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  • 2015-2019  (4,802)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (4,572)
  • Hoboken : Taylor and Francis
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Beyond the Gap : How Countries Can Afford the Infrastructure They Need while Protecting the Planet (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464813641
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (196 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Sustainable Infrastructure
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Beyond the Gap: How Countries Can Afford the Infrastructure They Need while Protecting the Planet aims to shift the debate regarding investment needs away from a simple focus on spending more and toward a focus on spending better on the right objectives, using relevant metrics. It does so by offering a careful and systematic approach to estimating the funding needs to close the service gaps in water and sanitation, transportation, electricity, irrigation, and flood protection. Exploring thousands of scenarios, this report finds that funding needs depend on the service goals and policy choices of low- and middle-income countries and could range anywhere from 2 percent to 8 percent of GDP per year by 2030.Beyond the Gap also identifies a policy mix that will enable countries to achieve key international goals-universal access to water, sanitation, and electricity; greater mobility; improved food security; better protection from floods; and eventual full decarbonization-while limiting spending on new infrastructure to 4.5 percent of GDP per year. Importantly, the exploration of thousands of scenarios shows that infrastructure investment paths compatible with full decarbonization in the second half of the century need not cost more than more-polluting alternatives. Investment needs remain at 2 percent to 8 percent of GDP even when only the decarbonized scenarios are examined. The actual amount depends on the quality and quantity of services targeted, the timing of investments, construction costs, and complementary policies.Finally, investing in infrastructure is not enough; maintaining it also matters. Improving services requires much more than capital expenditure. Ensuring a steady flow of resources for operations and maintenance is a necessary condition for success. Good maintenance also generates substantial savings by reducing the total life-cycle cost of transport and water and sanitation infrastructure by more than 50 percent
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1363-4
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rethinking Power Sector Reform in the Developing World (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464814433
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (356 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Sustainable Infrastructure
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: During the 1990s, a new p ...
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1442-6
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Subnational Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Assessment, 2019 : Ukraine, Iziaslavskyi Rayon (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) 2019 report is an assessment of the quality of the Ukrainian PFM system at the subnational level. More specifically, the PEFA assessment measures which processes and institutions contribute to the achievement of desirable budget outcomes, aggregate fiscal discipline, strategic allocation of resources, and efficient service delivery. A central government PEFA assessment and a subnational assessment at the oblast level were conducted in 2019. The main purpose of the 2019 PEFA assessment is to provide the government of Ukraine with an objective, up-to-date diagnostic of public financial management performance at the rayon level of subnational government based on the latest internationally recognized PEFA methodology. This assessment covers the Iziaslavskyi rayon administration which is composed of sixteen budgetary institutions
    DOI: 10.1596/35697
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Philippines Financial Sector Assessment Program : Capital Markets Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Capital Markets ; Capital Markets and Capital Flows ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Securities Markets Policy and Regulation
    Abstract: The Philippines corporate debt and equity markets will need to grow to provide alternative financing sources to support the strongly growing economy and emphasis on infrastructure spend. Capital markets deepening will be an essential pre-requisite for the country's continued economic development. Well-functioning capital markets ensure the optimal allocation and pricing of capital. This enables retail and wholesale pools of capital to be efficiently deployed in a manner that maximizes returns for such owners of capital against their risk profile. Furthermore, there are a number of technical and operational issues that can be addressed, that can significantly improve the enabling environment for and functioning of the capital markets. The result of these factors has been a lack of focus in policy development and implementation that has hampered capital market development. Key issues include: a lack of commitment to reform from key stakeholders that has impeded the development of markets and market infrastructure; an onerous tax environment that has deterred issuance and investment; a continuing need to improve investor confidence by strengthening the quality of supervision and enforcement for market intermediaries and market operators; cumbersome regulatory requirements and processes around issuance, particularly debt issuance; and outdated and inefficient trading and post-trading infrastructure, and governance concerns regarding market operators. In order to effect meaningful change, a capital markets champion is required. This champion should be cognizant of the relevance of capital markets to the country and possess the will and vision to drive legislative, regulatory, and tax reforms. In addition, a commitment to initiate a change in the ownership and governance of key exchanges and enforce policy against entrenched interests will provide considerable impetus for development
    DOI: 10.1596/36185
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Philippines Financial Sector Assessment Program : Capital Markets Regulation and Supervision (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Capital Markets ; Capital Markets and Capital Flows ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Securities Markets Policy and Regulation
    Abstract: The securities and exchange commission (SEC) is the main regulator of the capital market in the Philippines, but its resources are insufficient to adequately address its core functions, especially the supervision of capital market participants, and yet it has to address other legal responsibilities unrelated to capital markets. Other agencies also have capital market regulatory responsibilities, creating a fragmented regulatory framework that causes inconsistencies detrimental to the market and to investors' protection. The existence of regulatory arbitrage, supervisory overlaps, and enforcement gaps evidences the need for an active periodic procedure with other financial system regulators to coordinate supervision activities and review unregulated products, markets, market participants and activities. It should include information sharing and analysis of areas where there may be arbitrage, overlap, gaps, and risks to investor protection and market fairness, efficiency and transparency or other risks to the financial system. A clear and consistent risk-based approach for the SEC supervision of capital market intermediaries is needed. The bank secrecy legislation of Philippines impedes prompt access by the SEC to bank account information
    DOI: 10.1596/36183
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Philippines Financial Sector Assessment Program : Insurance Sector - Targeted Assessment of ICPS and Development Issues (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Insurance Regulation ; Risk Management
    Abstract: The insurance industry in Philippines is small but growing. Insurance penetration remains below that observed in many countries in the region and very low compared to countries with similar per capita incomes in other parts of the world. During the last five years, the Insurance Commission (IC) has made a significant effort to improve insurance regulation and supervision. The IC has considerable autonomy in practice but lacks operational supervisory independence. Improving the independence of the IC should be accompanied by measures to increase its formal accountability to the government. The assessment has identified areas for further development of IC's supervisory approach, like risk profiling, and stronger cooperation and coordination among supervisors. A key recommendation is that IC formulate a strategy with an implementation plan to advance its risk based and market conduct supervision. While consumer protection has improved in many respects, ongoing oversight of insurance intermediaries should be improved. IC should review its resources and organization to meet the demands of a more risk-based approach. IC's inspection methods, data collection, and reporting infrastructure (IT systems), analytical tools, and on-site inspection manuals require a major overhaul. The IC should carry out a comprehensive review of the current regulations and supervision processes and data reporting requirements with the view to reduce the regulatory burden on the industry. In conjunction with strengthening governance, transparency, and internal control requirements, own risk and solvency assessment (ORSA), and enterprise risk management (ERM) requirements should be developed and implemented on an individual entity and group basis. Enabling new product development and liberalizing tariffs should be considered as part of an IC growth strategy for the insurance sector
    DOI: 10.1596/36184
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fuel Subsidy Reform in Sudan : An Assessment of the Direct Welfare Impact on Households (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Energy ; Energy and Poverty Alleviation ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: This paper investigates the distributional direct welfare impact on households resulting from fuel subsidy removal. Note that this analysis focuses only on the direct distributional impact. A fuller understanding of the impact of fuel subsidies removal involves analyzing the indirect impact as well. Unfortunately, analysis of the distributional effect of fuel subsidies removal or fuel price increases is heavily constrained by the lack of appropriate data in Sudan. We do not have access to the relevant input-output table that describes the number of monetary transfers between sectors of the economy, making it impossible to simulate the indirect effect of fuel price increases on prices in other sectors. Therefore, the estimated impacts in this paper should be considered as the lower bound of the potential impact, as the overall impact will be higher when indirect impacts are factored. The paper is organized as follows. Section two examines the empirical evidence on the impact of fuel subsidy removal. Section three discusses the methodology and data used in this study. Section four presents an analysis of the welfare impact of fuel subsidies removal. Section 5, the conclusion, provides some suggestions on the way forward. The results from this work would inform policy dialogue with the Government of Sudan regarding the overall economic reforms that are being considered for stabilization of the economy
    DOI: 10.1596/36100
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Analysis of Household Surveys (Reissue Edition with a New Preface) : A Microeconometric Approach to Development Policy (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464813528
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (494 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Two decades after its original publication, The Analysis of Household Surveys is reissued with a new preface by its author, Sir Angus Deaton, recipient of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. This classic work remains relevant to anyone with a serious interest in using household survey data to shed light on policy issues.The book reviews the analysis of household survey data, including the construction of household surveys, the econometric tools useful for such analysis, and a range of problems in development policy for which this survey analysis can be applied.Chapter 1 describes the features of survey design that need to be understood in order to undertake appropriate analysis. Chapter 2 discusses the general econometric and statistical issues that arise when using survey data for estimation and inference. Chapter 3 covers the use of survey data to measure welfare, poverty, and distribution. Chapter 4 focuses on the use of household budget data to explore patterns of household demand. Chapter 5 discusses price reform, its effects on equity and efficiency, and how to measure them. Chapter 6 addresses the role of household consumption and saving in economic development. The book includes an appendix providing code and programs using STATA, which can serve as a template for users' own analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1331-3
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exports to Jobs : Boosting the Gains from Trade in South Asia (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464812491
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (206 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: South Asia Development Forum
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: South Asia has grown rapidly with significant reductions in poverty, but it has not been able to match the fast-growing working age population, leading to lingering concerns about jobless growth and poor job quality.Could export growth in South Asia result in better labor market outcomes? The answer is yes, according to our study, which rigorously estimates-using a new methodology-the potential impact from higher South Asian exports per worker on wages and employment over a 10-year period.Our study shows the positive side of trade. It finds that increasing exports per worker would result in higher wages-mainly for better-off groups, like more educated workers, males, and more-experienced workers-although less-skilled workers would see the largest reduction in informality.How can the benefits be spread more widely? Our study suggests that scaling up exports in labor-intensive industries could significantly lower informality for groups like rural and less-educated workers in the region. Also, increasing skills, and participation of women and young workers in the labor force could make an even bigger dent in informal employment. The region could achieve these gains by: (i) boosting and connecting exports to people (e.g., removing trade barriers and investment in infrastructure); (ii) eliminating distortions in production (e.g., by more efficient allocation of inputs); and (iii) protecting workers (e.g., by investing in education and skills)
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1248-4
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Africa's Pulse, No. 19, April 2019 : An Analysis of Issues Shaping Africa's Economic Future (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (143 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to have decelerated from 2.5 percent in 2017 to 2.3percent in 2018, below the rate of growth of population for a fourth consecutive year. Regional growth in2018 is below the pace projected in 2018 October issue of Africa's Pulse {0.4 percentage points lower). Thisslowdown was more pronounced in the first half of 2018 and it reflected weaker exports among the region'slarge oil exporters (Nigeria and Angola) due to dwindling oil production amid higher but volatile internationalprices for crude petroleum. A deeper contraction in Sudanese economic activity and a broad-based growthslowdown among non-resource-intensive countries also played a role.Sub-Saharan African countries with fragile context have made considerable efforts to find a way out offragility. Regional and sub-regional economic organizations are promoting economic cooperation andaddressing security and peace challenges that go beyond national borders.The special topic of this issue of Africa's Pulse argues that the digital economy can unlock new pathways forinclusive growth, innovation, job creation, service delivery and poverty reduction in Africa. The continent hasmade. great strides in mobile connectivity; however, it still lags the rest of the world in access to broadband.Only 27 percent of the population in the continent have access to internet, few citizens have digital IDs,businesses are slowly adopting digital technologies and only few governments are investing strategically indeveloping digital infrastructure, services, skills, and entrepreneurship
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1421-1
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  • 11
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    Online Resource
    Ensuring Quality to Gain Access to Global Markets : A Reform Toolkit (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (272 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Practice
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: In a modern world with rapidly growing international trade, countries compete less based on the availability of natural resources, geographical advantages, and lower labor costs and more on factors related to firms' ability to enter and compete in new markets. One such factor is the ability to demonstrate the quality and safety of goods and services expected by consumers and confirm compliance with international standards. To assure such compliance, a sound quality infrastructure (QI) ecosystem is essential. Jointly developed by the World Bank Group and the National Metrology Institute of Germany, this guide is designed to help development partners and governments analyze a country's quality infrastructure ecosystems and provide recommendations to design and implement reforms and enhance the capacity of their QI institutions
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1372-6
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Services for Trade Competitiveness : Country and Regional Assessments of Services Trade (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (264 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Recognizing that services affect the ability of countries and their firms to compete on international markets, the World Bank's Trade and Regional Integration Unit has developed an extensive work program to promote the performance of countries' domestic services sectors, including services trade. Services for Trade Competitiveness presents selected applications of new methodologies that were developed to assess the competitiveness of countries' services sectors, discern the types of barriers to services that exist in the regulatory environment, and identify the resulting policy implications. Its assessments are designed for a wide audience, including policy makers in developing countries and development practitioners in international organizations, policy-making institutions, and academia. The purpose of this book is to help policy makers in developing countries make informed policy choices to increase their chances of benefiting from the increasing prominence of services in international trade
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1406-8
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  • 13
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    Online Resource
    Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2019 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464813887
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2019 presents indicators that measure the laws, regulations and bureaucratic processes that affect farmers in 101 countries. The study covers eight thematic areas: supplying seed, registering fertilizer, securing water, registering machinery, sustaining livestock, protecting plant health, trading food and accessing finance. The report highlights global best performers and countries that made the most significant regulatory improvements in support of farmers
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1387-0
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rapport annuel 2019 de la Banque mondiale (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464814730
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank Annual Report
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: La Banque mondiale se compose de la Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le developpement (BIRD) et de l'Association internationale de developpement (IDA). La mission de l'institution est de mettre fin a l'extreme pauvrete et de promouvoir une prosperite partagee de maniere durable
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1472-3
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  • 15
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    Online Resource
    Subnational Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Assessment, 2019 : Ukraine, Khmelnytskyi Oblast (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: The Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) 2019 is an assessment of the quality of the Ukrainian PFM system at the subnational level of and monitors the results achieved through PFM reforms undertaken since the 2015 central government PEFA assessment. More specifically, the PEFA assessment measures which processes and institutions contribute to the achievement of desirable budget outcomes, aggregate fiscal discipline, strategic allocation of resources, and efficient service delivery. The main purpose of the 2019 PEFA assessment is to provide the government of Ukraine with an objective and up-to-date diagnostic of the public financial management performance at the oblast level of subnational government based on the latest internationally recognized PEFA methodology. This assessment covers the Khmelnytskyi oblast administration which consists of seventeen budgetary institution
    DOI: 10.1596/35696
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  • 16
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    Opportunities for Environmentally Healthy, Inclusive, and Resilient Growth in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Approximately 4.1 million people live in the three states of the Yucatan Peninsula: Quintana Roo, Yucatan, and Campeche. Some 30 municipalities are in a coastal territory of almost 2,000 linear kilometers, from the oil fields of the Gulf of Mexico to the world-renowned beaches of Cancun, just north of the second-largest barrier reef in the world. The peninsula's natural assets also include notable Mayan temples. With poverty far from eliminated, and with economic development opportunities beckoning in agriculture, manufacturing, and hydrocarbon development, the region is under growing risks from environmental hazards. Oil spills, hurricanes, coral bleaching, extreme flooding, and erosion have all been experienced in this region over the past decade. Based on preliminary identification of environmental priorities, Opportunities for Environmentally Healthy, Inclusive, and Resilient Growth in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula explores selected topics that aim to inform decision making in the region. A general context of integrated coastal zone management is used to explore issues, constraints, and potential solutions, and the role of geomorphology is examined with a view to identifying how shore management plans can contribute to improved coastal management. Economic studies find that the main environmental health risks in the peninsula result in more than 1,000 premature deaths every year and in more than 9.36 million days lost to illnesses. These risks generate substantial economic losses, representing 2.2-3.3 percent of gross regional income. Scenarios relating to the economic cost of extreme weather events generate similar levels of damages: 1.4-1.5 percent of GDP in 2020 and 1.6-2.3 percent of GDP in 2050. A social accounting matrix examines the social and environmental interconnectedness to the various parts of the economy, and an institutional analysis considers the mandates of existing institutions in the states, and of the contribution that regulatory measures may make to environmentally sustainable development without undermining economic growth prospects
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1357-3
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  • 17
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    The Demand Side of Jobs in Indonesia : Plant-level Analysis in the Medium and Large Manufacturing Industry (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This study is motivated by the lack of demand-side jobs study in Indonesia. Workers do not create jobs; they only fill job openings. However, most of the jobs studies in Indonesia are focused on the supply side of jobs (workers), including skills development, workers protection and unemployment insurance, as well as international migration. To gain insights into the job-creation side of the puzzle, this study proposes to explore the demand side of jobs (employers or firms). Specifically, it aims to contribute to the Indonesia Jobs Strategy by providing new (and perhaps the only) evidence on the demand side of jobs in Indonesia. This report is not exhaustive of all demand side of jobs. It is part of the bigger report on demand-side jobs, which will include the macroeconomic analysis (growth and productivity decomposition, projected sectoral employment growth, et cetera), HH enterprises (including those in the agriculture sector), and the emerging economic sectors such as the digital economy
    DOI: 10.1596/35922
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  • 18
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    Africa's Pulse, No. 18, October 2018 : An Analysis of Issues Shaping Africa's Economic Future (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (0 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Africa's Pulse is a biannual publication containing an analysis of the near-term macroeconomic outlook forthe region. Each issue also includes a section focusing upon a topic that represents a particular developmentchallenge for the continent. It is produced by the Office of the Chief Economist for the Africa Region of theWorld Bank.Recent data point to a weakening of economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2018, according to the newAfrica's Pulse, a bi-annual analysis of the state of African economies conducted by the World Bank. Thegrowth slowdown can be attributed to the lower than expected performance of the large countries in theregion (South Africa and Nigeria). The downswing reflects poorer performance in agriculture followingdroughts and lower performance of commodity sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1365-8
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  • 19
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    Electricity Access in Sub-Saharan Africa : Uptake, Reliability, and Complementary Factors for Economic Impact (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464813771
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (164 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Africa Development Forum
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Access to reliable electricity is a prerequisite for the economic transformation of African economies, especially in a digital age. Yet the electricity access rate in Sub-Saharan African countries is often substantially low, households and businesses with access often face unreliable service, and the cost of the service is often among the highest in the world. This situation imposes substantial constraints on economic activities, provision of public services, adoption of new technologies, and quality of life.Much of the focus on how best to provide reliable, affordable, and sustainable electricity service to all has been on mitigating supply-side constraints. However, demand-side constraints may be as important, if not more important. On the supply side, inadequate investments in maintenance result in high technical losses; most state-owned utilities operate at a loss; and power trade, which could significantly lower the cost of electricity, is underdeveloped. On the demand side, the uptake and willingness to pay are often low in many communities, and the consumption levels of those who are connected are limited. Increased uptake and use will encourage investment to improve service reliability and close the access gap. This report shows that the fundamental problem is poverty and lack of economic opportunities rather than power. The solution lies in understanding that the overarching reasons for the unrealized potential involve tightly intertwined technical, financial, political, and geographic factors. The ultimate goal is to enable households and business to gain access, to afford to use, and utilities to recover their cost and make profits. The report makes the case that policy makers need to adopt a more comprehensive and long-term approach to electrification in the region-one centered on the productive use of electricity at affordable rates. Such an approach includes increased public and private investment in infrastructure, expanded access to credit for new businesses, improved access to markets, and additional skills development to translate the potential of expanded and reliable electricity access into substantial economic impact. Enhancing the economic capabilities of communities is the best way to achieve faster and more sustainable development progress while addressing the broad challenges of affordability, low consumption, and financial viability of utilities, as well as ensuring equitable provision between urban and rural areas
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1361-0
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  • 20
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    A Resurgent East Asia : Navigating a Changing World (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464813719
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (194 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank East Asia and Pacific Regional Report
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: East Asia has been a para ...
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1333-7
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  • 21
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    Informe Anual 2019 del Banco Mundial (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464814754
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank Annual Report
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: El Banco Mundial esta formado por el Banco Internacional de Reconstruccion y Fomento (BIRF) y la Asociacion Internacional de Fomento (AIF). Su mision es poner fin a la pobreza extrema e impulsar la prosperidad compartida de manera sostenible
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1474-7
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    Global Economic Prospects, January 2019 : Darkening Skies (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464813863
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (270 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Economic Prospects
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: The outlook for the global economy has darkened. Global financing conditions have tightened, industrial production hasmoderated, trade tensions have intensified, and some large emerging market and developing economies have experiencedsignificant financial market stress. Faced with these headwinds, the recovery in emerging market and developingeconomies has lost momentum. Downside risks have become more acute and include the possibility of disorderly financialmarket movements and an escalation of trade disputes. Debt vulnerabilities in emerging market and developing economies,particularly low-income countries, have increased. More frequent severe weather events would raise the possibility of largeswings in international food prices, which could deepen poverty. In this difficult environment, it is of paramount importancefor emerging market and developing economies to rebuild policy buffers while laying a stronger foundation for futuregrowth by boosting human capital, promoting trade integration, and addressing the challenges associated with informality
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1343-6
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    En terrain minier : Mesures de diligence raisonnables pour garantir l'integrite des attributions de licences dans les industries extractives (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464812712
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (172 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Practice
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Les ressources naturelles sont susceptibles de renforcer la stabilite economique et politique d'un pays et de contribuer a la prosperite nationale et au developpement economique. Cependant, dans les pays dependant largement des ressources naturelles, une mauvaise gestion de ces secteurs peut souvent entrainer corruption, flux financiers illicites (FFI) et ainsi, pauvrete. Une transparence et responsabilisation de la gestion reglementaire de ces secteurs est donc un defi pour les pays riches en ressources. De mauvaises decisions concernant l'octroi de licences extractives peut ouvrir une boite de Pandore en multipliant les risques de corruption. Ce manuel fournit donc des methodes et solutions inspirees des bonnes pratiques pour ameliorer la transparence, la responsabilisation et l'integrite dans la procedure reglementaire d'octroi de licences, ainsi que la diligence raisonnable en matiere d'integrite. Ce Manuel adapte le concept de competence et d'honorabilite issu de la declaration de Bale au secteur extractif, et fournit des solutions pour effectuer des controles efficaces en matiere de (a) propriete effective (b) antecedents criminels et judiciaires (c) conflits d'interets, avec l'objectif d'integrer ces controles au processus reglementaire d'octroi de licences. Ce manuel met egalement en exergue les lacunes juridiques pouvant faciliter les risques de corruption et offre des solutions pour reduire ces risques. Les bonnes pratiques identifiees peuvent aider les pays a affecter des ressources limitees aux controles des antecedents necessitant un examen minutieux et rigoureux et a effectuer ces controles de la maniere la plus rentable possible. Elles aident egalement les pays a repondre aux exigences de l'ITIE relatives a la divulgation des beneficiaires effectifs et des personnes politiquement exposees (PPE). Ces strategies visant a limiter les possibilites de corruption dans le secteur extractif peuvent aider a reduire les flux financiers illicites (FFI) qui peuvent miner les ressources d'une economie et empecher un pays d'atteindre ses objectifs en matiere de developpement durable
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1424-2
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    Persistent Malnutrition in Ethnic Minority Communities of Vietnam : Issues and Options for Policy and Interventions (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (142 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Because malnutrition in early life significantly affects the physical and mental development of children, addressing malnutrition is fundamental to the development of Vietnam's human capital. Economic development of the nation depends on the strength, resilience, and intelligence of its workforce. Governments dedicate millions of dollars annually to health and education, recognizing that individual losses in productivity may run as high as 10 percent of lifetime earnings and that as much as 11 percent of GDP could be lost each year in Asia and Africa due to undernutrition.The ethnic minority groups living mainly in the northern midlands and in the mountainous and central highlands regions are consistently more undernourished than the Kinh majority. Despite decreases in stunting, the prevalence of stunting among ethnic minority children is still twice that in the Kinh ethnic group. There has been an overall decline in wasting of 1.7 percent between 2000 and 2011, although only the richest quintile showed a significant reduction (3.4 percent). These data, along with an overall decrease in the prevalence of wasting and stunting, indicate an increase in nutrition inequality between 2000 and 2011. Moreover, it is noteworthy that the ethnic minority groups constitute the majority of the undernourished populations in most of the 10 provinces with the highest rates of stunting among children under 5 years old.This analytical report describes the very high rates of malnutrition among ethnic minority populations in Vietnam. It assesses the determinants and causes, using a causal framework and systems analysis; reviews current commitments and policies directed at reducing disparities in malnutrition; examines implementation of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions, particularly those that require multisectoral coordination and collaboration; draws conclusions based on the analysis; and recommends how policies and programs can be strengthened to reduce inequities and fulfill the economic potential of all ethnic groups
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1432-7
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    All Hands On Deck : Reducing Stunting through Multisectoral Efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464813979
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (192 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Africa Development Forum
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: In Sub-Saharan Africa, th ...
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1396-2
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    Trade Integration as a Pathway to Development? (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464815171
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: After a period of rapid economic growth associated with high commodity prices, the Latin America andCaribbean region has again entered a phase of lackluster performance. Overall this slowdown seems moreself-inflicted than imported, and the outlook for the region is not encouraging either. A tepid exportresponse constrains the prospect of growing through external demand whereas limited fiscal space leaveslittle room to stimulate domestic demand. The outlook could deteriorate further if the internationalenvironment became less conducive.This report explores whether inward-looking development strategies could be one of the reasons for slowgrowth in Latin America and the Caribbean. Trade barriers are higher than in other developing regions, andwhile numerous preferential trade agreements have been signed, many of them are intra-regional. Thereport shows that South-North agreements are associated with increases in economic complexity andfaster economic growth than South-South agreements. It illustrates the point by assessing the economic,social, spatial and environmental impacts of two major: South-North agreements signed over the last year
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1516-4
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    PEFA, Public Financial Management, and Good Governance (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (166 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: This project, based on the Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) data set, researched how PEFA can be used to shape policy development in public financial management (PFM) and other major relevant policy areas such as anticorruption, revenue mobilization, political economy analysis, and fragile states.The report explores what shapes the PFM system in low- and middle-income countries by examining the relationship between political institutions and the quality of the PFM system. Although the report finds some evidence that multiple political parties in control of the legislature is associated with better PFM performance, the report finds the need to further refine and test the theories on the relationship between political institutions and PFM.The report addresses the question of the outcomes of PFM systems, distinguishing between fragile and nonfragile states. It finds that better PFM performance is associated with more reliable budgets in terms of expenditure composition in fragile states, but not aggregate budget credibility. Moreover, in contrast to existing studies, it finds no evidence that PFM quality matters for deficit and debt ratios, irrespective of whether a country is fragile or not.The report also explores the relationship between perceptions of corruption and PFM performance. It finds strong evidence of a relationship between better PFM performance and improvements in perceptions of corruption. It also finds that PFM reforms associated with better controls have a stronger relationship with improvements in perceptions of corruption compared to PFM reforms associated with more transparency.The last chapter looks at the relationship between PEFA indicators for revenue administration and domestic resource mobilization. It focuses on the credible use of penalties for noncompliance as a proxy for the type of political commitment required to improve tax performance. The analysisshows that countries that credibly enforce penalties for noncompliance collect more taxes on average
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1466-2
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    Going for Broke : Insolvency Tools to Support Cross-Border Asset Recovery in Corruption Cases (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464814396
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (146 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: StAR Initiative
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: The cost of official corruption is high: it degrades public trust, impedes economic development, and undermines the rule of law. Countries around the world are increasingly using asset recovery measures to pursue justice in official corruption cases and restore funds to public use. Successful application of bankruptcy or insolvency law can make or break a corruption case.Going for Broke: Insolvency Tools to Support Cross-Border Asset Recovery in Corruption Cases is intended as a guidebook for asset recovery practitioners for the use of bankruptcy proceedings in their work. It is offered as a complement to our prior texts: Public Wrongs, Private Actions and The Asset Recovery Handbook.Going for Broke offers practical advice to inform insolvency representatives, law enforcement officials, policy makers, and anyone entrusted with recovering their nations' stolen assets about the ways in which insolvency can be effectively be employed-either to complement an existingcivil or criminal asset recovery action or as a standalone procedure for recovery. It may also serve as a quick reference for other practitioners, including auditors, accountants, and others who deal with corruption and asset recovery
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1438-9
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    The Mobility of Displaced Syrians : An Economic and Social Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464814020
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (278 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: The war in Syria, now in its eighth year, continues to take its toll on the Syrian people. More than half of the population of Syria remains displaced; 5.6 million persons are registered as refugees outside of the country and another 6.2 million are displaced within Syria's borders. The internally displaced persons include 2 million school-age children; of these, less than half attend school. Another 739,000 Syrian children are out of school in the five neighborhood countries that host Syria's refugees. The loss of human capital is staggering, and it will create permanent hardships for generations of Syrians going forward.Despite the tragic prospects for renewed fighting in certain parts of the country, an overall reduction in armed conflict is possible going forward. However, international experience shows that the absence of fighting is rarely a singular trigger for the return of displaced people. Numerous other factors-including improved security and socioeconomic conditions in origin states, access to property and assets, the availability of key services, and restitution in home areas-play important roles in shaping the scale and composition of the returns. Overall, refugees have their own calculus of return that considers all of these factors and assesses available options.The Mobility of Displaced Syrians: An Economic and Social Analysis sheds light on the 'mobility calculus' of Syrian refugees. While dismissing any policies that imply wrongful practices involving forced repatriation, the study analyzes factors that may be considered by refugees in their own decisions to relocate. It provides a conceptual framework, supported by data and analysis, to facilitate an impartial conversation about refugees and their mobility choices. It also explores the diversified policy toolkit that the international community has available-and the most effective ways in which the toolkit can be adapted-to maximize the well-being of refugees, host countries, and the people in Syria
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1401-3
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    Is there a Learning Crisis in Punjab? : Initial Data Release from the SABER SD Survey (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Abstract: In 2018, the World Bank released World Development Report which showed that the world is facing a 'Learning Crisis'. Following up from that report, the Bank has launched the Human Capital Project to mobilize more resources, including for the improvement of learning outcomes. Subsequently, global leaders have been increasingly focused on solving this learning crisis and have renewed attention for Sustainable Development Goal 4: Quality Education. Pakistan is an early adopter of this Human Capital Project, and the new government is taking the lead to address the root causes of the learning crisis. This report aims to help the government with that agenda, by quantifying the extent of the learning crisis, and to highlight the main causes of the crisis. According the World Development Report, the 'Learning Crisis' consists of three main elements. The first is that access to schooling is still unequally distributed. While there have been huge efforts to expand schooling, there are still countries (including Pakistan) with millions of children out of school. Children living in regions with violence, children from poorer families and children with physical or mental disabilities are still often excluded. The second element is that even those who are in school are often not learning anything at all. In Malawi and Zambia, for instance, 89 percent of students could not read a single word by the end of Grade 2. In India, that figure is 85 percent. These numbers are important, as children who do not master basic literacy will probably never catch up with the curriculum. In other words, schooling is not necessarily the same as learning. The third element of the learning crisis is that the proximate causes of the learning crisis, low quality teaching, student school readiness, school leadership and school inputs, are not systematically addressed by actors in the system. One of the reasons behind this is that there is no systematic data collection on these factors
    DOI: 10.1596/35978
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    Inflation in Emerging and Developing Economies : Evolution, Drivers, and Policies (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464813764
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (486 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: This is the first comprehensive study in the context of EMDEs that covers, in one consistent framework, the evolution and global and domestic drivers of inflation, the role of expectations, exchange rate pass-through and policy implications. In addition, the report analyzes inflation and monetary policy related challenges in LICs. The report documents three major findings: In First, EMDE disinflation over the past four decades was to a significant degree a result of favorable external developments, pointing to the risk of rising EMDE inflation if global inflation were to increase. In particular, the decline in EMDE inflation has been supported by broad-based global disinflation amid rapid international trade and financial integration and the disruption caused by the global financial crisis. While domestic factors continue to be the main drivers of short-term movements in EMDE inflation, the role of global factors has risen by one-half between the 1970s and the 2000s. On average, global shocks, especially oil price swings and global demand shocks have accounted for more than one-quarter of domestic inflation variatio--and more in countries with stronger global linkages and greater reliance on commodity imports. In LICs, global food and energy price shocks accounted for another 12 percent of core inflation variatio--half more than in advanced economies and one-fifth more than in non-LIC EMDEs. Second, inflation expectations continue to be less well-anchored in EMDEs than in advanced economies, although a move to inflation targeting and better fiscal frameworks has helped strengthen monetary policy credibility. Lower monetary policy credibility and exchange rate flexibility have also been associated with higher pass-through of exchange rate shocks into domestic inflation in the event of global shocks, which have accounted for half of EMDE exchange rate variation. Third, in part because of poorly anchored inflation expectations, the transmission of global commodity price shocks to domestic LIC inflation (combined with unintended consequences of other government policies) can have material implications for poverty: the global food price spikes in 2010-11 tipped roughly 8 million people into poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1375-7
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    Which Way to Livable and Productive Cities? : A Road Map for Sub-Saharan Africa (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: For African cities to grow economically as they have grown in size, they must create productive environments to attract investments, increase economic efficiency, and create livable environments that prevent urban costs from rising with increased population densification. What are the central obstacles that prevent African cities and towns from becoming sustainable engines of economic growth and prosperity? Among the most critical factors that limit the growth and livability of urban areas are land markets, investments in public infrastructure and assets, and the institutions to enable both. To unleash the potential of African cities and towns for delivering services and employment in a livable and environmentally friendly environment, a sequenced approach is needed to reform institutions and policies and to target infrastructure investments. This book lays out three foundations that need fixing to guide cities and towns throughout Sub-Saharan Africa on their way to productivity and livability
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1405-1
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    Effects of the Business Cycle on Social Indicators in Latin America and the Caribbean : When Dreams Meet Reality (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: After mediocre growth in 2018 of 0.7 percent. LAC is expected to perform only marginally better in 2019(growth of 0.9 percent) followed by a much more solid growth of 2.1 percent in 2020. LAC will face bothinternal and external challenges during 2019. On the domestic front. the recession in Argentina; a slowerthan expected recovery in Brazil from the 2014-2015 recession, anemic growth in Mexico. and thecontinued deterioration of Venezuela. present the biggest challenges. On the external front. the sharpdrop in net capital inflows to the region since early 2018 and the monetary policy normalization in theUnited States stand among the greatest perils. Furthermore, the recent increase in poverty in Brazilbecause of the recession points to the large effects that the business cycle may have on poverty. The coreof this report argues that social indicators that are very sensitive to the business cycle may yield a highlymisleading picture of permanent social gains in the region
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1413-6
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    Como afecta el ciclo economico a los indicadores sociales en America Latina y el Caribe? : Cuando los suenos enfrentan la realidad (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Luego de un pobre crecimiento de 0,7% en el afio 2018. la region de America Latina y el Caribe crecera auna tasa levemente mayor en el 2019 (0.9%) ya una tasa mucho mas solida en el 2020 (2.1%). La regiondebera hacer frente a desafios tanto internos como externos durante el 2019. En el frente interno. larecesion en Argentina. una recuperacion mas lenta de lo esperado en Brasil, la desaceleracion en Mexico. yla crisis en Venezuela son las principales preocupaciones. En el frente externo, la fuerte cafda en lasentradas netas de capital a la region desde principios del 2018 y la normalizacion de la polftica monetariaen los Estados Unidos representan las mayores amenazas. Ademas, el reciente aumento de la pobreza enBrasil como resultado de la recesion sugiere gue el ciclo economico puede tener importantes repercusionessobre la pobreza. Los capftulos centrales de este informe muestran gue el uso de indicadores sociales gueresponden mucho al ciclo economico pueden llevar a conclusiones erroneas en cuanto a las gananciassociales permanentes en la region
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1414-3
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    Reforms and External Imbalances : The Labor-Productivity Connection in the Middle East and North Africa (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Middle East and North Africa Economic Update
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: World Bank economists expect GDP growth in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) to continueat a modest pace of 1.5 percent in 2019, slightly down from 1.6 percent in 2018. The declme reflectsa contraction in one large economy, which more than offsets growth in other countries. In the mediumterm, the World Bank expects real GDP in the MENA to grow at 3.4 percent and 2.7 percent in 2020and 2021, respectively. The expected upswing is partially driven by ongoing policy reforms, as wellas reconstruction efforts in some countries. However, MENA's modest recovery will be insufficientto change its historically low growth in per capita GDP. External factors are unlikely to pull the regionout of its low-growth equilibrium. In addition, many countries in the region have persistent currentaccount deficits. A recent deterioration in external balances across MENA constrained the region'sability to finance these deficits. Although the region has a low risk of experiencing sudden reversalsin capital inflows in the short run, structural reforms capable of raising aggregate labor productivityare urgently needed to gradually reduce external imbalances. The report concludes by providingexamples of reforms in fiscal policies, trade-related policies, social protection and labor markets, andstate-owned enterprises (SOEs) in network industries
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1408-2
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    Global Economic Prospects, June 2019 : Heightened Tensions, Subdued Investment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464813993
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (270 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Economic Prospects
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Global growth appears to be stabilizing after a period of marked weakness, but it remains fragile. A modest recovery inemerging market and developing economies continues to be constrained by subdued investment, which is dampeningprospects and impeding progress toward achieving critical development goals. Downside risks to the outlook remainelevated, and policymakers continue to face major challenges to boost resilience and foster long-term growth. this issueincludes essays on the benefits and risks of government borrowing, recent investment weakness in emerging market anddeveloping economies, the pass-through of currency depreciations to inflation, and the evolution of growth in low-incomecountries
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1398-6
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    Playing to Strengths : A Policy Framework for Mainstreaming Northeast India (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (102 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: It is widely agreed that, over the past decade, accelerating infrastructure investments in India's North Eastern Region (NER) and neighboring countries, along with connectivity agreements with Bangladesh, hold immense promise for unlocking NER's economic potential. Other global trends, such as the growing incomes and consumer awareness in India and neighboring countries; a rising preference for fresh, healthy, safe, environmentally friendly, and socially responsible products; the growing role of services in manufacturing; and increasing demand for skilled resources are also very favorable for NER. Together, these developments can help NER showcase its strengths in agriculture and services, thereby developing value chains in these sectors, which will lead to sustainable, better-paying job opportunities for the people of NER. In this context, the World Bank, in consultation with stakeholders--government, private sector, and academia--analyzed two cross-cutting constraints that are encountered across all value chains and sectors in NER: connectivity and logistics, and product standards and quality infrastructure. To ground the policy in specific contexts, the team studied four sectors in depth: fruits and vegetables, spices, bamboo and related products, and medical tourism. Playing to Strengths lays out an initial policy framework for NER that integrates demand and supply and shows that, even with a low base in manufacturing, NER can leverage its strengths in agriculture and services to step up its growth. However, implementing this framework will require a different approach to doing business compared with the existing ecosystem and its associated value chains, which are mostly geared to local and/or price-conscious consumers. In capitalizing on its advantages, NER will not only accelerate its own development, but also will play an increasingly critical role in the government of India's "Act East" policy
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1505-8
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    Unleashing E-Commerce for South Asian Integration (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: This report is part of a broader work program on shaping a more positive narrative on regional integration in South Asia. It is a follow-up to a recent flagship report published by the South Asia Region of the World Bank, A Glass Half Full: The Promise of Regional Trade in South Asia. E-commerce is dramatically changing the way goods and services are transacted nationally, regionally, and globally. It facilitates international trade by reducing the cost of distance and remoteness and can be more inclusive of underrepresented groups such as women, small businesses, and rural entrepreneurs. Intraregional trade in South Asia is still below its potential, and the region lags behind other parts of the world in activating the potential benefits from e-commerce. Adopting a novel yet practical approach, this report explores how e-commerce can be boosted to deepen intraregional trade in South Asia. It examines the main transacting models in the digital space and the channels through which e-commerce helps reduce transactions costs for firms and consumers. It considers the regulations, as well as the regulatory gaps, affecting private sector participation in e-commerce, focusing on data privacy, consumer protection, delivery, cybersecurity, market-access regulations, and digital payments. Finally, the report presents recommendations for regulatory reforms that could enhance e-trade, especially in a regional context and as a possible platform for greater global engagement by South Asian firms. The scale of these recommendations ranges from the modest, such as allowing cross-border payments and streamlining the customs regime, to the more ambitious, such as allowing the operation of regional e-commerce platforms and liberalizing related cross-border logistics services
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1519-5
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    Learning Environments and Learning Achievement in the Russian Federation : How School Infrastructure and Climate Affect Student Success (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: This book presents the main findings of a study on school learning environments and student outcomes, which the World Bank conducted in 2019 in three regions of the Russian Federation. Using data collected through the OECD School User Survey and the pilot "Trends in Mathematics and Science Study"? (TIMSS), the book analyzes how a school's infrastructure and learning environment may affect the progress and success of students in math and science. It also delves into teaching practices, analyzing their impact on learning and highlighting the important nexus between learning environments and teaching methods. The book concludes by recommending areas in which focused attention by educational authorities could improve educational policy and help maintain high-quality learning environments. The book will be useful for educators, school principals, architects, and policy makers who are involved in school infrastructure projects and are interested in increasing their knowledge of school design planning
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1499-0
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    Thailand Economic Monitor, January 2019 : Inequality, Opportunity and Human Capital (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The outlook for the global economy has darkened amid elevated trade tensions. International trade and investment are moderating, trade tensions remain elevated, and financing conditions are tightening. Global growth is projected to moderate from a downwardly revised 3 percent in 2018 to 2.9 percent in 2019 and 2.8 percent in 2020-21, as economic slack dissipates, monetary policy tightens in advanced economies, and global trade gradually slows (World Bank Global Economic Prospects, January 2019). Despite external shocks to trade and tourism, growth of the Thai economy is estimated to have accelerated to 4.1 percent in 2018. The economy proved to be resilient in the face of strong global headwinds due to strengthening domestic demand stemming from an upswing in private consumption and private investment. Domestic consumption expanded by 5 percent in 2018Q3, posting the highest growth rate in 22 quarters in a low-inflation environment and record-low unemployment. In addition, private investment grew by 3.9 percent in the third quarter supported by increased spending on construction, machinery and equipment. Strong domestic demand offset partially adverse global factors-the China-US trade dispute-as well as domestic and idiosyncratic factors-such as the Phuket boat tragedy and the high-base effect of gold exports. The Thai economy also owed its resiliency to strong and stable macroeconomic fundamentals
    DOI: 10.1596/31240
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    Bhutan Development Report, January 2019 : A Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Bhutan has a strong track record of reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity, primarilysupported by the state, which has played a large role in the country's development accomplishments.Growth has been driven mainly by the public sector through hydropower development. Statedominance is also reflected in the existence of a large number of state-owned enterprises (SOEs).However, the dependence on hydropower has resulted in a weak private sector and also createdmacroeconomic vulnerabilities. The high import content of hydropower construction widened theexternal imbalance and increased indebtedness. In addition, tax collection at 14 percent of grossdomestic product (GDP) in 2017/18 is low by international standards. The government has taken important steps to develop the nascent private sector through investments in infrastructure and improvements in the investment climate. It has also invested heavily in education and health. Despite these laudable investments, available jobs remain vacant, while educated youthremain unemployed. While hydropower will remain dominant in the foreseeable future, Bhutan'sdemographic transition requires more concerted efforts to develop the private sector
    DOI: 10.1596/31236
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    Bulgaria Spending Review : Improving Efficiency and Effectiveness of Waste Management Spending (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: In 2016, the Government of Bulgaria (GoB) decided to initiate spending reviews (RS) to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its spending in the context of a moderate fiscal consolidation process. Although Bulgaria has one of the lowest overall spending in the European Union (EU), spending outcomes lag those of other EU member states. In the case of waste management, Bulgaria spends the most among comparable EU countries, but outcomes could be significantly improved. Still a large part (48 percent in 2016 ) of municipal solid waste generated is landfilled even though waste management infrastructure is under development. To help address these challenges the Ministry of Finance (MoF) requested analytical and advisory support from the World Bank. Such support was intended to identify spending pressures and potential efficiency and effectiveness gains in waste management. In contrast to most spending reviews, where saving targets are identified upfront and the primary objective is to find ways of reducing the budget, the primary objective of this review is to increase performance and use any savings derived from efficiency gains for additional priority spending on waste management. A secondary objective is for this SR to help increase the transparency of spending on waste management, as information on spending categories by activity and municipality has not been analyzed until now
    DOI: 10.1596/31244
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    Papua New Guinea Economic Update, January 2019 : Slower Growth, Better Prospects (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The PNG economy has become increasingly concentrated in petroleum-and-gas-related activities since 2014, raising its vulnerability to external shocks, including commodity-price shocks and natural disasters. In recent months, however, the authorities have taken decisive action to promote greater diversification of the economy. Ongoing reforms to strengthen the monetary and exchange rate policy and framework are expected to improve business confidence and increase private investment and growth in the non-resource economy. Measures include addressing the FX shortage, managing the liquidity effects of the use of FX to clear the FX orders backlog, working on greater exchange rate flexibility, considering options for strengthening the interest-rate transmission mechanism, and enhancing modeling capacity in the Bank of Papua New Guinea (BPNG). In this context, the government and the BPNG will need to ensure regular, transparent, and consistent communication with all stakeholders to minimize the risk of confusion and market disruption. Papua New Guinea's medium-term economic outlook is relatively sanguine, underpinned by further large-scale resource projects. Real GDP growth is forecast to rebound to about 5 percent in 2019, primarily driven by a return to full annual production in the extractive sector. In the years after, growth is estimated to ease to its current potential of 3-4 percent a year, until planned investments in LNG and mining projects kick inches Future large-scale investment in the resource sector appears likely, with plans to double LNG production and develop new gold, copper, and silver reserves. With increased FX inflows into the economy, the current pressure on the exchange rate may reverse, adversely affecting the competitiveness of the non-resource economy. To facilitate broad-based, inclusive, and sustainable development, the government will need to focus more on investing in human capital and strengthening the business environment to spur private sector development, as elaborated in the World Bank's Systematic Country Diagnostic and summarized in the special focus section of this report
    DOI: 10.1596/31245
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    Sri Lanka Development Update, February 2019 : Demographic Change in Sri Lanka (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Sri Lanka is facing a challenging macroeconomic landscape. The post-conflict high growth momentum has decelerated. A volatile global environment and structurally weak competitiveness continue to weaken growth and external sector performance. High interest costs mask limited fiscal improvement. While outlook remains stable conditional on political stability and reform implementation, the balance of risks is downward tilted. The country is vulnerable to global financial market conditions due to large refinancing requirements. Although some important reforms were carried out, the process has slowed down due to a challenging political environment
    DOI: 10.1596/31261
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    Economic Empowerment of Women through Resilient Agriculture Supply Chains : A Geospatial and Temporal Analysis in Southwestern Bangladesh (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: The purpose of this report is to present the findings from a study on the Economic Empowerment of Women through Resilient Agriculture Supply Chains: A Geospatial and temporal Analysis in Southwestern Bangladesh. Recognizing that a common weakness in transport corridors has been the lack of participation and limited benefits accruing to the communities through which a corridor passes, World Bank investments in transport infrastructure are increasingly complemented by activities that facilitate the competitiveness of micro and small enterprises and economic opportunities for women and other disadvantaged people and integrate gender-responsiveness into trade facilitation and logistics initiatives. This geospatial and temporal value chain analysis in southwestern Bangladesh adopts a five-step methodology which overlays economic and initial enterprise analysis along this transport corridor, analyzes human capital (with particular focus on women) and the labor force along transport corridors, considers risk management in the value chain analysis, evaluates the economic structure of a value chain, and restructures the opportunities and gaps in areas where agglomerated economic activities were identified. The report includes a total of four components: chapter one, Identification and characterization of agricultural products that are representative of women driven, small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs). Chapter two, a geographical diagnosis of the population's sociodemographic and infrastructure conditions, and identification of constraints and opportunities regarding women-driven SMEs. Chapter three, value chain analysis for three agriculture products (fisheries, floriculture, and dairy) selected from chapter one. Analyses are represented in two formats: a) diagrams, and b) visualizations of spatial distribution. Chapter four, economic agglomeration and barriers for women-driven SME participation
    DOI: 10.1596/31262
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    Burkina Faso : Joint Bank-Fund Debt Sustainability Analysis 2018 Update (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: This joint World Bank/IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) has been prepared in the context of the 2018 Article IV consultation and first review of the three-year program supported by the IMF's Extended Credit Facility (ECF). It is based on end-2017 debt data and the latest methodology underpinning the LIC DSF, which triggered an improvement in debt indicator thresholds. External risk of debt distress in Burkina Faso remains moderate. All external debt indicators remain below the relevant indicative thresholds under the baseline scenario. In line with the Staff Report, the baseline scenario is anchored on an overall fiscal deficit of 3 percent of GDP from 2019. In a customized scenario meant to illustrate fiscal and external risks, two thresholds are breached. The overall public debt does not breach the relevant benchmark in the baseline and Burkina Faso is assessed as having a moderate risk of public debt distress, as the external debt risk rating is moderate. Burkina Faso would need to: (i) maintain a sound macro-fiscal framework; (ii) implement structural reforms to diversify its export base; and (iii) limit non-concessional borrowing to prevent a deterioration of its debt sustainability outlook
    DOI: 10.1596/31300
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    Climate Auctions : A Market-Based Approach to National Climate Action (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: With the Paris Agreement and most of its detailed rulebook now finalized, countries and subnational actors face the challenge of translating climate targets and strategies into action and determining how to finance these actions. Through the Pilot Auction Facility for Methane and Climate Change Mitigation (PAF), the World Bank developed an innovative financial mechanism - climate auctions - which stimulates private investment in projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Climate auctions offer price guarantees to companies that can deliver eligible climate results in the future. These price guarantees are allocated through a transparent, efficient auctioning process, which maximizes the climate impact of scarce public funds. In the near-term, countries can utilize climate auctions to spur significant investments in low-carbon activities and mobilize finance at the scale and pace necessary to achieve their national climate targets, laying the groundwork for longer-term carbon pricing and greater climate ambition. This policy brief is intended to inform policymakers and public funders about why climate auctions are an effective tool for achieving climate outcomes, focusing on how policymakers can utilize auctions to accelerate NDC implementation and raise climate ambition. It also outlines how climate auctions work and where they are most effective. The policy brief was produced by staff of the World Bank with external contributions from the Rocky Mountain Institute
    DOI: 10.1596/31322
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    Making Farmland Work for Economic Development in Uzbekistan (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: What is produced on farmland is critical to the agriculture sector outcomes. If other objectives, such as farm incomes, jobs, water security, were considered as important as producing more of wheat and cotton in Uzbekistan, the farmland use structure will have looked differently. This report offers an example of more balanced allocation of farmland, which can increase agricultural production by 51 percent, employ 16 percent more people in primary agriculture, and save 11 percent water by 2030. All this can be achieved without undermining food security (for example, wheat supply) and development of textile industry. Outlooks are subject to uncertainty and the identified gains may not be necessarily realized. Yet, the benefits of more balanced farmland use are too large to be ignored for the future of agriculture development in Uzbekistan
    DOI: 10.1596/31355
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    Pakistan at 100 : Human Capital (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: This policy note was prepared in parallel to the report Pakistan at 100, Shaping the Future. The report Pakistan at 100 discusses options to accelerate and sustain growth in Pakistan so that the country becomes an upper middle-income country when it turns 100 years old in 2047. This policy note discusses Pakistan's greatest asset- its large population, requiring more and better investment to become a demographic dividend that supports growth for decades to come
    DOI: 10.1596/31414
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    Pakistan at 100 : Growth and Investment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: This policy note was prepared in parallel to the report Pakistan at 100, Shaping the Future. The report Pakistan at 100 discusses options to accelerate and sustain growth in Pakistan so that the country becomes an upper middle-income country when it turns 100 years old in 2047. This policy note discusses Pakistan achieving an advantageous environment for public and private investment by strengthening its business climate and reforming the financial sector
    DOI: 10.1596/31411
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    Pakistan at 100 : From Poverty to Equity (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: This policy note was prepared in parallel to the report Pakistan at 100 - Shaping the Future. The report Pakistan at 100 discusses options to accelerate and sustain growth in Pakistan so that the country becomes an upper middle-income country when it turns 100 years old in 2047. This policy note discusses inequality of opportunities women face in Pakistan. Excluding women from the labor force means that a large share of Pakistan's greatest asset, its population, is being wasted
    DOI: 10.1596/31409
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    Microfinance and Household Welfare : Cambodia Policy Note (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Cambodia's openness to trade and financial flows has fueled one of the fastest credit growth episodes in Asia.A remarkable expansion in formal microfinance lenders contributed to increased access to credit. Since the promulgation of the National Strategy for Microfinance in 2007, Cambodia's microfinance sector has expanded rapidly, with both assets and credit growing at annualized rates of over 40 percent. While access to credit has helped ease financial constraints for households, one key concern is how the cost of credit and increased exposure to risk might affect household welfare. At the household level, low financial literacy could result in poor borrowing decisions and heighten risks. There are concerns that households may be over-borrowing and increasing their exposure to risks, as there are signs that the market is already highly saturated, given estimated absorption capacity at this level of development. This policy note assesses the impact of access to credit on household welfare in Cambodia and providesevidence on the drivers of the cost of credit in the microfinances sector. To fill the existing knowledge gaps, this policy note uses the latest available data from official sources to provide evidence on (i) the impact of microcredit on household welfare, (ii) profitability and cost of credit in the microfinance sector, and (iii) the effects of the interest rate cap in the sector. This note ultimately presents a series of policy options aimed at facilitating affordability and reducing the cost of credit, while maintaining sector profitability and minimizing risks (both for households and the financial system). The policy options have been developed in consultation with sector stakeholders
    DOI: 10.1596/31418
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    Armenia Country Economic Update, Winter 2019 : A Strong Mandate for Change Amid a Global Slowdown (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Following an initial spike in early 2018, Armenia's economic performance slowed during the rest of the year, but still estimated to have above 5 percent growth for the year. Inflationary pressures remained low, while the external balances deteriorated. The overperformance of the fiscal accounts reflected strong revenue collection, sound control over current spending, and underperformance of capital expenditure. The outlook, however, is more conservative
    DOI: 10.1596/31422
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    Examining the Experts : A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Expert Witnesses in Court Systems of the Western Balkans (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Keywords: Gerichtsbarkeit ; Rechtsprechung ; Experten ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Südosteuropa ; Serbien ; Montenegro ; Nordmazedonien ; Bosnien-Herzegowina
    Abstract: This Report examines if and how expert witnesses impact the integrity, impartiality and efficiency of adjudication in four countries-Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The report is part of a broader World Bank initiative to raise awareness of reform opportunities and inform policy dialogue on efficiency of justice, quality of justice and access to justice across countries in the Western Balkans, with a view to improving the performance of their justice systems. The Report provides an objective review of the performance of the justice system in the selected countries and recent achievements and opportunities for reform vis a vis the role of expert witnesses in trials. Recognizing the formative role that expert witnesses play in the trial process, the report provides recommendations on how to leverage and improve the role of expert witnesses in trials with a view to enhancing the overall quality, efficiency and performance of the justice system
    DOI: 10.1596/31426
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    Country Partnership Framework for the Republic of Armenia for the Period FY19-FY23 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: The country partnership framework (CPF) for FY19-FY23 outlines a program of support to the Government of Armenia's vision for a just, inclusive, and citizen-centric Armenia. The World Bank Group (WBG) strategy will capitalize on the new momentum for deeper reforms and commitment to good governance brought about by recent political changes in Armenia to support a rebalancing of the economy toward a new growth model. The CPF presents to focus on: (i) boosting export enablers and firm competitiveness; (ii) enhancing human capital and equity; and (iii) sustainably managing environmental and natural resources. The CPF will seek opportunities under each focus area to incorporate key elements of good governance and inclusion: public accountability and transparency, citizen engagement, gender equity, spatial equity, and digital connectivity. The CPF focus areas were informed by extensive stakeholder consultations with the government, development partners, the private sector, and civil society; by the development challenges and opportunities highlighted in the government program and the WBG's systematic country diagnostic (SCD) for Armenia
    DOI: 10.1596/31444
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    Nutrition-Sensitive Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: This document summarizes evidence and guidance on project design and results framework indicators for nutrition-sensitive water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) operations and WASH components of other sector and subsector projects. The current body of evidence on the links between WASH and nutrition provides important clues as to what nutrition sensitive enhancements are needed to achieve greater impacts on early child nutrition and human capital. Six principles are outlined that aim to address some of the limitations that are found with conventional WASH interventions. A set of results framework indicators are proposed to support nutrition-sensitive WASH monitoring and evaluation in water supply and sanitation lending operations and for WASH components of projects in other sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/31429
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    Bangladesh Tertiary Education Sector Review : Skills and Innovation for Growth (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Education Sector Review
    Abstract: Bangladesh is recognized ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31526
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    Children Learning to Code : Essential for 21st Century Human Capital (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: This book explores the premise that coding is an essential 21st century skill required for all. Learning of coding does not merely mean learn the syntax, grammar and usage of a specific computer language like Python or Ruby, but the deeper concept of computational thinking. It is possible to learn aspects of computational thinking without learning coding, but coding is essential to acquire a sound understanding and knowledge of computational thinking. The book is intended to be helpful to policy makers at the Federal and Regional level who are concerned about the need for the Russian Education system to be responsive to the demands that will be faced by children growing up today into a networked, connected world of ever-increasing digitization and online and offline collaboration. The book will also be helpful to teachers and parents and other adults who are interested in understanding more about the subject of preparing children for the 21st century from both theoretical and practical perspectives. It is also useful to explain what this book is not, even though it refers to a substantive body of rich and growing academic work on the subject, it is not intended to be an academic work that would contribute new knowledge. Most of this academic work does not appear in headlines or social media feeds of non-specialists, but quite a bit of the work is very interesting and relevant. This book has tried to translate some of this knowledge in understandable terms to policy makers and practitioners, without oversimplifying complex realities. An extensive set of references including website urls will allow the interested reader to delve deeper into any of the topics
    DOI: 10.1596/31528
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    Environment and Renewable Natural Resources in Angola : Opportunities to Diversify the National Economy, Generate Income for Local Communities, Enhance Environmental Management Capacity and Build Resilience to Climate Change (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: This report presents the economic potential of renewable natural resources (forests, wildlife and fisheries), and identifies opportunities for enhancing the sectors' contribution to both the national and local economies in Angola (Section two). Given the strong focus of the ongoing CPF on economic diversification, the report focuses on these selected sectors whose sustainable use offers opportunities for diversifying the economy, creating jobs and improving local livelihoods. In light of the implementation of the World Bank's new Environmental and Social Framework (ESF), the report assesses the current national legislation and policy framework for assessing and mitigating potential environmental and social risks and impacts caused by investment projects and proposes opportunities which can support in strengthening the national capacity in order to facilitate project design and implementation following the World Bank's due diligence (Section three). The report then assesses the current policy and institutional framework for addressing climate change in Angola and proposes opportunities to support these (Section four). Finally, the report concludes by proposing opportunities for World Bank engagement in the sectors selected (forests, wildlife and fisheries), as well as in enhancing environmental management capacity and building resilience to climate change.A World Bank mission was organized to Angola in October 2018, and collected data relevant to the study and discussed with government officials, development partners, CSOs, and other relevant stakeholders the status, priorities, and potential opportunities for each of the sectors considered. This report uses data and information collected during the mission and shared by government institutions and other stakeholders, as well as data and literature that are publicly available
    DOI: 10.1596/31529
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    AFCW3 Economic Update, Spring 2019 : Digitizing Agriculture - Evidence from E-Voucher programs in Mali, Chad, Niger, and Guinea (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The agricultural sector i ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31576
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    Stubborn Gender Gaps in Paraguay's Labor Market (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This note analyzes household survey data and firm-level data to measure gender gaps in employmentoutcomes over the past 15 years and shed light on the degree to which economic growth has translated into more and better jobs for men and women, and the relative impact on each group. The analysis relies primarily on micro-level data from the annual Encuesta Permanente de Hogares for 2001 through 2016, the Encuesta Continua de Empleo for 2010-2014, the Censo Economico 2011, a census of firms, and the 2015-16 Encuesta de Empresas, a follow-up firm survey. Patterns in labor supply and its correlates will be examined using household-level data, and the analysis will consider how gender and other worker characteristics are related to labor market outcomes. In addition, this note explores the degree to which private sector labor demand and firm productivity differ by gender; this is done using firm-level data to examine the drivers of firm performance and employment growth. The remainder of this note is structured as follows. Section 2 examines recent socio-demographic trends that have affected the number of women entering the labor market in Paraguay. Section 3 looks at gender differentials in labor market outcomes relating to work status, sector of employment and earnings, inter alia. Section 4 considers the gender composition of labor demand by private sector firms, and section 5 concludes with a discussion of policy options for the future
    DOI: 10.1596/31508
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  • 62
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    Financial Safety Nets and Bank Resolution Frameworks in Southern Africa : Key Issues and Challenges (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This report provides an assessment of the current state of development of financial safety nets and bank resolution frameworks in eight countries in southern Africa (Botswana, Eswatini [formerly Swaziland], Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe). It has been prepared to inform ongoing and planned technical assistance projects in the southern Africa region and to provide a basis for engagement with the authorities in each of the countries covered by the study. This summary draws from more detailed material contained in a comprehensive study
    DOI: 10.1596/31511
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    Future of Food : Harnessing Digital Technologies to Improve Food System Outcomes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Digital technologies have significant potential to improve efficiency, equity, and environmental sustainability in the food system. A range of digital technologies are already leading to: better informed and engaged consumers and producers, smarter farms, and improved public services. Adoption of digital technologies varies significantly across countries, with lower current adoption rates in low-income countries. Increasing adoption will require addressing supply-side factors, such as rural network coverage and availability of digital applications, and demand-side factors, including skills and knowledge, trust, affordability, and complementary investments. While digital technologies have significant potential they also pose several risks that need to be addressed including: an overconcentration of service provider market power; lack of data privacy; exclusion; and cybersecurity breaches. These risks cut across all segments of the economy, including the food system. In addition, digital technologies should not be viewed as a panacea. Other investments are needed to address the multiple constraints farmers face and to realize the potential benefits of digital technologies
    DOI: 10.1596/31565
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    Leveraging Digital Financial Solutions to Promote Formal Business Participation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper explores economic informality and how it relates to digital financial inclusion. It focuses specifically on the potential role that digital financial services-including those accessed through mobile phones and the internet can play in encouraging businesses to formalize their operations. The data show wide variations in the extent of informality as well as the financial inclusion of informal business owners. The paper finds that digital financial services can make it easier for informal firms to register and operate as a formal business, while also creating synergies between individual reform efforts. For example, companies that use a digital payroll system can easily make pension contributions when online platforms are available. Digital financial transactions also make it easier for governments to enforce laws and regulations, including tax collection. However, there are several important caveats. It is not clear that formalizing small transactions is an effective way to increase tax collection. As the digital economy grows and countries seek to curb informality, policymakers should tailor their programs to the needs and realities of different groups of enterprises
    DOI: 10.1596/31654
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    Bridging Partner Lifecycle Earnings and Pension Gaps by Sharing NDC Accounts (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Sweden's gender pension gap is about 33 percent at retirement, reflecting the gender earnings gap - itself a reflection of a structural gender difference in low-pay jobs for women and men and career advancement opportunities. The individual nonfinancial defined contribution (NDC) account data examined show that the allocation of time to informal care work in the home versus formal market work is the main determinant of the gaps. A case is presented for sharing accounts as the default, making the cost of women's time in home care explicit and negotiable, reducing the minimum guarantee pension's role as an implicit tax-financed spousal subsidy. The paper also analyzes the likelihood of needing a guarantee and the effect of sharing under various circumstances
    DOI: 10.1596/31649
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  • 66
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    Harnessing a Young Nation's Demographic Dividends through a Universal NDC Pension Scheme : A Case Study of Tanzania (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: About one-half of Africa's population will remain below age 30 well past 2050,with relatively few aged 60 and older. Using Tanzania's projected demographics and presenteconomic point of departure, this paper demonstrates how the implicit '*double'*demographic dividend can be harnessed to create inclusive growth. A Swedish-style non financial defined contribution (NDC) system is launched where the government can borrow funds from the future through NDC '*consol'* bonds to transform individual savings into human and physical capital to promote inclusive economic growth. The consol bonds constitute a reserve to cover pensions of the retiring '*demographic bubble'* in the future as the dependency ratio gradually glides into demographic equilibrium. Minimum transfers tothe current elderly are also introduced with the phase-inches
    DOI: 10.1596/31651
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    The Greek Pension Reforms : Crises and NDC Attempts Awaiting Completion (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Greece's current pension system relies almost exclusively on the state and remains staunchly pay-as-you-go (PAYG) and defined benefit (DB). This paper offers a radical proposal for change: (i) a new multi-pillar notional and financial defined contribution (NDC and FDC) pension system for all generations first insured after 1993, with contribution rates for primary pensions reduced by 50 percent; and (ii) a transitional system for those first insured before 1993. The proposal's robustness is tested actuarially for the period up to 2060. Though financing the legacy cost would be challenging, the quantitative exercise indicates that a radical pension reform, especially if implemented as a part of an overall recovery package, could set the country on a more favorable growth trajectory
    DOI: 10.1596/31630
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  • 68
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    Setting Up a Communication Package for the Italian NDC (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: In the last 30 years the Italian pension system was repeatedly reformed and counter-reformed, increasing uncertainty about future pensions. A low level of financial literacy exacerbated this problem. In 2015, the Italian Social Security Institute (INPS) launched a project to allow all insured workers to have more precise information about their future benefits. This paper analyzes the results of a survey carried out to evaluate the project's performance. The findings are encouraging - around 80 percent of respondents rate the INPS service as at least '*very helpful.'* Even if 42 percent of the sample overestimates their future pension, 16 to 29 percent reveal a willingness to change their expectation on retirement income after receiving new information
    DOI: 10.1596/31633
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    Annuities in (N)DC Pension Schemes : Design, Heterogeneity, and Estimation Issues (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: This paper identifies and discusses four issues in creating annuities in (nonfinancial) defined contribution (NDC) schemes that are essential for systems' financial stability and fair inter or intragenerational redistribution. The first issue is the choice between incorporating the rate of return into the annuity or into the exogenous indexation. The second issue is in choosing a projection method for life expectancy that produces systematically unbiased estimates. The third issue is at what age the projection of life expectancy is to be fixed over the remaining lifetime of the annuity. The final issue is the prevalence of socioeconomic heterogeneity within the insurance pool
    DOI: 10.1596/31640
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    Mapping Poverty in Afghanistan : Technical Report (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Afghanistan has been in protracted conflict for almost four decades, with direct implications on progress towards development objectives. This context of recurring episodes of violence and insecurity, economic and political instability, and the consequent displacement of populations within and outside the nation's borders has important implications on the landscape of data and evidence available for the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of interventions and programs, and their timeliness and relevance. Afghans represent the world's largest and most protracted refugee population, with an estimated 3.5 million people currently living abroad as refugees for more than four decades. Given the large disparities in poverty incidence and high levels of inequality within Afghanistan, the knowledge of living standards at more disaggregated geographical levels of districts and nahias could help inform policy design and improve decision making at a sub-province level. Therefore, poverty mapping, which aims at estimating poverty incidence at levels lower than the household survey, was applied in Kabul and Herat provinces. This technical report describes the methodology and data used to produce the Kabul and Herat poverty maps and presents the resulting collection of poverty maps, the first of its kind for Afghanistan. The structure of the report is as follows. Section 2 outlines the poverty mapping methodology, specifically the small area estimation approach, applied in Afghanistan. Section 3 discusses the data sources and the various technical challenges faced with the datasets. Section 4 discusses the modeling phase, including model selection, model parameters, and assumptions. Section 5 presents the poverty maps at a district and nahia level, and section 6 concludes. The Annexes contains supporting data and analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/31719
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    What Does Social Inclusion Mean for a Resilient City? : A Policy Note on Urban Floods (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Cities today face an unprecedented risk of natural hazards compounded by serious governance challenges. How can cities ensure that in building resilience, they address the needs of those most at risk of being excluded? How can they develop strategies that simultaneously foster resilient infrastructure and social inclusion? This note focuses on urban floods--one of the most pervasive forms of disasters that strike cities--and illustrates who may be left behind, and how building city resilience and social inclusion can work together. It is intended to stimulate thought and debate, and to lead the way for a more in-depth analysis of the problems and solutions, and towards more effective and sustainable city resilience
    DOI: 10.1596/31693
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    Madagascar Economic Update, Spring 2019 : Managing Fuel Pricing (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Welcome to the Spring 2019 edition of the World Bank's Madagascar Economic Update, which presents recent economic developments and our medium-term outlook. The economy has continued to perform well, with growth in 2018 estimated at 5.2 percent, above regional and global averages. External demand for Malagasy goods and services remains strong, with exports such as cash crops, metals and business process outsourcing performing well. A small but dynamic private sector is responding to this increased economic activity with banking, logistics and services to support companies all under expansion. This edition of economic update focuses on managing fuel pricing
    DOI: 10.1596/31707
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    Timor-Leste Economic Report, April 2019 : Moving Beyond Uncertainty (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Timor-Leste Economic Report provides an up-to-date assessment of key economic developments, presents the World Bank's forecasts and outlook for Timor-Leste and provides an in-depth examination of selected policy issues relevant to Timor-Leste. The TLER is intended for a wide audience, including policymakers, business leaders, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Timor-Leste's evolving economy
    DOI: 10.1596/31706
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    Decision Maker's Guides for Solid Waste Management Technologies (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Urban Development Series Knowledge Papers
    Abstract: The Decision Maker's Guides for Solid Waste Management Technologies were created to help mayors and decision makers understand the various technologies and when they would be appropriate based on local circumstances. Mayors are often approached by different solid waste management technology vendors and these guides aim to provide objective guidance and critical considerations. They offer insights into implementing environmentally sound treatment and disposal solutions. The guides include: (i) A basic description of what each technology is and how it works; (ii) Key considerations when thinking about pursuing a specific technology; (iii) Financial implications and suggestions for reducing and recovering costs; (iv) Examples of where the technology has succeeded and failed; and (v) Questions to ask the solid waste vendor to assess appropriateness of the technology and vendor for the local context
    DOI: 10.1596/31694
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    Information and Financial Literacy for Socially Sustainable NDC Pension Schemes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: This paper is centered on the complementary roles played by pension communication/information and financial literacy for a sustainable and equitable nonfinancial defined contribution (NDC) system at both the micro and macro socioeconomic level. The paper presents new evidence on: (i) the concern of public opinion about pensions in five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom), as approximated by Google Trends data; (ii) the relationship between measures of online search volume and coverage by traditional media (i.e., national newspapers); and (iii) the volume and framing of newspaper coverage for a specific reform (i.e., the 2011 Italian reform). On the demand (users) side, the paper considers pension literacy as an element to increase the effectiveness of reforms
    DOI: 10.1596/31703
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    Administrative Requirements and Prospects for Universal NDCs in Emerging Economies (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Many public policies are impossible to implement without adequate administrative systems in place. This is true for modern pension schemes and in particular, notional defined contribution (NDC) schemes. Today these systems must be digital yet most pension systems predate computerization and must find a way to bridge past and present. The shift from defined benefit (DB) to NDC brings particular challenges in recordkeeping. This paper briefly reviews the administrative requirements of NDCs and offers a simple checklist for countries considering this type of reform. The last section describes a universal NDC scheme that harnesses the modern digital infrastructure that may allow developing countries to overcome the limitations of traditional contributory systems and their reliance on payroll taxes
    DOI: 10.1596/31704
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    Address Presenting the Sixth Annual Report (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene R. Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about the substantial growth of Bank activities, totaling 21 loans extended to 11 different countries in fiscal year 1951. Technical assistance for preparation and execution of loan projects is increasingly significant to Bank lending operations. He reported on completion of economic survey missions to Turkey, Guatemala, Cuba, and Uruguay and progress with five others. He noted that the Bank broadened its base in the private capital markets which provide the bulk of the loan funds, including public offerings of bonds in the United Kingdom and Switzerland. The Bank expects to issue bonds in the American market more regularly. He warned against overlending to countries that are not ready to put the capital to work. He reacted to proposals for an international finance corporation to stimulate private enterprise and to make equity investments. He reiterated the fundamental principles of development. He concluded by saying that the Bank's objective is to protect and enlarge the freedom of the individual, and that is surely worth all the energy the Bank can devote to its achievement
    DOI: 10.1596/31733
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    Address before the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene R. Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about the fifth annual report and a supplemental statement to show what Bank was doing to enlarge the freedom of men. He described the Bank functioning effectively as a pool of both the government and private resources. He spoke about the bonds of International Bank that are well established in the America securities market. He warned of inflation risks and equipment shortages due to the Korean War. He spoke of the need for international coordination of the many sources of financing and aid
    DOI: 10.1596/31732
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    Statement before the Economic and Social Council (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene R. Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, reviewed the scope of the Bank's lending. While the first loans were for reconstruction, the principal business has been development loans for such things as electric power, agricultural machinery, timber production, woodworking industry, railways, and shipping. He spoke of the technical examinations of particular projects and the high lending standards imposed. He mentioned the technical aid which Bank has provided and expects this to widen. The Bank's essential objective is to raise production levels and living standards through long-term project financing, technical advice, and stimulation to private investment
    DOI: 10.1596/31728
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    The International Bank and World Trade (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: John J. McCloy, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about the loans granted by the Bank for European reconstruction and trade promotion. The Bank is currently in discussions about development projects for more than 20 member countries. He noted the shortage of technical experts in under-developed countries. Financial stability is necessary for trade growth. He concluded by saying that a prosperous world would be possible only if there was a good volume of international trade
    DOI: 10.1596/31700
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    Address before the Foreign Policy Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 1, 1948 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: John J. McCloy, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about the prospects for success by the European Recovery Program and the role of Bank in it. He commented on the world leadership role of the United States. He reviewed the five loans the Bank has made to date. He concluded by discussing South America countries and their needs for technical assistance and advice in connection with their development
    DOI: 10.1596/31698
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    Address Presenting the First Annual Report (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene Meyer, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, presented the First Annual Report by the Executive Directors to the Board of Governors. The report had its genesis over three years during a war in which nearly all mankind was engaged. Meyer details the happenings from 1944 to 1946 and the founding of the organization. The Bank was created to assist in the reconstruction and development of its members by investing capital for productive purposes. Key personnel have been appointed, and working procedures developed. The Bank commenced formal operations on June 25th. Loan requests have been received from two countries. Meyer expects to be lending large sums of money. The goal is to promote peace and prosperity through monetary stabilization and the restoration of international credit, thereby improving the lot of humanity
    DOI: 10.1596/31686
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    Address before the Overseas Press Club of America, New York City, March 16, 1948 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: John J. McCloy, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, discussed the appropriate function of the Bank. It cannot be the overall financer of global balance of payment deficits. It can finance economically strategic and productive projects. It can be the bridge between government and private financing, and thereby complement the Marshall Plan. He discussed administration of the Marshall Plan and national self-interest. The opportunity afforded by recovery of Europe and its closer integration remains the first and most promising objective to achieve
    DOI: 10.1596/31697
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    Address Presenting the Second Annual Report of the International Bank (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: John. J. McCloy, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, discussed staff recruitment and the development of Bank policies. Loan requirements emphasize productive projects of reconstruction and development. Supervision ensures the funds are not diverted. He spoke of the need for balanced budgets, sound tax systems, and monetary stability. The Bank is in a position to help facilitate financial reforms. McCloy has been in close contact with the American investment community as the Bank floated its first bond issue. He highlighted the need to gain access to currencies of other member countries. He noted the relationship of Marshall Plan aid to Bank activities. Despite the discouraging economic situation, he believes the Bank has made real progress in repairing the damage from the war. The best hope for the future lies in the magnitude of development potential of the Bank's members
    DOI: 10.1596/31691
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  • 85
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    Mongolia Central Economic Corridor Assessment : A Value Chain Analysis of Wool-Cashmere, Meat and Leather Industries (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Commodities Study
    Abstract: Mongolia has a comparative advantage in agribusiness, especially downstream industries using livestock products. Yet its share in worldwide exports of agribusiness commodities is insignificant. Enhancing the efficiency of the central economic corridor (CEC) is vital to Mongolia's effort to improve trade competitiveness and diversify exports. The role of Mongolia's economic corridors is best understood when seen as an integral part of the country's supply chain. The report analyzes the performance gap of the CEC through an examination of three sectors: (a) cashmere and wool sector, (b) meat, and (c) leather. These sectors highlight the major challenges that Mongolian producers face in a world where agribusiness depends on a demanding retail sector characterized by tight delivery schedules and high-quality standards, which are more important than tariffs. The report diagnoses the challenges that these industries face, identifies opportunities for the growth of these sectors, leveraging the potential of the CEC, and shares policy recommendations on how to seize these opportunities. The analysis shows that Mongolia's comparative advantage has been significantly diluted by weaknesses associated with its economic corridors
    DOI: 10.1596/31767
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    Republic of Guinea : Planning, Connecting, Financing in Conakry (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Abstract: This study looks into the challenges and opportunities posed by urbanization in Guinea, reviewing briefly the trends at the national level but focusing on the urban area of Conakry. The main reasons for focusing on the urban area of Conakry are the following. While secondary cities in Guinea are growing economically and in population, Conakry already represents close to 50 percent of the urban population and its demographic growth outpaces that of other urban areas. This creates a sense of urgency to solving the country's capital problems. Secondly, Conakry remains the country's main interface for international trade through its port facility. Failure to address Conakry's issues, including congestion levels, would likely weaken its (and Guinea's) attractiveness in the long run. Follow-up studies could however look into Guinea's system of cities, including how they are connected to each other within the country and with their neighbors. The analysis presented in this review shows that urban areas in Guinea, and Conakryin particular are currently not acting as engines of growth and competitiveness and are failing at providing public services and quality living standards for their residents. It argues that the reasons are to be found i) in the business environment which, recent progress aside, stymies private sector job creation and economic diversification, ii) in Conakry's deficient connectivity system which acts as a bottleneck for residents to have access to economic opportunities, iii) in its obsolete and unenforced planning strategies and its rigid land markets and iv) in the lack of institutional clarity and financial resources which leads to underinvestment in public services
    DOI: 10.1596/31757
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  • 87
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    Republic of Poland Financial Sector Assessment Program : Cooperative Banks and Credit Unions (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This technical note reviews the cooperative bank and credit union sectors. It focuses on: (i) thesituation of the two sectors that are both in states of transition; (ii) the regulatory and supervisory arrangements; and (iii) the safety net and resolution regime within the context of the crisis management framework. In addition, key perspectives are provided as to the sustainability ofinstitutional models and the sectors within a modernizing and competitive banking sector. This note was prepared using information from the authorities and market participants that was received in the first semester of 2018 at the time of the visit of the authors. Although in some instances there is subsequent improvement in the performance of some cooperative banks and credit unions, the authors believe such changes do not modify substantially the main conclusions and recommendations made. Most cooperative banks and credit unions are stable, but each sector has its own issues. The FSAP is broadly supportive of the policy direction for cooperatives, while it questions whether the credit union sector should remain standalone. Combined, cooperative banks and credit unions represent less than 8 percent of deposit takers, though more importantly they serve about 18 percent of the population
    DOI: 10.1596/31809
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  • 88
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    Accountants as Catalysts for Growth in the Western Balkans : Initial Assessment of SME's Financial Management and Financial Governance (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: Good financial management ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31836
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  • 89
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    Vulnerability and Protection of Refugees in Turkey : Findings from the Rollout of the Largest Humanitarian Cash Assistance Program in the World (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Vulnerability and Protection of Refugees in Turkey: Findings from the Rollout of the Largest Humanitarian Cash Assistance Program in the World assesses the targeting performance and benefit level design of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) program for refugees in Turkey. It also provides a comprehensive look at the vulnerability of ESSN eligible households using a multidimensional lens, drawing from novel representative data. The ESSN provides monthly cash transfers to help the most vulnerable refugees meet their basic needs, and complement Turkey's response to the crisis. With near 4 million refugees, Turkey hosts more refugees than any other country in the world. The program is funded by the European Union member states, and implemented nationwide in partnership with the Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Services, the World Food Programme, and the Turkish Red Crescent. The study finds that the vulnerabilities of the ESSN refugee population are multiple and complex. Refugees in the ESSN program suffer from a shortage of resources today, but also resort to coping strategies that cripple their resource-generating capacity tomorrow. The ESSN targeting criteria are relatively effective in selecting the most vulnerable refugees, but exclude a share of the poor. This issue is starting to get addressed by decentralized allowances targeted with community-level information. The ESSN cash transfer value is found to be adequate to support basic needs. An untargeted design would have minimized exclusion errors, but would reach everybody with smaller transfers, insufficient to meet basic needs. Future analysis will focus on the impact of the transfers on household welfare
    DOI: 10.1596/31813
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  • 90
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    Transportation and Supply Chain Resilience in the United Republic of Tanzania : Assessing the Supply-Chain Impacts of Disaster-Induced Transportation Disruptions (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: The economy of the United Republic of Tanzania is growing fast but remains vulnerable to disasters, which are likely to worsen with climate change. Its transportation system, which mainly consist of roads, often get disrupted by floods. How could the resilience of the transportation infrastructures be improved? We formulate a new type of model, called DisruptSCT, which brings together the strength of two different approaches: network criticality analyses and input-output models. Using a variety of data, we spatially disaggregate production, consumption, and input-output relationships. Plugged into a dynamic agent-based model, these downscaled data allow us to simulate the disruption of transportation infrastructures, their direct impacts on firms, and how these impacts propagate along supply chains and lead to losses to households. These indirect losses generally affect people that are not directly hit by disasters. Their intensity nonlinearly increases with the duration of the initial disruption. Supply chains generate interdependencies that amplify disruptions for nonprimary products, such as processed food and manufacturing products. We identify bottlenecks in the network. But their criticality depends on the supply chain we are looking at. For instance, some infrastructures are critical to some agents, say international buyers, but of little use to others. Investment priorities vary with policy objectives, e.g., support health services, improve food security, promote trade competitiveness. Resilience-enhancing strategies can act on the supply side of transportation, by improving the quality of targeted infrastructure, developing alternative corridors, building capacity to accelerate post-disaster recovery. On the other hand, policies could also support coping mechanisms within supply chains, such as sourcing and inventory strategies. Our results help articulate these different policies and adapt them to specific contexts
    DOI: 10.1596/31909
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  • 91
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    Myanmar Economic Monitor, June 2019 : Building Reform Momentum (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Myanmar's economy is slowly picking up speed and regaining stability after a volatile 2018. Despite a challenging global environment, Myanmar's economic growth is expected to rise to 6.5 percent in 2018/19 from 6.4 percent in the Transition Period1 supported by strong performance in the manufacturing and services sectors. Volatility that buffeted the economy in 2018 has started to ease. Inflation moderated, the kyat stabilized, and fuel prices fell in Q1 2018/19, though there have been some reversals in prices in Q2. The economic outlook looks positive, with growth expected to reach 6.7 percent in the medium-term. The recent decisions to ease trade restrictions; open the financial sector to greater foreign competition; and begin mega infrastructure projects signal a decisive and awaited uptick in reform momentum. Downside risks to the economic outlook are driven by external factors, including possible revocation of preferential trade access under the European Union Generalized System of Preferences. Slowing global and regional growth, especially in China, together with renewed escalation of global trade tensions, could also slow exports and the flow of inbound foreign investments. Insecurity in border areas, the Rakhine crisis, with violence and forced displacement of refugees, and the recent flare-up in violence involving the Arakan Army, could affect investors' sentiment. The 2020 general election is also a source of uncertainty
    DOI: 10.1596/31934
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  • 92
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    Mexico : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This country brief provides an overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation in Mexico
    DOI: 10.1596/31962
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 93
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    Living Conditions and Settlement Decisions of Recent Afghan Returnees : Findings from a 2018 Phone Survey of Afghan Returnees and UNHCR Data (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: This report is the result of a collaboration between the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Poverty and Equity Global Practice of the World Bank Group (WBG). Repatriation or the return of refugees to their country of origin has been rarely studied, and data on their socio-economic outcomes is sparsely available. In such a context, the World Bank and UNHCR teams attempted to make good use of the existing data sources and complemented it with new data collection methods to better understand the patterns and characteristics of recent Afghan refugee returns. More specifically, the team attempted to analytically connect insights between different data sources to explore (albeit imperfectly) questions of selection among Afghans who remained in Pakistan and those documented returnees who returned to Afghanistan
    DOI: 10.1596/31944
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  • 94
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    Myanmar : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/31952
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  • 95
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    Costa Rica : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country. Costa Rica ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2008. General Law for the Control of Tobacco and its Harmful Effects on Health was adopted in March 2012, and it regulates smoke-free places; tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship, as well as tobacco packaging and labeling in line with FCTC guidelines. This law also sets several norms on tobacco taxation, and it substantially increased the tax burden for cigarettes. In 2012, cigarette prices in Costa Rica increased by 49 percent, and in 2013, the tobacco excise revenue increased by 96 percent. Tobacco taxation and other tobacco control policies in Costa Rica were very successful in terms of public health. The prevalence of smoking both among adults and adolescents declined, and after 2012, the rates of decline increased. In 2015, only 5.8 percent of the adult population smoked daily. In 2018, cigarette production in the country was closed. The tobacco industry claimed that the closure had been caused by increased cigarette smuggling. However, there are no independent estimates of illicit cigarette share on the market, while the tobacco industry used to exaggerate the volumes of smuggled cigarettes. The difference in cigarette prices between Costa Rica and neighboring countries is rather small and is unable to encourage large smuggling. Thus, the observed illicit cigarette sales are likely caused by the factors, which are not related directly to tobacco taxation
    DOI: 10.1596/31964
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  • 96
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    Supply-Side Readiness of Primary Health Care in the Philippines (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Health indicators in the Philippines currently lag well behind what will be expected given the country's level of economic development. Immunization rates are at their lowest point in 10 years, maternal mortality remains very high, one in three Filipino children suffer from malnutrition, and the noncommunicable disease (NCD) burden is growing. The resulting epidemiologic profile is complex, and an adequate response requires a robust primary health care system. With the introduction and subsequent expansion of the social health insurer, administered by the Philippine health insurance corporation (PhilHealth), the central government has sought to ensure access to a number of high-priority health services, including at the primary level. However, much of the responsibility for implementing the publicly funded health system is at the local level, where capacity and resources differ. This paper seeks to understand the extent to which basic service delivery units (specifically rural health units (RHUs)) have the capacity to deliver the primary health care services mandated by the government
    DOI: 10.1596/32021
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  • 97
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    Support to the Sierra Leone Land Agenda : Policy Note (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Land administration in Sierra Leone is a complex issue. The current process of registration in Freetown is ineffective and disorganized, leading to a widening gap in the credibility of both the cadaster and registry. Surveying quality is inadequate due to lack of trained surveyors in modern electronic surveying and mapping techniques, and a shortage of equipment. Most of the confusion and contradictions dominating the typology of land issues in the provinces emanates from the general absence of well-established cadastral boundaries. The new national lands policy of Sierra Leone aspires to gradually formalize land transactions while respecting the customary systems. Mandatory land transaction recording and registration can be an effective step towards the implementation of land related policy. In parallel, communication and sensitization campaigns will be carried out to avoid situations where ignorance of the requirement to register land on a first served basis may violate the rights of genuine land owners because their land can be registered to somebody more familiar with the system. Government decentralization and empowerment of municipalities should improve the process efficiency. A Crucial requirement in order to build an effective and modern land administration and management system is to abandon the manual recording system and move towards a digital and computerized one
    DOI: 10.1596/32022
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  • 98
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    Supporting the Effective Reintegration of Roma Returnees in the Western Balkans (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: The European Commission's Directorate General for Neighborhood and Enlargement Negotiations approached the World Bank to develop an evidence base and to deliver policy advice and technical assistance for supporting the effective reintegration of (Roma) returnees in the Western Balkans: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Serbia. This synthesis report presents the results of that research. This report documents the main socio-economic factors that drive migration from the Western Balkans to the EU. Returnees emphasize that they migrate to escape poverty, lack of housing, unemployment, the lack of or insufficient access to social security, and a consistent struggle and inability to provide a basic standard of living for themselves and their families. Poverty, discrimination, and historic marginalization reinforce one another and constitute strong push factors. Estimates suggest a substantial number of returnees belong to the Roma minority and that Roma are over-represented in migration and returnee flows. In addition, Roma and ethnic minorities have had to contend with systemic economic and social exclusion and institutional discrimination. Roma communities lack access to basic infrastructure and social services, are more likely to be underemployed, and have limited earning potential due to low incomes from unskilled jobs in the formal and informal sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/32020
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  • 99
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    Linking Smallholders to Markets : A Supplier Development Program for Vegetable Farmers in Lesotho (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Commodities Study
    Abstract: Agriculture plays a significant role in Lesotho's economy. Lesotho is among the poorest countries in Southern Africa, with fifty-seven percent of the population living below the poverty line. About seventy percent of the population lives in rural areas and depends on agriculture for their livelihoods. Most farmers are involved in subsistence cultivation of cereals, where the country does not have a competitive advantage due to the agroclimatic conditions, small farm size, and lack of mechanization. This contributes to widespread poverty in rural areas, which account for eighty-seven percent of the poor. The objectives of this study are to: (1) assess the demand for vegetables from formal buyers in Lesotho; (2) examine the current production and marketing strategies of commercial vegetable farmers; and (3) suggest the design of the pilot supplier development program (SDP) to improve formal market access for smallholder farmers. The focus of this study is on Maseru, as it is the main center of demand in the country. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Part 1 describes the demand for fresh produce and sourcing strategies of buyers in Maseru. Part 2 discusses the production and marketing practices of commercial vegetable farmers. Part 3 outlines the design of the pilot SDP
    DOI: 10.1596/32014
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  • 100
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    Disparate Outcomes : A Multisectoral Nutrition Assessment and Gap Analysis of Vietnam's Ethnic Minority Populations (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: On average, Vietnam has achieved remarkable improvements in nutritional status in recent decades, but improvements in national aggregates mask wide disparities and a persistent 'very high' burden among disadvantaged ethnic minority groups. Between 2000 and 2010, national stunting rates dropped from 36.5 percent to 24.2 percent. The decrease from 2010 to 2015 was not as great, but when the 2015 data are disaggregated according to ethnic group, the Kinh majority has a prevalence of 17.7 percent, whereas the prevalence in other ethnic groups is 32.0 percent. This pattern repeats itself for the prevalence of underweight (a significant drop nationally from 33.8 percent in 2000 to 14.1 percent in 2015 but a 9.7 percent prevalence in the Kinh ethnic group in 2015 versus 21.9 percent in other ethnic groups) and wasting (a decrease from 8.6 percent to 5.6 percent in national prevalence from 2000 to 2015 but a 9.1 percent prevalence for Kinh versus 5.5 percent for other ethnic groups (WB Assessment 2012). The gap between the ethnic majority and minority has persisted despite the multiple government programs aimed at reducing it. As the economy has evolved from predominantly agriculture to a mix of agriculture and technology, the requirements of the workforce have changed as well. Manual labor is still necessary but no longer enough. The need is for intelligent, highly educated and skilled workers. All of these attributes are the product of a healthy, well-nourished population. Deficiencies in nutrition and health, lower levels of education, lack of language skills in the national language, and inability to migrate to jobs in urban centers of ethnic minorities have further hindered their ability to narrow the gap in nutrition and economic well-being
    DOI: 10.1596/32011
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