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  • 2015-2019  (1,413)
  • 2000-2004  (392)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (1,805)
  • Environment  (871)
  • Graue Literatur  (747)
  • Industry and Services  (378)
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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Unlocking the potential of migrants in Germany (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264772373
    Language: English
    Pages: 111 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bergseng, Benedicte Unlocking the potential of migrants in Germany
    Keywords: Migranten ; Berufsbildung ; Deutschland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Deutschland ; Einwanderer ; Potenzialanalyse
    DOI: 10.1787/82ccc2a3-en
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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    Book
    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
  • 2
    Book
    Book
    Working together for local integration of migrants and refugees in Rome (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264526532
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Working Together for Local Integration of Migrants and Refugees in Rome
    Keywords: Soziale Integration ; Flüchtlinge ; Migranten ; Rom ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Rom ; Flüchtling ; Einwanderer ; Soziale Integration
    DOI: 10.1787/ca4d491e-en
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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    Book
    GBV
    KOBV
  • 3
    Book
    Book
    Talent abroad : a review of Romanian emigrants (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264934313
    Language: English
    Pages: 169 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Talent Abroad: A Review of Romanian Emigrants
    Keywords: Arbeitsmigranten ; Brain Drain ; Auswanderung ; Rumänien ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Rumänien ; Braindrain ; Auswanderung
    DOI: 10.1787/bac53150-en
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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    Book
    GBV
    KOBV
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Do digital skill certificates help new workers enter the market? : evidence from an online labour platform (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 225
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Signalling ; Humankapital ; Freie Mitarbeiter ; Telearbeit ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Digitale Plattform ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper studies the effects of a voluntary skill certification scheme in an online freelancing labour market. The paper show that obtaining skill certificates increases a worker’s earnings. This effect is not driven by increased worker productivity but by decreased employer uncertainty. The increase in worker earnings is mostly realised through an increase in the value of the projects obtained (up to 10%) rather than an increase in the number of projects obtained (up to 0.03 projects). In addition, the paper finds evidence for negative selection to completing skill certificates, which suggests that the workers who complete more skill certificates are, on average, in a more disadvantaged position in the labour market. Finally, skill certificates are found to be an imperfect substitute to other types of standardised information. On the whole, the results suggest that certificates play a role in helping new workers break into the labour market, but are more valuable to workers with at least some work experience. More stringent skill certification tests could improve the benefits to new workers.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/3388385e-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Políticas Agrícolas en Argentina (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264603806 , 9789264311879 , 9789264685840
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (212 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Agricultural Policies in Argentina
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Argentina
    Abstract: Las Revisiones de Políticas Agroalimentarias proporcionan una evaluación exhaustiva de las políticas agrícolas de cada país y el cálculo de un conjunto de indicadores desarrollados por la OCDE. Estos indicadores se utilizan regularmente en el análisis de la agricultura y sector alimentario en los países de la OCDE y de varias economías emergentes. Este informe incluye el análisis y los indicadores correspondientes a Argentina, integrando los principales aspectos de la política agroalimentaria como la política comercial, la innovación, la sostenibilidad, la gestión de riesgos y las cadenas de valor, y proporciona recomendaciones de política. El sector agropecuario de Argentina ha experimentado un proceso de innovación notable en las últimas dos décadas. Esta transformación ha sido liderada principalmente por un sector privado dinámico y proactivo, a pesar de estar sujeto a políticas de apoyo negativo tales como las restricciones y los impuestos a la exportación. La rápida adopción de tecnologías como las semillas mejoradas y la siembra directa, e innovaciones organizacionales han contribuido a aumentar la Productividad Total de los Factores en los cultivos. Los apoyos presupuestarios se han centrado en la prestación de servicios generales tales como investigación, extensión y sanidad agropecuaria, facilitando la innovación y la gestión proactiva de los riesgos. Las presiones ambientales están en aumento con el crecimiento del uso de pesticidas y la deforestación. Las producciones fuera de la región pampeana acumulan un retraso en productividad e innovación.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264311879-es
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Productivity and wage effects of firm-level collective agreements : evidence from Belgian linked panel data (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 223
    Keywords: Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Lohn ; Firmentarifvertrag ; Panel ; Belgien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Belgium ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: How do firm-level collective agreements affect firm performance in a multi-level bargaining system? Using detailed Belgian linked employer-employee panel data, our findings show that firm agreements increase both wage costs and labour productivity (with respect to sector-level agreements). Relying on a recent approach developed by Bartolucci (2014), they also indicate that firm agreements exert a stronger impact on wages than on productivity, so that on average profitability is hampered. However, this rent-sharing effect only holds in sectors where firms are more concentrated. Firm agreements are thus mainly found to raise wages beyond labour productivity when the rents to be shared between workers and firms are relatively big. Overall, this suggests that firm-level agreements benefit both employers and employees – through higher productivity and wages – without being detrimental to firms’ gross profits.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/132aa88e-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vintage differentiated regulations and plant survival : evidence from coal-fired plants (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers no. 144
    Keywords: Kohlekraftwerk ; Dauer ; Umweltbelastung ; Umweltrecht ; Energierecht ; Welt ; 1962 - 2012 ; Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper assesses the effect of environmental regulations on plant survival and emissions using data on the extent of vintage differentiation of regulations (VDR5) regarding air pollution emission limit values for existing and new coal-fired power plants. Focussing on NOx and SOx emissions, the paper applies survival analysis techniques on a sample of generating units across 31 OECD and non-member countries between 1962 and 2012.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/31621ca6-en
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The environmental and welfare implications of parking policies (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers no. 145
    Keywords: Parken ; Preismanagement ; Umweltverträglichkeit ; Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Verkehrspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Parking policies have significant environmental and economic implications, which have often been left unconsidered. This paper reviews the relevant literature to provide a deeper understanding of the main environmental and economic consequences of common parking policies, and suggest policy options to protect the environment and increase social welfare.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/16d610cc-en
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring consumer inflation in a digital economy (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2019, 1
    Keywords: Inflation ; Digitalisierung ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Sozialer Wandel ; Verbraucherpreisindex ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The effect on the household consumption price index from possible sources of error in capturing digital products depends on the weight of the affected products. To calculate upper bounds for this effect, we apply weights based on the average structure of household consumption in OECD countries to a maximum plausible overstatement of price change for each affected or potentially affected product. The products account for about 35% of household expenditure in 2005, declining to 32% in 2015. The upper bound simulation effect on the growth rate of the consumption deflator is somewhat less than –0.6 percentage points in 2015 – large enough to improve the picture of GDP and productivity growth in advanced economies. However, this would not overturn the conclusion that productivity growth has slowed substantially compared over the past decades.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/1d002364-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Digital dividend : policies to harness the productivity potential of digital technologies (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper no. 26 (February 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.26
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Informationstechnik ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Technologiepolitik ; Industriepolitik ; Qualifikation ; Wettbewerb ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents a range of policies to enhance adoption of digital technologies and firm productivity. It quantifies illustratively the effect of policy changes by combining the results of two recent OECD analyses on the drivers of adoption and their productivity benefits. Increasing access to high-speed internet, upgrading technical and managerial skills and implementing product and labour market reforms to facilitate the reallocation of resources in the economy are found to be the main factors supporting the efficient adoption of a selection of digital technologies. The most productive firms have benefitted relatively more from digitalisation in the past, contributing to a widening productivity gap with less productive firms. Policies should create the conditions for efficient adoption by less productive firms, which would help them to catch up, achieving a double dividend in terms of growth and inclusiveness. Enhancing skills has a key role to play in this area since less productive firms suffer relatively more from skill shortages.
    DOI: 10.1787/273176bc-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Closing gaps in national regulations against IUU fishing (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 120
    Keywords: Fischereipolitik ; Fischereirecht ; Fischereiressourcen ; Ressourcennutzung ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper identifies the progress achieved by individual countries in implementing internationally recognised best policies and practices against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing since 2005. It aims to inspire and guide governments and all stakeholders in the fisheries sector in how to focus their effort and investment to step up their fight against IUU fishing. The paper builds on a suite of policy indicators that investigate the extent to which countries meet their responsibilities in the most important dimensions of government intervention in relation to IUU fishing. The indicators show considerable improvement in fighting IUU fishing over the last decade, in line with international treaties and voluntary agreements. They also point to the gaps that need to be closed to individually and collectively work towards eliminating IUU fishing.
    DOI: 10.1787/9b86ba08-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Intensifying the fight against IUU fishing at the regional level (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 121
    Keywords: Fischereipolitik ; Fischereirecht ; Fischereiressourcen ; Ressourcennutzung ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) are the primary mechanism for co-operation between fishing countries and coastal states to ensure sustainable fishing globally. This paper aims to inspire and guide RFMO secretariats and member countries in how to focus their effort and investment to step up the contribution of RFMOs to the fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. It does so by measuring the extent to which RFMOs apply best practices against IUU fishing and pointing to the remaining gaps. Information gathered from RFMOs’ resolutions and recommendations introducing conservation and management measures (CMMs), other publicly available sources and direct communication with RFMOs’ secretariats was analysed and summarised into five indicators reflecting the most important management tools targeting IUU fishing at the disposal of RFMOs. Indicators show overall progress among RFMOs, but discrepancies remain, suggesting scope for improvement by learning from best performers.
    DOI: 10.1787/b7b9f17d-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Encouraging policy change for sustainable and resilient fisheries (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 127
    Keywords: 2005 - 2016 ; Fischereipolitik ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: How can policy makers successfully implement the policy changes needed to achieve greater economic, social, and environmental sustainability and resilience? This report combines lessons from the available literature, discussions with experts and stakeholders, as well as information on past policy change processes. Results suggest that, over the last decade, changes to fisheries policy have largely been triggered by the performance of the sector itself and how it is perceived, particularly with respect to resource management and to socio-economic outcomes. Other important factors stand out, in particular initiatives by people in charge of fisheries management and legal commitments to adopt changes. Macroeconomic and macro-political factors, however, appear to have had less impact on fisheries policy than on other policy domains. Key recommendations are proposed to facilitate policy change in the future through better use of data, commitment mechanisms, non-sectoral policies, and consultation processes.
    DOI: 10.1787/31f15060-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The OECD Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 221
    Keywords: Dienstleistungssektor ; Digitalisierung ; Online-Handel ; Digitale Dienste ; Handelshemmnisse ; OECD-Staaten ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The rapid acceleration of digital transformation has had profound implications for services trade but the benefits of digitalisation risk being derailed by existing and emerging trade barriers. The OECD Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (Digital STRI) is a new tool that identifies, catalogues, and quantifies cross-cutting barriers that affect services traded digitally. It consists of two components, the regulatory database and indices, which bring together comparable information from 44 countries. The Digital STRI shows a diverse and complex global regulatory environment affecting trade in digitally enabled services. Moreover, over the past years, the indices show an increasingly tightening regulatory environment highlighting that further international cooperation and dialogue is needed to maximise the benefits of digitalisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/16ed2d78-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    International technology transfer policies (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 222
    Keywords: Technologietransfer ; Außenhandel ; Auslandsinvestition ; Wettbewerb ; Immaterielle Werte ; Innovation ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Concerns are growing about policies and measures that restrict market access with the effect of “forcing” technology transfer. Efforts to target forced technology transfer are complicated by the sometimes blurred line between voluntary and mutually agreed upon technology transfers and that which is perceived to be, or is in fact, compelled. This study presents a discussion of the continuum of measures related to international technology transfer (ITT) and aims to identify those measures that pose the greatest concern over their potential to compel disclosure of commercially valuable and sensitive technology. It then briefly presents information on provisions in international trade and investment agreements that are relevant to ITT. The last section presents the perspective from the private sector in order to better understand how firms engage in technology transfers through research collaboration, licensing, joint ventures, and equity investments. The analysis in this report indicates that involuntary technology transfer is a complex issue, and it aims to provide a way for policy makers to think through the issues, to apply a systematic and analytical approach to assessing which policies are of the greatest concern.
    DOI: 10.1787/7103eabf-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Intra-EEA STRI database : methodology and results (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 223
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Handelshemmnisse ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents new data on regulatory barriers affecting services trade within the European Economic Area (EEA), covering 25 EEA countries, 22 sectors and five years (2014-2018). Following the methodology of the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI), qualitative information is scored and weighted to produce binary composite indices. The resulting intra-EEA STRIs reveal that services trade restrictiveness within the Single Market is considerably lower than the applied MFN regime of those EEA members. Moreover, they show that EEA members have achieved significant regulatory harmonisation through their integration process.
    DOI: 10.1787/2aac6d21-en
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    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Towards green growth in emerging market economies : evidence from environmental performance reviews (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2019, 01
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a cross-country review of progress towards green growth in selected emerging market economies that are members or partners of the OECD. It draws on the country studies conducted within the OECD Environmental Performance Review Programme for Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, South Africa and Turkey between 2013 and 2019. It presents the main achievements in the countries reviewed, along with common trends and policy challenges. It provides insights into the effectiveness and efficiency of green growth policy frameworks and measures, which may provide useful lessons for other OECD and partner countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/d5e5b5d7-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A review of “Transition Management” strategies : lessons for advancing the green low-carbon transition (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2019, 04
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper discusses the implications of the low-carbon transition for workers and the relevant lessons-learnt in previous industrial restructuring experiences. The evidence suggests that, while climate policies are likely to have a modest impact on aggregate employment, workers in certain regions and industries can be more severely affected. The transition may also have gender-differentiated impacts: men represent the largest share of the workforce of most negatively affected industries (e.g. coal-mining) while the growth of the renewable power generation sector, which exhibits a relatively more gender-balanced workforce, suggests that female employment may increase in the traditionally male-dominated energy sector. Lessons from the case-studies underline that a suite of polices is necessary to manage the structural adjustment process, including structural reforms and skills policies. Importantly, the low-carbon transition differentiates itself from previous restructuring experiences because of its policy-driven nature and the possibility to finance structural adjustment measures through carbon-pricing revenues.
    DOI: 10.1787/4617a02b-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boosting social entrepreneurship and social enterprise development in Lithuania : in-depth policy review (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD LEED working papers no. 2019, 02
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2019/02
    Keywords: Sozialwirtschaft ; Innovation ; Sozialer Wandel ; Soziale Folgen ; Kommunale Entwicklung ; Litauen ; Industry and Services ; Lithuania ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This review provides an in-depth analysis of the Lithuanian policy ecosystem in place for social entrepreneurship and social enterprises. It identifies the country’s key strengths and challenges and provides policy recommendations to support the development of a stronger policy ecosystem for social entrepreneurship and social enterprises. Key policy issues analysed include: raising awareness and clarifying the conceptual framework (Chapter 2); coordinating policy and legal frameworks (Chapter 3); enhancing the role of social enterprises in public procurement (Chapter 4); promoting social impact measurement and reporting (Chapter 5); and improving their access to finance (Chapter 6).
    DOI: 10.1787/502fc6ef-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Local entrepreneurship ecosystems and emerging industries : case study of Malopolskie, Poland (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 114 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) working papers no. 2019, 03
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2019/03
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Poland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the local entrepreneurship ecosystem of the Malopolskie region in Poland and its capacity to promote productivity upgrading and industrial renewal. It forms part of the OECD’s work stream on local entrepreneurship ecosystems and emerging industries.
    DOI: 10.1787/d99ba985-en
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    SIGI 2019 Global Report : transforming challenges into opportunities (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264434738
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (229 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Social Institutions and Gender Index
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als SIGI 2019 Global Report
    Keywords: Sozialer Indikator ; Geschlechterdiskriminierung ; Soziale Norm ; Institutionenökonomik ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1787/bc56d212-en
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Hong Kong (China) 2019 (second round) : peer review report on the exchange of information on request : March 2019 (reflecting the legal and regulatory framework as at December 2018) (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264730274
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (155 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Global forum on transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Hong Kong (China) 2019 (second round)
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Hongkong ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Hongkong ; Steuerverwaltung ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Kooperation
    DOI: 10.1787/34f9b9a8-en
    URL: Volltext
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    Transmission of antimicrobial resistance from livestock agriculture to humans and from humans to animals (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 133
    Keywords: Tierhaltung ; Krankheit ; Menschen ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The emergence of a resistant pathogen reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics in preventing or treating an infection caused by a micro-organism, thus increasing morbidity and mortality and leading to higher economic costs to livestock producers. An understanding of the underlying disease dynamics is crucial in finding appropriate solutions to containing the rise in antimicrobial resistance. This report synthesises the evidence on the potential modes of transmission of antimicrobial resistance between humans and animals and vice versa. In particular, the important role of the environment in the transmission chain is discussed as well as practices to break this link. This report also illustrates some of the commonly shared antibiotic classes that are used in human medicine and animal production, and the overall trends in the usage of these antibiotics. While information on transmission of resistance is sparse, the report highlights several priority areas where future research could focus in order to bring a greater understanding of these interactions.
    DOI: 10.1787/fcf77850-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 24
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    Antimicrobial use, resistance and economic benefits and costs to livestock producers in Brazil (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 135
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Brazil ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Brazil is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of meat and animal products. This report compiles information and data on antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in food-producing animals in Brazil. Antimicrobials are used in food producing animals, mainly as a growth promoter. While the use of antibiotics is estimated to be falling, there is concern amongst livestock producers as to the possible rise in production costs resulting from the withdrawal of these antibiotics, and they are currently exploring alternative interventions and their likely economic impact on their incomes. Recent regulatory and policy changes, including the implementation of the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance in Agriculture, are aimed at limiting the use of antibiotics in livestock production and containing the rise in antimicrobial resistance.
    DOI: 10.1787/27137b1e-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 25
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    Providing new OECD evidence on tourism trade in value added (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD tourism papers no. 2019, 01
    Keywords: Industry and Services
    Abstract: The ability to measure the economic impacts of tourism provides policy makers with the evidence necessary to ensure that future policies are targeted to meet strategic objectives. However, despite significant work on tourism economics, notably with the Tourism Satellite Account, a deeper understanding is needed of how tourism trade directly and indirectly contributes to the economic growth and competitiveness of countries. This report scopes out the benefits and challenges of analysing tourism from a trade in value added perspective. It identifies the priority actions to strength the underlying ‘value chain’ of national statistics needed to build analyses tourism from a trade in value added perspective, and sets out a roadmap to make progress. It builds on wider OECD work on Trade in Value Added (TiVA), and represents a first attempt to better link tourism data with the underlying Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) infrastructure. Pilot country analysis for Canada, Portugal and the United Kingdom is presented.
    DOI: 10.1787/d6072d28-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 26
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    Measuring distortions in international markets : the semiconductor value chain (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 111 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 234
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report builds on the OECD’s longstanding work measuring government support in agriculture, fossil fuels, fisheries, and more recently in the aluminium value chain in order to estimate producer support and related market distortions in the semiconductor value chain. Results for 21 large firms operating across the semiconductor value chain indicate that total government support has exceeded USD 50 billion over the period 2014-18. Government support provided in the form of below-market debt and equity appears to be particularly large in the context of the semiconductor industry and concentrated in one jurisdiction. Other types of support identified include support for R&D and investment incentives, which benefitted all firms studied in this report. The report also discusses the implications that these findings have for trade rules, and in particular for subsidy disciplines in a context of growing government involvement in semiconductor production and poor transparency of support measures.
    DOI: 10.1787/8fe4491d-en
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  • 27
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    Gouvernance d’entreprise dans la région MENA : Cadre d’action pour la compétitivité et la croissance (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264418219 , 9789264930537 , 9789264677920
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (206 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Gouvernement d'entreprise
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe حوكمة الشركات في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا: بناء إطار للقدرة التنافسية والنمو
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Corporate Governance in MENA: Building a Framework for Competitiveness and Growth
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Un cadre rigoureux de gouvernance d’entreprise est essentiel pour les économies de la région MENA soucieuses de promouvoir la croissance et d’édifier des sociétés prospères. Les Principes de gouvernance d’entreprise du G20 et de l’OCDE et les Lignes directrices de l’OCDE sur la gouvernance des entreprises publiques sont les instruments de référence pour la mise en place d’un tel cadre. Dans cet ouvrage, les auteurs étudient le paysage de la gouvernance d’entreprise dans la région MENA, en répertoriant les problèmes qui se posent et en proposant aux pouvoirs publics des pistes de réforme. Leurs conclusions sont fondées sur une analyse des politiques et pratiques en vigueur dans quatre domaines thématiques : l’accès aux capitaux ; la transparence et la communication d’informations ; la parité femmes-hommes dans les organes de direction des entreprises ; et la gouvernance des entreprises publiques dans la région MENA. Dans l’ensemble, ils concluent que ces économies ont progressé sur la voie du renforcement de leur cadre de gouvernance d’entreprise au cours des dernières années mais que la région peine encore à adopter et à mettre en œuvre, dans ce domaine, des mesures qui soient propices à l’efficience économique, à la croissance durable et à la stabilité financière.
    DOI: 10.1787/f3d4b47c-fr
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  • 28
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    SME Policy Index: Western Balkans and Turkey 2019 : Assessing the Implementation of the Small Business Act for Europe (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172531 , 9789264312951 , 9789264182769
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (977 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: SME Policy Index
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Industry and Services ; Albania ; Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Kosovo ; Montenegro ; North Macedonia ; Serbia ; Turkey
    Abstract: Robust SME sectors are critical to the prosperity of the six Western Balkan economies and Turkey, accounting for over 70% of those employed in the business sector and generating 65% of value added in these seven economies. Yet their potential remains untapped, as SMEs across the region grapple with numerous challenges that hamper their growth and productivity. They are still under-represented in international trade, and their contributions to value-added remain comparatively low as they have difficulties in moving or expanding into high value-added activities. This report provides a comprehensive overview of the implementation of the ten principles of the Small Business Act for Europe (SBA) in the seven EU pre-accession economies over the period 2016-18. It monitors progress against similar assessments performed over the past decade and identifies the outstanding challenges affecting SMEs. It also provides targeted recommendations to remove barriers to SME development and unleashing their potential for driving inclusive economic growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/g2g9fa9a-en
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  • 29
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    Multi-dimensional Review of Thailand (Volume 2) : In-depth Analysis and Recommendations (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264307674 , 9789264308886 , 9789264308893
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (164 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Multi-dimensional review of Thailand ; volume 2: In-depth analysis and recommendations
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Thailand ; Thailand ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Wachstumsstrategie ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Abstract: Thailand is a fast emerging country that aspires to become a high-income economy by 2037. Still, Thailand’s growth path has created large disparities that risk obstructing the next stage of development. This report lays out three transitions that Thailand needs to master to build capabilities and sustain faster but also more inclusive economic growth. First, the country should move from a growth path dominated by few and geographically concentrated sources of innovation to one that focuses on unlocking the full potential of all regions. Second, to support a new growth agenda, it should organise multi-level governance and the relationship between the many layers of government more effectively, particularly with regards to financial resources. Last but not least, Thailand should focus on water and environment, moving from a resource-intensive growth path with costly natural disasters to one characterised by sustainable development. In the case of water, this means moving from ad-hoc responses to effective management of water security.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264307674-en
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  • 30
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    Enhancing the Economic Regulatory System for Moldova’s Water Supply and Sanitation (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264464742 , 9789264842281 , 9789264582460
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (139 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe УСИЛЕНИЕ СИСТЕМЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ВОДОСНАБЖЕНИЯ И ВОДООТВЕДЕНИЯ В МОЛДОВЕ
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Enhancing the economic regulatory system for Moldova's water supply and sanitation
    Keywords: Wasserpolitik ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Wasserversorgung ; Abwasserwirtschaft ; Moldawien ; Environment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Moldova, Republic of ; Moldawien ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Wasserversorgung ; Abwasser
    Abstract: This report aims to support the development of a sound economic regulatory system for the water supply and sanitation (WSS) sector in the Republic of Moldova (hereafter “Moldova”). The prevailing policy framework calls for drastic developments in WSS to modernise and optimise WSS systems and improve operational efficiency (non-revenue water, staff-output ratios etc.) – in line with domestic and international commitments (including the Association Agreement with the European Union, the Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement and the national WSS strategy). This report outlines ways and means for strengthening the capacity of the Moldovan government to provide sound regulation and that of WSS operators to deliver higher standards of service while ensuring the affordability of WSS services. Such a transition cannot happen overnight. It requires a sound economic regulatory system conducive to affordability, cost recovery and debt servicing, and a realistic performance improvement path for water utilities.
    DOI: 10.1787/8696bde7-en
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  • 31
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    Applying the OECD Principles on Water Governance to Floods : A Checklist for Action (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264355637 , 9789264553392 , 9789264543676
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD Applying the OECD principles on water governance to floods
    Keywords: Überschwemmung ; Wasserpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Überschwemmung ; Wasserversorgung ; Politik
    Abstract: This report uses the OECD Principles on Water Governance as a tool for multi-stakeholder policy dialogue and practical assessment of the performance of flood governance systems. It applies the Principles to flood-prone contexts to help strengthen governance frameworks for managing the risks of “too much” water. By 2050, 1.6 billion people will be at risk of flooding, affecting nearly 20% of the world’s population at an increasing rate and many times over with dire social, economic and environmental consequences. In this report, a checklist is proposed as a self-assessment tool for stakeholders in flood management, based on lessons learned from 27 case studies that feature practical experiences and highlight common features and key challenges in flood governance.
    DOI: 10.1787/d5098392-en
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    Making Blended Finance Work for Water and Sanitation : Unlocking Commercial Finance for SDG 6 (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264547858 , 9789264963818 , 9789264516939
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (120 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Making blended finance work for water and sanitation
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Wohltätigkeit ; Wasserversorgung ; Abwasserwirtschaft ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer ; Wasserversorgung ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung
    Abstract: Investments in water and sanitation are a prerequisite to deliver on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular on SDG 6 ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Blended finance can play an important role in strategically investing development finance to mobilise additional commercial finance needed to fill the current investment gaps. Thus far, however, blended finance has not reached scale in the water and sanitation sector. A greater evidence base is needed to better understand the current applications as well as the potential of blended models in the water and sanitation sector. This publication takes a commercial investment perspective and provides insights into three subsectors: (1) water and sanitation utilities, (2) small-scale off-grid sanitation and (3) multi-purpose water infrastructure and landscape-based approaches. The publication draws out recommendations for policy makers and practitioners to apply and scale innovative blended finance approaches where most appropriate.
    DOI: 10.1787/5efc8950-en
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  • 33
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    Multi-dimensional Review of Peru : Volume 3. From Analysis to Action (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264319363 , 9789264561182 , 9789264562158
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Multi-dimensional review of Peru ; volume 3: From analysis to action
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Peru ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Transport ; Industry and Services ; Peru ; Peru ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Peru has experienced remarkable socio-economic progress over the last two decades, enabling it to join the group of upper middle-income countries around 2010. However, challenges are ahead if the country is not to be caught in various development traps. Overcoming these challenges in the near future to take the economy to the next level and become a country with higher productivity, inclusive development and well-being for all will require sound policy reforms. Further efforts are needed on three main fronts: economic diversification, connectivity and formalisation of jobs. This report analyses the main challenges in these three priority areas and sets up a policy action plan. It also proposes a scorecard including a series of indicators for monitoring progress derived from the implementation of the reforms proposed in these three areas and presents the objectives for each indicator that Peru should aim to achieve by 2025 and 2030.
    DOI: 10.1787/c6c23d2c-en
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  • 34
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    Examens environnementaux de l’OCDE : Australie 2019 (Version abrégée) (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264571433
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Australia 2019
    Keywords: Environment ; Australia
    Abstract: L’Australie est parvenue à découpler la croissance économique des principales pressions environnementales et a réalisé des progrès remarquables dans l’extension des aires protégées. Elle continue toutefois d’afficher une intensité d’utilisation des ressources et une intensité carbone parmi les plus élevées de la zone OCDE et l’état général de la biodiversité dans le pays est médiocre et en voie de dégradation. Pour s’acheminer vers une économie plus verte, il faudra renforcer l’action publique à l’égard du changement climatique et tenir compte de la biodiversité de manière systématique et plus efficace dans tous les secteurs. Ceci est le troisième Examen environnemental de l’Australie. Il évalue les avancées du pays en matière de développement durable et de croissance verte, et comporte des chapitres spéciaux consacrés à la protection des espèces menacées et à l’utilisation durable de la biodiversité ainsi qu’à la gestion des produits chimiques. Cette version abrégée contient le résumé, ainsi que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport, issues des trois chapitres sur les tendances et faits récents, la gouvernance et la croissance verte, ainsi que des deux chapitres détaillés sur la protection des espèces menacées et la biodiversité ainsi que sur la gestion des produits chimiques. La version intégrale du rapport est disponible en anglais sur le site de l’OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/31d92b08-fr
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  • 35
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    Accelerating climate action : refocusing policies through a well-being lens (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264539211 , 9789264913967 , 9789264789845
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 193 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Klimapolitik ; Synergie ; Environment ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report builds on the OECD Well-being Framework and applies a new perspective that analyses synergies and trade-offs between climate change mitigation and broader goals such as health, education, jobs, as well as wider environmental quality and the resources needed to sustain our livelihoods through time. This report takes an explicitly political economy approach to the low-emissions transitions needed across five economic sectors (electricity, heavy industry, residential, surface transport, and agriculture) that are responsible for more than 60% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Synergies between emissions reduction and broader well-being objectives, such as reduced air pollution and improved health, increase the incentives for early mitigation action. At the same time, the impact of climate policies on issues such as the affordability of energy and jobs need to be taken into account to counter growing economic and social inequalities within and between countries. The report argues that reframing climate policies using a well-being lens is necessary for making visible such synergies and trade-offs; allowing decision-makers to increase the former and anticipate, manage and minimise the latter. This requires us to rethink societal goals in terms of well-being, reframe our measures of progress and refocus policy-making accordingly.
    DOI: 10.1787/2f4c8c9a-en
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  • 36
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    Biodiversity: Finance and the Economic and Business Case for Action (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264628267 , 9789264597044 , 9789264764361
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (124 Seiten)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Biodiversity
    Keywords: Artenvielfalt ; Finanzierung ; G7-Staaten ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Artenreichtum ; Biodiversität ; Finanzierung
    Abstract: The Convention on Biological Diversity’s 15th Conference of the Parties (CBD COP15) in 2020 marks a critical juncture for one of the defining global challenges of our time: the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, which underpin nearly all of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Transformative changes are needed to ensure biodiversity conservation and sustainable use and the delivery of the ecosystem services upon which all life depends. This report sets the economic and business case for urgent and ambitious action on biodiversity. It presents a preliminary assessment of current biodiversity-related finance flows, and discusses the key data and indicator gaps that need to be addressed to underpin effective monitoring of both the pressures on biodiversity and the actions (i.e. responses) being implemented. The report concludes with ten priority areas where G7 and other countries can prioritise their efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/928181a8-en
    URL: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/biodiversity-finance-and-the-economic-and-business-case-for-action_a3147942-en
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  • 37
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    Electrifying postal delivery vehicles in Korea (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 73
    Series Statement: Decarbonising transport
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Postsektor ; Kurierdienst ; Motorrad ; Elektrofahrzeug ; Südkorea ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Korea, Republic of ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report evaluates the costs and benefits of replacing postal delivery motorcycles with electric vehicles in eight Korean cities. It compares operating costs, safety performance, and environmental impacts based on data collected from a field trial with both vehicle types. In addition to the economic analysis, qualitative aspects are also discussed based on the findings of a focus group study. The results from the pilot programme provide an evidence base for policy initiatives in the delivery sector in Korea and beyond.
    DOI: 10.1787/fb9f5812-en
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  • 38
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    Customisation Opportunities of IUCLID for the Management of Chemical Data (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264944220
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.297
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The IUCLID (International Uniform ChemicaL Information Database) can be customised to manage chemical data in different contexts and is a platform employing globally harmonised data elements pertinent to chemicals. The version 6 of IUCLID software released in 2016 allows for greater customisation of IUCLID and for extension and integration with other tools. For example, the standard IUCLID data elements can be extended to capture specific information for specific legislative data needs before they are added to the OHTs. This document describes four main elements related to the customisation of IUCLID including how the IUCLID format can be configured and customised, the main IUCLID features and add-ons, integration with other systems and development of alternative user interfaces. The document also outlines how customisation of these different elements requires different expertise and resources. It incorporates user stories regarding customisation of and data migration to IUCLID from ECHA, Australia, and Canada.
    DOI: 10.1787/b0a6989d-en
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  • 39
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    Fiscal Resilience to Natural Disasters : Lessons from Country Experiences (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264969445 , 9789264412309 , 9789264394407
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (200 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fiscal resilience to natural disasters
    Keywords: Katastrophe ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Soziale Kosten ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Environment ; Governance ; Naturkatastrophe ; Soziale Kosten ; Finanzwirtschaft
    Abstract: Natural disasters continue to cause widespread damage and losses, with fast growing economies particularly exposed. Governments often shoulder a significant share of the costs of disaster recovery and reconstruction. This is true in OECD countries and even more so in developing economies, where private insurance markets are not as well developed. The fiscal impact of disasters on a government’s budget can be sizeable. Expenditures for the government arise from both explicit and implicit commitments to compensate for disaster losses. This report presents the results of a study that compares country practices in the management of the financial implications of disasters on government finances for a set of OECD member and partner countries particularly exposed to natural hazards.
    DOI: 10.1787/27a4198a-en
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  • 40
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    How do Europeans differ in their attitudes to immigration? : findings from the European Social Survey 2002/03-2016/17 (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 222
    Keywords: Öffentliche Meinung ; Einwanderung ; Flüchtlinge ; Kultursoziologie ; Europa ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Nordic countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland have been consistently the most favourable to immigration while eastern European countries such as the Czech Republic and Hungary have been the least favourable. Despite their relatively high average levels of support for immigration, however, many countries of western and northern Europe are quite strongly polarized internally along educational and age lines. This can perhaps explain why political divisions over immigration can be so salient in these countries. Comparing results from 2002/03 and 2016/07, one finds that European attitudes were on average quite stable. However, a number of countries became more generous while several others became more negative. On the issue of government policy towards refugees, there was a marked shift in a negative direction after the 2015/16 refugee crisis. Countries such as Austria, Germany, and Sweden which had experienced large inflows of refugees showed particularly large declines in public support for generous government policy towards asylum requests.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/0adf9e55-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 41
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    Statistical profiling in public employment services : an international comparison (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 224
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsuche ; Arbeitsverwaltung ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Profiling tools help to deliver employment services more efficiently. They can ensure that more costly, intensive services are targeted at jobseekers most at risk of becoming long term unemployed. Moreover, the detailed information on the employment barriers facing jobseekers obtained through the profiling process can be used to tailor services more closely to their individual needs. While other forms of profiling exist, the focus is on statistical profiling, which makes use of statistical models to predict jobseekers’ likelihood of becoming long-term unemployed. An overview on profiling tools currently used throughout the OECD is presented, considerations for the development of such tools, and some insights into the latest developments such as using “click data” on job searches and advanced machine learning techniques. Also discussed are the limitations of statistical profiling tools and options for policymakers on how to address those in the development and implementation of statistical profiling tools.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/b5e5f16e-en
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  • 42
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    Unconventional monetary policy and productivity : evidence on the risk-seeking channel from us corporate bond markets (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 17 (January 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Unconventional monetary policy ; productivity ; capital reallocation ; bond markets ; United States ; United States ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: We examine the relationship between lax monetary policy, access to high-yield bond markets and productivity in the US between 2008 and 2016. Using monetary policy surprises, obtained from changes in interest rates futures in narrow windows around FOMC announcements, we isolate the increased access to high-yield bond markets relative to investment-grade bond markets that is due to unconventional monetary policy (UMP). We find that through the risk-taking channel, UMP has increased investors’ appetite for high-yield US corporate bonds, thereby increasing access to high-yield bond markets for firms with a higher risk profile. Since the relationship between credit ratings and firm-level productivity is U-shaped, the aggregate effect on productivity is a priori unclear. Turning to the real economy, we thus analyse whether this additional access to finance had an effect on aggregate productivity by altering the reallocation of resources across firms. Our results show that unconventional monetary policy induced less investment in tangible capital by high-productive firms. However, before drawing conclusions on the net effects of UMP on aggregate productivity, we discuss a number of issues that this paper could not deal with due to data limitations, including prominently whether this apparent misallocation may have been offset by a shift in the composition of investments towards more intangible investment.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/06d2cce0-en
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  • 43
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    Contemporary civil-military relations in the Sahel (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 19 (February 2019)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper examines the evolution and the contemporary state of civil-military relations in the francophone Sahel (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal). In a first step, the paper traces the emergence of excessive political influence of the armed forces (praetorianism) in the Sahel. Out of these, only Senegal has remained under civilian rule since independence. The other countries have experienced military dictatorship at some point. Over the last thirty years, the Sahel has seen a shift toward more civilian oversight in political affairs. In Chad and Mauritania, however, the armed forces remain the pre-eminent political actor. In Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger, sections of the armed forces refuse to accept civilian rule. The second part examines the various challenges and tasks the armed forces in all six countries have been involved in over the last two decades. Although these challenges differ substantially across the six individual countries, the Sahel as a whole continues to struggle primarily with domestic security threats. The paper concludes with guidelines designed to foster civilian oversight and democratic reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/f17713c9-en
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  • 44
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    Rethinking innovation for a sustainable ocean economy (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264311053
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 189 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rethinking innovation for a sustainable ocean economy
    Keywords: Meeresnutzung ; Meeresschutz ; Umwelttechnik ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Welt ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Meeresnutzung ; Umwelttechnik ; Technischer Fortschritt
    Abstract: This new OECD report on the ocean economy emphasises the growing importance of science and technologies in improving the sustainable economic development of our seas and ocean. Marine ecosystems sit at the heart of many of the world’s global challenges: food, medicines, new sources of clean energy, climate regulation, job creation and inclusive growth. But we need to safeguard and improve the health of marine ecosystems to support our ever-growing use of marine resources. Innovation in science and technology will play a key role in reconciling these two objectives. This report identifies three priority areas for action based on a number of in-depth case studies: 1) approaches that produce win-win outcomes for ocean business and the ocean environment across a range of marine and maritime applications; 2) the creation of ocean-economy innovation networks; and 3) new pioneering initiatives to improve measurement of the ocean economy.
    Note: Literaturangaben , Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264311053-en
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  • 45
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    Evaluating the impact of urban road pricing on the use of green transport modes : the case of Milan (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers no. 143
    Keywords: City-Maut ; Kommunale Verkehrspolitik ; Fahrrad ; Share Economy ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Mailand ; Environment ; Italy ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of congestion pricing on the demand for clean transport modes. To this end, it draws on an empirical analysis of the effect of Milan’s congestion charge on the use of bike sharing. The analysis indicates that congestion pricing increases daily bike-sharing use by at least 5% in the short term. Extending the schedule of the congestion charge in the early evening increases bike-sharing use in the affected time window by 12%. The impact of the policy on bike-sharing use mainly occurs through the reduction of road traffic congestion, which makes cycling safer and more pleasant. The findings of the study indicate that policies aiming to reduce car use also have positive repercussions on the uptake of green mobility options. Relying solely on direct incentives for cycling, which often involve infrastructure projects, is likely insufficient to remove barriers to bike use.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/ddaa6b25-en
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  • 46
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    Tracking finance flows towards assessing their consistency with climate objectives : proposed scope, knowns and unknowns (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers no. 146
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Achieving a low-greenhouse gas (GHG) development requires making finance flows consistent with this objective. In order to measure progress to date as well as inform future public action in this area, this paper calls for further efforts to track gross primary investments flows in new infrastructure and equipment and the refurbishment of such assets, as well underlying sources of finance. The proposed scope focuses on tangible fixed assets with a direct and significant impact on GHG emissions.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/82cc3a4c-en
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  • 47
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    Taxation and the future of work : how tax systems influence choice of employment form (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Additional Information: Anhang Milanez, Anna Annex - Taxation and the future of work Paris : OECD Publishing, 2019
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers no. 41
    Keywords: Einkommensteuer ; Arbeitskräfte ; Selbstständige ; Arbeitsgesellschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Recent policy discussion has highlighted the variety of ways in which the world of work is changing. One development prevalent in some countries has been an increase certain forms of non-standard work. Is this beneficial, representing increased flexibility in the workforce, or detrimental, representing a deterioration in job quality driven by automation, globalisation and the market power of large employers? These changes also raise crucial issues for tax systems. Differences in tax treatment across employment forms may create tax arbitrage opportunities. This paper investigates the potential for such opportunities for eight countries. It models the labour income taxation, inclusive of social contributions, of standard employees and then of self-employed workers (with applicable tax rules detailed in the paper’s annex). The aim is to understand whether countries’ tax systems treat different employment forms differently, before approaching the broader question of whether differential treatment has merit when evaluated against tax design principles.
    DOI: 10.1787/20f7164a-en
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  • 48
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    Dynamic changes and effects of agro-food GVCS (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 88 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 119
    Keywords: 2004 - 2014 ; Agroindustrie ; Wertschöpfung ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Global value chains (GVCs) in agriculture and food sectors are becoming an important part of the agro-food trading landscape, influencing both the nature of the gains from trade and the impacts of trade policies. This study explores the changes in trade in value added that are occurring within agro-food GVCs and the implications that participation in agro-food GVCs has had on the agro-food sectors. It makes use of a database on trade in value added for 22 agro-food sectors derived from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. The study finds that between 2004 and 2014, agro-food sectors have been increasing their participation in GVCs and that the links created within these production networks have become more “global” in nature. At the same time, agro-food GVCs have become increasingly centred around hubs in the People’s Republic of China and Germany where large amounts of value added are funnelled before reaching the end consumer. The study also finds that participation in agro-food GVCs is beneficial for sector development and growth – both in aggregate terms and in terms of domestic value added from exports. Of key importance has been the use of foreign value added and access to a wide diversity of imported inputs. However, policies that restrict trade and limit market openness reduce participation and sector growth and development – including policies that create barriers to trade in agro-food products themselves. In addition, the study finds that the use of services value added in exports is an important factor that contributes to sector growth, which highlights the importance of the broader policy environment to enhance the benefits from agro-food GVCs.
    DOI: 10.1787/43b7bcec-en
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  • 49
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    Digital opportunities for trade in the agriculture and food sectors (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 122
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Agraraußenhandel ; Landhandel ; Landwirtschaft ; Wertschöpfung ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: How are new opportunities to create and share information shaping the digital transformation of the agriculture and food system, and thus potentially fostering its reorganisation? This report focuses on cross-border trade aspects along the global agriculture and food value chain, and looks at how changes brought about by digital technologies can influence who participates in the value chain, where value added is created, and how value is distributed between actors in the chain. However, it is not only changes in the agriculture and food sector from digital technologies that matters, but also the digital transformation of other actors in the global value chain (GVC) such as support services, logistics and governments. Digital technologies present a potential to reduce trade and transaction costs, including those related to identifying and negotiating a deal, proving compliance with standards and to delivering products across borders quickly and efficiently.
    DOI: 10.1787/91c40e07-en
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  • 50
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    Navigating pathways to reform water policies in agriculture (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 128
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Wasserpolitik ; Wasserpreis ; Subvention ; Bewässerung ; Grundwasser ; Gewässerbelastung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report offers a guide on potential reform pathways towards sustainable agriculture water use, based on a thorough review of selected past water and agriculture reforms and extensive consultation with policy experts. A theory of change is developed that emphasises the importance of flexibility in the timing and design of reform processes to achieve practical and effective policy changes. Governments should prepare future reforms, via continued research, education, and governance efforts, to help take advantage of reform opportunities when the timing is right. Five necessary conditions are identified for a successful reform process: (i) support evidence-based problem definition, objective setting and evaluations; (ii) ensure that governance and institutions are aligned with the policy change; (iii) engage stakeholders strategically and build trust; (iv) rebalance economic incentives to mitigate short run economic losses; and (v) define an adjustable smart reform sequencing that provides flexibility in the long run. These conditions are found to be necessary to implement four challenging policy changes: charging water use in agriculture; removing subsidies that negatively impact water resources, regulating groundwater use and addressing nonpoint source pollution. But the relative effort that governments need to devote to fulfilling each of the five conditions will vary depending on the policy change.
    DOI: 10.1787/906cea2b-en
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  • 51
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    Approaches to market openness in the digital age (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 219
    Keywords: Internationaler Markteintritt ; Digitalisierung ; Elektronischer Datenaustausch ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The digital transformation has had a profound impact on international trade, lowering barriers to internationalisation and contributing to growing trade competitiveness, but at the same time making international trade transactions more complex. Distinctions between goods and services and between modes of delivery have become blurred, and trade today must not only to be faster and more reliable, but also meet a range of regulatory requirements that differ across markets, including those related to privacy, consumer protection and security. Against this backdrop, this paper suggests that new and more holistic approaches to market openness are needed for the 21st century. These should take into consideration issues that span goods, services and digital networks more jointly and involve more international dialogue between a range of stakeholders and policy communities. The paper then discusses how principles of good regulatory practice in relation to market openness – in particular, transparency, non-discrimination, interoperability and avoidance of unnecessary trade restrictiveness – can provide guidance when approaching some of these emerging challenges, with a view to helping inform policy makers as they consider rules for the digital age.
    DOI: 10.1787/818a7498-en
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  • 52
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    Job characteristics, job transitions and services trade : evidence from the EU labour force survey (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 225
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Arbeitskräftepotenzial ; Arbeitsmarktintegration ; Befristete Beschäftigung ; Teilzeitarbeit ; Atypische Beschäftigung ; Trade ; European Union ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents new cross-country evidence on labour market transitions in sectors exposed to growing volumes of international trade, and the job characteristics of workers employed in these sectors. It shows that export growth is significantly associated with lower job loss risk. In commercial services sectors, exports offer over-proportional employment opportunities to those currently outside the workforce. Men and women are not always impacted identically. For example, involuntary part time employment amongst women falls with growing export volumes, while there is no such effect for men. These results show that the distributional effects of international trade are not limited to wage effects or net changes in employment numbers and highlight the need for a comprehensive assessment of trade implications for individual workers.
    DOI: 10.1787/bb21f81a-en
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  • 53
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    Offshoring of services functions and labour market adjustments (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 226
    Keywords: Outsourcing ; Auslandsverlagerung ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Strukturwandel ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: About 40% of employment in manufacturing is in services functions. This paper develops a measure of narrow outsourcing, matching services functions performed by workers inside manufacturing firms to the same services functions provided by outside suppliers. The measure allows us to analyse the competition that, say, workers at the IT services desk in manufacturing firms face from outside IT suppliers. Narrow outsourcing is entered into labour demand functions where labour is broken down on business functions using OECD data combined with the 2016 releases of the World Input Output Database (WIOD). On average, a one percentage point increase in narrow local outsourcing of services reduces manufacturing employment in the same services function by between 1.5% (R&D) and 3% (transport). The impact of offshoring on manufacturing labour demand is small on average, but depends strongly on the complexity of the value chain, the policy environment and technology. Manufacturing employment is more services intensive the longer the value chain. In-house IT functions complement and support offshored IT functions, while offshored R&D functions tend to replace in-house R&D. Tentatively, technology as measured by IT maturity and the length of the value chain is more important for employment in services functions in manufacturing than is offshoring.
    DOI: 10.1787/1590079f-en
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  • 54
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    Micro-evidence on corporate relationships in global value chains : the role of trade, FDI and strategic partnerships (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 227
    Keywords: Multinationales Unternehmen ; Auslandsinvestition ; Außenhandel ; Wertschöpfung ; Unternehmenskooperation ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Global value chains (GVCs) have sharpened the interdependencies between trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). Using a novel micro-level dataset covering about 27 000 corporate relationships of 147 multinational enterprises (MNEs) in 13 sectors, new evidence is provided on how firms organise their production globally by combining trade with investment, and on a range of non-equity, contract-based partnerships. The analysis leads to five stylised facts. First, MNE activities are a combination of trade, FDI and strategic partnerships. All firms rely on a mix of these different types of corporate relationships. Second, the configuration of trade, investment and strategic partnerships varies across sectors, firms and markets. The results highlight considerable firm-level heterogeneity within the same industry and across the different modes of entry. Third, investment performs various functions in GVCs. In addition to traditional forms of FDI such as “market-seeking” or “input-seeking”, investment “in capabilities” or “conglomerate” FDI also account for a relevant share of equity-based relationships. Fourth, support business functions emerge as key building blocks in GVCs, which suggests that policy reforms in transversal services sectors that support all GVCs should merit special attention. Fifth, GVCs display a clear geographical organisation. While domestic corporate relationships may lead to higher volumes of activities, in terms of the number of relationships MNEs have more partners abroad. Moreover, the large majority of GVC interactions take place within OECD countries. Overall, the complex and heterogeneous interlinkages observed in modern firm strategies highlight the importance of ensuring a level playing field for both trade and investment.
    DOI: 10.1787/f6225ffb-en
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  • 55
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    The distributional aspects of environmental quality and environmental policies : opportunities for individuals and households (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2019, 02
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reviews the empirical evidence on the socioeconomic distribution of exposure to a selection of common environmental risks such as air and noise pollution and natural hazards, and of access to amenities such as green space. It finds that there are many examples where disadvantaged groups within countries, regions or cities are exposed to greater environmental risks, and ultimately greater potential harm or damages, or have poorer access to amenities than more advantaged groups. However, this pattern is not ubiquitous, there are examples in the literature where no difference, or the opposite difference is observed. Next, the paper reviews the empirical literature on the distributional effects of environmental policies. It concludes that although the evidence on the direct effects of environmental policy varies by policy instrument type, the general lesson is that well-designed environmental policy reforms incorporating appropriately targeted compensation schemes (e.g. within existing social welfare systems) can neutralise direct negative distributional outcomes and generate progressive outcomes overall.
    DOI: 10.1787/e0939b52-en
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  • 56
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    Boosting social entrepreneurship and social enterprise development in the Netherlands : in-depth policy review (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 78 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD LEED working papers no. 2019, 01
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2019/01
    Keywords: Sozialwirtschaft ; Innovation ; Sozialer Wandel ; Soziale Folgen ; Kommunale Entwicklung ; Niederlande ; Industry and Services ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report provides an in-depth analysis of the Dutch policy ecosystem in place for social entrepreneurship and social enterprises. It identifies the country’s key strengths and challenges and provides policy recommendations to support the development of a stronger policy ecosystem for social entrepreneurship and social enterprises in the country. Key policy issues analysed include: clarifying the conceptual framework (Chapter 2); formally recognising social enterprises and boosting social entrepreneurship (Chapter 3); promoting social impact measurement and reporting (Chapter 4); developing social entrepreneurial capacity and skills (Chapter 5); improving access to markets and finance (Chapters 6 and 7); and ensuring sustainable institutional support for social entrepreneurship and social innovation (Chapter 8).
    DOI: 10.1787/4e8501b8-en
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  • 57
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    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Turks and Caicos Islands 2019 (second round) : peer review report on the exchange of information on request : March 2019 (reflecting the legal and regulatory framework as at December 2018) (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264455030
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (105 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Global forum on transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Turks and Caicos Islands 2019 (second round)
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Westindische Inseln ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Turks- und Caicosinseln ; Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Kooperation
    DOI: 10.1787/5a837e0a-en
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  • 58
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    China's grains policy : impacts of alternative reform options (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 129
    Keywords: Getreidepolitik ; Politische Reform ; Partielles Gleichgewicht ; China ; Agriculture and Food ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Reforming China’s grain policy could have significant implications for both domestic and international markets. China has begun to reform its price support policies for several commodities, replacing them with commodity specific area payments. The assessment of policy reform scenarios for grains, using two partial equilibrium models, show that China would maintain more than 80% of self-sufficiency in wheat and maize, and more than 95% in rice. The increase in its grain imports could increase international prices, in particular for wheat and rice. A gradual approach to reforming market price support with compensatory payments would smooth the potential impacts on domestic and world commodity markets, as well as on domestic farm income. While the reform of price support policies benefit consumers the most, more decoupled area payments could also have a greater impact on farm income without increasing the overall cost to society as well as environmental performance of agriculture. Lower costs of managing public grain stocks would equally reduce the budgetary cost of reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/aed5174b-en
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  • 59
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    Analysis of long-term challenges for agricultural markets (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 131
    Keywords: 1950 - 2050 ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Long-term Agricultural Outlook model (LAO) is a long-run partial equilibrium trade model developed by the OECD as a complementary modelling tool to AGLINK-COSIMO, a more detailed partial equilibrium model used to develop ten-year projections for agricultural markets, as reported in the annual OECD-FAO Agriculture Outlook publication. LAO describes the drivers of structural changes in global supply and demand, provides a baseline of real agricultural prices, and can be used to situate short and medium term price projections in a longer-term context. The model is also suitable for performing scenario analysis of long-term issues concerning agriculture, such as the links between food security and climate change. The model structure is similar to that of AGLINK-COSIMO, which enhances comparability, but much simpler, with highly aggregated commodity and regional groupings. The simplified structure makes it possible to make use of data on productivity growth in a way not possible in more complex models, and to investigate the role of long term drivers of productivity growth, in particular research spending. It also facilitates a focus on key macro-economic drivers of agricultural market developments. This report details the motivation, structure, and development of the model, alongside initial outputs. The baseline results indicate a lowering of real agricultural prices in the long run, as growth in global supply outpaces growth in global demand.
    DOI: 10.1787/dafae86c-en
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  • 60
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    Antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals in China (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 134
    Keywords: Tierhaltung ; Antibiotika ; China ; Agriculture and Food ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The People’s Republic of China is an important player in international markets for animal products, antibiotics, as well as in global efforts to combat antibiotic resistance (AMR). This paper reviews use of antibiotics and the emergence of AMR in Chinese food animal production. The rapid growth in food, animal production, and the relatively poor animal production conditions as well as increasing production intensity led to a sharp increase in antibiotic use in both absolute and relative terms. This trend, however, has been reversed by recent government policies and public awareness of AMR. Four government policies are particularly important in attempting to decrease the use of antibiotics: the imposition of maximum residue levels, establishing a list of permitted antibiotics, the proper use of antibiotics during the withdrawal period, and establishing a list of prescription-only antibiotics use in animal production. Antibiotic use in China is more than five times higher than the international average. One of the main reasons for the relative higher antibiotic usage is the widespread misuse associated with growth promotion in the feed and veterinary use on broiler and pig farms. The relatively low cost of antibiotics, estimated at 1% to 3% of production costs, encourages such excess use in livestock production, but alternatives are often not available and more costly. This paper recommends a mix of economic and regulatory approaches to control the overuse of antibiotics in livestock production and limit the rise in antimicrobial resistance.
    DOI: 10.1787/4adba8c1-en
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  • 61
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    Regional integration in border cities (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 20 (April 2019)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report, part of the “Cities” collection, highlights the contribution of border towns to the process of regional integration in West Africa. For 18 countries, six indicators are used to identify the specificities of border towns at the local, national and international levels: demography, urban morphology, formal enterprises, health infrastructure, road accessibility, border control posts. These indicators are analysed from the perspective of three geographical scales of regional integration (density, distance and division). The report details the economic and institutional obstacles facing border towns. It concludes with place-based political options to facilitate the economic and political development of West African border towns. Also in this Collection: “Population and Morphology of Border Cities”, No. 21 “Businesses and Health in Border Cities”, No. 22 “Accessibility and Infrastructure in Border Cities”, No. 23
    DOI: 10.1787/f41ef7ab-en
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  • 62
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    Businesses and health in border cities (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 22 (April 2019)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report, part of the “Cities” collection, analyses the spatial distribution of formal enterprises and health infrastructure in West Africa. The analysis shows that sectors crucial for regional integration are concentrated in economic capitals rather than in border areas. These results illustrate the difficulty that many West African countries have in distributing the potential for economic development throughout the country. The mapping of health infrastructure shows that border towns have a surplus of medical centres and a deficit of hospitals and maternity wards relative to their urban populations. The report identifies several regions in which closer co-operation could favour the establishment of cross-border health facilities. Also in this Collection: “Regional Integration in Border Cities”, No. 20 “Population and Morphology of Border Cities”, No. 21 “Accessibility and Infrastructure in Border Cities”, No. 23
    DOI: 10.1787/6721f08d-en
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  • 63
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    Long term trends across security and development in the Sahel (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 25 (September 2019)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Kollektive Sicherheit ; Konflikt ; Ursache ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; Development ; Sahel ; Westafrika ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Following the 2013 French military intervention in Mali, significant attention has been paid to issues of security and development in the Sahel. The stability of Sahelian countries and the capacity of their governments to manage social change and resulting tensions have major security implications for migration flows, economic development, and health concerns both for local people and for the broader international community. The rise of violent religious extremism in the region and the varied efforts to curtail its spread have raised international alarm and prompted important resources to be invested by both domestic governments and foreign partners. This paper offers a broad overview of the current situation in the Sahel paying attention to the intersecting and overlapping issues of security and development. The paper then interrogates three central themes—poverty, migration, and conflict—adopting a historical perspective to examine long-term trends in the region. In doing so, it aims to contribute to contemporary policy discussions by offering evidence of how these dynamics have either changed or persisted across this centrally important region during the last several decades.
    DOI: 10.1787/630477ee-en
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  • 64
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    Helping SMEs internationalise through trade facilitation (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 229
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in generating economic activity and employment in developing and developed countries. However, partly due to remaining at-the-border trade costs, SMEs continue to be less represented in international trade – as direct exporters or importers – than larger firms. Drawing on cross-country data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES), together with the OECD Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC), this paper looks at the relationship between the trade facilitation environment – as measured through the OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators (TFIs) – and various measures of international engagement of SMEs. While there are differentiated impacts across firm size for different trade facilitation areas, the analysis shows that firms of all sizes across both developed and developing economies benefit from improvements in the overall trade facilitation environment, helping them export and import. However, on aggregate, smaller firms benefit more from improvements in the overall trade facilitation environment relative to large firms. The analysis also suggests that some trade facilitation measures matter more in addressing fixed versus variable costs for SMEs and provides some guidance as to what trade facilitation policy reforms might be prioritised.
    DOI: 10.1787/2050e6b0-en
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  • 65
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    Participation and benefits of SMEs in GVCs in Southeast Asia (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 120 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 231
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Although global value chain (GVCs) participation in Southeast Asia has been growing, little is known about whether the benefits from participation are accruing to larger firms or if small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), which make up the majority of companies and employ the bulk of the domestic workforce, are also able to take advantage of the new opportunities on offer. This paper uses detailed firm level data from Southeast Asian countries to split the OECD Trade in Value Added database and map how SMEs have been participating in GVCs. It then identifies the benefits associated with this participation and looks into the policy levers that can help make GVC participation in the region more inclusive. It suggest that policy makers focus on: i) reducing trade costs that hit SMEs hardest; including tariffs, trade agreements and trade facilitation; ii) creating an enabling environment to promote domestic linkages so that SMEs can create partnerships with larger firms and multinationals to export indirectly; and iii) reducing non-tariff measures that are especially onerous for SMEs through wider ASEAN regulatory harmonisation and adopting more flexible rules of origin.
    DOI: 10.1787/3f5f2618-en
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  • 66
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    Productivity and innovation at the industry level : what role for global value chain integration? (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 19 (October 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Productivity growth has declined in most advanced economies in the past two decades and there are signs that the pace of global value chain (GVC) integration has slowed in the post-crisis period. This paper explores the role of GVCs - international trade in intermediate inputs - for multi-factor productivity growth using a range of cross-country industry-level data sources. We find that greater participation in GVCs is associated with faster domestic productivity growth at the industry level. We estimate that if GVCs had continued to grow at their pre-crisis trend, productivity growth would have been around 1 percentage point faster over the subsequent five years in both manufacturing and services. We also find that the productivity-enhancing direction of trade differs between sectors. For manufacturing sectors, greater use of intermediate inputs from foreign sources (backward participation) is linked with faster productivity growth, reflecting the beneficial effects of having access to better quality or cheaper inputs. For services sectors, it is more the sales of intermediates (forward participation) that is associated with productivity gains, in line with the traditional role of services in foreign trade as providing inputs to other activities. Looking by partner country, GVC participation with higher productivity countries is particularly productivity enhancing. We also find that GVC integration spurs greater domestic innovation activity.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/a5cec52c-en
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  • 67
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    Bio-economy and the sustainability of the agriculture and food system : opportunities and policy challenges (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 136
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The bio-economy is gaining increasing prominence in the policy debate, with several countries developing bio-economy strategies to decouple economic growth from dependence on fossil fuel, as well a pathway to supporting some of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and commitments under the Paris Climate Agreement. This report analyses the opportunities and policy challenges facing the bio-economy in transitioning to a more sustainable agro-food system. It provides an overview of national bio-economy- strategies based on a literature review and information provided by governments in response to a questionnaire.
    DOI: 10.1787/d0ad045d-en
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  • 68
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    Electronic transmissions and international trade : shedding new light on the moratorium debate (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 233
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The debate about whether or not to extend the WTO Moratorium on imposing customs duties on electronic transmissions has, to date, narrowly focused on its potential customs revenue implications. This paper sets out to broaden and deepen this debate. First, by putting current estimates of the customs revenue implications into perspective, showing that potential losses tend to be low relative to overall government revenue. Second, by deepening the debate on the cost of tariffs, arguing that these are unstable sources of revenue, that they are associated with lower output and productivity and that their burden falls mainly on domestic consumers, not foreign firms. Third, by broadening the debate to consider the benefits associated with electronic transmissions, including growing consumer welfare and export competitiveness. The paper argues that, overall, the revenue implications of the Moratorium are likely to be relatively small and that its lapse would come at the expense of wider gains in the economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/57b50a4b-en
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  • 69
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    Examens environnementaux de l’OCDE : Turquie 2019 (Version abrégée) (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264859814
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Çevresel Performans İncelemeleri: Türkiye 2019
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 2019
    Keywords: Environment ; Turkey
    Abstract: La Turquie est l’économie de l’OCDE qui affiche la plus forte croissance et voit ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre progresser rapidement. Depuis 2008, ses émissions atmosphériques, sa consommation d’énergie et d’eau et sa production de déchets ont été découplées en termes relatifs de la croissance économique. Ces pressions environnementales continueront néanmoins d’augmenter dans l’absolu en raison de la forte intensité d’utilisation de ressources de l’économie et de sa dépendance à l’égard des énergies fossiles. Pour améliorer ses performances environnementales, le pays devra réaliser des progrès plus importants dans la transition vers une économie circulaire et peu émettrice de carbone. Ceci est le troisième Examen environnemental de la Turquie. Il évalue les avancées du pays en matière de développement durable et de croissance verte, et comporte des chapitres spéciaux consacrés au changement climatique et à la gestion des eaux usées urbaines. Cette version abrégée contient le résumé, ainsi que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport, issues des trois chapitres sur les tendances et développements récents, la gouvernance, la croissance verte, ainsi que des deux chapitres détaillés sur le changement climatique et la gestion des eaux usées urbaines. La version intégrale du rapport est disponible en anglais sur le site de l’OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/405578df-fr
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    Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264938892
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (81 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document provides the second edition of Guidance Document 23 on Aqueous-Phase Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Test Chemicals. Whilst this guidance is targeted towards tests described by the OECD Test Guidelines identified it may also be relevant to other tests. The guidance relates to the practical aspects of carrying out valid tests with “difficult” test chemicals and mixtures and presenting the results. The guidance is considered to reflect good practice but it is important to recognise that some test chemicals and mixtures will present specific scientific and technical issues that may fall outside its scope. This document is divided into five substantive sections covering guidance for carrying out a preliminary assessment of test chemical stability; general considerations on selection of exposure systems; stock and test solution preparation and exposure systems; sampling of test solution for analysis; and calculating and reporting test results.
    DOI: 10.1787/0ed2f88e-en
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    Good Governance for Critical Infrastructure Resilience (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264591134 , 9789264410503 , 9789264988521
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Good governance for critical infrastructure resilience
    Keywords: Infrastrukturpolitik ; Good Governance ; Risikomanagement ; Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Critical infrastructures are the backbone of modern, interconnected economies. The disruption of key systems and essential services - such as telecommunications, energy or water supply, transportation or finance - can cause substantial economic damage. This report looks at how to boost critical infrastructure resilience in a dynamic risk landscape, and discusses policy options and governance models to promote up-front resilience investments. Based on an international survey, the report analyses the progressive shift of critical infrastructure policies from asset protection to system resilience. The findings are reflected in a proposed Policy Toolkit for the Governance of Critical Infrastructure Resilience, which can guide governments in taking a more coherent, preventive approach to protecting and sustaining essential services.
    DOI: 10.1787/02f0e5a0-en
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  • 72
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    Innovation, Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability in Latvia (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264449756 , 9789264312524 , 9789264727359
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (212 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Inovācijas, lauksaimniecības produktivitāte un ilgtspējība Latvijā
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Innovation, agricultural productivity and sustainability in Latvia
    Keywords: Agrartechnik ; Innovation ; Agrarproduktion ; Produktivität ; Nachhaltigkeit ; !09137510X!f ; Agriculture and Food ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Latvia
    Abstract: Latvia, a member of the European Union since 2004, is a small, dynamic and open economy that has successfully transitioned from central planning to a market economy. The reforms undertaken have driven progress, although from generally low levels and at a slower pace in agriculture than for the economy as a whole. This report examines the conditions under which farms and businesses in the food and agriculture sector in Latvia undertake innovation to become more productive and environmentally sustainable. It identifies opportunities as well as challenges that need to be addressed. These include economy wide skills shortage, emigration and population decline and urban concentration of population and services. At the sectoral level, these include the use of agricultural payments to support a large number of non-commercial farms and the high level of unpaid farm labour. To meet these challenges, agricultural innovation can be harnessed to improve the sector’s productivity, as well as the sustainability and efficiency of the food system. This report provides a series of recommendations that should allow agricultural policies to contribute to a well-functioning innovation system that can meet the challenges that lie ahead.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264312524-en
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    Agricultural Policies in Argentina (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264313705 , 9789264313699 , 9789264311695
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (196 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Políticas Agrícolas en Argentina
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Agricultural policies in Argentina
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Argentinien ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Argentina
    Abstract: The Food and Agriculture Reviews provide a comprehensive assessment of agricultural policies and calculate a set of policy indicators developed by the OECD. These indicators are regularly used in the analysis of the agriculture and food sector in OECD countries and several emerging economies. This review analyses both the indicators available for Argentina and the main agricultural policy areas, such as trade, innovation, sustainability, risk management and value chains. It also provides a series of policy recommendations. Argentina’s agricultural sector has undergone a considerable innovation process over the last two decades. This transformation was mostly led by a dynamic and pro-active private sector often subject to policies providing negative support via export restrictions and taxes. The rapid adoption of technologies, such as improved varieties and no-till farming, and organisational innovations have contributed to increasing the Total Factor Productivity of crops. Government focus on providing such general services as research, extension, and animal and plant health has facilitated innovation as has the proactive management of risks by farmers. Nevertheless, environmental pressures are increasing with deforestation and the use of pesticides.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264311695-en
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    Strengthening SMEs and Entrepreneurship for Productivity and Inclusive Growth : OECD 2018 Ministerial Conference on SMEs (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264790476 , 9789264865747 , 9789264638860
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (160 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD Ministerial Conference on SMEs (3. : 2018 : Mexiko, Stadt) Strengthening SMEs and entrepreneurship for productivity and inclusive growth
    Keywords: KMU ; Entrepreneurship ; Mittelstandspolitik ; Gründungsförderung ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Employment ; Industry and Services ; Konferenzschrift 2018 ; OECD ; Klein- und Mittelbetrieb ; Mittelstandsförderung
    Abstract: SMEs that grow have a considerable positive impact on employment creation, innovation, productivity growth and competitiveness. Digital technologies and global value chains offer new opportunities for SMEs to participate in the global economy, innovate and strengthen productivity. Yet SMEs are lagging behind in the digital transition and are disproportionately affected by market failures, trade barriers, policy inefficiencies and the quality of institutions. A cross-cutting approach to SME policy can enhance SME innovation and scale-up, as well as their contributions to inclusive growth. This includes a business environment conducive to risk-taking and experimentation by entrepreneurs, as well as access to entrepreneurship competencies, management and workforce skills, technology, innovation, and networks.
    DOI: 10.1787/c19b6f97-en
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Denmark 2019 (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264537156 , 9789264857001 , 9789264363694
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (220 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Examens environnementaux de l’OCDE : Danemark 2019 (Version abrégée)
    Keywords: Environment ; Denmark
    Abstract: Denmark's energy and carbon intensities are among the lowest in the OECD area. Green taxation as a share of GDP is the highest in the OECD, and the country is a leader in eco-innovation. Denmark has also achieved impressive results in the material recovery of most waste streams and reached a political agreement to move to a circular economy. It is an international standard setter for chemical risk assessment. However, municipal waste generation remains the highest in the OECD area. Many bodies of water do not reach good ecological status. Levels of exposure to fine particles remain above international standards. Terrestrial biodiversity suffers from the lack of well-connected protected areas. Further steps will need to be taken to achieve the stated goal of a climate neutral economy by 2050. This is the third Environmental Performance Review of Denmark. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with special features on waste, materials management and the circular economy and chemicals management.
    DOI: 10.1787/1eeec492-en
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    Essai no. 495 : Essai de Photoréactivité DRO (Dérivés réactifs de l’oxygène) (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264374379
    Language: French
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Test No. 495: Ros (Reactive Oxygen Species) Assay for Photoreactivity
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La phototoxicité est définie comme une réaction toxique causée par des produits chimiques photoréactifs administrés par voie topique ou systémique, après exposition du corps à la lumière ambiante. Plusieurs classes de produits chimiques photoréactifs peuvent provoquer des réactions phototoxiques lorsqu’ils sont activés par la lumière, à des doses ne présentant pas d’autres effets toxiques. La phototoxicité peut être subdivisée en photo-irritation, photoallergie et photogénotoxicité. Le but de cet essai est de mesurer la phototoxicité d’un produit chimique. L’événement principal dans toute réaction phototoxique est l’absorption des photons d’une longueur d’onde qui induit l’excitation du chromophore. L’énergie d’excitation est souvent transférée aux molécules d’oxygène, suivies par la génération de ROS (Reactive Oxygene Species). Les mesures sont effectuées à l’aide d’un spectromètre. La détermination de la génération ROS à partir de produits chimiques irradiés avec la lumière du soleil simulée est révélateur d’un potentiel phototoxique.
    DOI: 10.1787/fe948955-fr
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    Examens environnementaux de l’OCDE : Lettonie 2019 (Version abrégée) (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264539044
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe ESAO Vides raksturlielumu pārskats par Latviju 2019.gads
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Latvia 2019
    Keywords: Environment ; Latvia
    Abstract: La Lettonie a beaucoup amélioré ses performances environnementales et le bien-être de sa population. À la faveur d’importants investissements, la part des renouvelables et l’efficacité énergétique des logements ont progressé, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre ont baissé et l’accès aux services d’eau et de gestion des déchets s’est amélioré. La convergence avec les économies plus avancées de l’OCDE est toutefois loin d’être achevée. L’agriculture et la foresterie, qui sont l’un des piliers de l’économie, exercent des pressions grandissantes sur la biodiversité. La prise en compte systématique de celle-ci dans les politiques de développement économique devrait être une priorité. Pour accélérer la transition vers une économie bas carbone et circulaire, le pays devra investir massivement dans les infrastructures durables, faire progresser la prévention et le recyclage des déchets et renforcer les instruments économiques. Ceci est le premier Examen environnemental de la Lettonie, dont il évalue les progrès sur la voie du développement durable et de la croissance verte, en accordant une attention plus particulière aux déchets et à l’économie circulaire, ainsi qu’à la conservation et à l’utilisation durable de la biodiversité. Cette version abrégée contient le résumé, ainsi que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport, qui reposent sur les trois chapitres consacrés aux évolutions et faits récents, à la gouvernance et à la croissance verte, ainsi que sur les deux chapitres qui examinent en détail la problématique des déchets et de l’économie circulaire, et celle de la conservation et de l’utilisation durable de la biodiversité. La version intégrale du rapport est disponible en anglais sur le site de l’OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/4af1cd82-fr
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  • 78
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    Addressing Industrial Air Pollution in Kazakhstan : Reforming Environmental Payments Policy Guidelines (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264937079 , 9789264438422 , 9789264641495
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (164 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe РЕШЕНИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ ВОЗДУХА В КАЗАХСТАНЕ: Руководящие принципы реформирования политики в области экологических платежей
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Addressing industrial air pollution in Kazakhstan
    Keywords: Luftverschmutzung ; Industrie ; Umweltabgabe ; Reform ; Kasachstan ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Kazakhstan
    Abstract: Kazakhstan has recorded impressive economic growth rates since its independence, driven mainly by export of commodities and high rate of energy use. These rates are not sustainable and are generating significant air pollution, in particular from industrial stationary sources. This is putting at risk the country’s development ambitions to become one of the top global economies by 2050 and converge towards OECD living standards. Building on OECD previous analysis, this publication shows that Kazakhstan’s environmental payments (environmentally related taxes, non-compliance penalties and compensation for damage regulation) for industrial air pollutants, as currently applied, impede energy efficiency and pollution abatement with heavy-handed non-compliance responses and focus on rising revenues. They also add to the cost of doing businesses in the country with limited environmental benefit. In the spirit of the Polluter-Pays Principle, much more reforms of regulation of environmental payments are needed. This report provides guidelines for reform drawing from air pollution regulations in OECD member countries and the results of the analysis of the system in Kazakhstan carried out by the OECD in close co-operation with the Government of Kazakhstan.
    DOI: 10.1787/0e04ea86-en
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  • 79
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    Waste Management and the Circular Economy in Selected OECD Countries : Evidence from Environmental Performance Reviews (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264702912 , 9789264840584 , 9789264309395
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (116 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Waste management and the circular economy in selected OECD countries
    Keywords: Abfallwirtschaft ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Abfallwirtschaft ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Recycling
    Abstract: This report provides a cross-country review of waste, materials management and circular economy policies in selected OECD countries, drawing on OECD’s Environmental Performance Reviews during the period 2010-17. It presents the main achievements in the countries reviewed, along with common trends and policy challenges, and provides insights into the effectiveness and efficiency of waste, materials management and circular economy policy frameworks. As the selected reviews were published over a seven-year period, information for some countries may be more recent than for others. Nevertheless, the policy recommendations emerging from the reviews may provide useful lessons for other OECD countries and partner economies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264309395-en
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  • 80
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Latvia 2019 (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172739 , 9789264738621 , 9789264477629
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (208 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe ESAO Vides raksturlielumu pārskats par Latviju 2019.gads
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Examens environnementaux de l’OCDE : Lettonie 2019 (Version abrégée)
    Keywords: Environment ; Latvia
    Abstract: Latvia has come a long way in improving its environmental performance and the well-being of the population. Large amounts of investment have helped increase the use of renewables, improve energy efficiency of homes, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and extend access to water and waste services. However, convergence with more advanced OECD economies is far from being accomplished. Forestry and agriculture play a key economic role, but exert increasing pressures on biodiversity. Mainstreaming biodiversity considerations into economic development policies should be a priority. Accelerating the transition towards a low-carbon and circular economy will require major investment in sustainable infrastructure, more waste prevention and recycling and stronger economic instruments. This is the first Environmental Performance Review of Latvia. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with special features on waste and circular economy, and biodiversity conservation and sustainable use.
    DOI: 10.1787/2cb03cdd-en
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  • 81
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    Test No. 494: Vitrigel-Eye Irritancy Test Method for Identifying Chemicals Not Requiring Classification and Labelling for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264635289
    Language: English
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Essai no. 494 : Méthode d’essai Vitrigel pour l’identification de produits chimiques ne nécessitant aucune classification ni étiquetage pour irritation oculaire ou lésions oculaires graves
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Vitrigel-Eye Irritancy Test (EIT) method is an in vitro test method that allows the identification of test chemicals not requiring classification and labelling for eye irritation or serious eye damage. This test measures the eye irritation potential of a test chemical based on its ability to induce damage to the barrier function of the human corneal epithelium (hCE) models used in the Vitrigel-EIT method. It is known that chemicals that are irritating to the eye first destroy tear film and epithelial barrier function of the eye, subsequently induce epithelial cell death, and finally produce stromal degeneration and endothelial cell death, resulting in corneal opacity. Therefore, the change of the epithelial barrier function is a relevant endpoint for detecting eye irritation. In the Vitrigel Eye Irritancy test method , time-dependent changes in the Transepithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) values are indicative of damage to the barrier function of the corneal epithelium following exposure to a test chemical; this situation is similar to the observed damage of the rabbit cornea following exposure to a test chemical, which is an important mode of action leading to damage of the corneal epithelium and eye irritation. The Vitrigel-Eye Irritancy Test (EIT) method can be used within the limited applicability domain of test chemicals having pH 〉 5.0 (based on 2.5% weight/volume (w/v) preparation).
    DOI: 10.1787/9f20068a-en
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  • 82
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    Manuel d’Oslo 2018 : Lignes directrices pour le recueil, la communication et l’utilisation des données sur l’innovation, 4ème édition (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264871311 , 9789264640115 , 9789264335356
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (284 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Mesurer les activités scientifiques, technologiques et d'innovation
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Oslo Manual 2018: Guidelines for Collecting, Reporting and Using Data on Innovation, 4th Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Oslo vadovas 2018: Duomenų apie inovacijas rinkimo, teikimo ir naudojimo gairės, Ketvirtasis Leidimas Mokslinės, technologinės ir inovacinės veiklos vertinimas
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Qu'est-ce que l'innovation et comment s'y prendre pour la mesurer ? Comprendre l'échelle des activités d'innovation, les caractéristiques des entreprises innovantes, ainsi que les facteurs internes et systémiques en jeu est une condition préalable essentielle à la mise en œuvre et l'analyse des politiques destinées à stimuler l'innovation. Paru pour la première fois en 1992, le Manuel d'Oslo s'est imposé comme une référence internationale pour la collecte et l'utilisation des données sur l'innovation. Pour cette quatrième édition, le manuel a été étoffé afin de couvrir un éventail plus large de phénomènes liés à l'innovation et de tenir compte de l'expérience acquise au fil des cycles récents des enquêtes connexes réalisées dans les pays de l'OCDE, dans les économies partenaires et par d'autres organisations.
    DOI: 10.1787/c76f1c7b-fr
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  • 83
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    Essai n° 496 : Méthode d’essai macro-moléculaire in vitro pour l’identification de produits chimiques provoquant des lésions oculaires graves et les produits chimiques ne relevant d’aucune classification pour irritation oculaire ou lésions oculaires graves (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264381421
    Language: French
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Test No. 496: In vitro Macromolecular Test Method for Identifying Chemicals Inducing Serious Eye Damage and Chemicals Not Requiring Classification for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La méthode d’essai macro-moléculaire in vitro est une méthode biochimique in vitro qui peut être utilisée pour identifier des produits chimiques (substances et mélanges) susceptibles d’induire des lésions oculaires graves, ainsi que des produits chimiques ne relevant d’aucune classification pour irritation oculaire ou lésions oculaires graves. La méthode d’essai macro-moléculaire in vitro exploite un mélange réactif macro-moléculaire composé de protéines, de glycoprotéines, de glucides, de lipides et d’éléments à faible masse moléculaire qui, une fois réhydraté, forme une matrice macro-moléculaire complexe qui reproduit la structure hautement organisée et transparente de la cornée. L’opacité cornéenne est considérée comme le principal critère de classification des dangers pour l’œil. Les produits chimiques testés provoquant la dénaturation, le dépliement et des changements de conformation des protéines induisent une désorganisation et une désagrégation de la structure hautement organisée de la matrice macro-moléculaire, ce qui génère une turbidité du réactif macro-moléculaire. À l’aide d’un spectromètre, ce phénomène peut être quantifié en mesurant les changements de diffusion de la lumière à une longueur d’onde de 405 nm et en comparant ces valeurs à une courbe d’étalonnage (établie en parallèle en mesurant la hausse de la densité optique (DO) induite par une série de substances étalon).
    DOI: 10.1787/e6373855-fr
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  • 84
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    Test No. 248: Xenopus Eleutheroembryonic Thyroid Assay (XETA) (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264916784
    Language: English
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Essai no. 248 : Essai Thyroïdien sur Éleuthéro-Embryons de Xénope (XETA)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of the test is to measure the capacity of a chemical to activate or inhibit the transcription of a genetic construct (THb/ZIP-GFP X. laevis eleutheroembryos) either by binding to the thyroid hormone receptor or by modifying the amount of thyroid hormone available for transcription. The test is based on the use of a transgenic frog (possessing the genetic construction THb/ZIP-GFP) of the species X. laevis. GFP is a fluorescent protein that can be used to affirm the presence of the substance and to follow its action. This test is based on the quantification of fluorescence, and thus of the GFP protein, throughout the eleutheroembryo exposed to a test chemical. Indeed, if the fluorescence is 〉 12% by including the highest concentration of the test, the test is considered positive. Organisms are exposed in chemically inert cell culture plates (6 wells). Each well contains ten organisms in solution. In a run, 20 organisms are exposed to each test concentration. Tadpoles are exposed to the test chemical at NF stage 45 for a duration of 72 hours. A positive result of the XETA test indicates in vivo that a substance induces damage to the receptor and metabolization of the thyroid hormone. A negative result indicates that, under test conditions, the test substance does not induce detectable damage to the thyroid and its functioning.
    DOI: 10.1787/a13f80ee-en
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  • 85
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    Supporting entrepreneurship and innovation in higher education in Austria (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264816244 , 9789264679412 , 9789264874848
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (138 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Supporting entrepreneurship and innovation in higher education in Austria
    Keywords: Gründungsausbildung ; Innovation ; Hochschule ; Technologiepolitik ; Hochschulmanagement ; Österreich ; Education ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Austria
    Abstract: The Austrian higher education system has consistently recognised the need to become more entrepreneurial and innovative with a view to supporting the economic, social and cultural development of the country and its regions. Over the past decades, the government has been implementing a broad reform agenda to provide strategic funding, diversify higher education institutions (HEIs) and promote an allocation of students that improves the quality of services and empowers them vis à vis the future of work and society. This review illustrates policy actions promoting the development of entrepreneurial and innovative activities in the Higher Education System and individual HEIs. In addition, based on information gathered during study visits, the review discusses strategies and practices adopted by Austrian HEIs to innovate, engage, and generate value for their own ecosystems and networks. The review is part of a series of national reports implementing the HEinnovate framework. HEinnovate is a holistic framework that the OECD and the European Commission have developed to promote the “entrepreneurial and innovation agenda” in higher education.
    DOI: 10.1787/1c45127b-en
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  • 86
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    Test No. 496: In vitro Macromolecular Test Method for Identifying Chemicals Inducing Serious Eye Damage and Chemicals Not Requiring Classification for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264488809
    Language: English
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Essai n° 496 : Méthode d’essai macro-moléculaire in vitro pour l’identification de produits chimiques provoquant des lésions oculaires graves et les produits chimiques ne relevant d’aucune classification pour irritation oculaire ou lésions oculaires graves
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The in vitro macromolecular test method is a biochemical in vitro test method that can be used to identify chemicals (substances and mixtures) that have the potential to induce serious eye damage as well as chemicals not requiring classification for eye irritation or serious eye damage. The in vitro macromolecular test method contains a macromolecular reagent composed of a mixture of proteins, glycoproteins, carbohydrates, lipids and low molecular weight components, that when rehydrated forms a complex macromolecular matrix which mimics the highly ordered structure of the transparent cornea. Corneal opacity is described as the most important driver for classification of eye hazard. Test chemicals producing protein denaturation, unfolding and changes in conformation will lead to the disruption and disaggregation of the highly organised macromolecular reagent matrix, and produce turbidity of the macromolecular reagent. Such phenomena is quantified, by measuring the changes in light scattering (at a wavelength of 405 nm using a spectrometer), which is compared to the standard curve established in parallel by measuring the increase in OD produced by a set of calibration substances.
    DOI: 10.1787/970e5cd9-en
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  • 87
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    What is the value of saving travel time? : summary and conclusions (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264649446
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: ITF roundtable reports no. 176
    Keywords: Transportzeit ; Verkehrsökonomik ; Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report revisits the rationale and methods for estimating the value of reductions in travel time. In doing so, it considers changes in the way people use time and specifically explores whether the value of time will fall towards zero as connected technologies allow a wide range of activities while travelling. The report also reviews evidence and methodologies to account for the utility derived from such activities, as well as implications for modelling, appraisal and policy planning. It summarises the findings of an ITF Roundtable held with 30 experts from 14 countries in September 2018 in Paris.
    DOI: 10.1787/eeb102ea-en
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  • 88
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    Essai no. 248 : Essai Thyroïdien sur Éleuthéro-Embryons de Xénope (XETA) (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264683099
    Language: French
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Test No. 248: Xenopus Eleutheroembryonic Thyroid Assay (XETA)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Le but de l’essai est de mesurer la capacité d’un produit chimique pour activer ou inhiber la transcription d’une construction génétique (THb/ZIP-GFP X. laevis eleutheroembryos) soit par liaison au récepteur de l’hormone thyroïdienne soit en modifiant la quantité de l’hormone thyroïdienne disponible pour la transcription. L’essai est basé sur l’utilisation d’une grenouille transgénique (possédant la construction génétique THb/ZIP-GFP) de l’espèce X. laevis. La GFP est une protéine fluorescente qui permet d’affirmer la présence de la substance et de suivre son action. Ce test repose sur la quantification de la fluorescence, et donc de la protéine GFP, dans l’ensemble de l’eleutheroembryon exposé au produit chimique testé. En effet, si la flurorescence est 〉 12% en incluant la plus forte concentration du test, le test est considéré comme positif. Les organismes sont exposés dans des plaques de culture cellulaire chimiquement inertes (6 puits). Chaque puits doit contenir dix organismes en solution. Dans une épreuve, 20 organismes sont exposés à chaque concentration d’essai. Les grenouilles sont exposées aux produits chimiques au stade NF45. La durée d’exposition est de 72H. Un résultat positif de l'essai XETA indique in vivo qu'une substance induit des dommages sur le récepteur et la métabolisation de l’hormone thyroïdienne. Un résultat négatif indique que, dans les conditions d'essai, le produit chimiques testé n'induit pas des dommages discernables sur la thyroïde et son fonctionnement.
    DOI: 10.1787/3ed26263-fr
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  • 89
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    Multi-dimensional Review of Thailand : Volume 3: From Analysis to Action (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264897236 , 9789264777712 , 9789264741065
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Multi-dimensional review of Thailand ; volume 3: From analysis to action
    Keywords: Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Thailand ; Thailand ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Wachstumsstrategie ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Abstract: Thailand is a fast emerging country that aspires to become a high-income economy by 2037. Strong growth has enabled the country to join the group of upper-middle-income economies in the early 2010s and to perform well in many areas. At the same time, the benefits of prosperity have not been shared evenly nationwide and the economic development has taken a toll on the environment. Moving forward, Thailand needs to master three transitions to build capabilities and sustain faster but also more inclusive economic growth: enabling further growth by unlocking the full potential of all Thailand’s regions; developing more effective methods of organisation and collaboration between actors and levels of government; managing water security and disaster risk. Based on the previous volume’s in-depth analysis and policy recommendations, this report suggests a set of actions to support these transitions. The actions focus on the North of Thailand, one of the most diverse and yet poorest regions of the country.
    DOI: 10.1787/7ef9363b-en
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  • 90
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    International Best Practices for Identification of Priorities within Chemicals Management Systems (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264430075
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.314
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document captures and examines schemes used internationally for prioritising chemicals for risk assessment and/or risk management, and identifies commonalities, differences, lessons learned and areas for improvement. Based on this analysis it offers guiding principles and best practices to consider within prioritisation schemes. The document examines, for example, how different schemes handle data poor chemicals with the lack of availability of exposure or hazard data being the most common issue encountered during prioritisation. Other important best practices and common areas for development identified include using a common data platform to facilitate data sharing (e.g., IUCLID), increased sharing of results and rationales, collaboration on the development of new approach methodologies and tools/approaches for improving the prioritisation process, including the use of automation to improve efficiencies, and a comparison of international chemical inventories.
    DOI: 10.1787/0fafd6f5-en
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  • 91
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    Building an EU Talent Pool : A New Approach to Migration Management‎ for Europe (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264921962 , 9789264392229 , 9789264732896
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (120 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Building an EU talent pool
    Keywords: Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Migranten ; Migrationspolitik ; EU-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Industry and Services ; Europäische Union ; Migrationspolitik ; Hochqualifizierter Beruf
    Abstract: How can the European Union become more attractive for talented professionals looking for job opportunities worldwide? Can EU-level action support employers, private and public stakeholders in each Member State to better leverage international recruitment into the Single Market? This report presents a new overview of the obstacles that continue to hamper the attraction and recruitment of skills from outside Europe, and discusses the role of both public and private initiatives to help overcome these barriers. It provides a comparative analysis of the Expression of Interest (EoI) system of migration management as implemented in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, and assesses its potential to address the needs of the European labour migration system. The report presents several options and variants for adapting the EoI, step by step and EU-wide, and examines their feasibility, constraints and advantages.
    DOI: 10.1787/6ea982a0-en
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  • 92
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    Delivering Better Policies Through Behavioural Insights : New Approaches (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264394155 , 9789264824607 , 9789264577411
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (150 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Delivering better policies through behavioural insights
    Keywords: Verhalten ; Politik ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: As behavioural insights (BI) become more widely used, countries are looking to expand the application of the methodology to new frontiers of policy making. This report tests behaviourally informed solutions to complex policy problems in the fields of competition, consumer protection, energy consumption and safety through a variety of theoretical and experimental approaches. The results give policy makers new ideas for tackling policy problems related to individual behaviour, as well as for changing the behaviour of organisations.
    DOI: 10.1787/6c9291e2-en
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  • 93
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    Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and the impact of online sales (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers no. 142
    Keywords: Produkthaftung ; Online-Handel ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Extended producer responsibility or product stewardship is a policy approach that aims to increase waste recovery and recycling. Extended producer responsibility (EPR) systems aim to make producers responsible for the environmental impacts of their products throughout the product chain, from design to the end-of-life phase. This report focuses on free-riding of producers or retailers, which the fast expansion of online sales in recent years has been exacerbating. Online sales are creating new free-riding opportunities as consumers are able to buy more easily from sellers in other countries. These sellers often have no physical, legal entity in the country where the consumer resides, and are not registered with national or local EPR schemes.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/cde28569-en
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 94
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    Annex - Taxation and the future of work : how tax systems influence choice of employment form (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 127 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Additional Information: Anhang zu Milanez, Anna Taxation and the future of work Paris : OECD Publishing, 2019
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers no. 42
    Keywords: Taxation ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This annex details the tax treatment of standard employees and self-employed workers in eight countries: Argentina, Australia, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. The accompanying paper models and discusses the labour income taxation, inclusive of social contributions, of standard employees and then of self-employed workers. The aim is to understand whether countries’ tax systems treat different employment forms differently, before approaching the broader question of whether differential treatment has merit when evaluated against tax design principles.
    DOI: 10.1787/6b20cce5-en
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  • 95
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    Employment in agriculture and food trade : assessing the role of GVCS (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 124
    Keywords: 2004 - 2014 ; Agraraußenhandel ; Landhandel ; Landwirtschaft ; Wertschöpfung ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Agricultural sectors are increasingly integrated into international markets as global value chains (GVCs) expand. This integration is helping to drive value added growth in the sector, including the returns that flow to labour. This report explores the impact that trade and agro-food GVC participation has on labour returns and thereby employment not only within the agricultural sectors, but across other sectors of the economy. At the global level, trade and agro-food GVCs generated an average of between 20-26% of total agricultural workforce returns between 2004 and 2014, and labour returns were generated from both direct participation in trade and from indirect participation through other downstream sectors. This report finds that the impact on economy-wide labour returns is on average greater for countries specialising in direct exports of primary products as compared to those specialising in indirect agricultural exports. Evidence also shows that agricultural subsidies have a negative impact both on labour returns from primary sector exports and the returns generated indirectly from processing-sector exports.
    DOI: 10.1787/5ed3b181-en
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  • 96
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    The evolution of the treatment of agriculture in preferential trade agreements (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 85 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 126
    Keywords: Agraraußenhandel ; Handelspräferenzen ; Nichttarifäre Handelshemmnisse ; WTO-Recht ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Preferential trading agreements are becoming a more common feature of the global agro food trading environment, a trend that has increased since the early 2000s. While they increasingly cover the majority of trade worldwide, there remains a question as to the extent to which their treatment of agriculture has changed over time, and whether the liberalising elements contained in these agreements are increasingly addressing distortions in world agro-food markets. This paper presents findings on the evolution of the treatment of agriculture within preferential trade agreements. Changes in various aspects of liberalisation achieved through these agreements have been explored, such as provisions related to market access, export competition and domestic support. The report finds that agriculture appears to be increasingly treated in a similar manner to other goods trade, with expansion in the scope of agreements extending to agriculture. Agreements are delivering reduced tariffs among members across the majority of agricultural commodities – however, heterogeneity of rules of origin between agreements is likely to be undermining these benefits. Reflecting multilateral rules, provisions related to Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures and Technical Barriers to Trade have become a standard feature of agreements. Overall, preferential trade agreements are strongly influenced by the multilateral framework.
    DOI: 10.1787/751d274f-en
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  • 97
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    Trade and cross-border data flows (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 220
    Keywords: Electronic Commerce ; Elektronischer Datenaustausch ; Grenze ; Datensicherheit ; Datenschutz ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The ubiquitous exchange of data across borders has given rise to a range of concerns by governments and citizens about some of the effects of so much information being collected and used, often without the knowledge of data subjects. This has led countries to condition or prohibit the transfer of data abroad, affecting trade in the process. This paper develops an indicative taxonomy of domestic approaches to cross-border data flow regulation and local storage requirements; it then surveys international instruments that address the question of international data transfers. The paper then examines the issues that data flow restrictions might raise for consumers and businesses. Against this backdrop, the paper highlights the challenge of finding balance between ensuring that important objectives, such as consumer privacy and security, are met while maintaining the benefits from free flows of data, including the benefits from increased and more inclusive digital trade.
    DOI: 10.1787/b2023a47-en
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  • 98
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    Trade and economic effects of IRC : further empirical evidence from SPS and TBT provisions (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 224
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Internationale Handelspolitik ; Handelsabkommen ; Gravitationsmodell ; Nichttarifäre Handelshemmnisse ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Cutting trade costs, especially those stemming from non-tariff measures, is a growing priority for policy makers. One way to achieve this is for countries to improve their co-operation on regulatory matters. An avenue open to governments is to include provisions related to international regulatory co-operation (IRC) into preferential trade agreements (PTAs). However, there exists little empirical evidence of the benefits of these co-operative mechanisms. This paper provides this evidence, in the context of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) provisions. It measures the effect of IRC mechanisms on trade flows using the latest developments in the gravity literature and the most recent data sources. The work distinguishes between different forms of co-operation implemented between countries within PTAs while also accounting for the level of commitment between partners. The estimation results suggest that PTAs including SPS and TBT measures have a significant and positive effect on trade flows, with the legal enforceability of IRC mechanisms having the strongest and most robust impact on trade flows. This result holds even when WTO-related provisions and dispute settlement procedures are controlled for, implying that binding commitments are important in maximizing post-PTA trade flows. The work shows that transparency and co-operation are significant and robust factors in increasing trade. It also reinforces the view that the impact takes some time to materialise, which is important when evaluating the effectiveness of deep IRC mechanisms.
    DOI: 10.1787/8648b6ca-en
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  • 99
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    Evaluating the environmental impact of agricultural policies (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 130
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Agrarsubvention ; Umweltverträglichkeit ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Artenvielfalt ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The relationship between agricultural support policies (adapted from the OECD Producer Support Estimate (PSE) classification) and a selection of environmental impacts are analysed in a range of country settings, using a farm-level and a market-level model. Based on the methods and environmental indicators used, market price support and payments based on unconstrained variable input use were the most environmentally harmful among the various PSE measures. Decoupled support payments based on non-current crop area were the least harmful, even when considering their impacts on the behaviour of risk averse farmers. The impacts of support policies that clearly change the competitiveness of one production activity in relation to another, such as payments based on current crop area or on animal numbers, were more equivocal. Support payments subject to environmental constraints can improve environmental outcomes compared to coupled support without restrictions, however, they can also have unintended environmental impacts.
    DOI: 10.1787/add0f27c-en
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  • 100
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    Evaluating the economic benefits and costs of antimicrobial use in foodproducing animals (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 132
    Keywords: Tierhaltung ; Antibiotika ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Antimicrobial drugs are used in food animal production for several purposes: to treat a disease outbreak, to prevent disease, and to enhance feed efficiency and animal growth. While the technical benefits of antimicrobial use in animal production are well documented, there is a major lack of information on the economic impact on farmers’ incomes. This report reviews evidence on the economic benefits and costs of antimicrobials for the major animal producing species across several OECD countries as well as in Brazil and China. The findings indicate that the economic benefits are modest in modern farming systems where good production facilities, biosecurity measures, and management practices are in place. In large food animal producing countries such as Brazil, the use of antimicrobials is an important input to enhance the competitiveness of the industry. In China, the largest producer and user of antibiotics in animal production, antibiotics are often used as a substitute for less sanitary animal production facilities and the lack of appropriate biosecurity on the farm. This report concludes with several key policy options and practices, in particular those that induce farmers to place a greater emphasis on the economic benefits and costs of antimicrobials and alternative interventions in production in order to stem the rise in antimicrobial resistance.
    DOI: 10.1787/f859f644-en
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