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  • Internationale Energieagentur  (262)
  • Agence pour l'Energie Nucléaire  (81)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (327)
  • Paris : IEA  (16)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264422315
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.)
    Keywords: Wasserstofftechnologie ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Oman ; Energy ; Oman
    Abstract: The production of hydrocarbons has a dominant role in Oman's economy with oil and gas representing around 60% of total export income in recent years. In 2022, Oman announced a target to become net zero by 2050 and an aim to significantly ramp up the domestic production of hydrogen from renewable electricity. The country is well placed to produce large quantities of renewable hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels like ammonia thanks to its high-quality renewable resources. Oman has also vast amounts of land for large-scale project development, and existing fossil fuel infrastructure that can be used or repurposed for low-emission fuels. Oman can become a competitive producer and exporter of renewable hydrogen and ammonia already by the end of this decade, while simultaneously increasing the share of renewables in its power mix. This new IEA report – the first of its kind analysing the potential of renewable hydrogen in a producer economy – indicates that renewable hydrogen is set to bring multiple benefits in terms of investment, natural gas savings and avoided CO₂ emissions as Oman transitions towards a net zero economy.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264445222
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (213 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Energy Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Australien ; Energiepolitik ; Energy ; Australia
    Abstract: Since the IEA’s last review in 2018, Australia has significantly raised its climate ambitions, with the 2022 Climate Change Act doubling the target for emissions reductions by 2030 and setting the goal of reaching net zero emissions by 2050. To match these increased ambitions, Australia is seeking to update its existing strategies, starting with the preparation of a new emissions reduction plan for 2050. Emission reductions and energy efficiency improvement rates need to double by 2030, and further steps will be required to achieve the government’s clean electricity target. Such efforts would support both climate and energy security goals. To support its clean energy transition, Australia needs to strengthen its resilience to supply disruptions across all fuels, whether from climate change impacts or global energy price shocks. Flexibility, fuel availability and resilient infrastructure will become even more vital as Australia’s energy system incorporates very high shares of variable renewables and is likely to face more frequent and more extreme weather events. Gas market reforms can help ensure energy security during the transition. In this report, the IEA provides energy policy recommendations to help Australia effectively manage the transformation of its energy sector in line with its goals.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789264754362
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (179 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The Breakthrough Agenda Report 2023 is an annual collaboration between the International Energy Agency (IEA), the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and the United Nations Climate Change High-Level Champions, focused on supporting stronger international collaboration to drive faster reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions. This year's report shows that current efforts on clean energy and sustainable solutions, while improving, are not yet delivering the levels of investment and deployment required to meet international climate goals. In response, it calls on governments to strengthen collaboration in key areas – such as standards and regulation, financial and technical assistance and market creation – to turbocharge the transition. The second annual report assesses progress made since 2022 in priority areas for international collaboration, and sets out a series of recommendations for countries to work together in each sector to help reduce emissions over the next decade and stave off the worst effects of climate change. The report shows how the transition to clean energy and sustainable solutions is accelerating across many sectors, with unprecedented expansion in technologies such as electric vehicles and solar PV. It highlights that electric passenger cars are set to account for 18% of total car sales in 2023, while investment in clean energy technologies is significantly outpacing spending on fossil fuels. But other high emissions and hard-to-abate sectors such as steel, hydrogen and agriculture are not transitioning quickly enough despite encouraging progress in some areas. The report found that in the past year, only modest progress has been made in strengthening international collaboration in the areas where it is most needed. Progress has been made in expanding financial assistance to developing countries in some sectors, and in joint research and development initiatives. But much more progress is needed in aligning policies to create demand for clean technologies, and in establishing dialogue on trade in sectors where this is likely to be critical to the transition. In most sectors, participation in the leading initiatives for practical cooperation still falls short of a majority of the global market. The report argues that greater political commitment is needed to progress from softer forms of collaboration, such as sharing best practice, to harder forms such as alignment of standards and policies, which are more difficult but can yield greater gains in mobilising investment and accelerating deployment.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264702967
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (130 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Energy
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264646056
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.)
    Keywords: Dekarbonisierung ; Energiepolitik ; Industriepolitik ; Uganda ; Energy ; Uganda
    Abstract: Uganda’s Energy Transition Plan (ETP) is a strategic roadmap for the development and modernisation of Uganda’s energy sector. It charts an ambitious, yet feasible pathway to achieve universal access to modern energy and power the country’s economic transformation in a sustainable and secure way. The plan was developed by Uganda’s Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, with support from the International Energy Agency, and provides the groundwork for the government’s upcoming Integrated Energy Resource Master Plan. The analysis does not just look at Uganda in isolation but considers how global trends are influencing and opening up new opportunities, notably driven by rapidly evolving clean technology costs and shifts in energy and climate finance. Particular focus is paid to making use of the country’s considerable energy and mineral resources, and parlaying this into economic development for Uganda, a core pillar to ensure the pathway in the ETP is a just and inclusive one. The report provides detailed sector-by-sector analysis, including key targets and milestones, estimates of investment needs, and includes high-level recommendations for its implementation. While the focus of the report is from now to 2050, the ETP also highlights key steps to further the energy sector’s decarbonisation beyond 2050 and estimates at what point the energy sector is poised to reach net zero.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264886247
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (98 p.)
    Keywords: Energiewirtschaft ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Beschäftigungsstruktur ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: The second edition of the World Energy Employment (WEE) report tracks the evolutions of the energy workforce from before the pandemic, through the global energy crisis, to today. The report provides a comprehensive stock-take of energy employment with estimates of the size and distribution of the labour force across regions, sectors, and technologies. The dataset provides granularity on workers along the entire energy value chain, covering fossil fuel supply, bioenergy, nuclear, low-emissions hydrogen, power generation, transmission, distribution, and storage; and key energy-related end uses, including vehicle manufacturing and energy efficiency for buildings and industry, among other segments. Additionally, WEE 2023 includes for the first time employment data for the extraction of selected critical minerals, including copper, cobalt, nickel and lithium. This year’s report also benchmarks energy employment needs against an outlook to 2030 across IEA scenarios, outlining key policies that could help countries cultivate and maintain a skilled energy workforce throughout the energy transition. WEE 2023 explores in depth the risks of skilled labour shortages and how this may influence the outlook for the industry and includes new analysis on skills, certifications, wages, and job postings. The findings signal that the ongoing shifts in energy employment will continue and can present both opportunities and risks. With the right enabling measures in place, policy makers, energy companies, labour representatives, educational and vocational training institutions, and other key stakeholders can work in concert to avoid labour transition risks while ensuring the transition to cleaner sources of energy remains people-centred.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264455955
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (83 p.)
    Keywords: Kritische Metalle ; Mineral ; Rohstoffvorkommen ; Welt ; Energy ; Statistik
    Abstract: The inaugural edition of the Critical Minerals Market Review provides a major update on the investment, market, technology and policy trends of the critical minerals sector in 2022 and an initial reading of the emerging picture for 2023. Through in-depth analyses of clean energy and mineral market trends, this report assesses the progress made by countries and businesses in scaling up future supplies, diversifying sources of supply, and improving sustainable and responsible practices. It also examines major trends for individual minerals and discusses key policy implications. The report will be followed by a forthcoming analysis that will feature comprehensive demand and supply projections for key materials and a number of deep-dives on key issues. It also makes available an online tool, the Critical Minerals Data Explorer, which allow users to explore interactively the latest IEA projections.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264939745
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (157 p.)
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Dänemark ; Energy ; Denmark
    Abstract: Government action plays a pivotal role in ensuring secure and sustainable energy transitions and combatting the climate crisis. Energy policy is critical not just for the energy sector but also for meeting environmental, economic and social goals. Governments need to respond to their country’s specific needs, adapt to regional contexts and help address global challenges. In this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies. This Energy Policy Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Denmark and the IEA. It draws on the IEA's extensive knowledge and the inputs of expert peers from IEA member countries to assess Denmark’s most pressing energy sector challenges and provide recommendations on how to address them, backed by international best practices. The report also highlights areas where Denmark’s leadership can serve as an example in promoting secure clean energy transitions. It also promotes the exchange of best practices among countries to foster learning, build consensus and strengthen political will for a sustainable and affordable clean energy future.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264663183
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (116 Seiten)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Distributed energy resources (DERs) are small-scale energy resources usually situated near sites of electricity use, such as rooftop solar panels and battery storage. Their rapid expansion is transforming not only the way electricity is generated, but also how it is traded, delivered and consumed.Accordingly, DERs can create new power system opportunities, but at the same time, can pose new challenges when a grid has not been properly prepared. Many jurisdictions are just beginning to understand how DERs fit into the wider energy landscape – what they are and what impacts they have on the grid, and how they can be used to improve system reliability and reduce overall energy costs. Meanwhile, other regions have built up experience with DERs, demonstrating that they can provide valuable services to the grid when incentivised with appropriate technologies, policies and regulations.Nonetheless, not all countries use the same electricity market model or are at the same stage of DER penetration, and the fit-for-purpose solutions will vary from place to place. This report reviews lessons from forerunners and distils best practices (with examples and case studies) to help policymakers, regulators and system operators across the globe understand what experience is most relevant to their own situation. Readers will be able to draw on a wide range of practical insights for electricity market design and regulation to help unlock the multiple grid benefits of DER technologies.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789264559264
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (95 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Nuclear Power and Secure Energy Transitions: From Today’s Challenges to Tomorrow’s Clean Energy Systems is a new report by the International Energy Agency that looks at how nuclear energy could help address two major crises – energy and climate – facing the world today. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the disruptions in global energy supplies that it has fuelled have made governments rethink their energy security strategies, putting a stronger focus on developing more diverse and domestically based supplies. For multiple governments, nuclear energy is among the options for achieving this. At the same time, many governments have in recent years stepped up their ambitions and commitments to reach net zero emissions. Nuclear Power and Secure Energy Transitions expands upon the IEA’s landmark 2021 report, Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. It does so by exploring in depth nuclear power’s potential role as a source of low emissions electricity that is available on demand to complement the leading role of renewables such as wind and solar in the transition to electricity systems with net zero emissions. In this context, the report examines the difficulties facing nuclear investment, particularly in advanced economies, in the areas of cost, performance, safety and waste management. It considers the additional challenge of meeting net zero targets with less nuclear power than envisioned in the IEA Net Zero Roadmap, as well as what kind of cost targets could enable nuclear power to play a larger role in energy transitions. For countries where nuclear power is considered an acceptable part of the future energy mix, the new report identifies the potential policy, regulatory and market changes that could be implemented in order to create new investment opportunities. It also looks at the role of new technologies, particularly small modular reactors, and their potential development and deployment.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264747760
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: In the first half of 2022, many electricity markets continued to experience skyrocketing prices, particularly in Europe, reflecting deep uncertainties over both fossil fuel supplies and the economic outlook. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine shattered any hope of energy prices declining in the near term following the strong increases seen in the second half of 2021. In Europe, the situation prompted heightened ambitions and strengthened policies to advance clean energy transitions and reduce dependency on fuel imports. But in the short term, it also resulted in a partial return to coal-fired electricity generation. Sluggish economic growth is expected to dampen global electricity demand growth in 2022 and 2023 to less than half the rate seen in 2021. Despite gas-to-coal switching and low nuclear power plant availability in Europe, global electricity sector emissions may decline slightly in 2022 and 2023 – reflecting a combination of slowing power demand and displacement of fossil fuels by renewables. This July 2022 update of the IEA Electricity Market Report presents our latest forecasts for global electricity demand, supply and emissions through 2023. In light of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, we also provide a special focus on the situation in Europe, discussing recent developments and future plans.
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9789264910591
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (126 p.)
    Keywords: Photovoltaik ; Sonnenenergie ; Lieferkette ; Globalisierung ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: Solar PV is a crucial pillar of clean energy transitions worldwide, underpinning efforts to reach international energy and climate goals. Over the last decade, the amount of solar PV deployed around the world has increased massively while its costs have declined drastically. Putting the world on a path to reaching net zero emissions requires solar PV to expand globally on an even greater scale, raising concerns about security of manufacturing supply for achieving such rapid growth rates – but also offering new opportunities for diversification. This special report examines solar PV supply chains from raw materials all the way to the finished product, spanning the five main segments of the manufacturing process: polysilicon, ingots, wafers, cells and modules. The analysis covers supply, demand, production, energy consumption, emissions, employment, production costs, investment, trade and financial performance, highlighting key vulnerabilities and risks at each stage. Because diversification is one of the key strategies for reducing supply chain risks, the report assesses the opportunities and challenges of developing solar PV supply chains in terms of job creation, investment requirements, manufacturing costs, emissions and recycling. Finally, the report summarises policy approaches that governments have taken to support domestic solar PV manufacturing and provides recommendations based on those.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789264438965
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Keywords: Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Energiepolitik ; Indonesien ; Energy ; Indonesia
    Abstract: This report was prepared on the basis of the framework for collaboration established by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) of Indonesia on the topic of power system enhancement and renewable energy integration, and in support of the implementation of the upcoming Presidential Decree on renewable energy. It is part of the assistance provided by the IEA towards Indonesia’s efforts to reform its energy sector and is consistent with IEA’s forthcoming Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Indonesia. The overarching objective of the assignment was to assist Indonesia in tackling short-term power system challenges, by achieving key targets such as reaching a 23% share of renewable energy in the national electricity mix by 2025 in a secure and affordable fashion, and by making grids progressively smarter. The assignment included the organisation of a number of workshops for Indonesian stakeholders and a techno-economic study performed by the IEA. It benefited from the support of the state-owned utility Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN). This public report summarises the information gathered from the workshops and presents the results of the study in a set of recommendations for Indonesia.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264966192
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (250 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Africa energy outlook 2022
    Keywords: Energie ; Energiewirtschaft ; Energieversorgung ; Elektrizitätsversorgung ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Wirkung ; Auswirkung ; Energiebedarf ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Kapitalbeschaffung ; Klimaschutz ; Energiepolitik ; Strukturanpassung ; Beschäftigung ; Arbeit ; Szenario ; Energy ; Afrika
    Abstract: Today’s global energy crisis underscores the urgency and magnitude of the task of transforming Africa’s energy sector, as well as the benefits of an accelerated shift to more affordable and cleaner sources of energy.The Africa Energy Outlook 2022 is a new special report from the International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook series. It explores pathways for Africa’s energy system to evolve toward achieving all African development goals, including universal access to modern and affordable energy services by 2030 and nationally determined contributions.The report analyses infrastructure expansion needs, investment requirements, financing options and energy policy priorities. It also explores a shifting fuel mix that supports resilient development, opportunities for new exports, and just transition issues – including energy access, affordability and employment.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264366909
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (111 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technologies are set to play an important role in putting the global energy system on a path to net zero. Successfully deploying CCUS relies on the establishment of legal and regulatory frameworks to ensure the effective stewardship of CCUS activities and the safe and secure storage of CO2. Several countries have already developed comprehensive legal and regulatory frameworks for CCUS. These form a valuable knowledge base for the growing number of countries that have identified a role for CCUS in meeting their climate goals, but which are yet to establish a legal foundation for CCUS, and particularly for CO2 storage. Increasingly, existing frameworks are also being tested as more commercial CCUS projects are developed, with important learnings for regulators. This IEA CCUS Handbook is a resource for policy makers and regulators on establishing and updating legal and regulatory frameworks for CCUS. It identifies 25 priority issues that frameworks should address for CCUS deployment, presenting global case studies and examining how different jurisdictions have approached these issues. The handbook is supported by a webbased legal and regulatory database, and model legislative text that is found at the end of this report.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264976764
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Keywords: Wärmepumpe ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: Heat pumps, powered by low-emissions electricity, are the central technology in the global transition to secure and sustainable heating. This report, provides an outlook for heat pumps, identifying key opportunities to accelerate their deployment. It also highlights the major barriers and policy solutions, and explores the implications of an accelerated uptake of heat pumps for energy security, consumers’ energy bills, employment and efforts to tackle climate change.Around 10% of space heating needs globally were met by heat pumps in 2021, but the pace of installation is growing rapidly with sales at record levels. Government policy support is needed, though, to help consumers overcome heat pumps’ higher upfront costs relative to alternatives. Financial incentives for heat pumps are already available in over 30 countries, which together cover more than 70% of heating demand today. The IEA estimates heat pumps globally have the potential to reduce global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by at least 500 million tonnes in 2030 – equal to the annual CO2 emissions of all cars in Europe today.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264321267
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (144 Seiten)
    Keywords: Energieprognose ; Energieversorgung ; Südostasien ; Energy
    Abstract: This work is the first region-focused energy outlook to be published by the IEA since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic and the 26th Conference of the Parties in Glasgow, where participants reaffirmed their commitments to tackle climate change. The challenges facing energy policy makers – to provide clean, secure and affordable energy to all – have been made even more urgent by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. This report highlights how countries in Southeast Asia can respond to the current energy crisis in ways that improve their energy security and also advance worldwide efforts to mitigate climate change.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264812079
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (135 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Energy Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Armenien ; Energy ; Armenia
    Abstract: This International Energy Agency (IEA) in-depth review of the energy policies of Armenia follows the same format as that used for the IEA peer reviews of member countries. This in-depth review of Armenia was conducted under the auspices of the EU4Energy programme, which is being implemented by the IEA and the European Union, along with the Energy Community Secretariat and the Energy Charter Secretariat. Armenia depends on imports to meet much of its energy needs, particularly natural gas from the Russian Federation. It is one of the few ex-Soviet republics to avoid significant energy subsidies, and it is the only country in the Caucasus region to possess a nuclear power plant. In January 2021, the government approved a new Energy Sector Development Strategic Programme that sets the path for the sector’s transition through 2040. Key government priorities include promoting maximum use of the country’s potential for renewable energy and energy efficiency; increasing power transmission links with Armenia’s neighbours; gradually liberalising the domestic electricity market; and maintaining and, possibly, increasing the role of nuclear power. This report assesses the energy sector and related challenges facing Armenia and proposes policy recommendations to improve sector governance, energy efficiency, and security of supply.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264451858
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (177 Seiten)
    Series Statement: IEA Energy Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Polen ; Energy ; Poland ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences to help drive secure and affordable clean energy transitions.Poland’s energy policy aims to decarbonise its energy supply through expanding renewable energy, introducing nuclear energy, powering transportation through electricity, and increasing energy efficiency across the economy. A central aspect of Poland’s energy policy is reducing the reliance on coal, especially for electricity generation and building heating. There is a strong policy focus on energy security and ensuring a just transition that maintains affordable access to energy and protects vulnerable consumers, while promoting economic growth.Poland has made notable progress on energy transition. It has one of the fastest growing markets for distributed solar PV in Europe, and it has developed a strong programme to drive offshore wind deployment. Poland has also taken important steps to improve energy security, like diversifying energy imports away from Russia. However, the country’s energy mix is still dominated by fossil fuels. All sectors have considerable work ahead to meet targets for increasing the share of renewables, lowering energy demand and reducing emissions.In this report, the IEA provides a range of energy policy recommendations to help Poland smoothly manage the transition to an efficient and flexible low-carbon energy system.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789264620476
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 Seiten)
    Keywords: Ladeinfrastruktur ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency prepared this report, within the framework of a Global Environment Facility (GEF) programme aimed at supporting low- and middle-income economies in their transition to E-mobility. It is the first deliverable of Working Group Four on Charging, Grid Integration, Renewable Power Supply and Battery Re-use, Recycling and Safe Disposal. Its objective is to provide policy makers with a comprehensive overview of the ecosystem of public charging infrastructure (defined as infrastructure that is publicly accessible), as well as key recommendations for its efficient deployment. Although it focuses on charging systems for light-duty vehicles, the report also discusses implications for two- and three-wheelers, as well as heavy-duty vehicles. The findings summarised here are informed by the many contributions and insights provided by international stakeholders. The IEA’s analysis begins with a definition of charging infrastructure and describes the different business models associated with it. We present a number of policy examples and conclude with five key recommendations for ensuring the efficient roll-out of public charging infrastructure.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789264412040
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 Seiten)
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Energie ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Energiemarkt ; Welt ; Energy ; Statistik
    Abstract: Renewable electricity capacity additions broke another record in 2021 and biofuels demand almost recovered to pre-Covid levels, despite the continuation of logistical challenges and increasing prices. However, the Russian Federation’s (hereafter, “Russia”) invasion of Ukraine is sending shock waves through energy and agriculture markets, resulting in an unprecedented global energy crisis. In many countries, governments are trying to shelter consumers from higher energy prices, reduce dependence on Russian supplies and are proposing policies to accelerate the transition to clean energy technologies. Renewable energy has great potential to reduce prices and dependence on fossil fuels in short and long term. Although costs for new solar PV and wind installations have increased, reversing a decade-long cost reduction trend, natural gas, oil and coal prices have risen much faster, therefore actually further improving the competitiveness of renewable electricity. However, how rapidly renewables can substitute fossil fuels hinges on several uncertainties and will depend on many factors. Will renewable electricity sources defy this global energy crisis and continue to expand quickly despite emerging political and macroeconomic challenges? At the same time, growth in biofuels demand faces significant headwinds from both lower transport demand growth and high biofuel prices. Will demand growth resume at historical rates? In exploring the most recent market and policy developments as of April 2022, our Renewable Energy Market Update forecasts new global renewable power capacity additions and biofuel demand for 2022 and 2023. It also discusses key uncertainties and policy-related implications that may affect projections for 2023 and beyond.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264885783
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (147 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Energy Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Norwegen ; Energy ; Norway
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences. Since the last IEA review in 2017, Norway has remained a global pillar of energy security, providing the world with stable supplies of oil and gas produced in an environmentally conscious manner. Norway has updated its already ambitious targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with plans to achieve 90-95% reductions (excluding sinks) from 1990 levels by 2050. Norway has considerable work ahead to meet these ambitious targets. Since its electricity generation produces nearly zero emissions already and the country has substantially electrified its energy demand, many of the easy wins for reducing emissions have already been achieved. The remaining reductions will be more complex, challenging and costly, notably in transport and industry. Norway has many natural advantages to facilitate a successful energy and climate transition. In particular, it can be well-positioned to lead the world on new technologies for decarbonising hard-to-abate sectors, such as electric vehicles, carbon capture and storage, and hydrogen, if the right policies and incentives are put in place. In this report, the IEA provides energy policy recommendations to help Norway effectively manage the transformation of its energy sector in line with its goals.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789264953253
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Secure, resilient and sustainable energy technology supply chains are central to successful clean energy transitions. The race to net zero emissions will redefine global energy security and shift the focus from the supply of fossil fuels to the supply of the minerals, materials and manufacturing capacity needed to deliver clean energy technologies. This report, Securing Clean Energy Technology Supply Chains, assesses current and future supply chain needs for key technologies – including solar PV, batteries for electric vehicles and low emissions hydrogen – and provides a framework for governments and industry to identify, assess and respond to emerging opportunities and vulnerabilities. The IEA highlights five key strategies to build secure, resilient and sustainable supply chains: Diversify, Accelerate, Innovate, Collaborate and Invest. This report has been prepared for the Sydney Energy Forum on 12-13 July 2022. The IEA is pleased to co-host the Forum alongside the Australian Government and in partnership with the Business Council of Australia. The report is a precursor to the 2023 edition of Energy Technology Perspectives, an IEA flagship report, which will present detailed analysis on what is needed to develop and expand a range of clean energy technology supply chains to achieve net zero emissions.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789264846029
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Aserbaidschan ; Energy ; Azerbaijan
    Abstract: Long-term energy planning is central to a country’s strategic direction. Without it, governments may end up relying on a patchwork of policies and legislation that can be incoherent and ill-suited for the complex challenges countries are increasingly faced with. Good long-term energy planning encompasses domestic and foreign policy, while touching on many key areas of the economy including industry, natural resources and trade. The process involves multiple stakeholders across the government, but also brings in the private sector as well as citizens, as it aims to set out a strategic path towards a clear goal. Azerbaijan, like many of its peers, is looking to understand how best to meet the opportunities and complexities of the global clean energy transition. The 2014-2015 oil shock prompted the government to consider and draft a slate of new laws and reform packages, and at present efforts are being made to finalise and pass an energy strategy. The price volatility seen in global markets over 2020-2022 is making it even clearer that energy planning using scenario analysis and modelling will help countries successfully respond to new and unexpected challenges in a resilient fashion. This roadmap details the necessary steps in building that process and exploring relevant policy options that producer economies have pursued, which may be relevant to Azerbaijan. It then discusses data collection and survey design, which are key to establishing the base for energy modelling. The roadmap then looks at energy modelling and its role in policy making. This roadmap aims to help Azerbaijan reconsider the policy planning process as it looks to connect key laws and reforms into a greater energy strategy. It also sets out a path for Azerbaijan to make this process sustainable and iterative, connecting its policymakers with its statisticians, and investing in in-house modelling capacity. Every country must choose its own energy path, based on its specific needs and resources, but having a long-term plan can smooth out that path significantly.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264540231
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (139 Seiten)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Achieving Net Zero Heavy Industry Sectors in G7 Members is a new report by the International Energy Agency that focuses on the implementation of policies aimed at drastically lowering CO2 emissions from heavy industries in the G7 and beyond. This work, requested by Germany’s 2022 G7 Presidency, builds on analysis from the IEA’s Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. It follows Achieving Net Zero Electricity Sectors in G7 Members, produced as an input to the UK’s G7 Presidency in 2021.This report focuses on two key areas for achieving net zero heavy industry sectors in G7 members, both of which are priority areas for Germany’s 2022 G7 Presidency. The first is a toolbox of policies and financing mechanisms to initiate and sustain the industry sector transition. The second is a series of common and practicable definitions of what constitutes near zero emission steel and cement production, a key step to establishing future policy mechanisms, irrespective of the exact mitigation pathway or the specific technologies chosen. The report is designed to inform policy makers, material producers and consumers, investors, leading sectoral initiatives and the research community in the lead up to the G7 Climate and Energy Ministerial in May 2022, and beyond.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789264866812
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (104 Seiten)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Space cooling is the fastest-growing use of energy in buildings globally and in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Electricity use for cooling in buildings across the region has increased dramatically over the past decades. Yet today, only 15% of households in Southeast Asia have an air conditioner; fans represent around another 9% of residential energy use. With continued economic development and population growth across the region, the International Energy Agency (IEA) projects that air conditioner ownership across the ASEAN Member States (AMS) will continue to grow. This growth could see electricity demand from space cooling in the region grow to 300 TWh in 2040 – approximately equivalent to the total electricity consumption of Indonesia and Singapore combined.The Roadmap towards Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Space Cooling in ASEAN focuses on the policy tools available for AMS to drive energy efficiency improvements for space cooling. It sets ambitious milestones for space cooling technologies, including air conditioners and fans, that can help guide the ambitions outlined in this roadmap and subsequent action across ASEAN.
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789264444218
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (171 Seiten)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The buildings sector plays a key role in decarbonising the global economy. In the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), buildings account for close to a quarter of the region’s total final energy consumption and energy-related CO2 emissions. With continued economic development, urbanisation and population growth across the region, the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) analysis shows that both final energy consumption and CO2 emissions in buildings will continue to grow without ambitious policy actions. Improving the energy efficiency of building envelopes and systems, increasing renewable energy utilisation, phasing out the use of traditional biomass and switching to clean cooking and electricity, while enhancing energy access for vulnerable households across the region, can result in more than a 60% reduction in CO2 emissions from buildings by 2040 in relation to 2020, and provide many other benefits to households, society and governments.The Roadmap for Energy-Efficient Buildings and Construction in ASEAN focuses on the policy tools available for ASEAN Member States to drive energy efficiency improvements in the building sector to help meet growing needs for residential and non-residential floor space and energy services, while limiting the growth in energy demand and related emissions. It identifies key energy-efficient and lowcarbon actions and activities that governments could consider for implementation by 2025, 2030 and beyond, moving towards net zero-carbon buildings.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264677029
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (151 Seiten)
    Series Statement: IEA Energy Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Belgien ; Energy ; Belgium ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences to help drive secure, affordable and clean energy transitions.Belgium’s energy and climate policies push for energy transition through expanding renewable electricity generation and electrifying energy demand, especially for transport. Policies focus on maintaining affordable access to energy with the double aim of protecting vulnerable consumers and ensuring industrial competitiveness. Belgium has made notable progress on deploying offshore wind and increasing the share of electric vehicles. However, fossil fuels still dominate the country’s energy mix, a dependence that is expected to increase. All sectors have considerable work ahead of them to meet Belgium’s targets for increasing the share of renewables, lowering energy demand and reducing emissions.The IEA provides a range of energy policy recommendations in this report to help Belgium smoothly manage the transition to an efficient and flexible carbon-neutral energy system.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789264632554
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Keywords: Energieversorgung ; Energiepolitik ; Erdgasmarkt ; Erdgasgewinnung ; Theorie ; Energy
    Abstract: Russia’s unprovoked invasion of Ukraine has had a dramatic impact on the global energy system. Russia was the world’s largest oil and natural gas exporter in 2021, and energy markets have been thrown into turmoil, with major energy security and supply risks worldwide. Substantial gas resources currently are being produced that do not make it to market because they are lost to flaring and leaks across the oil and gas supply chain. This report estimates that nearly 210 billion cubic metres (bcm) of natural gas could be made available to gas markets by a global effort to eliminate non-emergency flaring and reduce methane emissions from oil and gas operations. If countries that currently export natural gas to the European Union were to implement these two measures, they could increase gas exports by more than 45 bcm using existing infrastructure, equivalent to almost one third of Russian gas exports to the EU in 2021.
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9789264348868
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (89 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The number of corporations announcing clean electricity pledges has increased substantially in recent years, with many companies setting specific goals to meet some or all of their electricity demand with clean supply. These goals can support new capacity in clean generation, helping to boost overall shares in power systems. Increasingly, clean electricity goals can be specified in different ways; this can have implications for the clean technologies procured, the amount and location of procurement, and the resulting emissions reduction. In some regions, corporates have a range of options to choose from when purchasing clean electricity; in other regions, legal and regulatory barriers still constrain engagement in corporate procurement. This report examines the options available and the ways in which they contribute to decarbonisation and, ultimately, net zero electricity goals. Using the IEA’s regional power system models for India and Indonesia, the report applies quantitative analysis to examine the implications of different procurement strategies for emissions reduction, procurement costs and technology deployment. A key finding is that when companies set more granular goals – such as matching their electricity demand hourly (rather than annually as has been the dominant practice) – it can stimulate deployment of the wider portfolio of flexible technologies needed for net zero transitions in the power sector. The report aims to guide corporates in choosing impactful ways to procure clean electricity. It also highlights the roles of policy makers, regulators, system operators and network owners and operators in increasing the availability and impact of corporate procurement options. The final chapter offers targeted recommendations for different stakeholder groups.
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789264409828
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (127 p.)
    Keywords: CO2-Speicherung ; Energy
    Abstract: Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technologies are an important solution for the decarbonisation of the global energy system as it proceeds down the path to net zero emissions. CCUS can contribute to the decarbonisation of the industrial and power generation sectors, and can also unlock technology-based carbon dioxide (CO2) removal. However, its successful deployment hinges on the availability of CO2 storage. For widespread CCUS deployment to occur, CO2 storage infrastructure needs to develop at the same speed or faster than CO2 capture facilities. CO2 has been injected into the Earth’s subsurface since the 1970s and dedicated CO2 storage (where CO2 is injected for the purpose of its storage and not for CO2-based enhanced oil recovery) has been occurring since 1996. There are seven commercial-scale dedicated CO2 storage sites today, with more than 100 others in development. Lessons learned from these sites, along with research, pilot and demonstration projects, contribute to our understanding of CO2 storage resources, their assessment and their development into CO2 storage sites.This IEA CCUS Handbook is an aid for energy sector stakeholders on CO2 storage resources and their development. It provides an overview of geological storage, its benefits, risks and socio economic considerations. The handbook is supported by an extensive glossary of CO2 storage-related terminology found at the end of this report .
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789264557697
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.)
    Keywords: Sonnenenergie ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Usbekistan ; Energy ; Uzbekistan
    Abstract: This Solar Energy Policy in Uzbekistan Roadmap is part of the EU4Energy programme, a five-year initiative funded by the European Union. EU4Energy’s aim is to support the development of evidence-based energy policy design and data capabilities in Eastern Partnership and Central Asian countries, of which Uzbekistan is a part. The main purpose of this roadmap is to guide policy making at all levels to maximise the use of solar energy in Uzbekistan, and to serve as a precursor for a national solar energy strategy. The government of Uzbekistan is invited to consider incorporating the actions outlined in this roadmap so as to enhance the use of solar resources into a dedicated solar energy strategy. This roadmap primarily focuses on increasing solar generation in Uzbekistan's electricity mix, but also touches upon solar heat potential to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels. The roadmap aims to help Uzbekistan formulate its strategies and plans for solar energy deployment across all levels of government. It is also intended to support and guide the activities of other key stakeholders.
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9789264687844
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (159 p.)
    Keywords: Gründungsförderung ; Energietechnik ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: This report highlights recent initiatives to inspire policy action at a time when innovation leadership by the public and private sectors is critical to meeting the net zero challenge. Countries around the world strive to become home to the next major company emerging from a start-up with a disruptive clean energy invention, and with good reason. Whilst aiding innovation in support of climate and energy goals, nurturing innovative start-ups to maturity can also create local economic prosperity because clean energy transitions will be a major market opportunity for all countries, all century long. Already, the number of government policy measures to help start-ups get new clean energy technologies to market has risen sharply since the Paris Agreement was signed in 2015. This is extremely encouraging given that energy technology start-ups continue to face challenges attracting patient capital and governments possess some unique resources to speed them through the phases to reach technical maturity while staying in business. Based on 14 detailed case studies and in-depth interviews, this report presents a range of impressive policy measures from a variety of different country contexts, and identifies eight key insights for effective policy to support clean energy start-ups.
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789264828308
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (93 p.)
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Energie ; Energieeinsparung ; Innovation ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; China ; Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: In the last 20 years, the People’s Republic of China (hereafter, “China”) has strengthened its position on the global stage as an energy innovator, as illustrated by the stories of solar power and, more recently, electric mobility. This is the result of several decades of increasing policy focus on technology innovation, which underpin China’s ambitions to become a producer of knowledge and foster innovation-driven socio-economic development. Looking forward, clean energy innovation will play a crucial role to achieve China’s objectives of carbon peaking by 2030 and neutrality by 2060, and ranks among core government priorities for the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025). This report builds on the IEA Energy Sector Roadmap to Carbon Neutrality in China chapter on “Innovation for carbon neutrality”, and provides complementary and new analysis and information. It maps the institutional and policy landscape of clean energy innovation in China and shows trends for selected metrics to track and explain progress of technology development.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789264585874
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (74 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    Keywords: Energy ; Carbon dioxide capture and storage ; Sequestrierung ; Kohlendioxid ; Abscheidung ; Methode ; Forschungsprojekt
    Abstract: Direct air capture plays an important and growing role in net zero pathways. Capturing CO2 directly from the air and permanently storing it removes the CO2 from the atmosphere, providing a way to balance emissions that are difficult to avoid, including from long-distance transport and heavy industry, as well as offering a solution for legacy emissions. Air-captured CO2 can also be used as a climate-neutral feedstock for a range of products that require a source of carbon. In the IEA Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, direct air capture technologies capture more than 85 Mt of CO2 in 2030 and around 980 MtCO2 in 2050, requiring a large and accelerated scale-up from almost 0.01 MtCO2 today. Currently 18 direct air capture facilities are operating in Canada, Europe and the United States. The first large-scale direct air capture plant of up to 1 MtCO2/year is in advanced development and is expected to be operating in the United States by the mid-2020s. This report explores the growing momentum behind direct air capture, together with the opportunities and challenges for scaling up the deployment of direct air capture technologies consistent with net zero goals. It considers the current status of these technologies, their potential for cost reductions, their future energy needs, and the optimal locations for direct air capture facilities. Finally, the report identifies the key drivers for direct air capture investment and priorities for policy action.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264376588
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (167 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Energy Policy Reviews
    Keywords: 2021 ; Energiepolitik ; Energiewirtschaft ; Litauen ; Energy ; Lithuania ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member, partner and accession countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences. Lithuania has made strong progress towards realising its vision of a secure, competitive, sustainable and innovative energy system in the Baltic region. The government supported major reforms of the electricity and natural gas markets, and further integrated with the EU energy system and markets. Thanks to the expansion of renewable energy sources, notably bioenergy and wind, the carbon intensity of the power and heat sector has decreased over the past decade. Nevertheless, emissions have been on the rise, notably in the transport sector. Lithuania will need to make energy efficiency a priority, design a strong renewable strategy, and reform energy taxes to underpin its ambitious targets. This kind of clean energy leadership can drive emissions reductions up to 2050. In this report, the IEA provides energy policy recommendations to help Lithuania accelerate its energy transition towards its ambitious 2050 targets for climate neutrality.
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9789264676565
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Keywords: Elektrizitätsversorgung ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Energy
    Abstract: Given the salient role that electricity plays in modern economies, the task of ensuring electricity security is a top priority for policy makers. The process is an extensive and complicated one that involves careful consideration of costs and benefits. This chapter summarises the steps involved in developing a framework for electricity security. It defines outages, describes approaches to assessing how much they cost, and outlines the institutional responsibilities to prevent and/or react to them. In doing so, it lays out the existing approaches available to policy makers and the challenges they face in creating electricity security frameworks, including clarifying the costs and benefits, establishing reliability planning structures, and assigning institutional responsibility for various tasks. It then previews how policy makers and other stakeholders need to adapt frameworks for electricity security in the face of major trends affecting the sector – namely, the clean energy transition, cyberthreats and climate change.
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9789264544062
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Keywords: Elektrizitätsversorgung ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Energy
    Abstract: Electricity is an integral part of all modern economies, supporting a range of critical services from healthcare to banking to transportation. Secure supply of electricity is thus of paramount importance. The structural change from an electricity system based on thermal generation powered by fossil fuels towards a system based on variable renewable energy continues apace at various stages across the globe. Digitalisation tools such as smart grids and distributed energy resources, along with the electrification of end uses put electricity increasingly at the forefront of the entire energy system. As a result, governments, industries and other stakeholders will need to improve their frameworks for ensuring electricity security through updated policies, regulations and market designs. This report details the new approaches that will be needed in electricity system planning, resource adequacy mechanisms, incentives for supply- and demand-side flexibility, short-term system balancing and stability procedures. It provides examples and case studies of these changes from power systems around the world, describes existing frameworks to value and provide electricity security, and distils best practices and recommendations for policy makers to apply as they adjust to the various trends underway.
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  • 39
    ISBN: 9789264608795
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Keywords: Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: The number of countries announcing pledges to achieve net-zero emissions over the coming decades continues to grow. But the pledges by governments to date – even if fully achieved – fall well short of what is required to bring global energy-related carbon dioxide emissions to net zero by 2050 and give the world an even chance of limiting the global temperature rise to 1.5 °C. This special report is the world’s first comprehensive study of how to transition to a net zero energy system by 2050 while ensuring stable and affordable energy supplies, providing universal energy access, and enabling robust economic growth. It sets out a cost-effective and economically productive pathway, resulting in a clean, dynamic and resilient energy economy dominated by renewables like solar and wind instead of fossil fuels. The report also examines key uncertainties, such as the roles of bioenergy, carbon capture and behavioural changes in reaching net zero.
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9789264679948
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (287 p.)
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Mineral ; Rohstoffvorkommen ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: Minerals are essential components in many of today’s rapidly growing clean energy technologies – from wind turbines and electricity networks to electric vehicles. Demand for these minerals will grow quickly as clean energy transitions gather pace. This new World Energy Outlook Special Report provides the most comprehensive analysis to date of the complex links between these minerals and the prospects for a secure, rapid transformation of the energy sector. Alongside a wealth of detail on mineral demand prospects under different technology and policy assumptions, it examines whether today’s mineral investments can meet the needs of a swiftly changing energy sector. It considers the task ahead to promote responsible and sustainable development of mineral resources, and offers vital insights for policy makers, including six key IEA recommendations for a new, comprehensive approach to mineral security.
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789264892149
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.)
    Keywords: Kohlepolitik ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Welt ; Ontario (Provinz) ; Großbritannien ; Deutschland ; Energy ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: Reducing global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to net zero by 2050 is necessary to limit the long‐term increase in average global temperatures to 1.5 °C. Today, coal-fired power generation is the largest single source of CO2 emissions. Therefore, tackling emissions from this sector is critical to achieving our goal. National governments, subnational jurisdictions, coalitions and many large corporations have announced coal phase-out pledges and net zero targets. Ahead of COP 26 in November 2021, Phasing Out Unabated Coal: Current Status and Three Case Studies gathers all known national commitments to eventually stop using unabated coal-fired power generation announced to date and assesses their impact in terms of reducing emissions. In addition, the report analyses three jurisdictions in detail to extract recommendation. First, an early example of coal phase-out commitment and execution from the Canadian province of Ontario. Second, the case of the United Kingdom, where the industrial revolution started but which was one of the first countries to decide to phase out coal. Finally, Germany, where phasing out is particularly complex because it is the largest coal-fired power generator among those committing to a phase-out and has thousands of jobs that rely on lignite mining. This paper acknowledges that each country must tailor its approach based on its own specific circumstances, but that nonetheless there are instructive experiences from other jurisdictions undertaking similar measures.
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  • 42
    ISBN: 9789264426580
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (102 p.)
    Keywords: Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Klimaschutz ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; G7-Staaten ; Energy ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: Achieving Net Zero Electricity Sectors in G7 Members is a new report by the International Energy Agency that provides a roadmap to driving down CO2 emissions from electricity generation to net zero by 2035, building on analysis in Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. The new report was requested by the United Kingdom, under its G7 Presidency, and followed the G7 leaders’ commitment in June 2021 to reach “an overwhelmingly decarbonised” power system in the 2030s and net zero emissions across their economies no later than 2050. It is designed to inform policy makers, industry, investors and citizens in advance of the COP26 Climate Change Conference in Glasgow that begins at the end of October 2021. Starting from recent progress and the current state of play of electricity in the G7, the report analyses the steps needed to achieve net zero emissions from electricity, and considers the wider implications for energy security, employment and affordability. It identifies key milestones, emerging challenges and opportunities for innovation. The report also underscores how G7 members can foster innovation through international collaboration and, as first movers, lower the cost of technologies for other countries while maintaining electricity security and placing people at the centre of clean energy transitions.
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  • 43
    ISBN: 9789264816626
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (304 p.)
    Keywords: Klimaschutz ; Klimapolitik ; Energiewende ; Energiepolitik ; China ; Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: In September 2020, President Xi Jinping announced that the People’s Republic of China will “aim to have CO2 emissions peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060”. Amid the growing wave of governments around the world setting targets for reaching net zero emissions, no pledge is as significant as China’s. The country is the world’s largest energy consumer and carbon emitter, accounting for one-third of global CO2 emissions. The pace of China’s emissions reductions will be an important factor in global efforts to limit global warming to 1.5 °C. This report, An Energy Sector Roadmap to Carbon Neutrality in China, responds to the Chinese government’s invitation to the International Energy Agency to cooperate on long-term strategies by setting out pathways for reaching carbon neutrality in China’s energy sector. It shows that achieving carbon neutrality fits with China’s broader development goals, such as increasing prosperity and shifting towards innovation-driven growth. The first pathway in this Roadmap – the Announced Pledges Scenario – reflects the enhanced targets China announced in 2020. The report also explores the implications of a faster transition – the Accelerated Transition Scenario – and the socio-economic benefits it would bring beyond those associated with reducing the impact of climate change. This Roadmap examines the technology challenges and opportunities that this new phase of the clean energy transition will bring for China’s development, with a focus on long-term needs. The technology innovations required in the Chinese context are a key in-depth focus area. The report concludes with a series of policy considerations to inform China’s energy debate.
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9789264947771
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 166 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Energy policies of IEA countries 2019
    Series Statement: Sweden
    Series Statement: Energy policies of IEA countries Sweden
    Keywords: Energy ; Sweden
    Abstract: Sweden is leading the way towards a low-carbon society. In recent years, the country has adopted an energy and climate framework with ambitious long‑term and interim goals, including a target of 100% renewable energy in electricity generation by 2040. In this review of Sweden’s energy policies, the International Energy Agency (IEA) looks at how the country is managing its energy transition, as well as how this transition affects energy security. Sweden’s electricity system – based on nuclear, hydro and a growing share of wind power – is nearly fossil‑free. The country, which is well interconnected with its neighbours, has become a large net exporter of electricity. However, the power sector faces uncertainty from the likely phase‑out of nuclear within the next few decades. The challenge will be to maintain stability while more variable forms of renewable energy enter the system to replace nuclear power. Sweden’s energy policies give preference to technology‑neutral measures and market mechanisms, with the aim to reduce emissions in a cost‑effective way. Carbon taxation in particular has been an effective driver of decarbonisation, and Sweden has showed that high environmental taxes can be combined with sustained economic growth. As the electricity and heat supply is largely decarbonised, the main challenge for Sweden is to reduce emissions in the transport sector, which gets special attention in the review. In this report, the IEA provides recommendations for further improvements of Sweden’s energy policy to help the country continue to transform its energy sectors in a secure, affordable and environmentally sustainable manner.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789264301993
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 92 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Using air conditioners and electric fans to stay cool accounts for nearly 20% of the total electricity used in buildings around the world today. Rising demand for space cooling is also putting enormous strain on electricity systems in many countries, as well as driving up emissions. Absent firm policy interventions, there is no doubt that global demand for space cooling and the energy needed to provide it will continue to grow for decades to come. However, there is an enormous opportunity to quickly influence the growth of cooling-related energy demand through policies to improve equipment efficiency. This special IEA report aims to raise awareness globally about one of the most critical energy issues of our time, outlining a sustainable path to the future of cooling that will allow people to reap the benefits of cooling without straining the energy system or the environment.
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789264293229
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 105 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Energy ; Denmark ; Finland ; Iceland ; Norway ; Sweden
    Abstract: The Nordic region is at the forefront of the global growth of electric mobility. The Nordic Electric Vehicle Outlook (NEVO) aims to identify and discuss recent developments of electric mobility in the five Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. The report assesses the current status of the electric car market, the deployment of charging infrastructure, and the integration with the electricity grid at country level. It analyses the role of European, national, and local policy frameworks in supporting these developments. The analysis also provides insights on consumer behaviour and includes an outlook on the progress of electric mobility in the Nordic region up to 2030. NEVO has been developed in co-operation between the International Energy Agency (IEA) and Nordic Energy Research. It builds on the long-standing IEA engagement in the area of electric mobility, including the co-ordination of the Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) and the hosting of the Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technology Collaboration Programme.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : IEA
    ISBN: 9789264286276
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (185 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Digital technologies are everywhere, affecting the way we live, work, travel, and play. Digitalization is helping improve the safety, productivity, accessibility, and sustainability of energy systems around the world. But it is also raising new security and privacy risks, while disrupting markets, businesses, and workers. Digitalization & Energy is the International Energy Agency’s first comprehensive effort to depict how digitalization could transform the world’s energy systems. The report examines the impact of digital technologies on energy demand sectors, looks at how energy suppliers can use digital tools to improve operations, and explores the transformational potential of digitalization to help create a highly interconnected energy system. This report seeks to provide greater clarity to decision makers in government and industry on what digitalization means for energy, shining a light on its enormous potential and most pressing challenges. It also lays out no-regret recommendations to help steer the world towards a more secure, sustainable, and smarter energy future.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : IEA
    ISBN: 9789264285576
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (146 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The ten Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries are among the most dynamic parts of the global energy system and a rising force in international energy affairs. Thanks to its growing partnership with Southeast Asia, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has conducted regular in-depth studies of the energy challenges facing this region. This new report, which was prepared as part of the IEA’s flagship World Energy Outlook series, provides insights for policy makers, industry and other energy stakeholders to help address the energy sector challenges facing Southeast Asia today. The report highlights: The state of play across the Southeast Asia’s energy sector, based on the latest data and announcements. How today’s policies shape this region’s energy demand and supply outlook to 2040, and the implications for energy security, the environment and development. The opportunities that broader changes in global markets and low-carbon technologies open up for Southeast Asia. The investment required to improve efficiency and expand energy supply infrastructure, especially in the electricity sector. The mix of fuels and technologies that can help Southeast Asia achieve universal electricity access. An alternative pathway, the Sustainable Development Scenario, to meet energy security and environmental goals.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : IEA
    ISBN: 9789264284234
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p.)
    Series Statement: Market report series
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Energy efficiency is central to all global energy transitions. It is the world’s most available, secure and affordable energy resource and every government around the world has the power to further exploit efficiency for widespread benefit. Energy Efficiency 2017 is the global tracker examining the trends, indicators, impacts and drivers of energy efficiency progress. The questions addressed in this year’s report include: How quickly is the world becoming more energy efficient? Which countries are making most progress? What are the impacts of energy efficiency on the global economy and energy system? How does energy efficiency affect global, regional and national energy security? How has policy, a key driver of energy efficiency, progressed globally? How does policy vary between countries, economic sectors and end-use appliances? How has energy efficiency affected household energy expenditure? What technology changes might unlock future savings? How is efficiency evolving in the major end-use sectors of industry, buildings and transport? What happened to energy efficiency investment in 2016? What business models and sources of finance are driving greater investment? How has the market for energy services changed? In which markets is energy efficiency being commoditised? This year’s report also includes a special country focus on Indonesia, the largest energy consumer in Southeast Asia. The IEA is working to improve understanding of the status, drivers and benefits of energy efficiency. Energy Efficiency 2017 is the key global tracker of energy efficiency progress and a vital information resource for policy makers and companies seeking to reap the multiple benefits of energy efficiency.
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9789264285569
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Energy is essential for humanity to develop and thrive. In 2015, the new Sustainable Development Goals, adopted by 193 countries, included for the first time a target to ensure affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all, underscoring a new level of political agreement on the importance of access to modern energy services. At the same time, the declining cost of decentralised renewables, increased access to affordable energyefficient appliances and the use of mobile platforms are changing the way we think about providing energy access. It is against this backdrop that the IEA produced this Special Report, part of its flagship World Energy Outlook (WEO) series. This report: Expands and updates the WEO’s country-by-country electricity and clean cooking access database, and assesses the status for all developing countries, reviewing recent trends and policy efforts up to 2016. Presents a global and regional electricity and clean cooking access outlook to 2030, with a dedicated chapter on sub-Saharan Africa. Provides a pathway for achieving access to modern energy for all by 2030, identifying policy priorities, detailing investment needs, and the role that decentralised and on-grid solutions may play. Analyses how energy development can unleash economic growth in sectors such as agriculture, and explores how energy access intersects with other issues such as gender, health and climate change.
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  • 51
    ISBN: 9789264278820
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Power sectors around the world are undergoing significant change due to the rapid uptake of new supply- and demand-side technologies. In particular, large-scale wind and solar power as well as distributed energy resources are influencing the planning, operation and profitability of power systems. In response, policymakers, utilities and other stakeholders need to apply innovative approaches to transform the power system, with the objective to achieve sustainable, affordable and reliable electricity. The Status of Power System Transformation 2017 report provides an overview of current trends that are ongoing across the globe, with a focus on the integration of renewables and local grid development. The report examines a broad set of recent concrete power system interventions. A framework for assessing the status of power system transformation is also introduced, and is applied to selected countries: Indonesia, South Africa, Mexico and Australia. This report can inform stakeholders of the dynamic changes that are occurring in power systems around the world and provide insight into measures that can help to overcome new challenges.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : IEA
    ISBN: 9789264287600
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (89 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Bioenergy is the main source of renewable energy today. IEA modelling also indicates that modern bioenergy is an essential component of the future low carbon global energy system if global climate change commitments are to be met, playing a particularly important role in helping to decarbonise sectors such as aviation, shipping and long haul road transport. However, the current rate of bioenergy deployment is well below the levels required in low carbon scenarios. Accelerated deployment is urgently needed to ramp up the contribution of sustainable bioenergy across all sectors, notably in the transport sector where consumption is required to triple by 2030. But bioenergy is a complex and sometimes controversial topic. There is an increasing understanding that only bioenergy that is supplied and used in a sustainable manner has a place in a low carbon energy future. This Technology Roadmap re-examines the role of bioenergy in light of changes to the energy landscape over the past five years as well as recent experience in bioenergy policy, market development and regulation. It identifies the technical, policy and financial barriers to deployment, and suggests a range of solutions to overcome them.
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9789264065277
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Indonesia
    Abstract: Indonesia can claim many economic and political achievements over the last 15 years: the country posted consistently high economic growth rates, joined the G20, stabilised its young democracy, and devolved budgetary power and decision making. Extending this track record further depends on Indonesia’s ability to deliver sustainable and sufficient energy supply to markets and ultimately to consumers. Even though it remains a net energy exporter due to the expansion of its coal and liquid biofuel production, the country is consuming more energy as a result of rising living standards, population growth and rapid urbanisation. Indonesia is already highly dependent on oil imports. Meeting demand growth and ensuring the environmental sustainability of energy supplies must remain key pillars of its economic and investment policies and strategies. Indonesia has implemented important changes since the IEA published its first review of the country’s energy polices in 2008. Key milestones include the 2007 Law on Energy, the 2008 National Energy Policy, the 2009 Law on Electricity, and the 2009 Law on Mineral and Coal Mining. However, the government needs to continue this reform process vigorously and implement further improvements to Indonesia’s institutional set-up, alongside stronger policy planning and implementation, more investment in critical energy infrastructure, and continued movement towards regulated energy markets and cost-reflective pricing. This review analyses the energy policy challenges facing Indonesia and provides critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9789264236073
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This How2Guide for Smart Grids in Distribution Networks (Distribution SG H2G) seeks to provide decision makers with tools and steps for developing and implementing a strategic plan for smart grids at the national, regional or municipal level. It is the second in the International Energy Agency (IEA) series of How2Guides (H2Gs), concise manuals that seek to guide the reader through the key steps to developing and implementing a roadmap for a given technology, sector or system.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264239760
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Current trends in energy supply and use are patently unsustainable – economically, environmentally and socially. Without decisive action, energy-related emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) will more than double by 2050 and increased fossil energy demand will heighten concerns over the security of supplies. We can and must change our current path. However, this will take an energy revolution and low-carbon energy technologies will have a crucial role to play. Energy efficiency, sources of renewable energy, carbon capture and storage (CCS), nuclear power and new transport technologies will all require widespread deployment if we are to achieve reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Every major country and sector of the economy must be involved. The task is urgent if we are to make sure that investment decisions taken now do not saddle us with sub-optimal technologies in the long term.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : IEA
    ISBN: 9789264211728
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9789264211391
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: This review analyses the energy policy challenges facing Luxembourg and provides recommendations for each sector. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future and the development of its 2030 energy strategy. It finds that since 2008, Luxembourg’s energy policy has focused on mitigating CO2 emissions in transport and industry and on supporting renewable energies and energy efficiency towards 2020. Luxembourg’s greenhouse gas emissions have stabilised as energy-intensive industries have scaled back their activities and the government put strong energy efficiency policies in place, notably for buildings. Since 2009, the country’s research and development (R&D) policies have promoted eco-innovation and clean energy technologies. In 2012, government spending on energy R&D as a ratio of gross domestic product was the highest among IEA members. Luxembourg is creating a national platform for smart meters and electric vehicles, the first of its kind country-wide roll out. Nonetheless, Luxembourg faces several energy challenges. Oil consumption in transport is rising because of growing road fuel sales, largely the result of tax differences to neighbouring countries. This increases Luxembourg’s emissions and its oil stockholding needs. Because the country imports all of its energy needs, energy security is a priority. Luxembourg has sought to address this through greater regional integration such as merging its gas market with Belgium and increasing its electricity interconnection with France and Belgium. Yet the benefits of regional integration of wholesale energy markets have not yet translated to retail markets. Moreover, as regional electricity trade grows and neighbouring countries introduce ambitious decarbonisation policies and capacity markets, Luxembourg will need to define its priorities for an energy strategy through 2030.
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789264200630
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (114 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Energieeinsparung ; Energieforschung ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: Energy Policy Highlights showcases what the 28 IEA member countries identified as key recent developments in their energy policies. Each country contribution covers a range of energy-related topics, with best practices and policy examples from their respective governments, including objectives, characteristics, challenges and successes, and shared lessons. Each contribution underscores the changing nature of both global and domestic energy challenges, as well as the commonality of energy concerns among member countries. For example, many of the policies highlighted identify an urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a clear objective. Electricity, enhancing energy efficiency and increasing the share of renewables in the energy mix in a cost effective manner are likewise areas of common focus. Overall, the energy concerns reflect key areas of focus for the IEA – energy security, environmental protection and economic development. On the end-user side, increasing public awareness of domestic energy policies through improved transparency and engagement is an important facet of policy support among IEA member countries. The successful implementation of policies and other initiatives benefitted from efforts to inform the public. The IEA hopes that Energy Policy Highlights will provide a useful point of reference and dialogue for the 2013 IEA Ministerial, and will help advance the Agency’s well-established practice of co-operation and worldwide engagement through the sharing of experiences, best practices and lessons learned, among IEA member countries and partner countries alike.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789264207646
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (114 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Ensuring energy security and addressing climate change cost-effectively are key global challenges. Tackling these issues will require efforts from stakeholders worldwide. To find solutions, the public and private sectors must work together, sharing burdens and resources, while at the same time multiplying results and outcomes. Through its broad range of multilateral technology initiatives (Implementing Agreements), the IEA enables member and non-member countries, businesses, industries, international organisations and non-governmental organisations to share research on breakthrough technologies, to fill existing research gaps, to build pilot plants and to carry out deployment or demonstration programmes across the energy sector. In short, their work can comprise any technology-related activity that supports energy security, economic growth, environmental protection and engagement worldwide. Some 40 Implementing Agreements carry out programmes in the areas of energy efficiency (buildings, electricity, industry, and transport), fossil fuels (clean coal, enhanced oil recovery, carbon capture and storage), fusion power (tokamaks, materials, technologies, safety, alternate concepts) and renewable energy technologies, and cross-cutting topics (technology transfer, research databases, and modeling). This publication highlights the most significant recent achievements of the IEA Implementing Agreements. The core of the IEA Energy Technology Network, these initiatives are a fundamental building block for facilitating the entry of new and improved energy technologies into the marketplace.
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789264211483
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques énergétiques hors des pays de l'AIE ; Maroc 2014
    Keywords: Energy ; Morocco
    Abstract: The Kingdom of Morocco is over 90 % dependent on energy imports, so a major challenge is to develop indigenous resources. Topography and climate are favourable to wind, solar and additional hydropower. By 2020 Morocco aims to derive more than 40 % of its electrical capacity from these sources, strengthening both energy security and sustainability. At the same time, Rabat aims to retain its attractive investment conditions for oil and gas exploration. To reduce the burden of energy subsidies, transport fuels have progressively been brought up towards full market prices, and electricity tariffs are also being adjusted upward. Energy efficiency has been elevated to a national priority, with a range of measures on lighting, building standards, appliances and vehicles. Morocco’s electricity grid now covers more than 98 % of households. The sector is being progressively liberalised, with foreign investment in both renewables and coal-fired power stations. The energy mix is diversified further by imports of gas from Algeria and electricity from Spain. Morocco has established new national agencies to promote energy efficiency, renewable energy, and research and development. Co‑operation on climate change within the United Nations framework is widely perceived as exemplary. Persevering in this direction could help Morocco emerge as a regional leader in energy sector reform, as well as in the renewable energy technologies in which it has a natural advantage. This review analyses the energy policy challenges facing Morocco and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide policy makers in the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264223554
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (115 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries; Morocco 2014
    Keywords: Energy ; Morocco
    Abstract: Cette publication analyse les défis de la politique énergétique auxquels le Maroc doit faire face et fournit des recommandations pour de nouvelles améliorations de cette politique.
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789264211759
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This How2Guide for Wind Energy (Wind H2G) is designed to provide interested stakeholders from both government and industry with the necessary tools to plan and implement a roadmap for wind energy technology at the national or regional level.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264209602
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Austria
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2014 review of Austria’s energy policy analyses the energy policy challenges facing Austria and provides sectoral studies and recommendations for further policy improvements. It finds that Austria's energy policy rests on three pillars – security of supply, energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. The country’s decarbonisation drive has strengthened as the economy and renewable energy use have continued to grow, while fossil fuel use has decreased. Notably, Austria has more than tripled the public funding for energy research, development and demonstration since 2007. Greenhouse gas emissions from energy use, which peaked in 2005, still need to be reduced further, and the transport sector offers prime opportunities for this. In the context of EU negotiations on an energy and climate policy framework to 2030, Austria should develop a strategy that also integrates security of supply and internal market dimensions. Closer cross-border integration of both electricity and natural gas markets and systems is required to build a single European market. This calls for increased co-ordination and co-operation with neighbouring countries. Austria should also encourage investment in networks, optimise demand response and integrate variable renewable energy supply in a cost-effective and market-based manner. A well-functioning internal market can help reduce the growing concerns over energy prices and costs, both for industry and for citizens. Austria could address these concerns also by implementing more energy efficiency measures and facilitating greater retail market competition.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264211872
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This roadmap aims to increase understanding among a range of stakeholders of the applications that electricity and thermal energy storage technologies can be used for at different locations in the energy system. Emphasis is placed on storage technologies that are connected to a larger energy system (e.g. electricity grid), while a smaller portion of the discussion focuses on off-grid storage applications. This focus is complemented by a discussion of the existing technology, policy, and economic barriers that hinder energy storage deployment. Specific actions that can be taken to remove these obstacles are identified for key energy system stakeholder groups.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789264208032
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The power of transformation
    DDC: 621.31
    RVK:
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Energie ; Energiemarkt ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: Wind power and solar photovoltaics (PV) are crucial to meeting future energy needs while decarbonising the power sector. Deployment of both technologies has expanded rapidly in recent years, one of the few bright spots in an otherwise bleak picture of clean energy progress. However, the inherent variability of wind power and solar PV raises unique and pressing questions. Can power systems remain reliable and cost-effective while supporting high shares of variable renewable energy (VRE)? And if so, how? Based on a thorough review of the integration challenge, this publication gauges the economic significance of VRE integration impacts, highlights the need for a system-wide approach to integrating high shares of VRE and recommends how to achieve a cost-effective transformation of the power system. This book summarises the results of the third phase of the Grid Integration of VRE (GIVAR) project, undertaken by the IEA over the past two years. It is rooted in a set of seven case studies, comprising 15 countries on four continents. It deepens the technical analysis of previous IEA work and lays out an analytical framework for understanding the economics of VRE integration impacts. Based on detailed modelling, the impact of high shares of VRE on total system costs is analysed. In addition, the four flexible resources which are available to facilitate VRE integration – generation, grid infrastructure, storage and demand side integration – are assessed in terms of their technical performance and cost-effectiveness.
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789264206052
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (278 p)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Energy efficiency has been referred to as a “hidden fuel”, one that extends energy supplies, increases energy security, lowers carbon emissions and generally supports sustainable economic growth. Yet it is hiding in plain sight: in 2011, investments in the energy efficiency market globally were at a similar scale to those in renewable energy or fossil-fuel power generation. The Energy Efficiency Market Report provides a practical basis for understanding energy efficiency market activities, a review of the methodological and practical challenges associated with measuring the market and its components, and statistical analysis of energy efficiency and its impact on energy demand. It also highlights a specific technology sector in which there is significant energy efficiency market activity, in this instance appliances and ICT. The report presents a selection of country case studies that illustrate current energy efficiency markets in specific sectors, and how they may evolve in the medium term. The energy efficiency market is diffuse, varied and involves all energy-consuming sectors of the economy. A comprehensive overview of market activity is complicated by the challenges associated with quantifying the components of the market and the paucity of comparable reported data. This report underscores how vital high-quality and timely energy efficiency data is to understanding this market. This first Energy Efficiency Market Report sits alongside IEA market reports for oil, gas, coal and renewable energy, highlighting its place as a major energy resource. It summarises in one place the trends and prospects for investment and energy cost savings in the medium term, up to 2020. This Report joins the IEA market reports for oil, gas, coal and renewable energy, highlighting energy efficiency’s place as a major energy resource. It summarises the trends and prospects for investment and energy cost savings in the medium term, up to 2020.
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9789264090705
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Resources to reserves 2013
    Keywords: Energiereserven ; Fossile Energie ; Erdöl ; Erdgas ; Kohle ; Energietechnik ; Welt ; Energy ; Welt ; Energievorrat ; Fossiler Brennstoff ; Erdöl ; Erdgas ; Kohle
    Abstract: The availability of oil and gas for future generations continues to provoke international debate. In 2005, the first edition of Resources to Reserves found that the known hydrocarbon resources were sufficient to sustain likely growth for the foreseeable future. Yet the book also predicted that developing oil and gas resources – and bringing them to market – would become more technically demanding. Resources to Reserves 2013 – a comprehensive update to the 2005 edition – confirms these earlier findings and investigates whether oil and gas resources can be produced at a reasonable cost and in a timely manner, while also protecting environmentally sensitive areas. Released amid a boom in shale gas and oil development in North America that is transforming the global energy landscape, the book surveys the cutting-edge technologies needed to find, produce and bring these reserves to the market, and it reviews the challenges on greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil fuel production. With renewed interest in coal as a potential source of liquid and gaseous fuels, it also looks at technology advances for this fossil fuel.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264190801
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Estonia
    Abstract: This review of Estonia’s energy policies analyses the energy policy challenges and opportunities facing Estonia, and provides critiques and recommendations for future policy improvements. It finds that Estonia is actively seeking to reduce the intensity of its energy system. Many of these efforts are focused on oil shale, which the country has been using for almost a century and which meets 70% of its energy demand. While it provides a large degree of energy security, oil shale is highly carbon-intensive. The government is seeking to lessen the negative environmental impact by phasing out old power plants and developing new technologies to reduce significantly CO2 emissions. The efforts on oil shale complement Estonia’s solid track record of modernising its overall energy system. Since restoring its independence in 1991, Estonia has fully liberalised its electricity and gas markets and attained most national energy policy targets and commitments for 2020. It has also started preparing its energy strategy to 2030, with an outlook to 2050. Estonia is also promoting energy market integration with neighbouring EU member states.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264190764
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Germany
    Abstract: Since the IEA last reviewed Germany’s energy policies in 2007, the country has taken two fundamental policy decisions that will guide its energy policy in coming decades. In September 2010, the federal government adopted the Energy Concept, a comprehensive new strategy for a long-term integrated energy pathway to 2050. Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in March 2011, Germany decided to accelerate the phase-out of nuclear power by 2022 starting with the immediate closure of the eight oldest plants. This decision resulted in the adoption of a new suite of policy measures, determined renewable energy as the cornerstone of future energy supply, a set of policy instruments commonly known as the Energiewende. In order to achieve the ambitious energy transformation set out in the Energiewende, by 2030 half of all electricity supply will come from renewable energy sources; Germany must continue to develop cost-effective market-based approaches which will support the forecast growth of variable renewable generation. Furthermore, the costs and benefits need to be allocated in a fair and transparent way among all market participants, especially households. Renewable energy capacity must expand alongside the timely development of the transmission and distribution networks. In addition, a stable regulatory system is necessary to ensure long-term finance to network operators. Furthermore, close monitoring of Germany’s ability to meet electricity demand at peak times should continue in the medium term. Energy policy decisions in Germany inevitably have an impact beyond the country’s borders and must be taken within the context of a broader European energy policy framework and in close consultation with its neighbours. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing Germany and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9789264191198
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (217 p.)
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264098213
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (162 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Denmark
    Abstract: Denmark is a leader among OECD member countries in terms of its well-designed policies for renewable energy, energy efficiency and climate change. The country is a forthright voice in international fora for climate policy and a strong advocate of tougher climate-change mitigation measures. A long history of consensus-based policy making and political stability has been leveraged to develop Denmark's far-reaching and comprehensive energy policies, and also allowed a clear long-term vision to emerge. Denmark's long-term energy goal is to become completely independent of fossil fuels use by 2050. In 2011, the government published the Energy Strategy 2050, a detailed and ambitious policy document that sets out a series of new energy-policy initiatives. The strategy aims to transform Denmark into a low-carbon society with a stable and affordable energy supply. The first phase of the strategy focuses on a series of short-term initiatives that significantly reduce dependence on fossil fuels by strengthening and expanding existing policies in energy efficiency and renewable energy. The second and third phases will involve development and implementation of long-term energy solutions including building a green transport sector and promotion of smart grids. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing Denmark as it develops and implements the ambitious policies outlined in the Energy Strategy 2050, and provides critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements in particular sectors. The intent of the review is to assist Danish policy makers as they move towards a sustainable, low-carbon energy future.
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 83-84
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 2 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Regulatory Activities
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 83-84
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; European Union
    Abstract: Union européenne Directive du Conseil relative à la surveillance et au contrôle des transferts de déchets radioactifs et de combustible nucléaire usé (2006)
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264177963
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 115-124
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 10 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Regulatory Activities
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 115-124
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; European Union
    Abstract: Agence de l’OCDE pour l’Énergie Nucléaire Décision relative à l’exclusion de petites quantités de substances nucléaires du champ d’application de la Convention de Paris (2007) Union Européenne Décision du Conseil autorisant la République de Slovénie à ratifier la Convention de Paris (2007) Décision du Conseil portant approbation de l’adhésion de la Communauté européenne de l’énergie atomique à la Convention sur la protection physique des matières nucléaires (2007)Décision du Conseil instituant une entreprise commune pour ITER et le développement de l’énergie de fusion et lui conférant des avantages (2007) Agence Internationale de l’Énergie Nucléaire Convention internationale pour la répression des actes de terrorisme nucléaire (2007)Résolution relative à l’exclusion de petites quantités de matières nucléaires du champ d’application de la Convention de Vienne (2007) Groupe international d’experts en responsabilité nucléaire (2007) Code de conduite sur la sûreté et la sécurité des sources radioactives et Orientations pour l’importation et l’exportation de sources radioactives (2007) 51ème Conférence générale de l’AIEA
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  • 75
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173507
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: The Slovak Republic imports virtually all of its natural gas and crude oil from a single supplier, the Russian Federation. Energy security is therefore an overarching concern and priority in the Slovak Republic'fs energy policy agenda. The government is taking steps to diversify supplies and build on lessons learned from the gas supply disruption in 2009. Enhancing regional co-operation, particularly in the development of gas and electricity interconnections, is an essential step towards meeting the dual policy objectives of enhancing energy security and market competition. The Slovak Republic has moved forward with coupling its electricity market with the Czech Republic's, and supports the construction of a North-South pipeline connection that would link planned LNG terminals in Croatia and Poland, including an interconnector to Hungary. Despite a sharp decline in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions since 1990, the Slovak Republic remains a GHG-intensive economy by OECD standards, with energy-related CO2 emissions accounting for over 70% of total GHG emissions. The country must continue to implement policies that ease the transition to a low-carbon economy. Nuclear power and renewable energy can play crucial roles in the Slovak Republic'fs efforts to decarbonise its electricity production. Significant efforts can also be made to improve energy efficiency, especially in the transport and building sectors. District heating is a notable area with huge potential for reducing national GHG emissions. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges currently facing the Slovak Republic, and provides sectoral studies and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
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  • 76
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 75-96
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 22 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. National Legislative and Regulatory Activities
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 75-96
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; France ; Italy ; Japan ; Lithuania ; Luxembourg ; Romania ; Russian Federation ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; Spain ; Sweden ; Turkey ; United States
    Abstract: Brésil Résolution du Conseil national de politique énergétique sur la reprise de la construction d’une centrale thermonucléaire (2007) République Populaire de Chine Règlement relatif à la gestion et au contrôle des équipements de sûreté nucléaire à usage civil (2007) Réponse officielle du Conseil des Affaires d’État aux questions relatives à la responsabilité civile pour les dommages résultant d’accidents nucléaires (2007) Espagne Amendement à la loi sur l’énergie nucléaire (2007) États-Unis Règle finale modifiant la réglementation applicable à la délivrance d’autorisations pour les centrales nucléaires (2007) Règle finale mettant en oeuvre le système national de suivi des sources (2006) Règle finale relative à la menace de référence (2007) France Décret relatif aux enquêtes techniques sur les accidents ou incidents concernant une activité nucléaire (2007)Arrêté relatif à l’organisation de la Direction générale des entreprises (DGE) du Ministère chargé de l’industrie (2007)Décret relatif à la nomenclature des installations nucléaires de base (2007)Décret relatif aux installations nucléaires de base et au contrôle, en matière de sûreté nucléaire, du transport de substances radioactives (2007) Italie Décret d’application de la Directive 2003/122/Euratom du Conseil du 22 décembre 2003 relative au contrôle des sources radioactives scellées de haute activité et des sources orphelines (2007) Modification du décret sur le droit de l’environnement (2007) Japon Amendement à la loi relative au stockage définitif des déchets de haute activité (2007) Lituanie Loi relative à la centrale nucléaire d’Ignalina (2007) Luxembourg Règlement grand-ducal concernant la protection de la population contre les dangers résultant des rayonnements ionisants (2006)Loi portant approbation de l’Accord entre le Luxembourg et la Belgique relatif aux échanges d’informations en cas d’incident ou d’accident (2006) Roumanie Décision du gouvernement relative à la surveillance sanitaire des travailleurs (2007) Arrêté relatif à la protection physique des matières nucléaires durant leur transport (2007) Arrêté relatif aux mesures préventives destinées à protéger les installations nucléaires (2007)Arrêté relatif au contrôle des systèmes de protection physique des installations nucléaires (2007)Ordonnance relative à la sûreté de la gestion des déchets radioactifs (2007)Décision du gouvernement relative aux ressources financières nécessaires à la sûreté de la gestion des déchets radioactifs (2007) Amendement à la loi sur la responsabilité civile pour les dommages nucléaires (2007) Fédération de Russie Réforme de l’industrie électronucléaire russe (2007) République Slovaque Amendement à la loi atomique relatif au financement de l’autorité de sûreté nucléaire (2007) Slovénie Décret relatif au contrôle de la contamination radioactive du chargement de ferraille (2007) Suède Décision relative à la fusion des autorités de contrôle (2007) Turquie Loi relative à la construction et à l’exploitation de centrales nucléaires et à la vente de l’énergie produite par ces centrales (2007)
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  • 77
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 69-73
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 5 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Case Law
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 69-73
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; France ; South Africa ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: Afrique du Sud Jugement de la Haute Cour du Cap dans l’affaire McDonald et autres c. Ministère de l’Énergie et des Ressources minières et autres (2007) États-Unis Jugement de la Cour d’appel des États-Unis relatif à la prise en compte des effets d’attentats terroristes sur l’environnement (2006) Annulation de la décision de la Court of Federal Claims des États-Unis concernant l’indemnisation en vertu de la Loi Price Anderson des frais de justice engagés dans une action en responsabilité civile (2007) France Arrêt de la Cour européenne des Droits de l’Homme, relatif au droit à un procès équitable, dans le contentieux opposant le Collectif stop Melox et Mox à la France (2007) Décision du Conseil d’État concernant l’annulation d’un décret relatif à l’installation nucléaire de la base de Brennilis, pour défaut d’information et de consultation du public (2007) Royaume-Uni Décision du tribunal d’instance de Wick condamnant l’Autorité de l’énergie atomique du Royaume-Uni pour exposition au plutonium (2007)
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264166752
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: The report shows how China, already the world’s largest wind market, could reach 1,000 GW of wind power by the middle of the century, an achievement that would reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 1.5 gigatonnes per year, or roughly equivalent to the combined CO2 emissions of Germany, France and Italy in 2009. The China Wind Energy Roadmap is the first national roadmap that has been developed by a country with IEA support, drawing from its global roadmap series.
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  • 79
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 61-61
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Case Law
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 61-61
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Germany
    Abstract: Allemagne Jugement du Tribunal fédéral administratif portant sur le projet de dépôt Konrad (2007)
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  • 80
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 97-114
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Texts
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 97-114
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; China, People’s Republic ; Lithuania ; Turkey
    Abstract: Lituanie Loi relative à la centrale nucléaire d’Ignalina (2007) République Populaire de Chine Réponse officielle du Conseil des Affaires d’État aux questions relatives à la responsabilité civile pour les dommages résultant d’accidents nucléaires (2007) Turquie Traduction non officielle de la Loi relative à l’exploitation de centrales nucléaires et à la vente de l’énergie produite par ces centrales (2007)
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  • 81
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 63-81
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 19 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. National Legislative and Regulatory Activities
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 63-81
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Argentina ; Australia ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Iceland ; Indonesia ; Ireland ; Italy ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Poland ; Romania ; Russian Federation ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; South Africa ; Sweden
    Abstract: Afrique du Sud Règlement sur le contenu du rapport public annuel (2006)Règlement sur la conservation de rapports (2006) Règlement sur les normes de sûreté et les pratiques réglementaires (2006) Allemagne Amendement à la Loi sur la protection préventive contre les radiations (2006) Dispositions administratives relatives à la surveillance de la radioactivité environnementale (2006) Décret relatif aux médicaments radioactifs (2007)Amendement au Décret sur le traitement des denrées alimentaires par radiation (2006)Accord européen relatif au transport international des marchandises dangereuses par route (ADR) (2006) Décret sur le transport des marchandises dangereuses par route ou par chemin de fer (2006)Décret d’amendement au Règlement RID (2006) Ordonnance sur le transport des marchandises dangereuses sur le Rhin et la Moselle (2006)Amendements à la Loi de 1961 sur le commerce extérieur et à l’Ordonnance de 1993 sur le commerce extérieur (2006) Argentine Amendement au Code Pénal (2004) Australie Loi d’amendement sur l’Organisation australienne de la science et de la technologie nucléaires (ANSTO) (2006) Loi d’amendement à la législation fédérale sur la gestion des déchets radioactifs (2006) Finlande Amendements de la Loi relative aux rayonnements et du Décret relatif aux rayonnements (2005) France Décret relatif à la sécurisation du financement des charges nucléaires (2007)Décret autorisant la création de l’installation nucléaire de base « Flamanville 3 », comportant un réacteur nucléaire de type EPR (2007) Indonésie Décret relatif à l’autorisation des réacteurs nucléaires (2006) Irlande Ordonnance de la Loi de 1998 relative au transport de marchandises dangereuses par route (désignation des autorités compétentes) (2006) Islande Règlements dans le domaine de la radioprotection (2003) Italie Décret sur les interventions en cas d’urgence concernant le transport de matières radioactives et fissiles (2006) Nouvelle-Zélande Édition consolidée de la Loi de 1965 sur la protection contre les radiations (2005) Pays-Bas Accord entre le gouvernement et l’exploitant de Borssele relatif au prolongement de la durée de vie de l’installation (2006) Pologne Règlement relatif aux sources de rayonnements ionisants (2006) République Slovaque Amendement de la Loi atomique (2007) Roumanie Décision approuvant la structure et l’organisation de l’Agence nucléaire roumaine (2007)Amendement à la Décision de 2003 approuvant les règles internes de la Commission nationale du contrôle des activités nucléaires (CNCAN) (2007) Amendement à l’Ordonnance de 2003 sur la gestion du combustible nucléaire usé et des déchets radioactifs, y compris leur évacuation définitive (2007) Fédération de Russie Loi sur la gestion administrative et immobilière du secteur de l’énergie nucléaire civile (2007) Slovénie Règlement relatif au contrôle de la radioactivité (2007) Suède Amendement à la Loi et à l’Ordonnance sur les activités nucléaires (2006)
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  • 82
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 61-62
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 2 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Administrative Decisions
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 61-62
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Sweden
    Abstract: Suède Décision du Tribunal environnemental relatif aux mesures initiales pour le démantèlement de Barsebäck (2006)
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264177987
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264185029
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This roadmap explores the potential improvement of existing technologies to enhance the average fuel economy of motorised vehicles; the roadmap’s vision is to achieve a 30% to 50% reduction in fuel use per kilometre from new road vehicles including 2-wheelers, LDV s and HDV s) around the world in 2030, and from the stock of all vehicles on the road by 2050. This achievement would contribute to significant reductions in GHG emissions and oil use, compared to a baseline projection. Different motorised modes are treated separately, with a focus on LDV s, HDV s and powered two-wheelers. A section on in-use fuel economy also addresses technical and nontechnical parameters that could allow fuel economy to drastically improve over the next decades. Technology cost analysis and payback time show that significant progress can be made with low or negative cost for fuel-efficient vehicles over their lifetime use. Even though the latest data analysed by the IEA for fuel economy between 2005 and 2008 showed that a gap exists in achieving the roadmap’s vision, cutting the average fuel economy of road motorised vehicles by 30% to 50% by 2030 is achievable, and the policies and technologies that could help meet this challenge are already deployed in many places around the world.
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789264188471
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
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  • 86
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264171473
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Ireland
    Abstract: The IEA's 2012 review of Ireland's energy policies and programmes finds that Ireland has suffered a significant economic downturn, but remains committed to its ambitious energy targets to bring the country towards a low-carbon economy. Ireland’s location at the edge of the Atlantic Ocean ensures one of the best wind and ocean resources in Europe, and Ireland has set the ambitious target of producing 40% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020. Ireland is highly dependent on imported oil and gas. While the push to develop renewable energies is commendable, this will result in an increased reliance on natural gas, as gas-fired power plants will be required to provide flexibility in electricity supply when wind power is unavailable. With two-thirds of Ireland’s electricity already coming from gas-fired generation, this poses concerns with regard to gas security, particularly as 93% of its gas supplies come from a single transit point in Scotland. In order to meet Ireland’s ambitious renewable targets and improve the island’s level of energy security, the country must successfully develop a range of gas and electricity infrastructure projects and market solutions while continuing to integrate its energy markets with regional neighbours. Ireland also has a pro-active energy efficiency policy, including a detailed National Energy Efficiency Action Plan outlining 90 measures and actions to be implemented in order to achieve the target of 20% energy savings in 2020.This review analyses the energy-policy challenges currently facing Ireland, and provides sectoral studies and recommendations for the further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9789264178007
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264179684
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Switzerland
    Abstract: This 2012 IEA review of Swiss energy policies finds that Switzerland has taken bold decisions to gradually phase out nuclear power and to reduce by a fifth its greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 with domestic measures only. These are challenging objectives, and the country now needs to identify the most viable ways to meet them at least cost and minimum risk to energy security. In the absence of nuclear power, maintaining sufficient electricity capacity will require strong policies to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy. Such measures have already been outlined, but they will likely not be enough. For baseload generation, gas-fired power plants would be the simplest option. Treating their CO2 emissions the same way as in the neighbouring countries would be a strong positive incentive for investors. Because Switzerland’s energy-related CO2 emissions come mostly from oil use in transport and space heating, action is most needed in these areas. Commendably, the country is making polluters pay by using a CO2 tax for financing decarbonisation efforts in space heating. Stronger efforts will be needed to reduce emissions from private car use, however. Since the 2007 IEA energy policy review, Switzerland has made clear progress in electricity market reform. Moving to a fully open market by 2015 would be a further positive step. The system of regulated end-user prices, however, is subsidising electricity consumption at a time when low-carbon power supply is becoming more constrained and expensive. It should be reconsidered. Switzerland should also continue to take an increasingly European approach to developing its electricity infrastructure, to its own benefit and to that of its neighbours.
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264130661
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage in Industrial Applications shows that carbon capture and storage (CCS) has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions from industrial applications by 4 gigatonnes in 2050. Such an amount is equal to roughly one-tenth of the total emission cuts needed to reduce emissions by 50% by the middle of the century. The roadmap focuses on five main industrial applications: high-purity CO2 sources, biomass conversion, cement, iron and steel and refineries. It sets out a vision of CCS in industrial applications up to 2050, including milestones that need to be achieved for technology, financing, policy and international collaboration.
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  • 90
    ISBN: 9789264187450
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Ukraine’s energy sector faces unprecedented challenges, from a heavy reliance on expensive fossil-fuel imports to inefficient infrastructure and markets. Yet there is also potential for Ukraine to experience an energy revolution, one that could boost employment, lift economic growth and enhance energy security. Modernisation of Ukraine’s energy-supply sectors has only begun and will require investment on a huge scale, complemented by a fundamental reform of the business environment. A strong dependency on oil and gas imports and often-inefficient energy production, transportation and supply sectors means that reducing energy demand must be a greater priority. The potential for energy efficiency gains in the residential, district heating and industrial sectors is large. Endowed with large conventional energy reserves, alongside sizeable renewable potential, Ukraine can build the capacity to significantly increase its resource production. Releasing this potential will require deep regulatory reform and full implementation of international treaty provisions. Effective competition, alongside a progressive move towards market prices, will also help Ukraine attract investment to develop the sector. A draft energy strategy, which sets out a series of supply-side measures, was published in 2012. Broadening and implementing a comprehensive energy strategy, one that takes greater account of demand-side policies, could significantly improve progress in the medium term. This review analyses the large energy-policy challenges facing Ukraine and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide policy makers in the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264111646
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Electricity use is growing worldwide, providing a range of energy services: lighting, heating and cooling, specific industrial uses, entertainment, information technologies, and mobility. Because its generation remains largely based on fossil fuels, electricity is also the largest and the fastest-growing source of energy-related CO2 emissions, the primary cause of human-induced climate change. Forecasts from the IEA and others show that “decarbonising” electricity and enhancing end-use efficiency can make major contributions to the fight against climate change. Global and regional trends on electricity supply and demand indicate the magnitude of the decarbonisation challenge ahead. As climate concerns become an essential component of energy policy-making, the generation and use of electricity will be subject to increasingly strong policy actions by governments to reduce their associated CO2 emissions. Despite these actions, and despite very rapid growth in renewable energy generation, significant technology and policy challenges remain if this unprecedented essential transition is to be achieved. The IEA Climate and Electricity Annual 2011 provides an authoritative resource on progress to date in this area, with statistics related to CO2 and the electricity sector across ten regions of the world. It also presents topical analyses on meeting the challenge of rapidly curbing CO2 emissions from electricity, from both a policy and technology perspective.
    Note: Gesehen am 16.08.2011
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264118461
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Biofuels could provide up to 27% of total transport fuel worldwide by 2050. The use of transport fuels from biomass, when produced sustainably, can help cut petroleum use and reduce CO2 emissions in the transport sector, especially in heavy transport. Sustainable biofuel technologies, in particular advanced biofuels, will play an important role in achieving this roadmap vision. The roadmap describes the steps necessary to realise this ambitious biofuels target; identifies key actions by different stakeholders, and the role for government policy to adopt measures needed to ensure the sustainable expansion of both conventional and advanced biofuel production.
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  • 93
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2011, no. 1
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. National legislative and regulatory activities
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2011, no. 1
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Belgium ; Czech Republic ; Finland ; Ireland ; Romania ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: Belgique – Amendement à la Loi relative à la classification et aux habilitations, attestations et avis de sécurité États-Unis – Mise à jour de la décision et de la réglementation relatives aux garanties concernant les déchets Réponse aux récents événements survenus au Japon Finlande – Amendement provisoire à la Loi sur la responsabilité civile nucléaire Irlande – Loi relative à la marine marchande République tchèque – Résolution du gouvernement de la République tchèque relative au calendrier des travaux préparatoires en vue de l’agrandissement de la centrale nucléaire de Temelín Roumanie – Ordonnance d’urgence concernant le recensement, la désignation et la protection des infrastructures critiques Ordonnance d’urgence relative au régime de contrôle des biens à double usageAmendement à la Loi sur la sûreté de la gestion des activités nucléaires Normes de sûreté nucléaire applicables à la conception et à la construction des centrales nucléaires et Normes de sûreté nucléaire applicables au choix du site des centrales nucléaires Royaume-Uni – Création d’un Bureau de la réglementation nucléaire
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  • 94
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2011, no. 1, p. 101-106
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 6 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Case law
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2011, no. 1, p. 101-106
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; France ; United States
    Abstract: États-Unis – Jugement d’une Cour d’appel des États-Unis relatif à l’accès du public à des informations sensibles sur la sécurité et à la prise en compte des effets sur l’environnement d’attaques terroristes contre des installations nucléaires Jugement de la Cour de district des États-Unis relatif à une exonération concernant l’application des réglementations sur la protection contre les incendies. France – Jugement du tribunal administratif de Strasbourg relatif à l’arrêt définitif de la centrale nucléaire de Fessenheim
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264124912
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deploying renewables 2011
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Energie ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse ; Welt ; Energiepolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; Erneuerbare Ressourcen ; Energy ; Erde ; Erneuerbare Energien
    Abstract: The global energy system faces urgent challenges. Concerns about energy security are growing, as highlighted by the recent political turmoil in Northern Africa and the nuclear incident in Fukushima. At the same time, the need to respond to climate change is more critical than ever. Against this background, many governments have increased efforts to promote deployment of renewable energy – low-carbon sources that can strengthen energy security. This has stimulated unprecedented rise in deployment, and renewables are now the fastest growing sector of the energy mix. This “coming of age” of renewable energy also brings challenges. Growth is focused on a few of the available technologies, and rapid deployment is confined to a relatively small number of countries. In more advanced markets, managing support costs and system integration of large shares of renewable energy in a time of economic weakness and budget austerity has sparked vigorous political debate. The IEA’s new report, Deploying Renewables 2011: Best and Future Policy Practice: · Provides a comprehensive review and analysis of renewable energy policy and market trends; · Analyses in detail the dynamics of deployment and provides best-practice policy principles for different stages of market maturity; · Assesses the impact and cost-effectiveness of support policies using new methodological tools and indicators; · Investigates the strategic reasons underpinning the pursuit of RE deployment by different countries and the prospects for globalisation of RE. This new book builds on and extends a 2008 IEA publication, drawing on recent policy and deployment experience world-wide. It provides guidance for policy makers and other stakeholders to avoid past mistakes, overcome new challenges and reap the benefits of deploying renewables – today and tomorrow.
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  • 96
    ISBN: 9789264124653
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Implementing energy efficiency policy
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: On the occasion of its 35th Anniversary in 2009, the International Energy Agency published the first edition of the Scoreboard focusing on 35 Key Energy Trends over 35 Years. In parallel, the IEA published Implementing Energy Efficiency Policies: Are IEA Member Countries on Track?. Both publications found that although IEA member countries were making progress in implementing energy efficiency, more work was needed. In the 2011 edition of the Scoreboard, the IEA has decided to focus on energy efficiency. The publication combines analysis of energy efficiency policy implementation and recent indicator development. The resulting Scoreboard 2011 provides a fuller picture of the progress as well as the challenges with implementing energy efficiency policy in IEA member countries.
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  • 97
    ISBN: 9789264118492
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Buildings account for almost a third of final energy consumption globally and are an equally important source of CO2 emissions. Currently, both space heating and cooling as well as hot water are estimated to account for roughly half of global energy consumption in buildings. Energy-efficient and low/zero-carbon heating and cooling technologies for buildings have the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 2 gigatonnes (Gt) and save 710 million tonnes oil equivalent (Mtoe) of energy by 2050. Most of these technologies – which include solar thermal, combined heat and power (CHP), heat pumps and thermal energy storage – are commercially available today. The Energy-Efficient Buildings: Heating and Cooling Equipment Roadmap sets out a detailed pathway for the evolution and deployment of the key underlying technologies. It finds that urgent action is required if the building stock of the future is to consume less energy and result in lower CO2 emissions. The roadmap concludes with a set of near-term actions that stakeholders will need to take to achieve the roadmap’s vision.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264096431
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Greece
    Abstract: This 2011 review of energy policy in Greece finds that increasing competition and reducing the role of the state in the energy sector should add efficiency and dynamism to the economy. This, in turn, should help generate self-sustained employment and prosperity for the country. Reforming the electricity and gas markets is an economic and political imperative. In particular, regulatory authorities must be given the necessary power and independence to reduce the market power of dominant firms. Commendably, Greece adopted a law to this end in August 2011. The envisaged reforms are fundamentally sound and can help the economy grow. The government's key focus should now be on implementing this law in full without delay. Greece has a large potential for wind and solar energy and is rightly determined to fulfill this potential. The renewable energy sector also provides opportunities for new industrial development, in particular if linked with R&D activities. To facilitate renewable energy projects, the government recently improved investment conditions significantly by increasing feed-in tariffs, shortening and simplifying the licensing procedures and introducing stronger incentives for local acceptance. Greece's oil and gas sources are already well diversified. Gas use is projected to increase, as the country moves to decarbonise its coal-dominated power sector. Experience from IEA member countries has shown that enhancing energy efficiency can help improve energy security in a cost-effective way. This, in turn, can help mitigate climate change and deliver economic benefits.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264098190
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Poland
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's comprehensive 2011 review Poland's energy policies and programmes. The review finds that Poland has made commendable efforts to develop a solid energy policy framework over the last years. As energy security is a high policy priority, the country is enhancing gas supply security by building an LNG terminal, expanding underground storage capacity and increasing domestic gas production. Polish plans for developing electricity and gas cross-border links will also contribute to regional security of supply. In addition, the government has announced an ambitious nuclear programme by 2030, envisaging the first unit to enter operation by 2022. Other achievements include energy intensity improvements, an increased share of renewables and a stronger focus on energy research and development (R&D). Despite these positive developments, there is room for improving Poland's energy strategy. First, a more integrated energy and climate policy is needed to put Poland firmly on a low-carbon path while enhancing energy security. Second, energy policy could put more emphasis on promoting competition to make the energy markets more efficient. Decarbonising Poland's power sector will be a particularly significant challenge requiring huge investments. Coal accounts for 55% of Polish primary energy supply and 92% of electricity generation, raising significant climate change and environmental challenges. To this end, Poland's efforts to improve energy efficiency and to diversify the country's energy mix are praiseworthy and should be pursued. The government's attention to R&D on clean coal technologies, including carbon capture and storage (CCS) is also encouraging. The government could put more focus on the positive role that gas can play in decarbonising the electricity mix, especially if Poland's potential resources of unconventional gas are confirmed. To tap these resources, it will be vital to put the necessary legal and regulatory framework in place. This in-depth review analyses the energy challenges facing Poland and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264118485
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The technology roadmap for Geothermal Heat and Power offers a strategic plan to maximise deployment of these energy resources by 2050. It projects that 1 400 TWh of electricity per year could come from geothermal power by 2050, up from 67 TWh at present. Additionally, geothermal heat (not including ground-source heat pump technology) could contribute 5.8 EJ (1600 TWh) annually by 2050. In order to reach these targets, policy makers, local authorities and utilities need to be more aware of the variety of geothermal resources available and of their possible applications. This roadmap describes the technological, economic and non-economic barriers facing geothermal deployment, and the steps stakeholders must take to overcome them.
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