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  • 1990-1994  (38)
  • 1985-1989  (38)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (76)
  • Berlin : Reimer
  • Linguistics  (76)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Negation, Critical Theory, and Postmodern Textuality (1994)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401582919
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 331 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Comparative Literature ; Germanic languages ; Romance languages ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Negation, Critical Theory, and Postmodern Textuality features 14 new essays by leading specialists in critical theory, comparative literature, philosophy, and English literature. The essays, which present wide-ranging historical considerations of negation in light of recent developments in poststructuralism and postmodernism, range over many of the siginificant texts in which negation figures prominently. The book includes a wide-ranging introductory chapter that examines how attention to negation -- the inescapable nescience that is posited in any and every linguistic expression -- enhances the hermeneutic possibilities present in language. In addition, the four sections of the book bring together major critical interventions on, among others, negative meaning, unrecognizability, elenctic negation, apocalypse, nihilism, negation and gender, and denegation. All the essays involve close attention to key texts by major authors, including William Shakespeare, Henry James, Federico García Lorca, Samuel Beckett, Thomas Bernhard, Walt Whitman, E.M. Forster, Mary Shelley, Margaret Atwood, Roland Barthes, Douglas Barbour, Paul de Man, bp Nichol, Jacques Derrida, and Dogen Kigen. The volume opens up new areas in critical theory, comparative literature, and the philosophy of language, and defines a major new area of inquiry in relation to notions of postmodern textuality. Critical theorists, students of comparative literature, English literature, and the history of ideas, and those interested in the hermeneutic implications of postmodernism will find this volume of substantial interest. Its extensive bibliographical apparatus and index make the collection a valuable reference tool for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students as well as for those seeking a variety of interpretive approaches to the problem of negation in literature
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8291-9
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  • 2
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    Aspectual Roles and the Syntax-Semantics Interface (1994)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401111508
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 52
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Humanities ; Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Semiotics. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: This book presents a theory of the interface between lexical semantics and syntax, in which aspect plays a central role. The aspectual properties that figure in the linking between syntax and semantics are expressed through `aspectual roles', assigned by a verb to its arguments. A number of lexical semantic phenomena can be expressed as operations over aspectual roles, and syntactic phenomena can be classified according to whether or not they are sensitive to the presence of aspectual roles. The theory is independent of any particular model of syntax (such as GB or LFG). This theory proposes a modular relationship between aspectual role information, and conceptual or thematic representations of lexical semantic information. Language-specific generalizations about linking are argued to be expressed in thematic or conceptual representations, while universal linking generalizations are expressed in aspectual representations. Consequently, this theory has implications for language acquisition. A number of recent works have treated aspect of lexical semantics or argument structure in their own right, but none have focused on aspect as central in the relation between lexical semantics and syntactic argument structure
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-1150-8
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  • 3
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    Sophisms in Medieval Logic and Grammar : Acts of the Ninth European Symposium for Medieval Logic and Semantics, held at St Andrews, June 1990 (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401117678
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 422 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 48
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics ; Logic ; Philosophy, medieval ; History ; Historical linguistics.
    Abstract: This book presents the very latest research on the medieval use of sophisms in logical and grammatical investigation by twenty-three of the leading experts in Europe and beyond. Important insights into the genre of sophismatic treatises have been gained only very recently, and the organisation of the European Symposium on this topic in 1990 led to a concentration of research and evaluation of insights. The papers are divided into three groups: one covers textual study and analysis of the role of sophisms in the medieval curriculum; another deals with grammatical sophisms; and the third covers particular logical sophisms, from 'Man is the worthiest of creatures' and problems in the theory of reference to the Liar paradox and the work of William of Ockham
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-1767-8
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  • 4
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    Verbs and Diachronic Syntax : A Comparative History of English and French (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401129107
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (392p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Germanic languages ; Romance languages ; Historical linguistics.
    Abstract: This book analyses the development of a number of English and French constructions involving various kinds of subject-verb inversion. The analysis is framed in terms of the principles-and-parameters approach to syntactic theory, and provides strong support for the adoption of this approach in the description and explanation of language change. The book falls into three parts. The first presents an overall framework for the analysis of inversion constructions and motivates, on the basis of synchronic data, several parameters which distinguish among the various Romance and Germanic languages. The second part shows how several near-simultaneous syntactic changes in the history of French can be explained as a change in one of the parameters introduced in Chapter One. A notable aspect of this analysis is the way in which the distribution of null subjects is shown to relate to verb-placement. The third part of the book treats verb-movement in the history of English, arguing in detail that the attested changes in this area are due to a change in the internal structure of `Infl', a proposal which has important ramifications for the theory of functional heads. Throughout the book, emphasis is placed on the theoretical questions raised by language change. In this connection the two notions of diachronic reanalysis and parametric change are distinguished. Verbs and Diachronic Syntax will interest all theoretical linguists as well as specialists in the history of English, history of French, Germanic philology and Romance philology
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-2910-7
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  • 5
    Online Resource
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    Reference to Abstract Objects in Discourse (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401117159
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 455 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 50
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Humanities ; Logic ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Reference to Abstract Objects in Discourse presents a novel framework and analysis of the ways we refer to abstract objects in natural language discourse. The book begins with a typology of abstract objects and related entities like eventualities. After an introduction to `bottom up, compositional' discourse representation theory (DRT) and to previous work on abstract objects in DRT (notably work on the semantics of the attitudes), the book turns to a semantic analysis of eventuality and abstract object denoting nominals in English. The book then substantially revises and extends the dynamic semantic framework of DRT to develop an analysis of anaphoric reference to abstract objects and eventualities that exploits discourse structure and the discourse relations that obtain between elements of the structure. A dynamic, semantically based theory of discourse structure (SDRT) is proposed, along with many illustrative examples. Two further chapters then provide the analysis of anaphoric reference to propositions VP ellipsis. The abstract entity anaphoric antecedents are elements of the discourse structures that SDRT develops. The final chapter discusses some logical and philosophical difficulties for a semantic analysis of reference to abstract objects. For semanticists, philosophers of language, computer scientists interested in natural language applications and discourse, philosophical logicians, graduate students in linguistics, philosophy, cognitive science and artificial intelligence
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-1715-9
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  • 6
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    From Discourse to Logic : Introduction to Modeltheoretic Semantics of Natural Language, Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401716161
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 717 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 42
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Semantics ; Linguistics ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: This is the first textbook that approaches natural language semantics and logic from the perspective of Discourse Representation Theory, an approach which emphasizes the dynamic and incremental aspects of meaning and inference. The book has been carefully designed for the classroom. It is aimed at students with varying degrees of preparation, including those without prior exposure to semantics or formal logic. Moreover, it should make DRT easily accessible to those who want to learn about the theory on their own. Exercises are available to test understanding as well as to encourage independent theoretical thought. The book serves a double purpose. Besides a textbook, it is also the first comprehensive and fully explicit statement of DRT available in the form of a book. The first part of the book develops the basic principles of DRT for a small fragment of English (but which has nevertheless the power of standard predicate logic). The second part extends this fragment by adding plurals; it discusses a wide variety of problems connected with plural nouns and verbs. The third part applies the theory to the analysis of tense and aspect. Many of the problems raised in Parts Two and Three are novel, as are the solutions proposed. For undergraduate and graduate students interested in linguistics, theoretical linguistics, computational linguistics, artificial intelligence and cognitive science. Suitable for students with no previous exposure to formal semantics or logic
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1616-1
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  • 7
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    A Linguistic Investigation of Aphasic Chinese Speech (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401120401
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 324 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Chinese language ; Humanities ; Computational linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Asia—Languages.
    Abstract: A Linguistic Investigation of Aphasic Chinese Speech is the first detailed linguistic analysis of a large body of aphasic Chinese natural speech data. This work describes how the major aphasia syndromes are manifest in Chinese, a language which differs significantly from languages upon which traditional aphasia theory is based. Following the Chinese data, a new explanation for the major aphasia syndromes is offered based on the cognitive science modularity hypothesis. The theory posits that Broca's aphasia is the result of computational deficits that occur within linguistic components, while Wernicke's aphasia is the result of deficits that occur in the transfer of information between components. It is demonstrated how the fluent and non-fluent characteristics of the major aphasia syndromes follow directly from the properties of cognitive modules. Detailed linguistic descriptions of Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia in Chinese are provided, including a summary of diagnostics of aphasia type. The complete corpora of four aphasic Chinese speakers, including interlinear and free translations, are presented in an Appendix
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-2040-1
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  • 8
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    Toward Second Language Acquisition : A Study of Null-Prep (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401120388
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 292 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Applied linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: This book uniquely illustrates how second language acquisition (SLA) data can instigate linguistic exploration and help inform linguistic and acquisition theory in crucial ways. It also offers new perspectives toward our understanding of the relationship between first and second language acquisition, Universal Grammar (UG), and the target language input. Specifically, examination of the L2 development of pied-piping and preposition stranding in English questions and relative clauses shows that the required preposition is frequently omitted by learners who have demonstrated accurate subcategorization knowledge of verbal complements in related declarative constructions. The `null-prep' data in the L2 grammar leads to an important cross-linguistic investigation of this largely ignored syntactic phenomenon in the world's languages; it also motivates exploration of the complex English input learners receive as positive evidence. An analysis of null-prep, piping and stranding is posited, including the relevant principles and parameters of UG involved. Based on this linguistic analysis, alternative explanations for the L2 phenomenon are offered, representing challenges to UG and markedness-based accounts of second language acquisition. Such challenges will be of interest to linguists as well as to students, teachers, reseachers and scholars interested in second language acquisition, particularly in its relationship to UG
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-2038-8
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  • 9
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    Semantics and the Lexicon (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401119726
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 49
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Artificial intelligence. ; Computational linguistics.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- I: Fundamentals of Lexical Structure -- 2.X-Bar Semantics -- 3.The Syntax of Metaphorical Semantic Roles -- 4.Levels of Lexical Representation -- 5.Case Marking and the Semantics of Mental Verbs -- 6.Type Coercion and Lexical Selection -- II: Mapping from Lexical Semantics to Syntax -- 7.Nominalization and Predicative Prepositional Phrases -- 8.Adjectives, Nominals, and the Status of Arguments -- 9.Unaccusativity in Dutch: Integrating Syntax and Lexical Semantics -- 10.Verbs in Depictives and Resultatives -- 11.Explicit Syntax in the Lexicon:the Representation of Nominalizations -- III: Computational Models of Lexical Knowledge -- 12.Lexical Structure and Conceptual Structures -- 13.Lexical Semantic Constraints -- 14.Lexical and Conceptual Structures for Knowledge Based Translation -- 15.Models for Lexical Knowledge Bases -- 16.Providing Machine Tractable Dictionary Tools -- Name Index.
    Abstract: The goal of this book is to integrate the research being carried out in the field of lexical semantics in linguistics with the work on knowledge representation and lexicon design in computational linguistics. Rarely do these two camps meet and discuss the demands and concerns of each other's fields. Therefore, this book is interesting in that it provides a stimulating and unique discussion between the computational perspective of lexical meaning and the concerns of the linguist for the semantic description of lexical items in the context of syntactic descriptions. This book grew out of the papers presented at a workshop held at Brandeis University in April, 1988, funded by the American Association for Artificial Intelligence. The entire workshop as well as the discussion periods accom­ panying each talk were recorded. Once complete copies of each paper were available, they were distributed to participants, who were asked to provide written comments on the texts for review purposes. VII JAMES PUSTEJOVSKY 1. INTRODUCTION There is currently a growing interest in the content of lexical entries from a theoretical perspective as well as a growing need to understand the organization of the lexicon from a computational view. This volume attempts to define the directions that need to be taken in order to achieve the goal of a coherent theory of lexical organization.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-1972-6
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  • 10
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    The Language of Propositions and Events : Issues in the Syntax and the Semantics of Nominalization (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401581615
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 285 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 51
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Metaphysics ; Comparative linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: The Language of Propositions and Events offers a comprehensive theory of the relation between noun meaning and verb meaning. Two main theses are defended in this book. The first thesis is that an adequate account of the interpretation and distribution of nominals calls for a distinction between three types of entities in the domain of discourse: events, propositions, and states of affairs. It is argued that different types of nominals differ in their ability to denote entities of these types and that predicates differ in their ability to select for them. The second main thesis is that an adequate characterization of the relation between noun meaning and verb meaning can be given by taking account of the fact that situations may stand in the part of relation. Kratzer's semantics of situations is the basis for this analysis of nominalization. Moreover, the book addresses the issue of the argument structure of nominals and offers an analysis of the puzzling distribution of infinito sostantivato in Italian. For graduate students in semantics and syntax, theoretical linguists, philosophers of language, students of Romance linguistics
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8161-5
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  • 11
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    Yearbook of Morphology 1993 (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401737128
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 273 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Yearbook of Morphology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Phonology ; Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Phonology.
    Abstract: Recent years have seen a revival of interest in morphology. The Yearbook of Morphology series supports and enforces this upswing of morphological research and gives an overview of the current issues and debates at the heart of this revival. The Yearbook of Morphology 1993 focuses on prosodic morphology, i.e. the interaction between morphological and prosodic structure, on the semantics of word formation, and on a number of related issues in the realm of inflection: the structure of paradigms, the relation between inflection and word formation, and patterns of language change with respect to inflection. There is also discussion of the relevance of the notion `level ordering' for morphological generalizations. All theoretical and historical linguists, morphologists, and phonologists will want to read this volume
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3712-8
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  • 12
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    Yearbook of Morphology 1992 (1993)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401737104
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 294 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Yearbook of Morphology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Phonology ; Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Phonology.
    Abstract: A revival of interest in morphology has taken place during recent years and the subject is seen now as a relatively autonomous subdiscipline of linguistics. As one of the important areas of theoretical research in formal linguistics, morphology has attracted linguists to investigate its relations to syntax, semantics, phonology, psycholinguistics and language change. The aim of the Yearbook of Morphology, therefore, is to support and enforce the upswing of morphological research and to give an overview of the current issues and debates at the heart of this revival
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3710-4
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  • 13
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    Language Acquisition and Syntactic Theory : A Comparative Analysis of French and English Child Grammars (1992)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401125741
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 175 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Humanities ; Psycholinguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: The theory of language acquisition is a young but increasingly active field. Language Acquisition and Syntactic Theory presents one of the first detailed studies of comparative syntax acquisition. It is informed by the view that linguists and acquisitionists are essentially working on the same problem, that of explaining grammar learnability. The author takes cross-linguistic data from child language as evidence for recent proposals in syntactic theory. Developments in the structure of children's sentences during the first few years of life are traced to changes in the setting of specific grammatical parameters. Some surprising differences between the early child grammars of French and English are uncovered, differences that can only be explained on the basis of subtle distinctions in inflectional structure. This motivates the author's claim that functional or nonthematic categories are represented in the grammars of very young children. The book also explores the relationship between acquisition and diachronic change in French and English. It is argued that findings in acquisition, when viewed from a parameter setting perspective, provide answers to important questions arising in the study of language change. The book promises to be of interest to all those involved in the formal, psychological or historical study of linguistic knowledge
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-2574-1
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  • 14
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    Logical Structure and Linguistic Structure : Cross-Linguistic Perspectives (1992)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401134729
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 40
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Semiotics. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: Bound and Referential Pronouns -- Logical Form and Barriers in Navajo -- Towards a Modular Theory of Coreference -- Head Government in LF-Representations -- Logical Structure in Syntactic Structure: The Case of Hungarian -- In Defense of the Correspondence Hypothesis: Island Effects and Parasitic Constructions in Logical Form -- Construing WH -- Two Properties of Clitics in Clitic-Doubled Constructions -- LF Movement in Iraqi Arabic -- List of Contributors.
    Abstract: In comparative syntax a general approach has been pursued over the past decade predicated on the notion that Universal Grammar allows of open parameters, and that part of the job of linguistic theory is to specify what values these parameters may have, and how they may be set, given primary linguistic data, to determine the grammars of particu­ lar languages. The papers presented in this volume are also concerned with language variation understood in this way. Their goals, however, do not strictly fall under the rubric of comparative syntax, but form part of what is more properly thought of as a comparative semantics. Semantics, in its broadest sense, is concerned with how linguistic structures are associated with their truth-conditions. A comparative semantics, therefore, is concerned with whether this association can vary from language to language, and if so, what is the cause of this variation. Taking comparative semantics in this way places certain inherent limitations on the search for the sources of variability. This is because the semantic notion of truth is universal, and does not vary from language to language: Sentences either do or do not accurately characterize what they purport to describe. ! The source of semantic variability, therefore, must be somehow located in the way a language is structured.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3472-9
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  • 15
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    The Acquisition of Verb Placement : Functional Categories and V2 Phenomena in Language Acquisition (1992)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401128032
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 455 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Psycholinguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: The twelve original contributions in this volume all focus on the question of whether developing grammars contain, at each stage of language acquisition, the full range of functional categories such as INFL, AGR, or COMP. The crucal evidence examined is the placement of verbs, especially in verb-second constructions. Since the position of verbal elements depends in the finiteness distinction, viz. on the presence of agreement and tense markings, the development of these phenomena is studied as well. Although there is consensus among the authors of the volume that grammars in the course of language acquisition conform at each stage to the principles of universal grammar, they disagree on whether the full repertoire of functional categories is available from early on or whether some are implemented only later. The studies presented here investigate monolingual and bilingual first language acquisition and, in one case, adult second language acquisition. The languages studied are Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Sesotho, and Swedish
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-2803-2
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  • 16
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    Japanese Syntax and Semantics : Collected Papers (1992)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401127899
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 376 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 27
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; South Asian Languages ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Semiotics. ; Asia—Languages.
    Abstract: This volume is a collection of articles the author has written over the last 20 years on a wide-ranging number of issues in Japanese syntax and semantics. Many of the papers challenged prevailing opinions, and some in fact were instrumental in changing perspectives within the broader linguistic community. Some of the papers address particular structures in Japanese, such as passives, relative clauses, and double-subject constructions. All the papers, however, go beyond the description to place those constructions in an interesting theoretical context. The volume will be of interest both to students of Japanese linguistics and to specialists in general syntactic theory and semantics
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-2789-9
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  • 17
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    Yearbook of Morphology 1991 (1992)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401125161
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 264 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Yearbook of Morphology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Phonology ; Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Phonology.
    Abstract: Theme ‘Morphological Classes’ Guest Editor: Mark Aronoff -- Syntactically Arbitrary Inflectional Morphology -- Noun Classes in Arapesh -- The Latvian Declension -- Formal Properties of the Conjugations in Modern Aramaic -- The Form Classes of Spanish Substantives -- Morphological Classes and Grammatical Organization -- Theme ‘Productivity’ -- Quantitative Aspects of Morphological Productivity -- The Relationship between Morphological Productivity and Frequency: A Comment on Baayen’s Performance-Oriented Conception of Morphological Productivity -- Constraining Psycholinguistic Models of Morphological Processing and Representation: The Role of Productivity -- Scalar Productivity and -lily Adverbs -- Other Articles -- Morphemic Circumscription -- On the Theoretical Status of Position Class Restrictions on Inflectional Affixes -- Book Reviews -- Renato Oniga,I composti nominali latini: una morfologia generativa -- Yakov Malkiel, Diachronic Problems in Phonosymbolism. Edita and Inedita, 1979–1988 -- Book Notices -- Wolfgang U. Dressler, Hans C. Luschützky, Oskar E. Pfeiffer, and John R. Rennison (eds.), Contemporary Morphology -- Soledad Varela Ortega, Fundamentos de Morfología -- Journal of the English Linguistic Society, Vol. 7 (1990) -- Publications Received -- Notes To Contributors.
    Abstract: MARK ARONOFF The articles included in this section represent recent research on morpholog­ ical classes which has been independently performed by a number of investi­ gators. This work was presented at a symposium that was organized as part of the 1990-1991 annual meeting of the Linguistic Society of America in Chicago in January 1991. Our aim in presenting this work is twofold: on the one hand, we would like to encourage others interested in morphology to pursue the types of research that we present. This is especially important in the study of morphological classes, which, while they are widespread among the languages of the world, are also highly diverse and often quite complex. On the other hand, we hope to convince researchers in adjacent areas to provide a place for autonomous morphology in their general picture of the workings of language and to pay closer attention to the intricacies of the interactionbetweenmorphologyand theseareas.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-2516-1
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  • 18
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    Principle-Based Parsing : Computation and Psycholinguistics (1992)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401134743
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (418p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 44
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: Principles of Principle-Based Parsing -- Deductive Parsing: The Use of Knowledge of Language -- The Computational Implementation of Principle-Based Parsers -- Empty Categories, Chain Binding, and Parsing -- Parsing Warlpiri—A Free Word Order Language -- Principle-Based Parsing for Machine Translation -- Principle-Based Interpretation of Natural Language Quantifiers -- Avoid the Pedestrian’s Paradox -- Parsing With Changing Grammars: Evaluating a Language Acquisition Model -- Parsing By Chunks -- Subcategorization and Sentence Processing -- Subjacency in a Principle-Based Parser -- Locating Wh Traces -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3474-3
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  • 19
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    Island Constraints : Theory, Acquisition and Processing (1992)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401719803
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 480 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Humanities ; Psycholinguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: This book contains articles on the theory, acquisition and processing of island constraints. The book is unique in taking an interdisciplinary approach to a syntactic phenomenon that has been at the center of linguistic debates since the 1960s. Both transformational and non-transformational approaches to island constraints are represented. The papers in the volume show how data from empirical studies of the role of island constraints in processing and acquisition by normals and by special populations can contribute to our understanding of broad issues concerning the representation of linguistic structures in the mind, including the interplay between lexical, pragmatic and syntactic knowledge. In addition, they contribute vital data to specific on-going debates in processing and development, such as the emergence of movement rules in children's grammars and the temporal ordering of events in the analysis of discontinuous dependencies by the language processor. The papers in the volume exploit examples from a variety of languages and use a variety of experimental techniques to marshal arguments for specific models of the theory of island constraints and their deployment in real-time language acquisition and language processing
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1980-3
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  • 20
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    Control and Grammar (1992)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401579599
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 337 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 48
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics Philosophy ; Humanities ; Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The grammatical phenomenon of control subsumes a variety of cases where an understood argument of a complement or adjunct clause is related to an explicit element occurring elsewhere in the sentence. The control phenomenon, though familiar from many languages, and widely discussed, has remained a persistent and controversial topic in grammatical analysis. This volume presents nine new, theoretical studies of control. The authors explore the subject matter across a range of languages and constructions, in several different frameworks, and from a variety of perspectives including syntax, semantics, psycholinguistics and historical linguistics. The articles in this collection offer a stimulating introduction to the spectrum of issues in control theory and their bearing on theoretical linguistics today. The contributors include: Steven Franks, Kenneth Hale, James Higginbotham, Norbert Hornstein, James Huang, Pauline Jacobson, Brian Joseph, Howard Lasnik, Kenneth Wexler, and Edwin Williams
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7959-9
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  • 21
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    Syntactic Variables : Resumptive Pronouns and A′ Binding in Palauan (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401132022
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 245 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 24
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Austroasiatic languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Asia—Languages.
    Abstract: One: Introduction -- Two: Palauan —A Sketch of the Grammar -- Three: The Variable Binding Structures -- Four: Variable Binding -- Five: Embedded Questions and the Scope of WH Phrases -- Six: Crossover Constructions -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book represents the culmination of an extended period of field work on the Palauan language, carried out while I was a graduate student at the University of California at San Diego. The book was born as a short term paper written in 1982; from a forgettable infancy, that paper grew and grew, reaching the age of majority in my dissertation at the end of 1985. Some of its offspring have gone off on their own, as indepen­ dent papers, as course materials, or as thoughts that have not yet com­ pletely materialized. Some have been disowned. The full adulthood of this study of Palauan is realized in the present book. Virtually every section of the dissertation has been rewritten, updated, or otherwise (I hope) improved. Where the dissertation was still struggling with various problems, the book has found solutions. The aim of the book remains, however, to give broad coverage of Palauan, with emphasis on A' binding, rather than to focus narrowly on a few highly specific theoretical issues. I hope to have achieved a balance between presenting the language clearly and nonprejudicially, and deal­ ing with various of its properties in current theoretical terms. If I have, the book should prove to be a resource for further typological study of the phenomena it describes.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3202-2
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  • 22
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    Structures for Semantics (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401132121
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 45
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Logic ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: One: Logic and Set Theory -- 1.1. First Order Logic -- 1.2. Second Order Logic -- 1.3. First Order Theories -- 1.4. Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory -- Two: Partial Orders -- 2.1. Universal Algebra -- 2.2. Partial Orders and Equivalence Relations -- 2.3. Chains and Linear Orders -- Three: Semantics with Partial Orders -- 3.1. Instant Tense Logic -- 3.2. Algebraic Semantics, Functional Completeness and Expressibility -- 3.3. Some Linguistic Considerations Concerning Instants -- 3.4. Information Structures -- 3.5. Partial Information and Vagueness -- Four: Constructions with Partial Orders -- 4.1. Period Structures -- 4.2. Event Structures -- Five: Intervals, Events and Change -- 5.1. Interval Semantics -- 5.2. The Logic of Change in Interval Semantics -- 5.3. The Moment of Change -- 5.4. Supervaluations -- 5.5. Kamp’s Logic of Change -- Six: Lattices -- 6.1. Basic Concepts -- 6.2. Universal Algebra -- 6.3. Filters and Ideals -- Seven: Semantics with Lattices -- 7.1. Boolean Types -- 7.2. Plurals -- 7.3. Mass Nouns -- Answers To Exercises -- References.
    Abstract: Formalization plays an important role in semantics. Doing semantics and following the literature requires considerable technical sophistica­ tion and acquaintance with quite advanced mathematical techniques and structures. But semantics isn't mathematics. These techniques and structures are tools that help us build semantic theories. Our real aim is to understand semantic phenomena and we need the technique to make our understanding of these phenomena precise. The problems in semantics are most often too hard and slippery, to completely trust our informal understanding of them. This should not be taken as an attack on informal reasoning in semantics. On the contrary, in my view, very often the essential insight in a diagnosis of what is going on in a certain semantic phenomenon takes place at the informal level. It is very easy, however, to be misled into thinking that a certain informal insight provides a satisfying analysis of a certain problem; it will often turn out that there is a fundamental unclarity about what the informal insight actually is. Formalization helps to sharpen those insights and put them to the test.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3212-1
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  • 23
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    Views on Phrase Structure (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401131964
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 244 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Computational linguistics ; Semiotics. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: From Conceptual Structure to Syntactic Structure -- Determiners in NP and DP -- The Syntax of Possession -- On Double Objects in English and Dutch -- Heads, Projections, and Category Determination -- Free X-Bar Theory, Specificity, and Wh-Movement -- Phrase Structure and Passive -- Incorporating a Clausal Head -- Verb Second and Illocutionary Force -- Nonsentential Constituents and Theories of Phrase Structure -- Syntactic Affixation and Performance Structures -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: O. PRELIMINARY REMARKS Initial drafts of the papers in this collection were presented in a con­ ference entitled 'Views on Phrase Structure', held at the University of Florida, Gainesville, in March, 1989. Eleven of the twenty-three partici­ pants in the conference were able to contribute to this volume. The purpose of the conference was to explore theories of phrase structure in their relation to other subsystems of grammar and/or systems of nonlinguistic knowledge. Some of the grammatical subsystems which the authors consider are theta-theory, movement, Case, and binding; a number of papers address how the conceptual system and/or aspects of language use may interact. Unifying the various approaches and perspectives is an attempt to furnish hypotheses concerning prin­ ciples of phrase structure with some sort of independent justification. 1. PHRASE STRUCTURE THEORY: A BRIEF HISTORY A basic outline for a theory of phrase structure theory is accepted by all of the authors here; it is known as 'X-bar theory'. The concepts of X-bar theory are expressed in some form by a number of pre-generative linguists. For example, Bloomfield (1933) contrasted endocentric struc­ tures such as noun phrases and verb phrases with those he considered exocentric, e. g. prepositional phrases and clauses. Jespersen (1933), while presenting a functional system of description (in terms of 'ranks', where rank one is 'nominal', for example), clarified the relations among the head of a phrase, its modifier, and a phrase which modifies the modifier.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3196-4
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  • 24
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    Purpose Clauses : Syntax, Thematics, and Semantics of English Purpose Constructions (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401134781
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 263 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 47
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Two Theoretical Frameworks -- 2. Purpose Constructions -- II. External Syntax -- 1. Distinguishing Purpose Clauses -- 2.Adjunction of IOC and PC -- 3. Purpose Clauses as Adjuncts -- 4. Wh-Extraction -- III. Internal Syntax -- 1. Inside In Order Clauses -- 2. Inside Subject-Gap Purpose Clauses -- 3. Inside Object-Gap Purpose Clauses -- 4. The PP ‘Subject’ of OPC -- 5. PC and Be -- IV. Easy-Clauses -- 1. Easy-S’ -- 2. Easy-Clause = OPC -- 3. The New Tough Movement -- 4. Related Constructions -- V. Quantification -- 1. Quantification and Predication -- 2. Quantifying PRO arb -- 3. Control via Empty Operators -- 4. Conclusion -- VI. Control -- 1. A Semantics for Control -- 2. What is a ?-Role? -- 3. Control of Purpose Clauses -- 4. Generalized Control -- 5. Obligatory Control and the Argument/Adjunct Distinction -- VII. Conclusion -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The purpose clause is a common fonn of adverbial modification in English. The bracketed phrases below are purpose clauses, and they look and sound unremarkable. We hear and see these things all the time. John came [to play with the children] [to play with] I brought John along Insofar as purpose clauses appear to be adverbial, they frequently occupy a relatively low place on the scale of important things for syntactic theory to address itself to. In this book I assume the theoretical framework that has come to be known as 'Government-Binding' theory (GB), initiated in Chomsky (1981). The general fonn of the analyis of purpose clauses in GB dates roughly from Chomsky (1977). where several kinds of constructions akin to purpose clauses are identified. Within GB. this analysis is so widely accepted that it deserves to be considered the standard theory. This book, then. is about a few syntactically peripheral ell~ments that have enjoyed a relatively long-lived. virtually universally accepted. theoretical treatment What is perhaps an obvious question arises in this context. Why write a GB book about purpose clauses? This book. I hope, will supply an interesting answer. Simply put. purpose clause:;, and related constructions, have various properties that are not accounted for in the standard theory. In this book I propose an alternative analysis of purpose clauses, an analysis from which. I think. more of their properties follow more naturally.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3478-1
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  • 25
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    Warlpiri Morpho-Syntax : A Lexicalist Approach (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401132046
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 491 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Austroasiatic languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Asia—Languages.
    Abstract: 1: Introduction -- 1.1. Preamble -- 1.2. Events and participants -- 1.3. The model -- 1.4. Interactions -- I: Non-Configurationality -- 2: Simple Sentences -- 3: Pronominals -- 4: Case -- 5: Discontinuous Expressions -- II: Grammatical Functions in Warlpiri -- 6: Selected Functions -- 7: External Participants -- Appendices -- List of Abbreviations -- Sources of Warlpiri Data.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3204-6
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  • 26
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    Licensing Theory and French Parasitic Gaps (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401135962
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Romance languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1 /Theoretical Background -- 1.1. Government-Binding Theory -- 1.2. Parasitic Gaps -- Notes -- 2 / Universal Licensing -- 2.0. Introduction -- 2.1. Licensing -- 2.2. Licensing at D-Structure -- 2.3. Licensing at S-Structure: Null Operators -- 2.4. Universal Licensing and Parasitic Gaps -- 2.5. Summary -- Notes -- 3 / Double Dont Constructions -- 3.0. Introduction -- 3.1. Genitival Relatives -- 3.2. Non-Movement Relatives With Dont -- 3.3. Double Constructions with Dont -- 3.4. Identifying the Gaps -- 3.5. Summary -- Notes -- 4/Null Operators In DPs -- 4.0. Introduction -- 4.1. Null Operators in Noun Phrases at S-Structure -- 4.2. Null Operators in Noun Phrases at D-Structure -- 4.3. Easy-Type Constructions in Noun Phrases: Inalienable Possession -- 4.4. Summary -- Notes -- 5 / Locality In Double Dont Constructions -- 5.0. Introduction -- 5.1. Two Chain Approaches to External Locality -- 5.2. DDCs and Chain Composition -- 5.3. Deriving the Properties of PG Constructions -- Notes -- References -- Index Of Names -- Index Of Subjects.
    Abstract: The study of parasitic gap constructions (e. g. these are the reports; which you corrected _; before filing _i) has been a very lively area of research over the last decade. The impetus behind this lies mostly in the margi­ nality of the construction. Clearly, the intuitions that native speakers have about parasitic gaps do not stem from direct instruction; hence, it is reasoned, such knowledge follows from the restrictions imposed by Universal Grammar. Furthermore, it is unlikely that any principle of Universal Grammar refers specifically to parasitic gap constructions; their syntactic and interpretive properties must instead follow entirely from independent principles. My own interest in the phenomenon was sparked a few years ago, when, in a novel, I came across a sentence like the following: Chait un armateur; dont Ie prestige _; reposait largement sur la fortune _;, 'he was a shipbuilder of whom the prestige was largely based on the wealth'. As the indices indicate, the interpretation of the French sentence is un­ ambiguous: both the prestige and the wealth necessarily pertain to the same individual. In this aspect, the sentence much resembles the English parasitic gap construction above: in the former case too, the comple­ ments of correct and file must corefer with the noun phrase heading the relative (the reports). Yet, there is an important difference between the two constructions. Verbs like correct and file subcategorize their com­ plements.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3596-2
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  • 27
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    Representation and Derivation in the Theory of Grammar (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401134460
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 320 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Computational linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: NP-Movement, Crossover and Chain-Formation -- NP-Movement and Expletive Chains -- Chain Formation, Reanalysis, and the Economy of Levels -- On Reconstruction and Coordination -- An Argument for Movement -- Barriers and the Theory of Binding -- Levels and Empty Categories in a Principles and Parameters Approach to Parsing -- Notes on Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Derivation or Representation? Hubert Haider & Klaus Netter 1 The Issue Derivation and Representation - these keywords refer both to a conceptual as well as to an empirical issue. Transformational grammar was in its outset (Chomsky 1957, 1975) a derivational theory which characterized a well-formed sentence by its derivation, i.e. a set of syntactic representations defined by a set of rules that map one representation into another. The set of mapping­ rules, the transformations, eventually became more and more abstract and were trivialized into a single one, namely "move a" , a general movement-rule. The constraints on movement were singled out in systems of principles that ap­ ply to the resulting representations, i.e. the configurations containing a moved element and its extraction site, the trace. The introduction of trace-theory (d. Chomsky 1977, ch.3 §17, ch. 4) in principle opened up the possibility of com­ pletely abandoning movement and generating the possible outputs of movement directly, i.e. as structures that contain gaps representing the extraction sites.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3446-0
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  • 28
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    Universal Grammar and American Sign Language : Setting the Null Argument Parameters (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401134682
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 245 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Sign language ; Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: 1. Universal Grammar and American Sign Language -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Theoretical Framework: Government and Binding -- 3. The Structure of American Sign Language -- 4. Language Acquisition -- Notes -- 2. Null Arguments in American Sign Language -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Null Pronominal Arguments of Agreeing Verbs -- 3. Some Previous Analyses of Null Pronouns -- 4. The Null Pronoun Parameters -- 5. The Occurrence of Null Arguments with Non-Agreeing Verbs -- 6. Questions for Huang’s Account of Chinese -- 7. A Cross-Linguistic Survey of Null Arguments -- 8. Setting the Null Argument Parameters -- Notes -- 3. Acquiring the Correct Settings on the Null Argument Parameters -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Acquisition of Null Argument Structures in ASL: Production -- 3. The Acquisition of Null Pronoun Structures in ASL: Imitation -- 4. Effects of the Acquisition of Morphology on Syntactic Parameter Setting -- 5. The Acquisition of Null and Overt Arguments in Spoken Languages -- 6. Performance Accounts of Children’s Null Subjects -- 7. Conclusion -- Notes -- 4. Summary, Suggestions, and Conclusions -- 1. Summary of Results -- 2. Suggestions for an Analysis of the Initial Settings -- 3. A Model of Language and Mind -- Notes -- Appendix 1: Subjects Involved in Production and Imitation Studies -- Appendix 2: Imitation Task Stimuli -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE American Sign Language (ASL) is the visual-gestural language used by most of the deaf community in the United States and parts of Canada. On the surface, this language (as all signed languages) seems radically different from the spoken languages which have been used to formulate theories of linguistic princi­ ples and parameters. However, the position taken in this book is that when the surface effects of modality are stripped away, ASL will be seen to follow many of the patterns proposed as universals for human language. If these theoretical constructs are meant to hold for language in general, then they should hold for natural human language in any modality; and ifASL is such a natural human language, then it too must be accounted for by any adequate theory of Universal Grammar. For this rea­ son, the study of ASL can be vital for proposed theories of Universal Grammar. Recent work in several theoretical frameworks of syntax as well as phonology have argued that indeed, ASL is such a lan­ guage. I will assume then, that principles of Universal Gram­ mar, and principles that derive from it, are applicable to ASL, and in fact that ASL can serve as one of the languages which test Universal Grammar. There is an important distinction to be drawn, however, be­ tween what is called here 'American Sign Language', and other forms of manual communication.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3468-2
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  • 29
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    The Parameter of Aspect (1991)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401579117
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XX, 469 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 43
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Humanities ; Computational linguistics ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: I -- 1 — The Approach -- 2 — Situation Aspect -- 3 — The Linguistic Realization of the Situation Types -- 4 — Viewpoint Aspect -- 5 — Temporal Location -- 6 — The Formal Analysis of Aspect -- 7 — Aspectual Meaning in Discourse Representation Theory -- II -- 8 — The Aspectual System of English -- 9 — The Aspectual System of French -- 10 — The Aspectual System of Russian -- 11 — The Aspectual System of Mandarin Chinese -- 12 — The Aspectual System of Navajo -- References -- General Index -- Name Index.
    Abstract: During the period I have been working on this project I have received institutional support of several kinds, for which I am most grateful. I thank the Institute for Advanced Study at Stanford University, and the Spencer Foundation, for a stimulating environment in which the basic idea of this book was developed. The Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics at Nijmegen enabled me to spend several months working on the the manuscript. ANational Science Foundation grant to develop Discourse Representation theory, and a grant from The University Research Institute of the University of Texas, allowed me time to pursue this project. I also thank the Center for Cognitive Science at the University of Texas for research support. I thank Helen Aristar-Dry for reading early drafts of the manuscript, Östen Dahl for penetrating remarks on a preliminary version, and my collaborator Gilbert Rappaport for relentIess comments and questions throughout. The individuals with whom I have worked on particular languages are mentioned in the relevant chapters. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to the members of my graduate seminar on aspect in the spring of 1990: they raised many questions of importance which made a real difference to the working out of the theory. I have benefitted from presenting parts of this material publicly, including cOlloquia at the University of California at Berkeley, the University of California at San Diego, the University of Pennsylvania, Rice University, the University of Texas, and the University of Tel Aviv.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7911-7
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  • 30
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    Essays on Restrictiveness and Learnability (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401568593
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 272 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Some Issues in the Theory of Transformations -- 3 A Restrictive Theory of Transformational Grammar -- 4 Filters and Control -- 5 Restricting the Theory of Transformations: a case study -- 6 Learnability, Restrictiveness, and the Evaluation Metric -- 7 On a Lexical Parameter in the Government-Binding Theory -- 8 Core Grammar, Case Theory, and Markedness -- 9 On Certain Substitutes for Negative Data -- 10 On the Nature of Proper Government -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The articles collected in this book are concerned with the issues of restrictiveness and learnability within generative grammar, specifically, within Chomsky's 'Extended Standard Theory'. These issues have been central to syntactic research for decades and they are even more central now as results on syntactic theory, on learnability, and on acquisition begin to converge. I hope that this book can provide researchers in all of these areas with some insight into the evolution of ideas about these issues. The articles appear in their original form, with the following exceptions: A few typographical and other minor errors have been corrected; bibliog­ raphic references have been updated and a unified bibliography provided. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge my vast intellec­ tual debt to Noam Chomsky. My research would not have been possible without his work, his advice, and his guidance. Next, I offer deep thanks to Chomsky and my other co-authors represented here: Bob Fiengo, Joe Kupin, Bob Freidin, and Mamoru Saito. I am grateful, indeed, for the opportunity to collaborate with such outstanding linguists, and, more immediately, for their permission to reprint their co-authored articles. I also offer general thanks to the holders of the copyrights of the reprinted material. Specific acknowledgements appear on a separate page.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-6859-3
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  • 31
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    Order and Constituency in Mandarin Chinese (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400918986
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Chinese language ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Asia—Languages.
    Abstract: 1: Universal Grammar and Word Order -- Notes -- 2: Dimensions of the Case Module -- 2.0. Introduction -- 2.1. Subject and Case -- 2.2. Case Assignees -- 2.3. Conditions on Case Assignment -- Notes -- 3: Single Complementation -- 3.0. Introduction -- 3.1. Descriptive/Resultative Expressions -- 3.2. Postverbal PPs -- 3.3. Summary -- Notes -- 4: Multiple Complementation -- 4.0. Introduction -- 4.1. Double Object Structures [V NP2 NP1] -- 4.2. [VNP$$\bar S$$] Structures -- 4.3. [V NP1 gei NP2] and [V gei NP2 NP1] -- 4.4. Conclusion -- 4.5. Alternatives -- Notes -- 5: Lexical and Categorial Properties of Case -- 5.0. Introduction -- 5.1. Raising Structures -- 5.2. Exceptional Case Marking Structures -- 5.3. Existential/Presentative Sentences -- 5.4. Weather Verbs -- 5.5. Expletive Empty Category -- 5.6. Conclusion -- Notes -- 6: Passive, BA, and Topic Constructions -- 6.0. Introduction -- 6.1. The BEI Construction -- 6.2. The BA Construction -- 6.3. Topic Structures -- 6.4. Conclusion -- Notes -- 7: Conclusion -- 7.1. Empirical Consequences -- 7.2. Theoretical Implications -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Recent developments in generative grammar have been very stimulating. The current theory defines a small set of principles that apply to all human languages. Efforts have been made to demonstrate the adequacy of this theory for a wide range of languages. We thus see an interesting interface of theory and empirical data: the study of natural languages contributes to defining the properties of Universal Grammar and the predictions of the theory help in uncovering generalizations regarding natural languages. This book aims to add to this exciting development by showing how the analysis of Mandarin Chinese constituent structures helps to define Case Theory and how interesting generalizations concerning Chinese grammar are uncovered through verification of the theoretical predictions. Starting from the inadequacy of work by Koopman, Li, and Travis on the effect of Case directionality on word order, the book shows that a detailed study of Chinese constituent structures allows us to reduce the phrase structure component to a minimal statement concerning the position of the head in a given phrase. It argues that in a given language the constituent structures can be adequately captured by the interaction of Case Theory, Theta Theory, Government Theory, and X Theory. Long­ standing controversies concerning Chinese basic word order are resolved by showing that underlying word order generalizations can differ from surface word order generalizations.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1898-6
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  • 32
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    On the Definition of Binding Domains in Spanish : Evidence from Child Language (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400920330
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Romance languages
    Abstract: 0 Introduction -- 0.1. Introduction -- 0.2. Universal Grammar -- 0.3. Anaphora -- 0.4. Theoretical Motivation -- Notes -- 1. Theoretical Background -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Anaphors and Pronominals within PPs in Simple Sentences -- 1.3. Referential Properties of Pronominal Subjects -- 3.2. Acquisition Issues -- Note -- 2. Previous Acquisition Literature -- 2.1. Development of Locality Principles and Binding Domains -- 2.2. The Role of Lexical Properties of Verbs in Grammatical Anaphora -- 2.3. Acquisition of the Subjunctive in Spanish -- 3. Rationale and Design -- 3.1. Experimental Design: Overview -- 3.2. Experimental Test: General Description -- 3.3. Experimental Design and Hypotheses -- 4. Methods and Procedures -- 4.1. Subjects -- 4.2. General Procedures -- 5. Results -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Base Study -- 5.3. Inflection Study -- 5.4. Lexical Class Study -- Notes -- 6. Discussion -- 6.1. Overview Summary and Interpretation of Results -- 6.2. Relation to Previous Acquisition Literature -- 6.3. Conclusions -- References.
    Abstract: Linguistic theory has recently experienced a shift in its conceptual approach from the formulation of descriptively adequate accounts of languages to the definition of principles and parameters claimed to reflect the initial structure of the language faculty, often termed Universal Grammar (UG). Linguistic experience is said to have the effect of guiding the child/linguist in fixing the unspecified parameters of U G to determine the grammar of his/her language. The study of anaphora has been of central concern as it addresses directly the innateness vs. experience issue. On the one hand, it is a part of all natural languages that is largely under­ determined by the data, and must therefore be included in the characterization of the initial state of the language faculty. On the other hand, although the principles that govern anaphora do not exhibit extreme variations across languages, a child/linguist must solve language specific issues for his/her language based on linguistic experience. This book examines a set of linguistic structures from both a theoretical and an experimental perspective. The purpose is to xv PREFACE xvi determine the roles of innateness and of experience in the devel­ opment of a child's theory of anaphora for his/her language.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2033-0
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  • 33
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    Phrase Structure in Natural Language (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400920453
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1: Modularity in Underlying Structure -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 On Defining Grammatical Relations in a Modular Theory -- 1.3 What is a Lexical Entry? -- 1.4 The Organization of Argument Structure: the Thematic Hierarchy -- 1.5 Case Theory and the Lexicon -- 1.6 S and S?: Extended X-bar Theory and the Lexical Clause Hypothesis -- 1.7 Dominance, Precedence and Phrase Markers -- Notes -- 2: Syntactic Projection and Licensing -- 2.1 Preliminaries: Licensing, the UTAH, the Projection Principle and the Theta Criterion -- 2.2 X-bar Theory and the Projection of Heads -- 2.3 Licensing Non-head Daughters: Thematic Grids and Thematic Relations -- 2.4 Functional Categories and Licensing -- 2.5 Summary -- Notes -- 3: On Configurationality Parameters -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Parametric Variation in D-Structure Principles -- 3.3 What is a Nonconfigurational Language? -- 3.4 The Empirical Evidence for D-Structure Variation -- 3.5 Summary and Conclusions -- Notes -- 4: Projection, Pronouns, and Parsing in Navajo Syntax -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 An Overview of Navajo Syntax and Morphology -- 4.3 Parsing, Null Arguments, and Grammatical Relations in Navajo -- 4.4 On Navajo Nominals as Adjuncts -- 4.5 Navajo Agreement and Incorporated Pronouns -- 4.6 Conclusion: Projection from the Lexicon in Navajo -- Notes -- 5: Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2045-3
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  • 34
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    Entities and Indices (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400921399
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 41
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Multiple Indexing -- 1 A basic intensional language -- 2 ‘Now’ and ‘then’ -- 3 ‘Actually’ -- 4 Indices and world variables -- 5 Mediated relations -- 6 A second-order treatment -- II Ontological Commitment -- 7 Possibilist quantification -- 8 Possibilities -- 9 Intersentential operators -- 10 Substitutional quantification -- 11 Modality and supervenience -- 12 Counterpart theory -- III Indexical Quantification -- 13 Generalized quantifiers -- 14 Quantifiers as indexical operators -- 15 Time and world quantifiers -- 16 Context and indices.
    Abstract: In ordinary discourse we appear to ta1k about many things that have seemed mysterious to philosophers. We say that there has been a hitch in our arrangements or that the solution to the problem required us to examine all the probable outcomes of our action. So it would seem that we speak as if in addition to eloeks, mountains, queens and grains of sand there are hitches, arrangements, solutions, probiems, and probable outcomes. It is not immediately obvious when we must take such ta1k as really assuming that there are such to develop tests for things, and one of the tasks in this book is discerning what has eome to be called ontological commitment, in naturallanguage. Among the entities that natural language appears to make reference to are those connected with temporal and modal discourse, times, possibilities, and so on. Such entities play a crueial role in the kind of semantieal theories that I and others have defended over many years. These theories are based on the idea that an essential part of the meaning of a sentence is constituted by the conditions under whieh that sentenee is true. To know what a sentence says is to know what the world would have to be !ike for that sentence to be true.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2139-9
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  • 35
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    Quantification in the Theory of Grammar (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400919723
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 37
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Japanese language ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Semiotics. ; Asia—Languages.
    Abstract: I: Introduction -- 1. wh-phrases as quantificational expressions -- 2. Locality -- 3. Quantificational force -- II: Subjacency and Logical Form -- 1. Introduction -- 2. wh-Movement in Japanese -- 3. Subjacency -- 4. ECP vs. Pied-piping -- III: The Pied-Piping Mechanism -- 1. Percolation -- 2. German relative clauses -- 3. Restrictions on percolation -- 4. Quantifier vs. Sentential operator -- 5. Government and unselective binding -- 6. Concluding remarks -- IV: Construing wh -- 1. ‘Indeterminate pronominals’ -- 2. Unselective binding -- 3. Unselective binding involving wh -- 4. The movement analysis -- 5. Adverbs of quantification -- 6. Scope interactions and QR -- 7. Concluding remarks -- V: The Case from English: The No Matter Concessive Clause -- 1. Problems -- 2. No Matter and wh..Ever constructions -- 3. Donkey sentences -- 4. No Matter as unselective binder -- 5. Concluding remarks -- VI: The Donkey Problem in Japanese -- 1. Weak Crossover -- 2. Donkey sentences in Japanese -- 3. Indirect binding -- 4. Restrictions on indirect binding -- 5. Concluding remarks.
    Abstract: In the past few decades, the development of theoretical linguistics has proved to be successful in shedding light on the intricate nature of language and knowledge of grammar, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the human mind. This book discusses various issues in syntax and logical structure of natural language from theoretical perspectives. The primary data on which theoretical claims are made is drawn from Japanese and Japanese-type languages, but it also contains discussion of related phenomena in English which have never been discussed from the same viewpoint in the current literature. Although the book is written in the format of a version of the Extended Standard Theory tradition, informally referred to as the Principles and Parameters Approach or 'Government and Binding (OB) Theory', it should be of interest to a much wider audience. The reader interested in other theoretical frameworks will find the discussion in this book easily translatable in the framework of his or her choice - in fact, I would like to claim that the problems posed by this book are inevitable in any theory of syntax and semantics of natural language.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1972-3
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  • 36
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    Parameters in Old French Syntax: Infinitival Complements (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400918849
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (344p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Romance languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Historical linguistics.
    Abstract: 1: Introduction -- 1.1. Aims and Assumptions -- 1.2. Infinitival Complements in Old French -- 1.3. Government-Binding Theory -- 1.4. Old French -- 1.5. Outline -- Notes -- 2: Romance Infinitival Complements -- 2.0. Introduction -- 2.1. Comparable Characteristics of Infinitivals in Old French, Modern Italian and Modern Spanish -- 2.2. “Reduced Clause” Analyses -- Notes -- 3: The Romance Causative -- 3.0. Introduction -- 3.1. Fare S versus Fare VP -- 3.2. The Extension of Fare VP -- 3.3. Against an Objection to Fare [+V] -- 3.4. Summary and Implications -- Notes -- 4: Non-Causative Pro-MV-Inf Constructions -- 4.0 Introduction -- 4.1. [+V] Complements in Pro-MV-Inf Constructions -- 4.2. Case Assignment and ?-roles -- 4.3. Burzio’s S Complement Account -- 4.4. ?-roles and Pro-MV-Inf Constructions -- 4.5. The Assignment of Essere -- 4.6. Constructions with Ne -- 4.7. Some Diachronic Implications -- 4.8. Summary -- Notes -- 5: Causatives in Old French -- 5.0. Introduction -- 5.1. Romance Causatives -- 5.2. The Causative Construction in Old French -- 5.3. Analysis of Old French Data -- 5.4. Syntactic Properties of Causative Type Complements in Old French -- 5.5. Case Assignment and Impersonal Verbs -- 5.6. The Causative Faire -- 5.7. Summary -- Notes -- 6: Non-Causative Infinitival Complements in Old French -- 6.0. Introduction -- 6.1. Infinitival Complements in Old French -- 6.2. Pronouns as Indicators of Structure -- 6.3. Ordering of Weak Pronouns -- 6.4. INFL, Verb Raising and Clitic Movement -- 6.5. Summary -- Notes -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- References -- (a) Texts -- (b) Studies -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: 1.1. AIMS AND ASSUMPTIONS This book presents an analysis of infinitival complement constructions in Old French (OF) from the perspective of the Government-Binding (GB) framework. It aims, therefore, to establish within the terms of the GB framework just how the OF constructions are to be characterized and in just what sense they can or cannot be compared with the corresponding constructions in other Romance languages. The GB framework is an articulated theory about the structure of language which is based on the view that the aim of research into language is to construct a description of language which accurately reflects its essential nature. Whilst we know that individual languages may appear to be superficially very different, we also know that all languages are capable of expressing complex concepts and that all children acquire mastery of the language or languages to which they are exposed. The task, therefore, is to determine both the properties which languages have in common and the bounds within which they may differ. In the pursuit of these aims, the study of various languages of the Romance family has provided a rich source of material for the develop­ ment of the descriptive apparatus. Evidence of the contribution supplied by such work is apparent in references to Romance material in Chomsky (1981, 1982), in volumes such as Jaeggli (1982), Rizzi (1982a), Kayne (1984b), Burzio (1986), and in numerous papers devoted to particular constructions in a variety of Romance languages.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1884-9
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  • 37
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    Language Processing and Language Acquisition (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401138086
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 398 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: The Grammatical Nature of the Acquisition Sequence: Adjoin-a and the Formation of Relative Clauses -- The Status of Grammatical Default Systems: Comments on Lebeaux -- On Unparsable Input in Language Acquisition -- Logical and Psychological Constraints on the Acquisition of Syntax -- How to Make Parameters Work: Comments on Valian -- On Parameter Setting and Parsing: Predictions for Cross-Linguistic Differences in Adult and Child Processing -- Comments on Mazuka and Lust’s paper -- Parameters and Parameter-Setting in a Phrase Structure Grammar -- The Acquisition of Long-distance Rules -- Child Grammars — Radically Different, or More of the Same?: Comments on de Villiers, Roeper and Vainikka -- The Processing and Acquisition of Control Structures by Young Children -- Intuitions, Category and Structure: Comments on McDaniel and Cairns -- Visiting Relatives in Italy -- Obeying the Binding Theory -- Knowledge Integration in Processing and Acquisition: Comments on Grimshaw and Rosen -- List of First Authors.
    Abstract: Studies of language acqUiSItion have largely ignored processing prin­ ciples and mechanisms. Not surprisingly, questions concerning the analysis of an informative linguistic input - the potential evidence for grammatical parameter setting - have also been ignored. Especially in linguistic approaches to language acquisition, the role of language processing has not been prominent. With few exceptions (e. g. Goodluck and Tavakolian, 1982; Pinker, 1984) discussions of language perform­ ance tend to arise only when experimental debris, the artifact of some experiment, needs to be cleared away. Consequently, language pro­ cessing has been viewed as a collection of rather uninteresting perform­ ance factors obscuring the true object of interest, namely, grammar acquisition. On those occasions when parsing "strategies" have been incorporated into accounts of language development, they have often been discussed as vague preferences, not open to rigorous analysis. In principle, however, theories of language comprehension can and should be subjected to the same criteria of explicitness and explanatoriness as other theories, e. g. , theories of grammar. Thus their peripheral role in accounts of language development may reflect accidental factors, rather than any inherent fuzziness or irrelevance to the language acquisition problem. It seems probable that an explicit model of the way(s) processing routines are applied in acquisition would help solve some central problems of grammar acquisition, since these routines regulate the application of grammatical knowledge to novel inputs.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3808-6
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  • 38
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    Mathematical Methods in Linguistics (1990)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400922136
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (692p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Elementary set theory accustoms the students to mathematical abstraction, includes the standard constructions of relations, functions, and orderings, and leads to a discussion of the various orders of infinity. The material on logic covers not only the standard statement logic and first-order predicate logic but includes an introduction to formal systems, axiomatization, and model theory. The section on algebra is presented with an emphasis on lattices as well as Boolean and Heyting algebras. Background for recent research in natural language semantics includes sections on lambda-abstraction and generalized quantifiers. Chapters on automata theory and formal languages contain a discussion of languages between context-free and context-sensitive and form the background for much current work in syntactic theory and computational linguistics. The many exercises not only reinforce basic skills but offer an entry to linguistic applications of mathematical concepts. For upper-level undergraduate students and graduate students in theoretical linguistics, computer-science students with interests in computational linguistics, logic programming and artificial intelligence, mathematicians and logicians with interests in linguistics and the semantics of natural language
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2213-6
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  • 39
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    Learnability and Linguistic Theory (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400909557
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Translators (Computer programs) ; Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Natural language processing (Computer science).
    Abstract: Introduction: Learnability and Linguistic Theory -- Learning Theory and Natural Language -- The Plausibility of Rationalism -- On Applying Learnability Theory to the Rationalism-Empiricism Controversy -- On Certain Substitutes for Negative Data -- Markedness and Language Development -- Learning the Periphery -- Some Problems in the Parametric Analysis of Learnability -- From Cognition to Thematic Roles: The Projection Principle as an Acquisition Mechanism -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The impetus for this volume developed from the 1982 University of Western Ontario Learnability Workshop, which was organized by the editors and sponsored by that University's Department of Philosophy and the Centre for Cognitive Science. The volume e~plores the import of learnability theory for contemporary linguistic theory, focusing on foundational learning-theoretic issues associated with the parametrized Government-Binding (G-B) framework. Written by prominent re­ searchers in the field, all but two of the eight contributions are pre­ viously unpublished. The editor's introduction provides an overview that interrelates the separate papers and elucidates the foundational issues addressed by the volume. Osherson, Stob, and Weinstein's "Learning Theory and Natural Language" first appeared in Cognition (1984); Matthews's "The Plausi­ bility of Rationalism" was published in the Journal of Philosophy (1984). The editors would like to thank the publishers for permission to reprint these papers. Mr. Marin Marinov assisted with the preparation of the indices for the volume. VB ROBERT 1. MATTHEWS INTRODUCTION: LEARNABILITY AND LINGUISTIC THEORY 1. INTRODUCTION Formal learning theory, as the name suggests, studies the learnability of different classes of formal objects (languages, grammars, theories, etc.) under different formal models of learning. The specification of such a model, which specifies (a) a learning environment, (b) a learn­ ing strategy, and (c) a criterion for successful learning, determines (d) a class of formal objects, namely, the class that can be acquired to the level of the specified success criterion by a learner implementing the specified strategy in the specified enviroment.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0955-7
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  • 40
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    Literature and Science as Modes of Expression (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400922976
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 115
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 115
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Style.
    Abstract: Discourses of the Island -- Discourses of the Nerve -- Experiment and Fiction -- Hypotyposes -- The Mythological Transformations of Renaissance Science: Physical Allegory and the Crisis of Alchemical Narrative -- “What Ever Happened to Ethics?” -- Nature as Construct -- “Observe how healthily — how calmly I can tell you the whole story”: Moral Insanity and Edgar Allan Poe’s ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ -- Conceptualizing Technology in Literary Terms: Some American Examples -- Literature and the Authority of Technology -- “A Place to Step Further”: Jack Spicer’s Quantum Poetics -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: On the 25th anniversary of the founding of the Boston Studies series in 1985, Cohen, Elkana, and Wartofsky wrote in another preface such as this that the time had come for establishing institutions supporting a vision to which the series had been devoted since its inception, namely that of a more broadly conceived, interdisciplinary study of the history and philosophy of science: In recent years it has become evident that, in addition to serious and competent disciplinary work on the specifics of the History of Science, the Philosophy of Science and the Sociology of Science, there is now a growing need to develop a problem­ oriented approach which no longer distinguishes between these three specialties in a cut and dried way. Since the time has come for such an approach, the institutional tools should be provided. A way to do so would be . . . to organize colloquia and to publish good papers stemming from these, without attempting to organize the papers under the separate rubrics of History of Philosophy or Sociology of Science; and moreover to consider it natural that any fundamental issue of the foundations of the sciences, or their place in a culture and the way they are institutionalized in the societal web, is still our concern, no matter whether we are a professional scientist, historian or philosopher who deals with the problem (p. vii).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2297-6
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  • 41
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    The Null Subject Parameter (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400925403
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Romance languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: The Null Subject Parameter and Parametric Theory -- Arbitrary Null Objects and Unselective Binding -- Anaphoric AGR -- Two Italian Dialects and the Null Subject Parameter -- On the Notion “Null Anaphor” in Chamorro -- Pro-Drop in Chinese: A Generalized Control Theory -- The Null Subject Parameter in Language Acquisition -- Null Subjects and Clitic Climbing -- The Null Subject Parameter in Modern Arabic Dialects -- Prepositional Infinitival Constructions in European Portuguese -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Languages.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2540-3
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  • 42
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    Essays on Anaphora (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400925427
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: 1 A Selective History of Modern Binding Theory -- 2 The Logical Structure of Reciprocal Sentences in English -- 3 Complement Object Deletion -- 4 Remarks on Coreference -- 5 Disjoint Reference and Wh-Trace -- 6 On Two Recent Treatments of Disjoint Reference -- 7 A Note on Illicit NP Movement -- 8 A Note on Anaphora and Double Objects -- 9 On the Necessity of Binding Conditions -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The articles collected in this book are concerned with the treatment of anaphora within generative grammar, specifically, within Chomsky's 'Ex­ tended Standard Theory' (EST). Since the inception of this theory, and virtually since the inception of generative grammar, anaphora has been a central topic of investigation. In current research, it has, perhaps, become even more central, as a major focus of study in such areas as syntax, semantics, discourse analysis, and language acquisition. Beginning in the early 1970's, and continuing to the present, Chomsky has developed a comprehensive syntactic theory of anaphora. The articles here are all related to stages in the development of that theory, and can best be understood in relation to that development. For that reason, Chapter 1 presents a historical survey of Chomsky's EST proposals on anaphora, along with brief indications of how the present articles fit into that history. Some of the articles here (e.g. Chapters 4, 8, and 9) proposed extensions of Chomsky's basic ideas to a wider range of phenomena.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2542-7
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  • 43
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    Agreement and Anti-Agreement : A Syntax of Luiseño (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400923782
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (464p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Indic philology ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Indians—Languages.
    Abstract: One The Issues — Analytical and Theoretical -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The Analytical Problem -- 2. Theoretical Proposals -- 3. Consequences -- 4. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter One -- Two Luiseño Features: Background -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Relevant Morphology -- 2. The Feature ADAFF -- 3. The Feature NUM -- 4. The Feature ASP -- 5. Complexities to RIGHT AN -- 6. Combinatorial Complexities -- 7. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter Two -- Appendix to Chapter Two -- Three Agreement and Anti-Agreement -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Some Facts and Simple Constituents -- 2. The Representation of Constituents -- 3. Facts about Argument Structures -- 4. Incorporation -- 5. A First Look at Category Type -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter Three -- Appendix to Chapter Three -- Four The Proposition -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Background -- 2. The Propositional Radical -- 3. The Proposition: Part One -- 4. The Result -- 5. The Relationship between the Functor and the Formal Value -- 6. The Category Type -- 7. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter Four -- Five The Utility of the Proposition -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The Aux Analyzed -- 4. The Position of the Aux -- 5. Expansion -- Notes for Chapter Five -- Appendix to Chapter Five -- Six The Utility of the Classification -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Data -- 2. Definitions -- 3. An Abbreviated Analysis of a Clause -- 4. Control -- 4.3 Final Comments on Control -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter Six -- Addenda to Chapter Six -- Seven Agreement, Anti-Agreement, and Order -- 0. Summary -- 1. Architectural Conclusions -- 2. Analytical Conclusions -- 3. Conclusion -- Notes for Chapter Seven -- References.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2378-2
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  • 44
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    The Elemental Passions of the Soul Poetics of the Elements in the Human Condition: Part 3 (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400923355
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (724p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Phenomenology ; Language and languages—Style. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Tractatus Brevis -- The Passions of the Soul and the Elements in the Onto-Poiesis of Culture: The Life-Significance of Literature -- I The Dialectic of the Passions and the Elemental Passions in Literature — surveying the foundations — -- Descartes and Hobbes on the Passions -- Beware of the Beasts! Spinoza and the Elemental Passions in German Literature: Lessing, Goethe, Stifter -- Speakable and Unspeakable Passions in English Neoclassical and Romantic Poetry -- Desire: An Elemental Passion in Hegel’s Phenomenology -- German Expressionism and the Human Passions -- II The Sublime, an Essential Factor in the Elemental Passions of the Soul -- Longinus’ On the Sublime and the Role of the Creative Imagination -- The Passion of Finitude and Poetic Creation: On Pedro Salinas’s El Contemplado -- Juilo Cortázar: La pasión de ser y del ser -- Nostalgia and the Child Topoi: Metaphors of Disruption and Transcendence in the Work of Joseph Brodsky, Marc Chagall and Andrei Tarkovsky -- Apollonian Eros and the Fruits of Failure in the Poetic Pursuit of Being: Notes on the Rape of Daphne -- III Elemental Passions of the Soul: Love and Death -- A Tragic Phenomenon: Aspects of Love and Hate in Racine’s Theater -- “The Gulf of the Soul”: Melville’s Pierre and the Representation of Aesthetic Failure -- Love and Will in The Awakening -- The Passionate Self-Destruction of Hester Prynne -- Death, and the Elemental Passion of the Soul: An Ancient Philosophical Thesis, with Poetic Counterpoint -- Erotic Modes of Discourse: The Union of Mythos and Dialectic in Plato’s Phaedrus -- The Plight of the Couple in Beckett’s All Strange A way -- Narration and the Face of Anxiety in Henry James’ “The Beast in the Jungle” -- IV The Passional Expansion of the Soul: Mind, Body, Space, Being -- Czeslaw Milosz’s Passion for “Place”: Soul’s Knowing under “The Wormwood Star” -- L’espace poétique — pour une analogie phénomenologique sans entrave (Bachelard et Calinescu) -- The Plight of the Siamese Twin: Mind, Body, and Value in John Barth’s “Petition” -- Hecuba’s Grief, Polydorus’ Corpse, and the Transference of Perspective -- Elemental Substances and Their Drama in the Mayan Imagination as Perceived in Popol Vuh -- Fusion of Feeling and Nature in Wordsworthian and Classical Chinese Poetry -- V The Inward Recesses of the Passional Soul -- The Passion of Apprehension: The Soul’s Activity as the Agent Intellect in James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man -- Nietzsche and Creative Passion in Milan Kundera’s The Unbearable Lightness of Being -- Obsessive Passion: A Structuring Motif in Flaubert’s Work -- Boundaries: The Primal Force and Human Face of Evil -- Poe’s “Loss of Breath” and the Problem of Writing -- Milan Kundera’s Polyphonic Compositions: Appropriations or Disseminations? -- The Semiotics of Self-Revelation in Eugene O’Neill’s The Emperor Jones -- From Passion to Self-Reflexivity: A Holistic Approach to Consciousness and Literature -- The Passions Observed: The Visionary Poetics of Ezra Pound -- Is Life in Literature a Fiction? -- Closure -- Finitude, Infinitude and the Imago Dei in Catherine of Siena and Descartes -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2335-5
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  • 45
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    Semantical Essays : Possible Worlds and Their Rivals (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401577786
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 36
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 36
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: I Possible Worlds: Introduction -- 1 Possible Worlds -- 2 Semantic Competence -- 3 Semantics and Logic -- 4 Physical Theories and Possible Worlds -- II Situations and Attitudes: Introduction -- 5 The World Situation (It’s a small world after all) -- 6 Quotational Theories of Propositional Attitudes -- 7 More about Inscriptionalism -- III Quantification and Reference: Introduction -- 8 Identity and Intensional Objects -- 9 The Greek-Turkish Imbroglio (Do we need game-theoretical semantics?) -- 10 Some Recent Theories of Anaphora.
    Abstract: Over a longer period than I sometimes care to contemplate I have worked on possible-worlds semantics. The earliest work was in modal logic, to which I keep returning, but a sabbatical in 1970 took me to UCLA, there to discover the work of Richard Montague in applying possible-worlds semantics to natural lan­ guage. My own version of this appeared in Cresswell (1973) and was followed up in a number of articles, most of which were collected in Cresswell (1985b). A central problem for possible­ worlds semantics is how to accommodate propositional attitudes. This problem was addressed in Cresswell (1985a), and the three books mentioned so far represent a reasonably complete picture of my positive views on formal semantics. I have regarded the presentation of a positive view as more important than the criticism of alternatives, although the works referred to do contain many passages in which I have tried to defend my own views against those of others. But such criticism is important in that a crucial element in establishing the content of a theory is that we be able to evaluate it in relation to its com­ petitors. It is for that reason that I have collected in this volume a number of articles in which I attempt to defend the positive semantical picture I favour against objections and competing theories.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7778-6
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  • 46
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    Linguistic Structure in Language Processing (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400927292
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: The Internal Structure of the Syllable -- Reading Complex Words -- A Synthesis of Some Recent Work in Sentence Production -- The Isolability of Syntactic Processing -- Neuropsychological Evidence for Linguistic Modularity -- Parsing Complexity and a Theory of Parsing -- Comprehending Sentences with Long-Distance Dependencies -- Thematic Structures and Sentence Comprehension -- Integrating Information in Text Comprehension: The Interpretation of Anaphoric Noun Phrases -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The papers in this volume are intended to exemplify the state of experimental psycho linguistics in the middle to later 1980s. Our over­ riding impression is that the field has come a long way since the earlier work of the 1950s and 1960s, and that the field has emerged with a renewed strength from a difficult period in the 1970s. Not only are the theoretical issues more sharply defined and integrated with existing issues from other domains ("modularity" being one such example), but the experimental techniques employed are much more sophisticated, thanks to the work of numerous psychologists not necessarily interested in psycholinguistics, and thanks to improving technologies unavailable a few years ago (for instance, eye-trackers). We selected papers that provide a coherent, overall picture of existing techniques and issues. The volume is organized much as one might organize an introductory linguistics course - beginning with sound and working "up" to mean­ ing. Indeed, the first paper, Rebecca Treiman's, begins with considera­ tion of syllable structure, a phonological consideration, and the last, Alan Garnham's, exemplifies some work on the interpretation of pro­ nouns, a semantic matter. In between are found works concentrating on morphemes, lexical structures, and syntax. The cross-section represented in this volume is by necessity incom­ plete, since we focus only on experimental work directed at under­ standing how adults comprehend and produce language. We do not include any works on language acquisition, first or second.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2729-2
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  • 47
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    Linguistic Theory in Second Language Acquisition (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400927339
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (458p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: A Theoretical and Historical Context for Second Language Acquisition -- Linguistic Theory: Generative Grammar -- The Ontogenesis of the Field of Second Language Learning Research -- B Parameters -- Parameterized Grammatical Theory and Language Acquisition: A Study of the Acquisition of Verb Placement and Inflection by Children and Adults -- Nature of Development in L2 Acquisition and Implications for Theories of Language Acquisition in General -- Linguistic Theory. Neurolinguistics and Second Language Acquisition -- Second Language Acquisition: A Biolinguistic Perspective -- Neurolinguistics and Parameter Setting -- C Markedness in Second Language Acquisition -- The Acquisition of Infinitive and Gerund Complements by Second Language Learners -- Island Effects in Second Language Acquisition -- On the Role of Linguistic Theory in Explanations of Second Language Developmental Grammars -- L2 Learnability: Delimiting the Domain of Core Grammar as Distinct from the Marked Periphery -- Kinds of Markedness -- D Additional Evidence for Universal Grammar -- The Categorial Status of Modals and L2 Acquisition -- UG-Generated Knowledge in Adult Second Language Acquisition -- Prosodic Phonology and the Acquisition of a Second Language -- Universal Grammar in Second Language Acquisition: Promises and Problems in Critically Relating Theory and Empirical Studies -- E Complementary Perspectives -- Pidginization as Language Acquisition -- All Paths Lead to the Mental Lexicon -- Intermorphology and Morphological Theory: A Plea for a Concession -- F Universal Grammar from a Traditional Perspective -- Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Theory: The Role of Language Transfer -- Grammatical Theory and L2 Acquisition: A Brief Overview -- Typological and Parametric Views of Universals in Second Language Acquisition -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Suzanne Flynn and Wayne O'Neil Massachusetts Institute of Technology I. INTRODUCTION The theory of Universal Grammar (UG) as explicated e. g. in Chomsky, 1986, has led to explosive developments in the study of natural language as well as to significant advances in the study of first language (L I) acquisition. Most recently. the theory of UG has led to important theore­ tical and empirical advances in the field of adult second language (L2) acquisition as well. The principle impetus for this development can be traced to the work in linguistics which shifted the study "from behavior or the products of behavior to states of the mind/brain that enter into behavior" (Chomksy. 1986:3). Grammars within this framework are conceived of as theoretical accounts of "the state of the mind/brain of the person who knows a particular language" (Chomsky. 1986:3). Research within fields of language acquisition seeks to isolate and specify the properties of the underlying competence necessary for language learning. Full development of a theory of UG demands study and understanding of the nature of both the formal properties of language and of the language acquisition process itself. However. while there is a tradition of debate and dialogue established between theoretical linguistics and Ll acquisition research. relatively few connections have been made between linguistic theory and L2 acquisition research.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2733-9
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  • 48
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    Situations, Language and Logic (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400913356
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 34
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Logic.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Prom linguistic form to situation schemata -- 2. Interpreting situation schemata -- 3. The logical point of view -- II. From Linguistic Form to Situation Schemata -- 1. Levels of linguistic form determining meaning -- 2. Motivation for the use of constraints -- 3. The modularization of the mapping from form to meaning -- 4. Situation schemata -- 5. The algorithm from linguistic form to situation schemata -- III. Interpreting Situation Schemata -- 1. The art of interpretation -- 2. The inductive definition of the meaning relation -- 3. A remark on the general format of situation schemata -- 4. Generalizing generalized quantifiers -- IV. A Logical Perspective -- 1. The mechanics of interpretation -- 2. A hierarchy of formal languages -- 3. Mathematical study of some formal languages -- 4. On the model theoretic interpretation of situation schemata -- V. Conclusions -- Appendices -- A. Prepositional Phrases in Situation Schemata -- by Erik Colban -- B. A Lyndon type interpretation theorem for many-sorted first-order logic -- C. Proof of the relative saturation lemma -- References.
    Abstract: This monograph grew out of research at Xerox PARC and the Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI) during the first year of CSLI's existence. The Center was created as a meeting place for people from many different research traditions and there was much interest in seeing how the various approaches could be joined in a common effort to understand the complexity of language and information. CSLI was thus an ideal environment for our group and our enterprise. Our original goal was to see how a well-developed linguistic the­ ory, such as lexical-functional grammar, could be joined with the ideas emerging from research in situation semantics in a manner which would measure up to the technical standards set by Montague grammar. The outcome was our notion of situation schemata and the extension of constraint-based grammar formalisms to deal with semantic as well as syntactic information. As our work progressed we widened our approach. We decided to also include a detailed study of the logic of situation theory, and to investigate how this logical theory is related to the relational theory of meaning developed in situation semantics.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1335-6
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  • 49
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    The Role of Case in Russian Syntax (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400927032
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Russian language ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Balto-Slavic linguistic unity.
    Abstract: 1. Overview of Case in Russian -- 1. Case in Russian -- 2. The Representation of Case -- 3. Assignment of Case -- 4. The Case of Adjectives -- 5. Agreement -- 6. Second Predicate Modifiers -- 2. Object Case Marking and The Genitive of Negation -- 1. Lexically Governed Alternation -- 2. Genitive of Negation -- 3. Distinct Mechanisms for Genitive Marking -- 4. Other Types of Negation -- 5. Scope, Interpretation, and Distribution of [+Q] -- 6. Accusative/Genitive Alternation and Polarity Sensitivity -- 7. The Feature [Q] and Semantics -- 8. Summary -- 3. Apparent Genitive Subjects Within the Scope of Negation -- 1. Demotion -- 2. Do Genitive Subjects Exist? -- 3. Formalization of the Rule of Demotion -- 4. Numeral Phrases and Quantifier Phrases -- 1. Numeral Phrases -- 2. Quantifier Phrases -- 3. Disagreement about Non-agreeing Phrases -- 4. One Million -- 5. Summary -- 5. Subject Case Marking and Case Agreement of Modifiers -- 1. Data -- 2. Adjuncts and Complements -- 3. Agreement and Control Relations -- 4. Comparison with Alternative Accounts -- 5. Conclusions -- 6. Consequences for a Theory of Case -- 1. Long-Distance Phenomena and Control Relations -- 2. Toward a Theory of Russian Case -- 3. LFG and the Theory of Case -- 4. Conclusions -- Appendix I: Abbreviations and Transliteration -- 1. List of Abbreviations for Sentence Glosses -- 2. Transliteration -- Appendix II: Declension Paradigms -- Appendix III: Lexical Functional Grammar -- 1. Organization -- 2. Phrase Structure Rules -- 3. Lexical Entries -- 4. Lexical Redundancy Rules -- 5. Functional Well-Formedness -- 6. Possible Rules -- 7. Theory of Control and Complementation -- 7.1. Complements vs. Adjuncts -- 7.2. Open Complements -- 7.3. Open Adjuncts -- 7.4. Closed Complements -- 7.5. Closed Adjuncts -- 7.6. The Constituency of Complements -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2703-2
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  • 50
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    Natural Language Parsing and Linguistic Theories (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400913370
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (486p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 35
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: Seperating Linguistic Analyses from Linguistic Theories -- Applicability of Indexed Grammars to Natural Languages -- A Natural Language Toolkit: Reconciling Theory with Practice -- An Extension of LR-Parsing for Lexical Functional Grammar -- An Efficiency-Oriented LFG Parser -- Parsing with a GB-Grammar -- Combining Categorial Grammar and Unification -- A feature-Based Categorial Morpho-Syntax for Japanese -- The Treatment of the French adjectif détaché in Lexical Functional Grammar -- Some Problems of Coordination in German -- German Word Order and Universal Grammar -- Nonlocal-Dependencies and Infinitival Constructions in German -- GPSG and German Word Order -- Nested Cooper Storage: The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary Noun Phrases -- Compositional Semantics for LFG.
    Abstract: presupposition fails, we now give a short introduction into Unification Grammar. Since all implementations discussed in this volume use PROLOG (with the exception of BlockjHaugeneder), we felt that it would also be useful to explain the difference between unification in PROLOG and in UG. After the introduction to UG we briefly summarize the main arguments for using linguistic theories in natural language processing. We conclude with a short summary of the contributions to this volume. UNIFICATION GRAMMAR 3 Feature Structures or Complex Categories. Unification Grammar was developed by Martin Kay (Kay 1979). Martin Kay wanted to give a precise defmition (and implementation) of the notion of 'feature'. Linguists use features at nearly all levels of linguistic description. In phonetics, for instance, the phoneme b is usually described with the features 'bilabial', 'voiced' and 'nasal'. In the case of b the first two features get the value +, the third (nasal) gets the value -. Feature­ value pairs in phonology are normally represented as a matrix. bilabial: + voiced: + I nasal: - [Feature matrix for b.] In syntax features are used, for example, to distinguish different noun classes. The Latin noun 'murus' would be characterized by the following feature-value pairs: gender: masculin, number: singular, case: nominative, pred: murus. Besides a matrix representation one frequently fmds a graph representation for feature value pairs. The edges of the graph are labelled by features. The leaves denote the value of a feature.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1337-0
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  • 51
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    Anaphora in Celtic and Universal Grammar (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400927193
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Celtic languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1. The Descriptive and Theoretical Goals -- 1.2. An Overview of Government Binding Theory -- 1.3. An Overview of the Major Results of This Study -- 2 Celtic Agreement, the Avoid Pronoun Principle, and Binding Theory -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Breton Agreement Markers Determined by the Avoid Pronoun Principle -- 2.3. Generalizing the Analysis of Breton Agreement to Welsh -- 2.4. Evidence from the Binding Theory: Breton and Welsh Have a Null AGR -- 2.5. AGR as a SUBJECT for the Binding Theory -- 3 Raising and Passivization in Breton: An Argument for Anaphoric Traces -- 3.1. The Theoretical Status of Anaphoric Traces -- 3.2. The Breton Raising to Subject Construction -- 3.3. Raising Structures Parallel Passive Structures -- 3.4. Breton Raising and Pseudopassive: Further Implications -- 3.5. Conclusion -- 4 PRO-INFL and Reduced Structures -- 4.1. Reduced Structures Have Missing INFLs -- 4.2. Some INFLs Missing in Welsh and English Are PRO-INFL -- 4.3. Corroborating Evidence for the PRO-INFL Analysis -- 4.4. Contraction and Reduced Structures -- 4.5. A Competing Analysis -- 4.6. Breton is Consistent with the PRO-INFL Analysis -- 5 Government and the Connection Between Relative Pronouns, Complementizers and Subjacency -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Relative Pronouns in English -- 5.3. Relative Pronouns Are Pronominal Anaphors -- 5.4. Welsh and Breton Lack Relative Pronouns -- 5.5. Competing Analyses and Other Arguments -- 5.6. Conclusion -- 6 The Interaction of Government Theory with Synthetic Agreement -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. The ECP Gives a Unified Treatment of Complementizers and Agreement in Welsh Movement Structures -- 6.3. Two Asymmetries in Breton and Welsh Extraction -- 6.4. Welsh and Breton Extraction from Negatives -- 6.5. Competing Analyses and Arguments -- 6.6. Subject-Object Asymmetries at LF and the ECP -- 6.7. Conclusion -- References -- Index of Languages -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This book is based in large part on fieldwork that I conducted in Brittany and Wales in 1983 and 1985. I am thankful for a Fulbright Award for Research in Western Europe and a Faculty Development Award from the University of North Carolina that funded that fieldwork. lowe a less tangible, but no less real, debt to Steve Anderson, G. M. Awbery, Steve Harlow and Jim McCloskey whose work initially sparked my interest, and led me to undertake this project. I want to thank Joe Emonds and Alec Marantz who read portions of Chapter 3 and 5. I am particularly grateful though to Kathleen Flanagan, Frank Heny and two anonymous referees who read a dyslexic and schizophrenic manuscript, providing me with criticisms that improved this final version considerably. The Welsh nationalist community in Aberstwyth and its Breton coun­ terpart in Quimper helped make the time I spent in Wales and Brittany productive. I am indebted to Thomas Davies, Partick Favreau, Lukian Kergoat, Sue Rhys, John Williams and Beatrice among others for sharing their knowledge of their languages with me. Catrin Davies and Martial Menard were especially patient and helpful. Without their assistance this work would have been infinitely poorer. I am hopeful that this book will help stimulate more interest in the Celtic languages and culture, and assist, even in a small way, those in Wales and Brittany who struggle to keep their language and culture strong.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2719-3
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  • 52
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    Verb Phrase Syntax: A Parametric Study of English and Spanish : A Parametric Study of English and Spanish (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400927179
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Germanic languages ; Romance languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1 The Principles-and-Parameters Model and the Verb Phrase -- 1.1. From the Generative Tradition to Principles-and-Parameters -- 1.2. V* Constructions -- 1.3. $$ \bar{X} $$-Theory -- 1.4. Predication -- 1.5. Subcategorization and Theta-Theory -- Notes -- 2 Auxiliary Verbs in $$ \bar{X} $$-Theory -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Arguments for VP with Auxiliaries as Specifiers -- 2.3. Auxiliaries as Heads of Full Phrases -- 2.4. Specifiers and Adjuncts of Layered VP -- 2.5. Clausal-Type Restrictions on Occurrences of Aspectuals -- 2.6. Summary and Conclusions -- Notes -- 3 Licensing of VP -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Predication and the Distribution of VP -- 3.3. Theta-marking of VP by INFL -- 3.4. Subcategorization Licensing and the Argumenthood of VP -- 3.5. Auxiliaries and Head-Head Agreement -- 3.6. The Verbal Case Hypothesis -- Appendix: Syntactic Aspect and the Distribution of VP and AP -- Notes -- 4 Proper Government of VP -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Tense-Government -- 4.3. INFL and Tense-Identification -- 4.4. Antecedentless Null VP (VP-Deletion) -- 4.5. Null VP and Auxiliary Clitics (Contraction) -- 4.6. Clitics and Proper Government -- 4.7. VP-Preposing -- Notes -- 5 Structure of VP in Spanish -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Spanish Aspectual and Copular Verbs -- 5.3. The Verbal Complex Hypothesis -- 5.4. Arguments for Standard Phrasal Structure for Auxiliaries -- 5.5. Summary and Discussion -- Notes -- 6 V0 Chains and Government of VP in Spanish -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Issues -- 6.3. Movement of Non-defective (Main) Verbs -- 6.4. V0 Movement of Haber + Participle -- 6.5. Movement of Estar and Ser -- 6.6. Temporal Role Assignment and Agreement in Declaratives -- Notes -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This study is concerned with the structure of verb phrases in English and Spanish, and with syntactic processes involving VP and Vo. A primary focus of attention is auxiliary verbs. It is argued that the structure dominating these verbs is essentially the same in English and Spanish, as is the structure dominating auxiliaries and 'main' verbs in each language. It must be concluded that the occurrence of distinct syntactic processes affecting auxiliaries and other VP constituents in the two languages does not follow from parametrization of phrase structure. It is argued that similarities between the two languages with respect to the composition of so-called "V*" constructions derive from the fact that VP is licensed under both clauses of the Principle of Full Interpretation, i. e. , predication and sub categorization. Distinct syntactic processes in English and Spanish are argued to follow from the fact that there are inflectional features related to each of these licensing conditions (including specification for [ ± PAST) and nominal person/number features) which affect government relations in distinct ways, resulting in parametrization of S-structure representa­ tions. xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my appreCiatIOn to the Department of Romance Languages at the University of Washington for support for preparation of the final manuscript, and to the Department of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese at the University of Virginia for a leave during which much of this research was accomplished.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2717-9
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  • 53
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    Properties, Types and Meaning : Volume II: Semantic Issues (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400927230
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (314p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 39
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 39
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Type-Shifting Rules and the Semantics of Interrogatives -- On the Semantic Content of the Notion of ‘Thematic Role’ -- Structured Meanings, Thematic Roles and Control -- On the Semantic Composition of English Generic Sentences -- Generically Speaking, or, Using Discourse Representation Theory to Interpret Generics -- Realism and Definiteness -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This collection of papers stems originally from a conference on Property Theory, Type Theory and Semantics held in Amherst on March 13-16 1986. The conference brought together logicians, philosophers, com­ puter scientists and linguists who had been working on these issues (of ten in isolation from one another). Our intent was to boost debate and exchange of ideas on these fundamental issues at a time of rapid change in semantics and cognitive science. The papers published in this work have evolved substantially since their original presentation at the conference. Given their scope, we thought it convenient to divide the work into two volumes. The first deals primarily with logical and philosophical foundations, the second with more empirical semantic issues. While there is a common set of issues tying the two volumes together, they are both self-contained and can be read independently of one another. Two of the papers in the present collection (van Benthem in volume 1 and Chierchia in volume II) were not actually read at the conference. They are nevertheless included here for their direct relevance to the topics of the volumes. Regrettably, some of the papers that were presented (Feferman, Klein, and Plotkin) could not be included in the present work due to timing problems. We nevertheless thank the authors for their contribu­ tion in terms of ideas and participation in the debate.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2723-0
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  • 54
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    Meaning and Inference in Medieval Philosophy : Studies in Memory of Jan Pinborg (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400928435
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 32
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics ; Logic ; Philosophy. ; Historical linguistics.
    Abstract: On Boethius’s Notion of Being: A Chapter of Boethian Semantics -- Logic in the Early Twelfth Century -- The Distinction Actus Exercitus/Actus Significatus in Medieval Semantics -- Denomination in Peter of Auvergne -- Concrete Accidental Terms: Late Thirteenth-Century Debates About Problems Relating to Such Terms as ‘Album’ -- Concrete Accidental Terms and the Fallacy of Figure of Speech -- The Logic of the Categorical: The Medieval Theory of Descent and Ascent -- Tu Scis Hoc Esse Omne Quod Est Hoc: Richard Kilvington and the Logic of Knowledge -- Logic and Trinitarian Theology: De Modo Predicandi ac Sylogizandi in Divinis -- A Seventeenth-Century Physician on God and Atoms: Sebastian Basso -- Index of Persons.
    Abstract: The studies that make up this book were written and brought together to honor the memory of Jan Pinborg. His unexpected death in 1982 at the age of forty-five shocked and saddened students of medieval philosophy everywhere and left them with a keen sense of disappoint­ ment. In his fifteen-year career Jan Pinborg had done so much for our field with his more than ninety books, editions, articles, and reviews and had done it all so well that we recognized him as a leader and counted on many more years of his scholarship, his help, and his friendship. To be missed so sorely by his international colleagues in an academic field is a mark of Jan's achievement, but only of one aspect of it, for historians of philosophy are not the only scholars who have reacted in this way to Jan's death. In his decade and a half of intense productivity he also acquired the same sort of special status among historians of linguistics, whose volume of essays in his memory is being G. L. Bursill-Hall almost simultane­ published under the editorship of ously with this one. Sten Ebbesen, Jan's student, colleague, and successor as Director of the Institute of Medieval Greek and Latin Philology at the University of Copenhagen, has earned the gratitude of all of us by memorializing Jan 1 in various biographical sketches, one of which is accompanied by a 2 complete bibliography of his publications.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2843-5
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  • 55
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    Configurationality in Hungarian (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937031
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (262p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Slavic languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Balto-Slavic linguistic unity.
    Abstract: 0. Introduction -- 1 Previous Analyses of Hungarian Phrase Structure -- 1.1. The ‘Free Word Order’, or Fully Non-configurational Approach -- 1.2. The ‘NP VP’, or Fully Configurational Approach -- 1.3. The Partially Non-configurational Approach -- 2 Hungarian Phrase Structure -- 2.1. The Invariant Positions of the Hungarian Sentence -- 2.2. Base Rules -- 2.3. Movement into F -- 2.4. Movement into T -- 2.5. Quantifier-Raising -- 2.6. Summary, Implications for Universal Grammar -- 3 Long Wh-movement, or the Traditional Problem of Sentence Intertwining -- 3.1. Long Wh-movement as a Test for Structural Configuration -- 3.2. Sentence Intertwining in Hungarian -- 3.3. Subject-Object Symmetry in Hungarian Long Operator Movement -- 3.4. Conclusion -- 4 Questions of Binding and Coreference -- 4.1. Binding in Hungarian -- 4.2. The Coreference of Pronouns -- 4.3. Weak Crossover -- 4.4. Conclusion -- 5 Infinitival Constructions -- 5.1. Infinitives with an AGR Marker -- 5.2. Subject Control Constructions -- 5.3. The Problem of Governed PRO -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Index of Names -- General Index.
    Abstract: The purpose of this book is to argue for the claim that Hungarian sentence structure consists of a non-configurational propositional component, preceded by configurationally determined operator positions. In the course of this, various descriptive issues of Hungarian syntax will be analyzed, and various theoretical questions concerning the existence and nature of non­ configurational languages will be addressed. The descriptive problems to be examined in Chapters 2 and 3 center around the word order of Hungarian sentences. Chapter 2 identifies an invariant structure in the apparently freely permutable Hungarian sentence, pointing out systematic correspondences between the structural position, interpre­ tation, and stressing and intonation of the different constituents. Chapter 3 analyzes the word order phenomenon traditionally called 'sentence inter- I twining' of complex sentences, and shows that the term, in fact, covers two different constructions (a structure resulting from operator movement, and a base generated pattern) with differences in constituent order, operator scope and V-object agreement. Chapter 4 deals interpretation, case assignment, with the coreference possibilities of reflexives, reciprocals, personal pro­ nouns, and lexical NPs. Finally, Chapter 5 assigns structures to the two major sentence types containing an infinitive. It analyzes infinitives with an AGR marker and a lexical subject, focusing on the problem of case assignment to the subject, as well as subject control constructions, accounting for their often paradoxical, simultaneously mono- and biclausal behaviour in respect to word order, operator scope, and V-object agreement.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3703-1
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  • 56
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    Tzotzil Clause Structure (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937413
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Indic philology ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Indians—Languages. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1: Grammatical Notes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basics -- 3. Major Lexical Classes -- 4. Minor Lexical Classes -- 5. Flagging -- 6. Word Order -- 7. Construction Survey -- 2: Theoretical Sketch -- 1. Arcs -- 2. Sponsor and Erase -- 3. Ancestral Relations -- 4. Pair Networks -- 5. Resolution of Overlapping Arcs -- 6. Coordinate Determination -- 7. Rules and Laws -- 8. Word Order -- 9. APG Versions of RG Laws -- 3: Inflection and Agreement -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Moods and Aspects -- 3. Cross-referencing Person -- 4. Cross-referencing Number -- 5. The Optionality of Number Agreement -- 6. Agreement and Covert Arguments -- 7. APG Account of Agreement -- 4: Passive Clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Syntax of Passive Clauses -- 3. Tzotzil Passive Rules (APG) -- 5: Reflexive Clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Reflexive Clauses -- 3. Reciprocal Coreference -- 4. Tzotzil Rules (APG) -- 6: Unaccusative Clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Reflexive Unaccusative Clauses -- 3. Plain Unaccusative Clauses -- 4. Verb Classification -- 5. Tzotzil Rules (APG) -- 7: Ditransitive Clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ditransitive Clauses -- 3. 3-to-2 Advancement -- 4. Non-Existence of Final Indirect Objects -- 5. Restrictions on Advancement -- 6. Ditransitive Perfect Passives -- 7. Tzotzil Rules (APG) -- 8. Conclusion -- 8: Possessor Ascension -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Possessor Ascension -- 3. Coreference Condition 1 -- 4. Restriction on Ascension Host -- 5. Tzotzil Possessor Ascension Rule -- 6. The Unique 3 Arc Constraint -- 7. Optional Cases of Possessor Ascension -- 8. Coreference Condition 2 -- 9. Possessor Ascension in Discourse -- 10. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules -- 11. Conclusion -- 9: Topic, Focus, and Copy Possessor Ascension -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Distinguishing Topic and Focus -- 3. Surface Constituency in Possessor Ascension Structures -- 4. Topic and Focus -- 5. Copy and Coreferential Pronouns -- 6. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules -- 10: Surrogate Agreement -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Possessor Ascension -- 3. Conjunct Union -- 4. Summary -- 5. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules -- 6. Conclusion -- 11: Clause Unions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Causative Clause Union -- 3. Abilitative Clause Union -- 4. Summary -- 5. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules -- 12: Quantification and Initial Absolutives -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Quantifiers -- 3. Prepredicate Quantifiers without Classifier -- 4. Prepredicate Quantifiers with Classifier -- 5. Postpredicate Quantifiers -- 6. Grammatical Relations versus Linear Order -- 7. Conclusion -- Conclusion -- Phonological Rules -- 1. Deletion of Stem-initial Glottal Stop -- 2. Deletion of Prevocalic A3 Prefix -- 3. Neutral Aspect Marker -- 4. Spirant Assimilation -- 5. Contraction -- 6. Geminate Reduction -- 7. Vowel Deletion -- References.
    Abstract: xv NOTES ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY AND CITATIONS xxi LIST OF ABBREVIA TIONS XXIIl CHAPTER 1: GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Basics 1 3. Major Lexical Classes 2 3. 1. V 3 3. 2. N 3 3. 3. A 5 3. 3. 1. Quantifiers 6 3. 3. 2. Existentials and Locatives 6 4. Minor Lexical Classes 7 4. 1. Clitics 7 4. 1. 1. Clause-proclitic 7 4. 1. 2. S-enclitic 8 4. 1. 3. V-enclitic 8 4. 1. 4. Clause-second 9 4. 2. Directionals 9 4. 3. Particles 11 5. Flagging 11 6. Word Order 12 7. Construction Survey 12 7. 1. Negation 12 13 7. 2. Questions 7. 3. Complement Clauses 14 16 7. 4. Motion cum Purpose 17 7. 5. Topics 7. 6. Prepredicate Position 18 19 Notes CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL SKETCH 20 20 1. Arcs vii Vlll T ABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 1. Sets of Grammatical Relations 22 1. 2. Stratum 24 Ergative and Absolutive 1. 3. 25 1. 4. 25 Formal Connections between Arcs 2. Sponsor and Erase 26 2. 1. Successors 26 2. 2. Replacers 28 2. 3. Self-Sponsor and Self-Erase 30 3. Ancestral Relations 31 4. Pair Networks 31 Resolution of Overlapping Arcs 32 5. 6. Coordinate Determination 33 7. Rules and Laws 35 8. Word Order 36 9. APG Versions of RG Laws 36 9. 1. Stratal Uniqueness Law 36 9. 2. Chomeur Law and Motivated Chomage Law 36 Relational Succession Law and Host Limitation Law 9. 3.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3741-3
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  • 57
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    Henry More. The Immortality of the Soul (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400936034
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (588p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idées / International Archives of the History of Ideas 122
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 122
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Language and languages—Style.
    Abstract: Text -- I. Epistle Dedicatory -- II. Preface -- III. Book I -- IV. Book II -- V. Book III -- VI. Contents -- Notes -- Commentary Notes -- Textual Notes.
    Abstract: The significance of Henry More's vitalist philosophy in the history of ideas has been realized relatively recently, as the bibliography will reveal. The general neglect of the Cambridge Platonist movement may be attributed to the common prejudice that its chief exponents, especially More, were obscure mystics who were neither coherent in their philosophical system nor attractive in their prose style. I hope that this modern edition of More's principal treatise will help to correct this unjust im­ pression and reveal the keenness and originality of More's intellect, which sought to demonstrate the relevance of classical philosophy in an age of empirical science. The wealth of learning -- ranging as it does from Greek antiquity to 17th­ century science and philosophy -- that informs More' s intellectual system of the universe should, in itself, be a recom­ mendation to students of the history of ideas. Though, for those in search of literary satisfaction, too, there is not wanting, in More's style, the humour, and grace, of a man whose erudition did not divorce him from a sympathetic understanding of human contradictions. As for More's elaborate speculations concerning the spirit world in the final book of this treatise, I think that we would indeed be justified in regarding their combination of classical mythology amd scientific naturalism as the literary and philosophical counterpart of the great celestial frescoes of the Baroque masters.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3603-4
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  • 58
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    The Theory of Lexical Phonology (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937192
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Phonology ; Oriental languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Phonology.
    Abstract: I: Introduction -- 1.1. The Issues -- 1.2. The Historical Perspective -- 1.3. The Spiral of Progress -- II: An Outline of the Theory: English Phonology -- 2.1. Lexical and Postlexical Rule Applications -- 2.2. Lexical Morphology -- 2.3. The Use of Morphological Information in Phonology -- 2.4. How Many Strata in English? -- 2.5. Rules, Domains, and Stratum Ordering -- 2.6. The Mental Representation of Lexical Entries -- III: Malayalam Phonology: Segmentals -- 3.1. The Lexical Alphabet -- 3.2. The Underlying Alphabet -- 3.3. Syllable Structure in Malayalam -- 3.4. Lexical Strata in Malayalam -- 3.5. Summary -- IV: Malayalam Phonology: Suprasegmentals -- 4.1. The Loop in Malayalam Morphology -- 4.2. Stress and Word Melody -- 4.3. The Domain of Stress and Word Melody -- 4.4. Schwa Insertion and Word Melody -- 4.5. An Ordering Paradox -- 4.6. The Effect of the Loop on Stress and Word Melody -- V: Accessing Morphological Information -- 5.1. Types of Nonphonological Information in Phonology -- 5.2. Boundaries -- 5.3. Domains as Node Labels on Trees -- 5.4. Hierarchical Structure in Morphology Notes -- VI: The Postlexical Module -- 6.1. Syntactic and Postsyntactic Modules -- 6.2. Speech as Implementation of Phonetic Representation -- 6.3. The Nature of Phonetic Representations -- 6.4. Language-Specific Implementational Phenomena -- 6.5. Types of Subsegmental Phenomena -- 6.6. Underlying and Lexical Alphabets -- 6.7. Phonological Structure and Phonetic Implementation -- 6.8. Phonetic Implementation and Classical Phonemics -- VII: Lexical Phonology and Psychological Reality -- 7.1. The Nature of Evidence in Phonology -- 7.2. Speaker Judgments -- 7.3. Phonemic Orthography -- 7.4. Conventions of Sound Patterning in Versification -- Conclusion -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3719-2
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  • 59
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    Mixed Categories : Nominalizations in Quechua (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400934030
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (326p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1: Introduction -- 1. Towards a Theory of Mixed Categories -- 2. Overview of the Structure of Quechua -- 2: Syntactic Categories and Their Projections -- 1. Nominalized Clauses versus Main Clauses -- 2. Nominalizations and the Syntactic Categories of Quechua -- 3. Transcategorial Constructions -- 4. Summary -- 3: Morphology and Syntax -- 1. Quechua Nominalizations and Their Morphology -- 2. Affixes versus Clitics -- 3. The Lexical Entry and Its Constitution -- 4. The Lexicon and Syntax -- 5. Summary -- 4: Case -- 1. Case as an X? Phenomenon -- 2. Types of Case Assignment -- 3. Structural Case Assignment -- 4. Case Marking in Prepositional Phrases, Adjectival Phrases and Noun Phrases -- 5. The Case Filter -- 6. Summary -- 5: Move Case -- 1. Extraction Facts in Quechua -- 2. Raising as Move CASE -- 3. Wh-movement as Move CASE -- 4. Move CASE and the Non-Configurational Properties of Quechua -- 5. Summary -- 6: Complementation Versus Relativization -- 1. The Structure of Relative Clauses -- 2. -q Relatives and Other -q Clauses -- 3. Non-Subject Relative Clauses -- 4. Free Relatives -- 5. Summary -- 7: Nominalized Clauses as Propositions -- 1. Clause Typology -- 2. Propositionality and AUX -- 3. Types of Tense in Quechua -- 4. Clauses without INFL: Restructuring Verbs -- 5. Predication and the Complements of Perception Verbs -- 6. Typology of Clauses Revisited -- 7. Summary -- 8: Module Interaction and Category Theory -- 8.1. Listing the Properties of Quechua -- 8.2. Relating these Properties to Each Other: Module Interaction -- General References -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3403-0
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  • 60
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    Parameter Setting (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937277
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: The Theory of Parameters and Syntactic Development -- Comments on Hyams -- Parameters and Learnability in Binding Theory -- Comments on Wexler and Manzini -- Deductive Parameters and the Growth of Empty Categories -- The Maturation of Syntax -- Comments on Borer and Wexler -- Parameter Setting and the Development of Pronouns and Reflexives -- Comments on Solan -- The Pro-Drop Parameter in Second Language Acquisition -- A Note on Phinney -- List of Contributors.
    Abstract: In May 1985 the University of Massachusetts held the first conference on the parameter setting model of grammar and acquisition. The conference was conceived in the belief that there is a new possibility of tightly connecting grammatical studies and language acquisition studies, and that this new possibility has grown out of the new generation of ideas about the relation of Universal Grammar to the grammar of particular languages. The papers in this volume are all concerned in one way or another with the 'parametric' model of grammar, and with its role in explaining the acquisition of language. Before summarizing the accompanying papers, I would like to sketch the intellectual background of these new ideas. It has long been the acknowledged goal of grammatical theorists to explicate the relation between the experience of the child and the knowledge of the adult. Somehow, the child selects a unique grammar (by assumption) compatible with a random partially unreliable sample of some language. In the earliest work in generative grammar, starting with Chomsky's Aspects, and extending to such works as Jackendoffs Lexicalist Syntax (1977), the model of this account was the formal evaluation metric, accompanied by a general rule writing system. The model of acquisition was the following: the child composed a grammar by writing rules in the rule writing system, under the constraint that the rules must be compatible with the data, and that the grammar must be the one most highly valued by the evaluation metric.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3727-7
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  • 61
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    Studies in the Acquisition of Anaphora : Applying the Constraints (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400933873
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: A Learn Ability Theory and Anaphora -- On the Nonconcrete Relation between Evidence and Acquired Language -- B Is the parser constrained? -- Parsing Efficiency, Binding, C-command and Learnability -- Some Evidence for and Against a “Proximity Strategy” in the Acquisition of Subject Control Sentences -- Evidence against a Minimal Distance Principal in First Language Acquisition of Anaphora -- C Do the Constraints Emerge under Variable Experience? -- Underlying Redundancy and Its Reduction in a Language Developed Without a Language Model: Constraints Imposed by Conventional Linguistic Input -- Coreference Relations in American Sign Language -- The Acquisition of Pronominal Anaphora in American Sign Language by Deaf Children -- Principles of Pronoun Anaphora in the Acquisition of Oral Language by the Hearing-Impaired -- D Do Constraints Emerge in Acquisition of a Second Language? -- Second Language Acquisition of Pronoun Anaphora: Resetting the Parameter -- E Evidencing Grammatical Competence: Methodological Issues -- Children’s Interpretation of Pronouns and Null NPs: An Alternative View -- What Children Know: Methods for the Study of First Language Acquisition -- List of Contributors -- Table of Contents for Volume I -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Today, one fundamental set of issues confronts both the linguistic theory of 'Universal Grammar' and the psychological study of human cognition. These issues concern the question of to what degree and how the human mind is "programmed," presumably biologically, to acquire the complex knowiedge of human language. As discussed in Volume I, anaphora has been critical to this study because, while a critical property of language knowledge, it is largely underdetermined by available evidence. While most previous research projects have generally addressed these issues through either linguistic analyses or psychological analyses of language data, and have concerned themselves with either the role of innateness or the role of experience in language knowledge, this volume, with its predecessor, attempts to combine these approaches; in fact to develop a research paradigm for their joint study. While Volume I emphasized study of the content and nature of the initial state, i. e. , of the language faculty, this second volume emphasizes study of the way in which experience does or does not interact with this language faculty to determine language acquisition. We argue in the introduction that the issues addressed in Volume II are appreciable, if not necessary, com­ plements to those addressed in Volume I. This is not only because a more comprehensive model of language acquisition requires so, but because valid definition of the content of 'the initial state' may require so.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3387-3
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  • 62
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    A Parameter-Setting Model of L2 Acquisition : Experimental Studies in Anaphora (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937475
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 L2 Acquisition: The Problems and Traditional Answers -- 1.2 Universal Grammar -- 1.3 Basis for an Alternative Theory of L2 Acquisition -- 1.4 Outline of the Book -- 2. Traditional Theories of L2 Acquisition -- 2.1 Theory of Contrastive Analysis (CA) -- 2.2 Theory of Creative Construction (CC) -- 2.3 Bases for an Explanatory Theory of L2 Acquisition -- 2.4 Preliminary Conclusions -- Notes to Chapter Two -- 3. Universal Grammar -- 3.1 Universal Grammar -- 3.2 Universal Grammar as a Theory of Grammar -- 3.3 Linguistic Focus of Book -- 3.4 Relevant Linguistic Concepts for Experimental Tests of Pronoun and Null Anaphors -- 3.5 Universal Grammar as a Theory of Language Acquisition -- 3.6 Overview: UG and L2 Acquisition -- 3.7 Summary -- Notes to Chapter Three -- 4. A Typological Comparison Of Japanese and Spanish -- 4.1 Word Order, Configurationality, and Head-Initial/Head-Final Parameter -- 4.2 Anaphora -- 4.3 Adjunct Adverbial Subordinate Clauses -- 4.4 Summary of Cross-Linguistic Facts -- Notes to Chapter Four -- 5. Rationale and Design -- 5.1 General Hypotheses to be Tested -- 5.2 Overview: Experimental Design -- 5.3 Experimental Design and Hypotheses -- 5.4 Basic Controls on Experimental Design -- Notes to Chapter Five -- 6 Methodology -- 6.1 Subjects (Ss) -- 6.2 General Procedures -- 6.3 Materials -- 6.4 ESL Proficiency Test: Standardized Levels -- 6.5 Specific Experimental Task Procedures -- 6.6 Procedures for Data Transcription -- 6.7 Procedures for Scoring of the Data -- 7. Results -- 7.1 Results for Experimental Controls -- 7.2 Amount Correct: Results for Production Tests -- 7.3 Error Analyses: Results for Production Tests 1 to 3 -- 7.4 Amount Correct: Results for Comprehension Test 4 -- 7.5 Coreference Judgements (CRJs) -- 7.6 General Summary and Conclusions -- Notes to Chapter Seven -- 8. Some Conclusions -- 8.1 General Summary -- 8.2 Similarities in L2 Acquisition for Spanish and Japanese Speakers -- 8.3 Dissimilarities in L2 Acquisition for Spanish and Japanese Speakers -- 8.4 Implications for an Alternative Theory of L2 Acquisition -- 8.5 Some Differences Between L1 and L2 Acquisition -- 8.6 Possible Alternative Explanations of the Data -- 8.7 Importance for a Theory of UG -- 8.8 Implications for Future Research -- Appendices -- Author Index.
    Abstract: Recent developments in linguistic theory have led to an important reorientation of research in related fields of linguistic inquiry as well as in linguistics itself. The developments I have in mind, viewed from the point of view of government-binding theory, have to do with the character­ ization of Universal Grammar (UG) as a set of subtheories, each with its set of central principles (perhaps just one principle central to each subtheory) and parameters (perhaps just one for each principle) according to which a principle can vary between an unmarked ('-') and a marked ('+') para­ metric value (Chomsky, 1985; 1986). For example, let us assume that there is an X-bar theory in explanation of those features of phrase structure irreducible to other subtheo­ ries of UG. Within X-bar theory variation among languages is then allowed only with respect to the position the head of a phrase occupies in rela t ion to its complemen ts such that the phrases of a language will be either right- or left-headed. Thus languages will vary between being right-headed in this respect (as in Japanese phrase structure) and being left-headed (as in English phrase structure). Everything else about the phrase structure of particular languages will be fixed within X-bar theory itself or else it will fallout from other subtheories of UG: Case theory; 0-theory, etc. (Chomsky, 1985:161-62; Chomsky, 1986:2-4; and references cited there). Hatters are the same in other modules of grammar.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3747-5
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  • 63
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    Generalized Quantifiers : Linguistic and Logical Approaches (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400933811
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 31
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 31
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Noun Phrases, Generalized Quantifiers and Anaphora -- Towards a Computational Semantics -- Preliminaries to the Treatment of Generalized Quantifiers in Situation Semantics -- There-Sentences and Generalized Quantifiers -- Unreducible n-ary Quantifiers in Natural Language -- Generalized Quantifiers and Plurals -- Natural Language and Generalized Quantifier Theory -- Collective Readings of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases -- Noun Phrase Interpretation in Montague Grammar, File Change Semantics, and Situation Semantics -- Branching Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language -- List of Contributors -- Bibliography for Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Some fifteen years ago, research on generalized quantifiers was con­ sidered to be a branch of mathematical logic, mainly carried out by mathematicians. Since then an increasing number of linguists and philosophers have become interested in exploring the relevance of general quantifiers for natural language as shown by the bibliography compiled for this volume. To a large extent, the new research has been inspired by Jon Barwise and Robin Cooper's path-breaking article "Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language" from 1981. A concrete sign of this development was the workshop on this topic at Lund University, May 9-11, 1985, which was organized by Robin Cooper, Elisabet Engdahl, and the present editor. All except two of the papers in this volume derive from that workshop. Jon Barwise's paper in the volume is different from the one he presented in connection with the workshop. Mats Rooth's contribution has been added because of its close relationship with the rest of the papers. The articles have been revised for publication here and the authors have commented on each other's contributions in order to integrate the collection. The organizers of the workshop gratefully acknowledge support from the Department of Linguistics, the Department of Philosophy and the Faculty of Humanities at Lund University, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (through the Wallenberg Foundation), the Swedish Institute, and the Letterstedt Foundation.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3381-1
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  • 64
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    A Contrastive Grammar of English and Dutch : Contrastieve grammatica Engels / Nederlands (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401749848
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 357 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general ; Indo-Iranian philology ; Linguistics ; Oriental languages.
    Abstract: One: A Concise English Grammar -- 1: Grammar and Contrastive Grammar -- 2: The Units of Grammatical Description -- Two: The Structures of English and Dutch Compared -- 3: Nouns, Noun Phrases and Pronouns -- 4: Verbs and Verb Phrases -- 5: Adjectives and Adjective Phrases Adverbs and Adverb Phrases Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases -- 6: The Sentence -- Appendix I List of Irregular Verbs in English -- II Inventory of Spelling Rules -- Select Bibliography.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-4984-8
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  • 65
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    Choctaw Verb Agreement and Universal Grammar (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400945302
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Indic philology ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Indians—Languages.
    Abstract: 1: Introduction -- 1. Choctaw verb agreement -- 2. Other problems in Choctaw -- 3. Results of the study -- 2: Two Classes of Intransitive Predicates -- 1. Properties of Choctaw subjects -- 2. The two classes of intransitives and the Unaccusative Hypothesis -- 3. Final 1hood of unaccusative subjects -- 4. The role of the Unaccusative Hypothesis -- 5. Summary -- 3: Dative Beneficiaries and Dative Possessors -- 1. Dative beneficiaries -- 2. Dative possessors -- 3. Summary -- 4: The Double Accusative Construction -- 1. The structure of the subject -- 2. The Antipassive structure -- 3. The configuration of the initial 2 -- 4. Possessor Ascension and the Antipassive structure -- 5. Conclusions -- 5: Dative Subjects -- 1. Characterization of the dative subject -- 2. Characterizing the object -- 3. The failure of an alternative analysis -- 4. Conclusion -- 6: Dative Direct Objects -- 1. The dative direct object -- 2. Accusative subject/dative direct object clauses -- 3. Inversion and 2–3 Retreat -- 4. Demotions in Universal Grammar -- 7: A Proposal for Verb Agreement -- 1. An account of Choctaw verb agreement -- 2. Disjunctive application of agreement rules -- 3. Summary -- Appendix: Switch-reference and disjunctive rule application -- 8: The Interaction of Agreement and Case -- 1. Transparency of agreement and case -- 2. Agreement as a lexical property -- 3. A proposal for agreement and case -- 4. Conclusion -- References.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4530-2
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  • 66
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    Studies in the Acquisition of Anaphora : Defining the Constraints (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400945487
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 373 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: A Theoretical Base -- Reflections on Anaphora -- Center and Periphery in the Grammar of Anaphora -- Fundamental Issues in the Theory of Binding -- B First Language Acquisition: Experimental Studies -- 1. Null (Bound) Anaphora -- How Children Acquire Bound Variables -- 2. Pronoun (Free) Anaphora -- The 3-D Study: Effects of Depth, Distance and Directionality on Children’s Acquisition of Anaphora -- 3. Distinguishing Bound and Free Anaphora -- A Comparison of Null and Pronoun Anaphora in First Language Acquisition -- 4. Control -- Syntactic and Lexical Constraints on the Acquisition of Control in Complement Sentences -- C Commentary -- Crossover Between Acquisition Research and Government and Binding Theory: Comments on the Paper by Tom Roeper -- Blocked Forwards Coreference: Theoretical Implications of the Acquisition Data -- List Of Contributors -- Table of Contents for Volume II -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book is addressed to a central area' of current linguistics and psycholinguistics: anaphora. It is a collection of independent studies by individuals who are currently working, on probleJ,IlS in this area. The book includes two independent volumes. The major focus of these volumes is a psycholinguistic problem: the first language acquisition of anaphora. The volumes are intended to provide a basic reference source for the study of this one central, critical area of language competence. They combine results from the interdisciplinary study this area has attracted in recent years. Each of the studies collected here is intended to be readable indepen­ dently of the others. Thus a theoretical linguist or psycholinguist may each use this book only in part. Two basic assumptions underlie this collection of studies. (1) Signifi­ cant psycholinguistic study of the problem of first language acquisition requires a basis in linguistic theory. We look to linguistic theory (a) for the formulation of testable hypotheses which are coherent with a general theoretical model of language competence, and which, by empirical confirmation or disconfirmation, will have consequences which can be integra~ed in a general theory of language and of mind. This is because we pursue explanation ~f the problem of firs~ language acquisition, not merely description. (b) We also look to linguistic theory for precision in the description of language stimuli and language behavior in empirical studies. This is in order to promote replicability and interpretability of empirical results: .
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4548-7
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  • 67
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    Tone in Lexical Phonology (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400945500
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Phonology ; African Languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Phonology.
    Abstract: one: Introduction -- 1. Lexical Phonology -- 2. Tiered Phonology -- 3. Tone and Lexical Phonology -- Two: The Relevance of Downstep for a Phonetic Component -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Some General Properties of Downstep -- 3. The Overall Model -- 4. Downstep in Tiv: Evidence for Floating L-tones -- 5. Downstep in Dschang: More Evidence for Floating Tones -- 6. Post-lexical vs. Phonetic Rules -- Notes -- Three: Morphological Encoding and the Association Conventions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Cycle -- 3. Association Conventions -- 4. Morphological Encoding — Alternative Approaches -- Four: Underspecification -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Default Rules -- 3. Yala Ikom Reduplication -- 4. Yoruba -- 5. Values for Default Rules -- 6. Constraints on Underspecification -- 7. Ordering of Default Rules -- 8. Referring to Free Skeletal Positions -- 9. Core Values vs. Autosegments -- 10. Conclusion -- Notes -- Five: Accent -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diacritics -- 3. Melodies -- 4. Tonga -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- Six: Rule Properties -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Prelinking -- 3. Extratonality: the Case of Margi -- 4. Polarity -- 5. Assignment of Rules to Components -- Notes -- References -- Index of Languages -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book is a revised version of my Ph.D. dissertation that was submitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1983. Although much of the analysis and argumentation of the dissertation has survived rewriting, the organization has been considerably changed. To Paul Kiparsky and Morris Halle, lowe a major debt. Not only has it been a great privilege to work on phonology with both of them, but it is hard to imagine what this piece of research would have looked like without them. (They, of course, may well imagine a number of appropriate ways in which the work could be different had I not been involved .... ) In addition, special thanks are due to Ken Hale, the third member of my thesis committee. Our discussions of a variety of topics (including tone) helped me to keep a broader outlook on language than might have otherwise been the result of concentrating on a thesis topic.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4550-0
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  • 68
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    Topics in Scandinavian Syntax (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400945722
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Scandinavian languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Germanic languages.
    Abstract: Swedish and the Head-Feature Convention -- Clause-Bounded Reflexives in Modern Icelandic -- The Typology of Anaphoric Dependencies: Icelandic (and Other) Reflexives -- Some Comments on Reflexivization in Icelandic -- On Anaphora and Predication in Norwegian -- The Double Object Construction in Danish -- Som and the Binding Theory -- COMP, INFL, and Germanic Word Order -- On Auxiliaries, AUX and VPs in Icelandic -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The present collection of papers grew out of a Workshop on Scandinavian Syntax and Theory of Grammar, held in Trondheim in 1982. Five of the contributions - those by Maling, Herslund, Cooper, Platzack and Thniinsson - are developments of papers read at this workshop, and all of the contributions reflect (and have partly inspired) the strong momentum which this area of research has gained over the last few years. It is our hope that the collection will be useful for those who want to familiarize themselves with this research, as well as for those actively engaged in it. We are grateful to the authors for their collaboration in getting the volume together, and to Frank Heny and the Reidel staff (Martin Scrivener, editor, in particular) for their help, encouragement and patience through the various phases of the production of this book. Very many thanks also to our anonymous referees, and to Elisabet Engdahl for help and advice. KIRST! KOCH CHRISTENSEN LARS HELLAN vii LARS HELLAN AND KIRSTI KOCH CHRISTENSEN INTRODUCTION O. INTRODUCTION A natural theoretical perspective for a language-family-oriented anthology like the present one is that of COMPARATIVE RESEARCH. This is not to say that the papers of this volume are all focused on comparative issues (in fact, most of them are not), but rather that the language family from which most of the data are drawn lends itself naturally to comparative studies.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4572-2
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  • 69
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    Italian Syntax : A Government-Binding Approach (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400945227
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (488p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Romance languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: I: Verb Classes -- I: Intransitive Verbs and Auxiliaries -- 2: The Syntax of Inversion -- 3: on Reconstruction and Other Matters -- II: Complex Predicates -- 4: Causative Constructions -- 5: Restructuring Constructions -- 6: Reflexives -- Closing Remarks -- Index of Names -- Analytical Index.
    Abstract: In the course of our everyday lives, we generally take our knowledge of language for granted. Occasionally, we may become aware of its great practical importance, but we rarely pay any attention to the formal properties that language has. Yet these properties are remarkably complex. So complex that the question immediately arises as to how we could know so much. The facts that will be considered in this book should serve well to illustrate this point. We will see for example that verbs like arrivare 'arrive' and others like telefonare 'telephone', which are superficially similar, actually differ in a large number of respects, some fairly well known, others not. Why should there be such differencces. we may ask. And why should it be that if a verb behaves like arrivare and unlike tetefonare in one respect. it will do so in all others consistently, and how could everyone know it? To take another case, Italian has two series of pronouns: stressed and unstressed. Thus, for example, alongside of reflexive se stesso 'himself which is the stressed form. one finds si which is unstressed but otherwise synonymous. Yet we will see that the differences between the two could not simply be stress versus lack of stress, as their behavior is radically different under a variety of syntactic conditions.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4522-7
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  • 70
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    Essays in Logical Semantics (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400945401
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 29
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Logic ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: I/Constraints on Denotations -- 1 / Determiners -- 2 / Quantifiers -- 3 / All Categories -- 4 / Conditionals -- 5 / Tense and Modality -- 6 / Natural Logic -- II/Dynamics of Interpretation -- 7 / Categorial Grammar -- 8 / Semantic Automata -- III/Methodology of Semantics -- 9 / Logical Semantics as an Empirical Science -- 10/ The Logic of Semantics -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Recent developments in the semantics of natural language seem to lead to a genuine synthesis of ideas from linguistics and logic, producing novel concepts and questions of interest to both parent disciplines. This book is a collection of essays on such new topics, which have arisen over the past few years. Taking a broad view, developments in formal semantics over the past decade can be seen as follows. At the beginning stands Montague's pioneering work, showing how a rigorous semantics can be given for complete fragments of natural language by creating a suitable fit between syntactic categories and semantic types. This very enterprise already dispelled entrenched prejudices concerning the separation of linguistics and logic. Having seen the light, however, there is no reason at all to stick to the letter of Montague's proposals, which are often debatable. Subsequently, then, many improvements have been made upon virtually every aspect of the enterprise. More sophisticated grammars have been inserted (lately, lexical-functional grammar and generalized phrase structure grammar), more sensitive model structures have been developed (lately, 'partial' rather than 'total' in their com­ position), and even the mechanism of interpretation itself may be fine-tuned more delicately, using various forms of 'representations' mediating between linguistic items and semantic reality. In addition to all these refinements of the semantic format, descriptive coverage has extended considerably.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4540-1
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  • 71
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    Language Acquisition and the Theory of Parameters (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400946385
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: 1. Linguistic Theory and Syntactic Development -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A Parameterized Theory of UG -- 3. An Overview -- 4. The Theory of Grammar -- Notes -- 2. The Null Subject Phenomenon -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Structure of INFL -- 3. Null Subjects and the Identity of AG -- 4. Summary -- Notes -- 3. The AG/PRO Parameter in Early Grammars -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Null Subjects in Early Language -- 3. The Early Grammar of English (G1) -- 4. The Restructuring of G1 -- 5. Summary -- Notes -- 4. Some Comparative Data -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Early Grammars of English and Italian: A Comparison -- 3. Early German -- Notes -- 5. Discontinuous Models of Linguistic Development -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Semantically-Based Child Grammars -- 3. Semantically-Based Grammars: Some Empirical Inadequacies -- Notes -- 6. Further Issues in Acquisition Theory -- 1. Summary -- 2. The Initial State -- 3. Instantaneous vs. Non-Instantaneous Acquisition 168 Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book is perhaps the most stunning available demonstration of the explanatory power of the parametric approach to linguistic theory. It is akin, not to a deductive proof, but to the discovery of a footprint in a far-off place which leaves an archeologist elated. The book is full of intricate reasoning, but the stunning aspect is that the reasoning moves between not only complex syntax and diverse languages, but it makes predictions about what two-year-old children will assume about the jumble of linguistic input that confronts them. Those predictions, Hyams shows, are supported by a discriminating analysis of acquisition data in English and Italian. Let us examine the linguistic context for a moment before we discuss her theory. The ultimate issue in linguistic theory is the explanation of how a child can acquire any human language. To capture this fact we must posit an innate mechanism which meets two opposite constraints: it must be broad enough to account for the diversity of human language, and narrow enough so that the child does not make irrelevant hypotheses about his own language, particularly ones from which there is no recovery. That is, a child must not posit a grammar which permits all of the sentences of a language as well as other sentences which are not in the language. In a word, the child must not create a language in which one cannot make adult discriminations between grammatical and ungrammatical.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4638-5
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  • 72
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    Constituent Questions : The Syntax and Semantics of Questions with Special Reference to Swedish (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400953239
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 348 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 27
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Scandinavian languages ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Germanic languages.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Theoretical and Methodological Issues -- 2. Unbounded Dependencies -- 3. Questions in Swedish -- 4. The Semantics of Questions -- 5. Extensions of the Present Study -- Notes -- II. Recent Approaches to Unbounded Dependencies -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Short Overview of Relevant Data from Swedish -- 2. Arguments for Transformations -- 3. Generalized Phrase-Structure Grammars -- 4. Cooper’s Proposal -- 5. Phrase Linking Grammars -- 6. Unbounded Dependencies in the Government-Binding Framework -- 7. Choosing a Framework -- Notes -- III. A Frame Work for Swedish -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Format of Rules -- 3. Quantification -- 4. Questions -- 5. Pronouns -- 6. Gaps -- 7. Constraining the Framework -- 8. Summary -- Notes -- IV. The Interprentaion of Questions -- 1. Some Previous Approaches to Questions -- 2. Quantifying Into Questions -- 3. Some Arguments Against Quantifying Into Questions -- 4. A Relational Approach to Interrogative Quantifiers -- 5. Interaction Between Interrogative Quantifiers and Other Quantifiers -- 6. The Internal Structure of Interrogative Constituents -- 7. Multiple WH Questions -- 8. Questions Involving Other Categories -- 9. An Alternative Approach -- 10. Conclusion -- Notes -- V. A Comparison with EST-GB -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Semantic Interpretation in Transformational Grammar -- 3. Characterizing wh-Movement -- 4. wh-Interpretation and Reconstruction at LF -- 5. Bound Anaphors in Moved Constituents -- 6. Higginbotham and May’s Theory of Questions -- Notes -- VI. Restricting the Interpretation of Pronouns -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Disjoint Reference and Non-Coreference -- 3. Cross-over -- Notes -- VII. Theorotical Postcript -- 1. Linked Trees -- 2. Storage -- 3. Relational Readings -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5323-9
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  • 73
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    Anaphora and Definite Descriptions : Two Applications of Game-Theoretical Semantics (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400954106
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 26
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Introduction to Game-Theoretical Semantics -- 1. General -- 2. Formal first-order languages -- 3. Equivalence with Tarski-type truth-definitions -- 4. Translation to higher-order languages -- 5. Partially ordered quantifiers -- 6. Subgames and functional interpretations -- 7. Extension to natural languages -- 8. Similarities and differences between formal and natural languages -- 9. Competing ordering principles -- 10. Atomic sentences -- 11. Further rules for natural languages -- 12. Explanatory strategies -- Notes to Part I -- II: Definite Descriptions -- 1. Russell on definite descriptions -- 2. Prima facie difficulties with Russell’s theory -- 3. Can we localize Russell’s theory? -- 4. Game-theoretical solution to the localization problem -- 5. Anaphoric “the” in formal languages -- 6. Applications -- 7. Epithetic and counterepithetic the-phrases -- 8. Vagaries of the alleged head-anaphor relation -- 9. The anaphoric use of definite descriptions as a semantical phenomenon -- 10. The quantifier-exclusion phenomenon in natural languages -- 11. Inductive choice sets -- 12. Other uses of “the” -- 13. The Russellian use -- 14. The generic use motivated -- 15. Conclusions from the “pragmatic deduction” -- Notes to Part II -- III: Towards a Semantical Theory of Pronominal Anaphora -- I: Different Approaches to Anaphora -- II: A Game-Theoretical Approach to Anaphora -- III: The Exclusion Principle -- IV: General Theoretical Issues -- V: GTS expalains Coreference Restrictions -- VI: Comparisons with Other Treatments -- Notes to Part III -- Name Index.
    Abstract: I n order to appreciate properly what we are doing in this book it is necessary to realize that our approach to linguistic theorizing differs from the prevailing views. Our approach can be described by indicating what distinguishes it from the methodological ideas current in theoretical linguistics, which I consider seriously misguided. Linguists typically construe their task in these days as that of making exceptionless generalizations from particular examples. This explanatory strategy is wrong in several different ways. It presupposes that we can have "intuitions" about particular examples, usually examples invented by the linguist himself or herself, reliable and sharp enough to serve as a basis of sharp generalizations. It also presupposes that we cannot have equally reliable direct access to general linguistic regularities. Both assumptions appear to me extremely dubious, and the first of them has in effect been challenged by linguists like Dwight Bol inger. There is also some evidence that the degree of unanimity among linguists is fairly low when it comes to less clear cases, even in connection with such relatively simple questions as grammaticality (acceptability). For this reason we have tried to rely more on quotations from contemporary fiction, newspapers and magazines than on linguists' and philosophers' ad hoc examples. I also find it strange that some of the same linguists as believe that we all possess innate ideas about general characteristics of humanly possible grammars assume that we can have access to them only via their particular consequences.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5410-6
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  • 74
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    The Semantic Variability of Absolute Constructions (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400952775
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (424p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Text and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 25
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: I. The Semantic Variability of Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 1. Introduction to Free Adjuncts and Absolutes in English -- 2. Traditional Thoughts on the Semantic Variability of Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 3. Plan of Discussion -- 4. Some Syntactic Conventions -- Footnotes -- II. Modality and the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts -- 1. The Semantic Bifurcation of Free Adjuncts in Modal Contexts -- 2. Explaining the Entailment Properties of Strong and Weak Adjuncts in Modal Contexts -- 3. A Semantic Correlate of the Distinction between Strong and Weak Adjuncts -- 4. Chapter Summary -- Footnotes -- III. Tense and the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts -- 1. Preliminaries -- 2. The Temporal Reference of Free Adjuncts -- 3. Frequency Adverbs and the Distinction between Strong and Weak Adjuncts -- 4. A Generalization Operator -- 5. Chapter Summary -- Footnotes -- IV. Aspect and the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts -- 1. The Perfect Tense and the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts -- 2. An Argument for Free Adjuncts as Main Tense Adverbs -- 3. The Progressive Aspect and the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts -- 4. Chapter Summary -- Footnotes -- V. The Formal Semantics of Absolutes -- 1. Modality and the Interpretation of Absolutes -- 2. Tense and the Interpretation of Absolutes -- 3. Absolutes as Main Tense Adverbs -- 4. Chapter Summary -- Footnotes -- VI. Inference and the Logical Role of Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 1. Summary of the Proposed Semantic Analysis of Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 2. The Role of Inference in the Interpretation of Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 3. On the Possibility of Deriving Absolute Constructions from Adverbial Subordinate Clauses -- 4. On the Possibility that the Logical Role of an Absolute Construction is Always Inferred -- 5. Theoretical Implications -- Footnotes -- Appendix - A Formal Fragment for Free Adjuncts and Absolutes -- 1. Intensional Logic -- 2. Syntax and Translation Rules for a Fragment of English -- 2.1. Syntax -- 2.2. Translation -- References -- Index of Names -- General Index.
    Abstract: The goal of this book is to investigate the semantics of absolute constructions in English; specifically, my object is to provide an explanation for the semantic variability of such constructions. As has been widely noted in traditional grammatical studies of English, free adjuncts and absolute phrases have the ability to playa number of specific logical roles in the sentences in which they appear; yet, paradoxically, they lack any overt indication of their logical connection to the clause which they modify. How, then, is the logical function of an absolute construction determined? In attempting to answer this question, one must inevitably address a number of more general issues: Is the meaning assigned to a linguistic expression necessarily determined by linguistic rules, or can the grammar of a language in some cases simply underdetermine the interpretation of expressions? Are the truthconditions of a sentence ever sensitive to the inferences of language users? If so, then is it possible to maintain the validity of any really substantive version of the Compositionality Principle? These are, of course, issues of great inherent interest to anyone concerned with the formal syntax and semantics of natural language, with the philosophy of language, or with language processing. The descriptive framework assumed throughout is the semantic theory developed by Richard Montague (1970a, 1970b, 1973) and his followers. (For a very thorough introduction to Montague semantics, the reader may refer to Dowty, Wall and Peters (1981 ).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5277-5
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  • 75
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    Adverbial Modification : Interval Semantics and Its Rivals (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400954144
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Adverbs and Events -- II / Adverbs of Space and Time -- III / Interval Semantics and Logical Words -- Appendix to Chapter III (1985) -- IV / Prepositions and Points of View -- V / Interval Semantics for Some Event Expressions -- VI / Adverbs of Causation -- VII / Adverbial Modification in Situation Semantics -- Bibliographical Index -- General Index.
    Abstract: Adverbial modification is probably one of the least understood areas of linguistics. The essays in this volume all address the problem of how to give an analysis of adverbial modifiers within truth-conditional semantics. Chapters I-VI provide analyses of particular modifiers within a possible­ worlds framework, and were written between 1974 and 1981. Original publication details of these chapters may be found on p. vi. Of these, all but Chapter I make essential use of the idea that the time reference involved in tensed sentences should be a time interval rather than a single instant. The final chapter (Chapter VII) was written especially for this volume and investigates the question of how the 'situation semantics' recently devised by Jon Barwise and John Perry, as a rival to possible-worlds semantics, might deal with adverbs. In addition I have included an appendix to Chapter III and an introduction which links all the chapters together.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5414-4
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  • 76
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    Poetics of the Elements in the Human Condition: The Sea : From Elemental Stirrings to Symbolic Inspiration, Language, and Life-Significance in Literary Interpretation and Theory (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401539609
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (532p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Phenomenology ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Style.
    Abstract: Inaugural Study -- The Aesthetics of Nature in the Human Condition -- I The Poetics of the Sea as an Element in the Human Condition: Literary Interpretation -- A. Resoundings of the Sea in the Elemental Twilight of the Human Soul -- Death or Life of the Spirit: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner — Thalassian Poetry in the Nineteenth Century -- The Waves of Life in Virginia Woolf’s The Waves -- On the Shores of Nothingness: Beckett’s Embers -- Ego Formation and the Land/Sea Metaphor in Conrad’s Secret Sharer -- Wordsworth: The Sea and Its Double -- El mistico significado del mar (en el lenguaje poetico) -- B. Man’s Elemental Response to the Vital Challenge at the Cross Section of Ancient Cultures -- Between Land and Sea: The End of the Southern Sung -- Hesiodic Fable and Weather Lore: Text and Context in Figurative Discourse -- The Response of Biblical Man to the Challenge of the Sea -- The Sea as Metaphor: An Aspect of the Modern Japanese Novel -- C. The Poetic Inspiration of the Sea in Literary Experience -- The Poetic and Elemental Language of the Sea -- The Sea as Medium for Artistic Experience -- Las dimensiones poéticas del mar y la idea del tiempo -- The Oneiric Valorization of the Sea: Instances of Poetic Sensibility and the „Non-Savoir“ -- Figuring the Elements: Trope and Image in Shakespeare -- D. The Watery Mirror of the Elemental -- Mirror Reflections: The Poetics of Water in French Baroque Poetry -- The St. Lawrence in the Poetry of Gatien Lapointe -- II The Elemental Thread in the Twilight of Consciousness; The Ciphering of Life-Significance in the Poiesis of Art — From Interpretation to Theory -- A. On the Brink -- On the Brink: The Artist and the Sea -- The Rapture of the Deep -- The Voices of Silence and Underwater Experience -- A Contrast Between the Sea and the Mountain: A Comparative Study of Occidental and Chinese Poetic Symbolism -- B. The Shorelines: Elemental Moves in the Twilight of Consciousness -- Literal/Littoral/Littorananima: The Figure on the Shore in the Works of James Joyce -- Already Not-Yet: Shoreline Fiction Metaphase -- Thalassic Regression: The Cipher of the Ocean in Gottfried Benn’s Poetry -- Derrida and Husserl on the Status of Retention -- Nonlogical Moves and Nature Metaphors -- C. Poetic Discourse: „Reality“ and the Retrieval of Life-Significance -- The Reading as Emotional Response: The Case of a Haiku -- Literature and the Ladder of Discourse -- The Sea in Faust and Goethe’s Verdict on His Hero -- III Creative Orchestration in the Poiesis of Life and in Fiction -- Preamble -- What Makes Philosophical Literature Philosophical? -- Kaelin on Philosophical Literature -- The Hermeneutics of Literary Impressionism: Interpretation and Reality in James, Conrad, and Ford -- Hermeneutics and History: A Response to Paul Armstrong -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-3960-9
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