate different groups and interests in society. Internationally, a greater sensitivity to conflict issues is needed within broader development efforts. The international community should seek to provide the means by which conflicting groups can negotiate their own solutions to tension, rather than imposing externally devised solutions.
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789264162990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (436 p)
    Edition: Fifth Edition
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Macrothesaurus for information processing in the field of economic and social development
    DDC: 025.4/93389
    RVK:
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This new edition of the Macrothesaurus for Information Processing in the field of Economic and Social Development represents a continuation of the combined efforts of many organisations over a period of almost 30 years to create a common vocabulary to facilitate the indexing, retrieval and exchange of development-related information. The Macrothesaurus comprises descriptors (keywords) designed for indexing books and documents covering the field of economic and social development. It can also be used as a search aid for documentation centres, libraries, databases and on-line networks. Efforts have been made to improve the user-friendliness and flexibility of the Macrothesaurus by increasing the number of non-descriptors (i.e. cross-references) and scope notes in this edition. The preparation of this fifth edition was guided by an Advisory Committee composed of representatives from the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the OECD Development Centre, Paris.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264263017
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Séminaires du Centre de Développement
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Different Paths to a Market Economy; China and European Economies in Transition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Different Paths to a Market Economy: China and European Economies in Transition
    Keywords: Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: L'analyse comparative de la transition dans les pays d'Europe centrale et en République populaire de Chine met en évidence des similitudes et des différences souvent assimilées, à tort, à des approches différentes du même problème. En fait, l'environnement propre à ces deux grandes régions (puisque la Chine, par sa taille, constitue à elle seule une région), tout comme leur situation interne, renvoient à des réalités d'une extrême complexité qui rendent le processus de transition également complexe. Cet ouvrage se compose de chapitres initialement conçus comme des documents distincts et préparés pour la Conférence conjointe du Centre de développement de l'OCDE, du CEPR et du CEPII à Budapest. Ils analysent et comparent le processus de transition dans les différents régimes de droit en question. Les auteurs examinent en particulier trois grands domaines d'intérêt commun : les finances publiques, le régime des échanges avec l'extérieur et l'intermédiation financière et un chapitre critique synthétise leurs conclusions à la fin de chaque partie. Leur analyse fait apparaître des différences, certes, mais aussi des similitudes, à partir desquelles il est possible de dégager des conclusions générales en matière de politique économique applicables à toutes les sociétés en transition.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Different paths to a market economy: China and european economies in transition
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  • 68
    ISBN: 9789264163461
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.28
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; États-Unis 1998
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : États-Unis 1998
    Keywords: Development ; United States
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1998 review of the US development aid policies and programmes. It finds that after a period of declining support, the United States has in recent years worked to strengthen both political and public confidence in its foreign assistance programmes. USAID's new Strategic Plan, issued in September 1997, aims at clear results through its support of developing and transitional countries' efforts to achieve sustained economic and social progress and to share more fully in resolving global problems. An ambitious effort has been made to link the reform of aid management to clearer goals and stronger partnerships. Nevertheless, the volume of resources devoted by the United States to official development assistance has continued its downward trend. Measured as a percentage of GNP, the United States now provides the lowest amount, by far, of any Member of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC). At its triennial review of the United States' aid policies and programmes on 6 April 1998, the DAC welcomed the measures that have been taken and looked forward to the full impact of the reforms and initiatives that have been launched. After serious international concern over recent years about diminishing funding and staffing in the United States programme, there are welcome first indications of strengthening budgets for aid to developing countries, confirmed by President Clinton's recent commitment to seek to increase the budget for African aid to its historically high levels. It is important that the United States pursue pro-development policies on a broad range of issues. Thus, the review gives special attention to the work of USAID in the areas of democracy, participation, governance, dealing with conflict and disasters, as well as the Transition Initiative, set up to help the United States respond to the needs falling between relief and development. Trade policy is also highlighted, as are the United States' multilateral contributions, and its role in promoting gender equality.
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  • 69
    ISBN: 9264162658
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Globalisation and the environment
    RVK:
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Weltwirtschaft ; Internationalisierung ; Umweltschutz
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9264163069
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Institutional investors in the new financial landscape
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; OECD ; Institutioneller Anleger ; Internationaler Kreditmarkt
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.141
    Keywords: Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: In recent years, as China’s reform of state–owned enterprises (SOEs) has gathered momentum, the number of workers made redundant has been rising. Until now, the dismissals have affected only a fraction of the “surplus labour”, which has been estimated at 20–25 per cent of total industrial employment in SOEs. If concerns for social stability have so far dictated a gradual approach to SOE restructuring, the heavy fiscal and financial burden of loss–making SOEs has forced an acceleration of the process. Thus, far more sizeable layoffs from state enterprises could be expected in coming years. The growth of the non–state sector has opened new job opportunities for some SOE laid–off workers. By easing the re–employment of redundant workers, a further development of the non–state sector is an important condition for a smooth restructuring of the state sector. Measures to promote further development of the non–state sector include removing remaining discrimination against the private ...
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.136
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The recent currency crises in Latin America and Asia have hit countries with strong macroeconomic fundamentals but weak domestic financial systems. Private capital flows, attracted by disorderly financial liberalisation and exchange rate pegs, reversed abruptly when financial-sector weaknesses became apparent. Often, domestic financial systems have proved too weak a conduit for heavy capital inflows, resulting in declining credit quality and financial vulnerability to speculative currency attacks. Developing countries are therefore advised to pay close attention to indicators of financial vulnerability, in particular to short-term debt levels as a fraction of official foreign exchange reserves, as well as to currency and maturity mismatches in private-sector balance sheets. This paper points to the avenues that can be pursued to avoid a rise in the vulnerability indicators above critical levels ... Some of these avenues are uncontroversial, but deceptively hard to implement. Good ...
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.135
    Keywords: Development ; Egypt
    Abstract: Egypt needs to diversify exports further in order to emerge from its isolation and to draw the maximum advantage from the growth potential offered by trade globalisation. To what extent does the bilateral free trade agreement with the European Union encourage the transition from a rentier economy to one of export-led growth? This paper uses a dynamic, calculable, general equilibrium model to assess different scenarios for the Egyptian economy to the year 2010. The authors reach the conclusion that the preferential trade agreement with Europe should facilitate the transition if the increase in trade results in higher Egyptian productivity through technology transfer and pressure from competition. Under these conditions, the agreement would seem to have a similar impact to that which could be expected from unilateral ...
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264262461
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.23
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; Belgium 1997
    Keywords: Development ; Belgium
    Abstract: Confronté depuis quelques années à de sérieux problèmes, le système belge de coopération pour le développement est aujourd'hui à un tournant critique. Un plan d'action a été élaboré par le Secrétaire d'Etat à la Coopération et des réformes fondamentales ont été entreprises. Ce plan d'action, intitulé "Annoncer la couleur -- Plan d'avenir pour la coopération belge au développement", a été favorablement accueilli par le Comité d'aide au développement (CAD) de l'OCDE. Lors de son examen triennal de la politique et du programme d'aide de la Belgique le Comité a également pris note de la volonté du Secrétaire d'Etat de concevoir un programme de coopération qui dépasse le cadre des considérations économiques et sociales, et tienne pleinement compte des valeurs fondamentales de la société. Compte tenu des pratiques optimales en usage parmi les donneurs, le Comité s'est déclaré favorable à différentes mesures susceptibles d'augmenter l'efficience et l'efficacité du programme belge de coopération pour le développement : accroître l'efficacité par une plus grande décentralisation des tâches d'exécution et contrôler l'efficience grâce à une politique active de suivi, d'évaluation et de rétroaction des résultats ; améliorer la qualification du personnel en renforcant les formations sur les thèmes-clés du développement et en instaurant un système de rotation entre le siège et les représentations locales ; élaborer des stratégies par pays basées sur une approche de partenariat ; concentrer les efforts de coopération technique sur le renforcement des capacités locales. Au cours de l'année 1998 des examens de politique en matière de coopération pour le développement sont prévus pour les Membres du CAD suivants : Canada, Espagne, Etats-Unis, Allemagne, Communauté européenne, Finlande et Luxembourg.
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  • 75
    ISBN: 9264163816
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Migration, free trade and regional integration in North America
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Nordamerika ; Integration ; Mexiko ; Nordamerika ; Migration ; Mexiko ; Nordamerika ; Freihandel ; Mexiko
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9789264263727
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Écoloc, Gérer l'économie localement en Afrique
    Series Statement: Évaluation et prospective
    Series Statement: Écoloc, Gérer l'économie localement en Afrique : Évaluation et prospective
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Preparing for the Future - A Vision of West Africa in the Year 2020; West Africa Long-Term Perspective Study
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Preparing for the Future - A Vision of West Africa in the Year 2020: West Africa Long-Term Perspective Study
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Entre 1960 et 2020, la population de l'Afrique de l'Ouest aura été multipliée par cinq, même dans l'hypothèse optimiste d'une augmentation de l'utilisation des moyens de contraception. Cette explosion démographique sans précédent s'accompagne d'un autre changement majeur : l'insertion de la région dans l'économie mondiale qui, déjà perceptible au lendemain de la Seconde guerre mondiale, est devenue particulièrement forte depuis les indépendances. Ces deux chocs auront des effets prolongés sur les économies et les sociétés ouest-africaines. En particulier la distribution de la population subira de profondes modifications, le nombre d'urbains devant être multiplié par 20 au cours de la même période. La croissance démographique, les migrations et les dynamiques de peuplement influent considérablement sur les formes d'organisation économiques, politiques, sociales et institutionnelles. Dans ce contexte, contrairement à une idée généralement admise, les Africains de l'Ouest produisent, consomment, échangent et accumulent du capital dans des proportions qui sont largement sous-estimées par les comptes nationaux. L'étude s'efforce de cerner avec plus de précision cette économie réelle qui détermine l'activité et le mode de vie des populations de la région. Cette étude a été réalisée avec l'appui de la Commission européenne, de la Banque africaine de développement, de la Banque mondiale, de la Belgique, du Canada, des États-Unis, de la France et des Pays-Bas.
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789264162198
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.22
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Portugal 1997
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Portugal 1997
    Keywords: Development ; Portugal
    Abstract: Portugal's development co-operation programme is characterised by concentration bilaterally on the Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa, reflecting close links of history, language and culture. Those countries are now among the least developed countries. Recently, Portugal has emphasized two new areas of development co-operation. First, private sector development, based on economic policy reforms supported by the international institutions, and on instruments which encourage the involvement of the Portuguese private sector. The second new area of emphasis is the strengthening of the governance systems in the PALOPs, the Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa, focusing particularly on legal systems and the judiciary, but also extending to parliamentary institutions, electoral systems, local governments and constitutional advice. In its review of Portugal's programme the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) noted that Portugal has the potential to play a larger role, particularly in Mozambique and Angola, where critical post-conflict development needs have to be met. It noted that a new Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (the CPLP), including Brazil, has recently been formed to enhance dialogue and mutual development efforts.
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789264162556
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.24
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Pays-Bas 1997
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Pays-Bas 1997
    Keywords: Development ; Netherlands
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1997 review of the Netherlands development aid policies and programmes. It finds that The Netherlands is traditionally a strong performer in the community of aid donors. It has been among the leading donors in volume of official development assistance (ODA), the care with which it has been used, and in continuous efforts for increased effectiveness. In its triennial review of the Netherlands' aid policies and programmes, the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) was particularly interested in the Netherlands' ambitious, even daring, reorganisation of its development co-operation which was undertaken in 1996. This far-reaching reorganisation affects the budget process and staffing of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and embassies in recipient countries. The DAC also welcomed the planned focus of Dutch aid on poverty eradication through economic and social sector development and noted the four Dutch volume input targets. The trend in the Dutch ODA effort, which declined between 1986 and 1994 as a share of Dutch GNP ration has turned around between 1994 and 1996. In 1996, The Netherlands was the fourth-ranking DAC Member in terms of ODA/GNP ratio and the fifth-ranking in absolute terms. The Committee commended the Netherlands on its ODA performance and hoped that the Dutch Information and Awareness Programme would continue to help inform the Dutch public, which has registered firm support for Dutch aid.
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9264163115
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Environmental financing in the Russian Federation
    RVK:
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Russland ; Umweltökonomie ; Umweltpolitik ; Russland ; Umweltschutz ; Finanzierung
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  • 80
    ISBN: 9264163158
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Regulatory reform in the global economy
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Welthandel ; Deregulierung ; Agrobusiness ; Deregulierung ; Europäische Union ; Agrobusiness ; Asien ; Internationalisierung ; Regulierung ; Lateinamerika ; Internationalisierung ; Regulierung
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  • 81
    ISBN: 926416295X
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Immigrants, integration and cities
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung ; Konferenzschrift ; Einwanderungspolitik ; Soziale Integration ; Stadt
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.142
    Keywords: Development ; Brazil
    Abstract: Against the background of Brazil’s highly unequal distribution of income and wealth, and its history of alienation and passivity of the poor, in particular during the years of political authoritarianism, this paper shows how an active civil society, driven by ethical concerns, has, since 1993, nudged democratic government at different levels as well as enterprises of the public sector into undertakings which alleviate poverty directly in various ways and open up new perspectives for a number of the poor. While the reach and impact of these programmes is still rather limited in the face of the country’s 32 million “extremely poor” (1990), and data are lacking for a comprehensive evaluation, the approach followed deserves attention as a large-scale experiment which introduces new political practices, based on dialogue between administrations and committees of citizens about priorities as well as implementation and monitoring of activities. In political terms, the main achievement is ...
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.134
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the evolution of exchange-rate regimes in Africa and then attempts to assess empirically the impact of exchange-rate policy on manufactured export performance on a panel of major Sub-Saharan Africa countries over the 1970-92 period. We examine the impact of three exchange-rate policy indicators: real effective exchangerate changes, real exchange-rate volatility, and (model-based measures of) real exchange-rate misalignment. Export supply functions are estimated for three manufacturing industries (textile, chemicals, and metals) and two exchange-rate regimes: a fixed rates regime including six CFA Franc countries, and a more flexible regime represented by five non-CFA countries. Our findings show that exchange-rate management matters for export performance. This is evidenced both by the significant impact of changes in the real effective exchange rate and by the negative influence exerted independently by real exchange-rate misalignment. On the ...
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264262553
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.24
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; Netherlands 1997
    Keywords: Development ; Netherlands
    Abstract: Les Pays-Bas sont depuis longtemps parmi les bailleurs de fonds les plus performants, aussi bien par le volume de leur aide publique au développement (APD) que par le soin avec lequel elle a été utilisée et la constante recherche d'une plus grande efficacité. Lors de l'examen triennal de la politique et du programme d'aide des Pays-Bas auquel il a procédé, le Comité d'aide au développement (CAD) s'est tout particulièrement intéressé à la réorganisation ambitieuse, voire téméraire, entreprise en 1996 par les Pays-Bas dans leur dispositif de coopération pour le développement. Cette refonte porte aussi bien sur le processus budgétaire que sur la structure des postes au ministère des Affaires étrangères et dans les ambassades auprès des pays bénéficiaires. Le CAD a également apprécié l'intention des Pays-Bas de concentrer leur action sur l'éradication de la pauvreté par le développement économique et social. L'effort d'APD des Pays-Bas, qui avait fléchi entre 1986 et 1994 en pourcentage du PNB, s'est renforcé entre 1994 et 1996. En 1996, les Pays-Bas se sont classés au quatrième rang des Membres du CAD par leur rapport APD/PNB et au cinquième par le volume absolu de leur aide. Le Comité a félicité les Pays-Bas pour ces résultats et exprimé l'espoir de voir se poursuivre le travail de sensibilisation et d'information du public, grâce auquel l'aide recueille déjà un large soutien dans l'opinion publique néerlandaise. Les examens en matière de coopération pour le développement programmés pour 1998 porteront sur les Membres du CAD suivants : Canada, Espagne, Etats-Unis, Allemagne, Communauté européenne, Finlande et Luxembourg.
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789264162464
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.23
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Belgique 1997
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Belgique 1997
    Keywords: Development ; Belgium
    Abstract: The Belgian aid system has experienced serious problems in recent years and is now going through a crucial transition period. An action plan has been prepared by the Secretary of State for Co-operation and basic reforms are under way. This plan, entitled "Showing our colours -- Plan for the future of Belgian co-operation and development", was well received by the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC). During its triennial peer review of Belgium's development co-operation policy and aid programme, the Committee also took note of the determination of the Secretary of State to design a co-operation programme that goes beyond economic and social considerations to take full account of the basic values of the society. In relation to general good practice among donors, the Committee indicated its support for a number of measures that might enhance the effectiveness of Belgium's development co-operation programme, including increasing efficiency by decentralising more executive functions and monitoring effectiveness through an active assessment, evaluation and feedback policy; raising staff skills through better training in key development subjects and by delegating authority both internally and to local offices; devising country strategies based on a new partnership approach; and focusing technical co-operation efforts on strengthening local capacity.
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  • 86
    ISBN: 9789264262416
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regional Development and Structural Policy in Mexico
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Mexico
    Abstract: Le Mexique est un pays aux facettes multiples. Du fait de leur diversité géographique, ethnique, de traditions culturelles et historiques spécifiques, chacun des territoires qui composent cette fédération appelle une politique de développement adaptée. Dans le même temps, l'évolution des structures politiques vers une plus grande décentralisation va modifier les équilibres économiques politiques et sociaux. Le Mexique est confronté à deux défis majeurs : comment maintenir la cohérence de l'action publique tout en exprimant une forte volonté de décentralisation ? Comment concilier développement des territoires et développement national tout en jouant pleinement la carte de l'intégration dans l'économie mondiale ? Cette étude permet de mieux cerner ces enjeux et d'éclairer ainsi, dans le domaine de la politique régionale, les choix politiques de la prochaine décennie. De nombreux tableaux, cartes et graphiques étayent ces analyses.
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.140
    Keywords: Development ; China, People’s Republic ; Viet Nam
    Abstract: Apart from size of population and GDP, China and Viet Nam have a good deal in common. Both are economies in transition from socialist central planning to the market. Both were largely agrarian societies on the eve of their reforms and, in both, unleashing the productive forces of agriculture was an important early reform result. Indeed, a rapid improvement in rural living standards is among the outstanding achievements of both countries. In the case of industrial development, the differences in their post-reform experience are more striking than the similarities. In both countries, industry has grown rapidly since reforms, much more rapidly on average than agriculture. Yet, the motor force of industrial growth has been different in the two countries. In China, rural township and village enterprises (TVEs) — first collectively and more recently privately owned — have led industrial growth, with state enterprises lagging far behind. In Viet Nam, growth has been comparable in state ...
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.133
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The signature of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), which entered into force on 1st January, 1995, marked a turning point in efforts to strengthen and extend intellectual property protection. Under the terms of the Agreement, many developing countries are now committed to extending the scope of intellectual property rights to areas not formerly covered, such as micro-organisms, plant genetic material and techniques used for genetic manipulation. While the likely impact of strengthening intellectual property protection is a subject of intense debate and, indeed, has been at the forefront of preoccupations related to environmental degradation and the need to protect biodiversity, it is poorly researched. This paper reviews the different forms and scope of intellectual property rights relevant to technology transfer in agriculture; reviews the commitments made by developing countries under the TRIPS agreement and the alternatives ...
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163065
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (492 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: Institutional investors (insurance companies, investment companies and pension funds) have been gaining in importance in both OECD and non-OECD countries. The institutionalisation of savings is having a profound impact on the structure and functioning of capital markets. Institutional investors are the main forces shaping the new financial landscape. This publication gives a comprehensive overview of the major driving forces behind recent trends, future prospects, financial market implications as well as regulatory and supervisory challenges related to the rise in institutional assets.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163539
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als 21st century technologies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les technologies du XXIe siècle : Promesses et périls d'un futur dynamique
    DDC: 303.48/3
    RVK:
    Keywords: Technischer Fortschritt ; Sozialer Wandel ; Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Konferenzschrift ; Konferenzschrift ; Konferenzschrift ; Direktinvestition ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: The next few decades hold the prospect of remarkable progress in a wide range of pervasive technologies that are likely to have a profound effect on how we live, work, and spend our leisure time. These technologies are set to revolutionise the worlds of medicine, agriculture, travel, retailing...so much that is familiar in our daily lives. Used wisely, they could be of huge benefit to mankind. Used wrongly, they could mean lost opportunities and unnecessary risks. The challenge for society is immense. What would be the cost of failure to embrace dynamic change? What kind of ethical dilemmas will arise from further breakthroughs in genetic engineering? Will the spread of new technologies create new social divisions? What sort of societies will prove most adept at harnessing the vast technological potential? How can countries best co-operate to maximise the benefits of spillovers? This book reviews the extraordinary promise of technological advances over the next twenty years or so, and assesses some of the key issues -- economic, social, environmental, ethical -- that decision-makers in government, business and society will face in the decades ahead.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264263550
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Études du Centre de Développement
    Series Statement: Études du Centre de développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run
    Keywords: Development ; Economics
    Abstract: L'originalité de cet ouvrage réside dans la profondeur de champ de l'analyse. Utilisant une approche comparative, l'auteur explique pour quelles raisons le rôle de la Chine dans l'économie mondiale a considérablement fluctué au cours du dernier millénaire. D'ici 2015, la Chine devrait retrouver la place de première puissance économique mondiale qui lui revient naturellement et fut la sienne jusqu'à la fin du XIXe siècle. Cette étude réévalue l'ampleur et le sens du renouveau de l'économie chinoise depuis une cinquantaine d'années en recourant à des techniques quantitatives couramment utilisées dans les pays de l'OCDE mais qui, jusqu'ici, n'avaient pu être appliquées à la Chine. Rédigé par l'auteur de nombreux travaux d'histoire économique comparée, dont deux best-sellers du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE, cet ouvrage est indispensable pour tous ceux qui souhaitent comprendre le rôle passé, présent et futur de la Chine dans l'économie mondiale.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264263802
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Conférences de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Migrations, libre-échange et intégration régionale dans le Bassin méditerranéen
    Keywords: Development ; Konferenzschrift 1996 ; Mittelmeerraum ; Wirtschaftliche Integration ; Migration
    Abstract: Les accords de libre-échange que l'Union européenne a signés avec certains pays du Bassin méditerranéen sont conçus avant tout pour encourager une plus grande intégration économique régionale. Ils concrétisent aussi une nouvelle approche des phénomènes migratoires qui consiste à favoriser le développement des pays de départ. Les transformations attendues sont-elles de nature à modifier les paramètres de la décision d'émigrer ? Cet ouvrage tente d'apporter une réponse à cette question. Il souligne les contrastes qui caractérisent la situation démographique et économique dans le Bassin méditerranéen. Etayé de nombreuses études de cas, il fournit une analyse lumineuse des effets de la libéralisation des échanges sur l'équilibre socio-politique des pays tiers méditerranéens et examine les mutations engendrées sur le marché du travail. Enfin, il met en évidence les obstacles à surmonter afin d'adapter les structures économiques, les infrastructures sociales et les ressources humaines aux niveaux requis par l'ouverture des échanges et l'accroissement des flux d'investissements étrangers.
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  • 93
    ISBN: 9789264163669
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.29
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Allemagne 1998
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Allemagne 1998
    Keywords: Development ; Germany
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1998 review of Germany's development aid policies and programmes. It finds that the German aid programme is one of the largest in the world, and it is managed with great expertise and skill. It is strongly oriented towards the partnership principle. The three basic objectives of German aid are poverty reduction, protection of the environment and natural resources and education and training. Poverty reduction, gender and the protection of the environment are cross-cutting tasks permeating all German aid activities. Since the last review of its development co-operation programme by the OECD's Development Assistance Committee in 1995, Germany has taken several measures to improve the quality and effectiveness of its aid. These measures include:- the reformulation of the concept for development policy; - the establishment of guidelines for the integration of poverty reduction and gender into all project and programme design; - the conception and implementation of development-oriented emergency assistance programmes, including conflict resolution activities; - a new approach to evaluation; - decentralisation of the German technical assistance agency (GTZ); and the establishment of field offices by the financial co-operation agency (KfW); - more systematic relations with non-governmental organisations. At the same time, there are still significant challenges in adapting a complex multi-institutional management structure to evolving needs for policy-based, co-ordinated programmes, and also in overcoming persistent pressures on the budget. The volume of German aid for developing countries has been falling significantly in recent years. As a share of GNP, ODA net disbursements fell from 0.42 per cent in 1990 to 0.28 per cent in 1997. Assistance for the reform process in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union also declined sharply in 1996 and 1997.
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.126
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The reform of public pension systems has become a key policy issue in many countries. Because conventional approaches to reform largely unfunded retirement income schemes prove politically and economically difficult, attention has focused on the option of a partial shift towards funded provisions. Yet this too presents problems. This paper outlines the potential benefits of such a shift and highlights the main fiscal options and constraints. The liabilities to the current generation of retirees and workers under an unfunded pension scheme constitute a huge, hidden public debt. Most countries find that making this implicit debt fully explicit, repaying it and thus reversing the initial redistribution towards the start-up generation, lie beyond their political, economic and fiscal capacities. Thus, a shift requires simultaneous steps of the following sort: (i) a benefit reform of the unfunded scheme, reducing the implicit debt; (ii) a redesign of the basic tier remaining unfunded, to ...
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  • 95
    ISBN: 9789264062146
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (512 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This specialised Directory provides information on over 1 700 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) active in the field of habitat and urban development. NGO profiles include their aims, education work and activities in developing contries. Cross-referenced indexes facilitate access to information on "who is doing what and where" in this field. The Directory is a unique and comprehensive guide for development practitioners and planners, as well as for those interested in habitat issues. This Directory is the latest in a series of OECD Development Centre directories on the development activities of NGOs based in OECD Member countries. It is published in the wake of the June 1996 United Nations Conference on Human Settlements- Habitat II. This publication is the fruit of collaboration between four partners: in Nairobi, the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements-Habitat (UNCHS-Habitat), in Geneva, the United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service (NGLS), and in Paris, the Research and Technology Exchange Group (GRET) and the OECD Development Centre. The Habitat International Coalition (HIC), based in Mexico, was also associated with the project.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biotechnology Policy for Developing Country Agriculture
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • La biotechnologie offre des possibilités d'agriculture plus écologique, mais il reste à créer les conditions qui permettront aux pays en développement d'en tirer parti. • L'intervention du gouvernement doit garantir l'adéquation de la biotechnologie aux priorités fixées pour l'agriculture. • Des décisions urgentes sont à prendre dans deux domaines particuliers de la biotechnologie : la biosécurité et les droits de propriété intellectuelle. • Les réductions budgétaires exigent la mise en place de stratégies novatrices et d'un partenariat des secteurs public et privé. • La faculté d'adaptation et l'engagement à long terme sont essentiels à la réussite des programmes de biotechnologie financés par des donneurs.
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.124
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In principle, the sovereign credit rating industry could help mitigate the congestion externalities common to world capital markets that arise from the failure of market participants to internalise the social cost of external borrowings. This would require that modifications in ratings on government bonds convey new information to market participants, with changes in credit ratings leading to changes in country risk premia. Using panel data analysis and event studies this paper presents econometric evidence that changes in credit rating have a significant impact on international financial markets. In line with earlier studies, our event study finds a highly significant announcement effect when emerging-market sovereign bonds are put on review with negative outlook. Our findings imply that the sovereign rating industry has the potential to help dampen excessive private capital inflows into the emerging markets with negative rating announcements ...
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.129
    Keywords: Development ; Egypt
    Abstract: Egypt, the oldest and most populous country in the Arab world, and one of its most influential in the Southern Mediterranean region, is now moving into the global economy. During the 1990s the country has pursued successful macroeconomic stabilisation policies and has also begun the structural reform programmes needed to put the country onto an export-led, high-growth path. The main constraint for this is the need to introduce change at a pace which will not undermine political stability. This paper reviews the results of the Uruguay Round Trade Agreements from the perspective of the Egyptian economy, examines the country’s economic relationships with the European Union in the context of the Europe-Mediterranean Partnership Initiative, and identifies main domestic policy challenges. It argues that the European Union could offer more technical assistance and better access for Egyptian agricultural products, while Egypt could further liberalise its trade regime, including ...
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 79 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.125
    Keywords: Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This Technical Paper is a study of the working of urban credit cooperatives in China. It begins by putting the German, French, US and Japanese experiences into perspective, before constructing a macroeconomic analysis of the operation, institutional context and the role of urban credit co-operatives within the savings and credit systems. A survey of 57 cooperatives in eight Chinese towns is used to study credit co-operative activities at the micro-economic level. The survey shows that within their heterogeneity the credit co-operatives generally ignore the laws governing banking operations. Unsurprisingly, the most profitable are located in the fast-growing coastal regions, but they tend to use a large proportion of their funds for loans to the state, rather than the co-operative, sector ...
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  • 100
    Language: French
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.121
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The innovation of this paper is the proof of a relationship between human capital and growth, using a sample of 83 countries and six time periods between 1960 and 1990. Nonetheless, calculations from both interactive and variable-coefficient models based on these same panel data suggest that the contribution of education to growth depends on the level of commercial opening. This result could be explained by the variation in factor returns linked, on one hand, to trade-induced changes in labour demand and, on the other, to changes in relative factor supply which are amplified in closed economies. Distortions of human-capital allocation are therefore likely to influence the rate of growth ...
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