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  • 2015-2019  (4,572)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Annual Report FY19 : Transforming Evidence into Better Outcomes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: In a year marked by change throughout the institution, the Independent Evaluation Group's commitment to rigorous analysis, innovative methodological approaches, and the sharing of knowledge and lessons remains its foundation. Though topics ranged from forced displacement to creating markets, the evaluations presented similar stories about what is and is not working at the World Bank Group, providing guidance on improving outcomes. Common themes included building resilience, monitoring who benefits, and increasing private sector engagement. A highlight of FY19 was the release of the World Bank Group Evaluation Principles, co-led by the IEG Methods Adviser in collaboration with IFC, MIGA, and the World Bank. The principles act to solidify a Bank Group evaluation approach based on the evaluation framework established in FY18. The document delineates core principles for evaluation and underlying principles for planning, conducting, and using evaluations at the Bank Group. In FY20, IEG will position itself to provide even greater impact by focusing on the development effectiveness questions that most concern the institution and its clients in terms of what is needed to influence country development outcomes and where the Bank Group can do more, differently, or better. IEG has aligned its work program with Bank Group strategic priorities, keeping in mind the Sustainable Development Goals, commitments made in the IBRD and IFC Capital Packages, and the themes of the IDA's last two replenishments (IDA18 and 19)
    DOI: 10.1596/35156
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Social Contracts and World Bank Country Engagements : Lessons from Emerging Practices (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: World Bank emphasizes the importance of social contracts to eliminate poverty and boost shared prosperity. In the 2014 World Bank Group Goals, the World Bank calls for social contracts that prioritize the poor while creating the conditions for equitable growth. This learning-oriented evaluation generates lessons from the World Bank's experience using social contract diagnostics to help countries reshape their social contracts. It does this by:(i) evaluating the quality and value added of social contract diagnostics; (ii) assessing how social contract diagnostics are translated into operations; (iii) identifying the risks and challenges of integrating social contract diagnostics into operations; and (iv) drawing lessons on how to overcome these challenges. At the country level, this evaluation identified 21 Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs) that use a social contract framing to diagnose and explain complex development challenges such as entrenched inequalities, poor service delivery, weak institutions, and why decades of policy and institutional reforms promoted by external development actors could not fundamentally alter countries' development paths
    DOI: 10.1596/32621
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    World Bank Group Support in Situations Involving Conflict-Induced Displacement : An Independent Evaluation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: In 2016, the World Bank Group stepped up its engagement in situations of conflict-induced forced displacement at the global and country levels and adopted a new approach to its engagement that recognizes displacement as a development challenge that must be addressed to attain the World Bank Group's twin goals. Since fiscal year 2016, the Bank Group's analytical, financial, and operational support has become more aligned with its stated development approach building on lessons from past engagements. This is an important shift
    DOI: 10.1596/32081
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    IDA's Crisis Response Window : Lessons from Independent Evaluation Group Evaluations (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: From the 15th replenishment of the International Development Association (IDA15)through IDA18, the Crisis Response Window (CRW) evolved from a focus on economicshocks to include two other types of crises-natural disasters and public healthemergencies. The CRW was set up as a pilot under IDA15 to address repercussionsrelated to the global financial crisis on IDA countries. When established as a permanent part of IDA, it was amended to address the impact of natural disasters in addition to economic shocks. CRW coverage was expanded to include public health emergencies when the Ebola crisis erupted in 2014. This IEG synthesis paper takes stock of experience with IDA's CRW, making use of IEG evaluative evidence. The paper synthesizes findings from existing evaluations and information on CRW performance during its pilot stage under IDA15 and subsequent IDA cycles, to inform stakeholders and promote learning. The audience for this paper is primarily internal, including management, Executive Directors (including the Committee on Development Effectiveness), and IDA deputies
    DOI: 10.1596/31568
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Strengthening Hydromet and Early Warning Systems and Services in Georgia : A Road Map (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: This analytical work assesses the current capabilities of, as well as the gaps and challenges faced by, the Georgian Hydrometeorological Department (GHMD) in producing and delivering weather, climate, and hydrological (hydrometeorological) products and services based on users' needs. It provides the government authorities and decision makers in Georgia with a technical strategic framework for improvements in hydromet and early warning systems and services (EWS), to provide socioeconomic benefits to the Georgian population; safeguard their lives, livelihoods, and property; and protect economic investments. The road map consists of 11 chapters. Chapters 1-3 highlight the climate and hydrological hazards affecting Georgia, their consequent risks, and the socioeconomic impacts on the Georgian people. Chapter 4 provides an assessment of users' needs for hydromet information. Chapter 5 gives an overview of the institutional and organizational structure of GHMD, while chapter 6 provides an in-depth analysis of GHMD's current status. Chapter 7 discusses modernization of hydromet and EWS. Chapters 8 and 9 present the road map in detail, along with three proposed successive development scenarios designed to transform GHMD into a technically modern and sound hydrometeorological service by narrowing the gap between GHMD's current status and the level of services needed for fully discharging its public service mandate. Chapter 10 presents a detailed socioeconomic benefits analysis. Finally, chapter 11 lays out the conclusions and a way forward, and several annexes provide additional details
    DOI: 10.1596/34997
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fiji Trade Facilitation Challenges for Women Traders and Freight Forwarders : Survey Findings and Recommendations (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: This note presents the results of a survey undertaken in Fiji from May to June 2019 with the intention to identify the specific challenges men and women cross-border traders are facing related to trade facilitation at the firm level. Generally, efforts to improve trade conditions, especially relating to women cross-border traders, have been progressing over the years. Yet, there is limited work focusing on trade facilitation initiatives and trade competitiveness interventions aimed at women firms who face trading barriers that are not strictly linked to tariffs or policies. There is a global data gap on the nature of barriers that women traders face related to trade facilitation at the firm level. In fact, the problem is even deeper rooted; there is a global vacuum of knowledge about the exact proportion of cross-border traders that are women. No country, not even the gender equality champions in Northern Europe, can easily confirm the number of women that undertake cross-border trade in their respective countries. A survey designed to collect data on these challenges is being rolled out in the Pacific. Countries in the Pacific Islands region face unique development challenges: they are physically detached from major markets, have small populations spread across many islands and time zones, confront the worst impacts of climate change, and are some of the most vulnerable countries to natural disasters in the world
    DOI: 10.1596/35226
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Demand Side of Jobs in Indonesia : Plant-level Analysis in the Medium and Large Manufacturing Industry (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This study is motivated by the lack of demand-side jobs study in Indonesia. Workers do not create jobs; they only fill job openings. However, most of the jobs studies in Indonesia are focused on the supply side of jobs (workers), including skills development, workers protection and unemployment insurance, as well as international migration. To gain insights into the job-creation side of the puzzle, this study proposes to explore the demand side of jobs (employers or firms). Specifically, it aims to contribute to the Indonesia Jobs Strategy by providing new (and perhaps the only) evidence on the demand side of jobs in Indonesia. This report is not exhaustive of all demand side of jobs. It is part of the bigger report on demand-side jobs, which will include the macroeconomic analysis (growth and productivity decomposition, projected sectoral employment growth, et cetera), HH enterprises (including those in the agriculture sector), and the emerging economic sectors such as the digital economy
    DOI: 10.1596/35922
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Philippines Financial Sector Assessment Program : Capital Markets Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Capital Markets ; Capital Markets and Capital Flows ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Securities Markets Policy and Regulation
    Abstract: The Philippines corporate debt and equity markets will need to grow to provide alternative financing sources to support the strongly growing economy and emphasis on infrastructure spend. Capital markets deepening will be an essential pre-requisite for the country's continued economic development. Well-functioning capital markets ensure the optimal allocation and pricing of capital. This enables retail and wholesale pools of capital to be efficiently deployed in a manner that maximizes returns for such owners of capital against their risk profile. Furthermore, there are a number of technical and operational issues that can be addressed, that can significantly improve the enabling environment for and functioning of the capital markets. The result of these factors has been a lack of focus in policy development and implementation that has hampered capital market development. Key issues include: a lack of commitment to reform from key stakeholders that has impeded the development of markets and market infrastructure; an onerous tax environment that has deterred issuance and investment; a continuing need to improve investor confidence by strengthening the quality of supervision and enforcement for market intermediaries and market operators; cumbersome regulatory requirements and processes around issuance, particularly debt issuance; and outdated and inefficient trading and post-trading infrastructure, and governance concerns regarding market operators. In order to effect meaningful change, a capital markets champion is required. This champion should be cognizant of the relevance of capital markets to the country and possess the will and vision to drive legislative, regulatory, and tax reforms. In addition, a commitment to initiate a change in the ownership and governance of key exchanges and enforce policy against entrenched interests will provide considerable impetus for development
    DOI: 10.1596/36185
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Africa's Pulse, No. 18, October 2018 : An Analysis of Issues Shaping Africa's Economic Future (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (0 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Africa's Pulse is a biannual publication containing an analysis of the near-term macroeconomic outlook forthe region. Each issue also includes a section focusing upon a topic that represents a particular developmentchallenge for the continent. It is produced by the Office of the Chief Economist for the Africa Region of theWorld Bank.Recent data point to a weakening of economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2018, according to the newAfrica's Pulse, a bi-annual analysis of the state of African economies conducted by the World Bank. Thegrowth slowdown can be attributed to the lower than expected performance of the large countries in theregion (South Africa and Nigeria). The downswing reflects poorer performance in agriculture followingdroughts and lower performance of commodity sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1365-8
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update, October 2018 : Navigating Uncertainty (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (0 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Despite some financial turbulence, growth in developing East Asia and Pacific (EAP) was resilientduring the first half of 2018. The growth outlook for the region remains positive. After peaking in2017, growth in developing EAP is expected to slow modestly in 2018, as China's economicexpansion continues to moderate. However, downside risks have significantly intensified. Anescalation in trade tensions and heightened financial market turbulence, either due to an accelerationin U.S. monetary policy normalization or contagion from other emerging markets could threaten theregion's growth prospects. To navigate uncertainty, developing EAP economies should reduceshort-term vulnerabilities and enhance buffers, redouble their commitment to an open, rules-basedinternational trade and investment framework, including through deeper regional economicintegration, and deepen structural reforms. The intensification of risks underscores the need tocontinue to enhance economic security by investing in human capital and strengthen socialassistance and insurance programs to increase households' resilience to systemic shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1366-5
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exports to Jobs : Boosting the Gains from Trade in South Asia (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464812491
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (206 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: South Asia Development Forum
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: South Asia has grown rapidly with significant reductions in poverty, but it has not been able to match the fast-growing working age population, leading to lingering concerns about jobless growth and poor job quality.Could export growth in South Asia result in better labor market outcomes? The answer is yes, according to our study, which rigorously estimates-using a new methodology-the potential impact from higher South Asian exports per worker on wages and employment over a 10-year period.Our study shows the positive side of trade. It finds that increasing exports per worker would result in higher wages-mainly for better-off groups, like more educated workers, males, and more-experienced workers-although less-skilled workers would see the largest reduction in informality.How can the benefits be spread more widely? Our study suggests that scaling up exports in labor-intensive industries could significantly lower informality for groups like rural and less-educated workers in the region. Also, increasing skills, and participation of women and young workers in the labor force could make an even bigger dent in informal employment. The region could achieve these gains by: (i) boosting and connecting exports to people (e.g., removing trade barriers and investment in infrastructure); (ii) eliminating distortions in production (e.g., by more efficient allocation of inputs); and (iii) protecting workers (e.g., by investing in education and skills)
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1248-4
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Inflation in Emerging and Developing Economies : Evolution, Drivers, and Policies (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464813764
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (486 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: This is the first comprehensive study in the context of EMDEs that covers, in one consistent framework, the evolution and global and domestic drivers of inflation, the role of expectations, exchange rate pass-through and policy implications. In addition, the report analyzes inflation and monetary policy related challenges in LICs. The report documents three major findings: In First, EMDE disinflation over the past four decades was to a significant degree a result of favorable external developments, pointing to the risk of rising EMDE inflation if global inflation were to increase. In particular, the decline in EMDE inflation has been supported by broad-based global disinflation amid rapid international trade and financial integration and the disruption caused by the global financial crisis. While domestic factors continue to be the main drivers of short-term movements in EMDE inflation, the role of global factors has risen by one-half between the 1970s and the 2000s. On average, global shocks, especially oil price swings and global demand shocks have accounted for more than one-quarter of domestic inflation variatio--and more in countries with stronger global linkages and greater reliance on commodity imports. In LICs, global food and energy price shocks accounted for another 12 percent of core inflation variatio--half more than in advanced economies and one-fifth more than in non-LIC EMDEs. Second, inflation expectations continue to be less well-anchored in EMDEs than in advanced economies, although a move to inflation targeting and better fiscal frameworks has helped strengthen monetary policy credibility. Lower monetary policy credibility and exchange rate flexibility have also been associated with higher pass-through of exchange rate shocks into domestic inflation in the event of global shocks, which have accounted for half of EMDE exchange rate variation. Third, in part because of poorly anchored inflation expectations, the transmission of global commodity price shocks to domestic LIC inflation (combined with unintended consequences of other government policies) can have material implications for poverty: the global food price spikes in 2010-11 tipped roughly 8 million people into poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1375-7
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, April 2019 : Financial Inclusion (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (0 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Europe and Central Asia Economic Update
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: With slowing global growth and increasing uncertainty clouding the global economic prospects,the Europe and Central Asia region faces a more challenging context than previously envisioned.Growth in the emerging markets and developing economies in the region slowed in 2018 and isprojected to decline to further in 2019, before picking up in 2020-21. What challenges does theregion face in the coming year? In the long run, how should policy makers design policies thatboost growth and help individuals and firms adjust to the interplay between globalization andtechnological change? Within the global context, this update summarizes the recent developmentsand outlook for the region. The focus of this issue is on financial inclusion in the region, as one ofthe important policy areas that can promote long-term growth, reduce poverty, and enhanceresilience to shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1409-9
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    South Asia Economic Focus : External Vulnerabilities (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (98 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: The South Asia Economic Focus is a biannual economic update presenting recent economic developments and a near term economic outlook for South Asia. It includes a Focus section presenting more in depth analysis of an economic topic of relevance for stability, growth and prosperity in the region as well as country briefs covering Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. It concludes with a data section providing key economic indicators for South Asia 'at a glance'. Overall, it aims at providing important background information and timely analysis of key indicators and economic and financial developments of relevance to World Bank Group operations and interaction with counterparts in the region, particularly during annual and spring meeting
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1407-5
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    China's High-Speed Rail Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (98 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Over the past decade, China has built 25,000 km of dedicated highspeed railway-more than the rest of the world combined. What can we learn from this remarkable experience? China's High-Speed Rail Development examines the Chinese experience to draw lessons for countries considering investing in high-speed rail.The report scrutinizes the planning and delivery mechanisms that enabled the rapid construction of the high-speed rail system. It highlights the role of long-term planning, consistent plan execution, and a joint venture structure that ensures active participation of provincial and local governments in project planning and financing.Traffic on China's high-speed trains has grown to 1.7 billion passengers a year. The study examines the characteristics of the markets for which high-speed rail is competitive in China. It discusses the pricing and service design considerations that go into making high-speed rail services competitive with other modes and factors such as good urban connectivity that make the service attractive to customers.One of the most remarkable aspects of the Chinese experience is the rapid pace of high-quality construction. The report looks at the role of strong capacity development within and cooperation among China Railway Corporation, rail manufacturers, universities, research institutions, laboratories, and engineering centers that allowed for rapid technological advancement and localization of technology. It describes the project delivery structures and incentives for delivering quality and timely results.Finally, the report analyzes the financial and economic sustainability of the investment in high-speed rail. It finds that a developing country can price high-speed rail services affordably and still achieve financial viability, but this requires very high passenger density. Economic viability similarly depends on high passenger density
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1425-9
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  • 16
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    En terrain minier : Mesures de diligence raisonnables pour garantir l'integrite des attributions de licences dans les industries extractives (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464812712
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (172 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Practice
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Les ressources naturelles sont susceptibles de renforcer la stabilite economique et politique d'un pays et de contribuer a la prosperite nationale et au developpement economique. Cependant, dans les pays dependant largement des ressources naturelles, une mauvaise gestion de ces secteurs peut souvent entrainer corruption, flux financiers illicites (FFI) et ainsi, pauvrete. Une transparence et responsabilisation de la gestion reglementaire de ces secteurs est donc un defi pour les pays riches en ressources. De mauvaises decisions concernant l'octroi de licences extractives peut ouvrir une boite de Pandore en multipliant les risques de corruption. Ce manuel fournit donc des methodes et solutions inspirees des bonnes pratiques pour ameliorer la transparence, la responsabilisation et l'integrite dans la procedure reglementaire d'octroi de licences, ainsi que la diligence raisonnable en matiere d'integrite. Ce Manuel adapte le concept de competence et d'honorabilite issu de la declaration de Bale au secteur extractif, et fournit des solutions pour effectuer des controles efficaces en matiere de (a) propriete effective (b) antecedents criminels et judiciaires (c) conflits d'interets, avec l'objectif d'integrer ces controles au processus reglementaire d'octroi de licences. Ce manuel met egalement en exergue les lacunes juridiques pouvant faciliter les risques de corruption et offre des solutions pour reduire ces risques. Les bonnes pratiques identifiees peuvent aider les pays a affecter des ressources limitees aux controles des antecedents necessitant un examen minutieux et rigoureux et a effectuer ces controles de la maniere la plus rentable possible. Elles aident egalement les pays a repondre aux exigences de l'ITIE relatives a la divulgation des beneficiaires effectifs et des personnes politiquement exposees (PPE). Ces strategies visant a limiter les possibilites de corruption dans le secteur extractif peuvent aider a reduire les flux financiers illicites (FFI) qui peuvent miner les ressources d'une economie et empecher un pays d'atteindre ses objectifs en matiere de developpement durable
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1424-2
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  • 17
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    Online Resource
    State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (97 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: This report provides an up-to-date overview of existing and emerging carbon pricing instruments around the world, including international, national and subnational initiatives. It also investigates trends surrounding the development and implementation of carbon pricing instruments and how they could accelerate the delivery of long-term mitigation goals. This edition also discusses the relation between policies that put an explicit price on carbon and policies that put an implicit price on carbon
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1435-8
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  • 18
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    Global Economic Prospects, June 2019 : Heightened Tensions, Subdued Investment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464813993
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (270 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Economic Prospects
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Global growth appears to be stabilizing after a period of marked weakness, but it remains fragile. A modest recovery inemerging market and developing economies continues to be constrained by subdued investment, which is dampeningprospects and impeding progress toward achieving critical development goals. Downside risks to the outlook remainelevated, and policymakers continue to face major challenges to boost resilience and foster long-term growth. this issueincludes essays on the benefits and risks of government borrowing, recent investment weakness in emerging market anddeveloping economies, the pass-through of currency depreciations to inflation, and the evolution of growth in low-incomecountries
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1398-6
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  • 19
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    Perspectives : L'ecole au service de l'apprentissage en Afrique (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464814112
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (572 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Africa Development Forum
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage presente une serie d'orientations politiques, ainsi que leurs declinaisons operationnelles, permettant aux pays d'Afrique subsaharienne de relever le defi de l'amelioration de l'apprentissage tout en elargissant l'acces et en assurant l'achevement d'une education de base pour tous. L'etude souligne l'importance de configurer le systeme educatif de maniere a ce qu'il soit constamment axe sur les resultats et a ce que tous les enfants aient acces a de bonnes ecoles, du materiel d'apprentissage de qualite et d'excellents enseignants. L'approche de cet ouvrage est unique car elle caracterise les pays en fonction des defis auxquels ils ont ete confrontes dans les annees 1990 et selon les progres accomplis en matiere d'education au cours des 25 dernieres annees, ce qui permet ainsi aux pays de la region d'apprendre les uns des autres. Les auteurs presentent une revue de litterature et y ajoutent de nouvelles analyses tirees de multiples donnees provenant d'une trentaine pays de la region. Ils integrent egalement des resultats de recherche sur ce qui influence l'apprentissage des enfants, leur acces a la scolarisation et les progres accomplis grace a l'education de base. Le livre tire des lecons sur la region pour la region a partir de ce qui fonctionne et de ce qui serait necessaire d'ameliorer. Le livre explore quatre pistes pour aider les pays a ajuster leurs systemes educatifs afin d'ameliorer l'apprentissage : poursuivre les efforts inacheves visant a assurer une education de base universelle et de qualite, assurer une supervision et un soutien efficaces des enseignants, concentrer les priorites de depenses et les procedures budgetaires sur l'amelioration de la qualite, et combler le deficit de capacites du systeme institutionnel. L'ouvrage se termine par une evaluation de la maniere dont les previsions de taux de fecondite et de croissance economique peuvent impacter les progres futurs en matiere d'education
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1394-8
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    Integracion comercial como un camino al desarrollo? (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464815164
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: After a period of rapid economic growth associated with high commodity prices, the Latin America and Caribbean region has again entered a phase of lackluster performance. Overall this slowdown seems moreself-inflicted than imported, and the outlook for the region is not encouraging either. A tepid exportresponse constrains the prospect of growing through external demand whereas limited fiscal space leaveslittle room to stimulate domestic demand. The outlook could deteriorate further if the internationalenvironment became less conducive. This report explores whether inward-looking development strategies could be one of the reasons for slowgrowth in Latin America and the Caribbean. Trade barriers are higher than in other developing regions, and while numerous preferential trade agreements have been signed, many of them are intra-regional. Thereport shows that South-North agreements are associated with increases in economic complexity and faster economic growth than South-South agreements. It illustrates the point by assessing the economic, social, spatial and environmental impacts of two major: South-North agreements signed over the last year
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1517-1
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    Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2019 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464813887
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2019 presents indicators that measure the laws, regulations and bureaucratic processes that affect farmers in 101 countries. The study covers eight thematic areas: supplying seed, registering fertilizer, securing water, registering machinery, sustaining livestock, protecting plant health, trading food and accessing finance. The report highlights global best performers and countries that made the most significant regulatory improvements in support of farmers
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1387-0
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    Scaling Up Nutrition in the Arab Republic of Egypt : Investing in a Healthy Future (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (186 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Malnutrition is a huge burden on the Arab Republic of Egypt's economy. Undernutrition-manifested by poor linear growth (stunting), wasting, and micronutrient deficiencies in children and by anemia among women of reproductive age-collectively saps an estimated two percent of Egypt's annual gross domestic product through forgone productivity and health care costs, representing an economic hemorrhaging of billions of U.S.A dollars per year. Adding to this challenge is the co-occurrence of overweight and obesity among children, leading to a malnutrition doubleA burden. Scaling Up Nutrition in the Arab Republic of Egypt aims to inform the development of nutrition policy and guide nutrition investments over the coming years. It reviews Egypt's nutrition situation, the interventions currently in place, and the opportunities, costs, benefits, and fiscal space implications of scaling up a set of high-impact interventions to address undernutrition. The book, a collaborative effort between the World Bank and UNICEF, is targeted at all those involved in developing and implementing nutrition interventions in Egypt and beyond
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1467-9
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    Investment Protection Along the Belt and Road (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper examines the level of investment protection for selected countries along the Belt andRoad Initiative (BRI), based on coding the textual content of 17 investment laws and 648international investment agreements (IIAs). We find substantial heterogeneity in the levels ofprotection provided in the reviewed laws and IIAs, and consequently along the same BRI corridorsand projects. Moreover, the current lack of effective enforcement - as shown by past treatyviolations and lack of efficient domestic court systems - poses an additional layer of risk forinvestors. Substantive improvements and harmonization in standards of treatment and recoursemechanisms in these legal instruments can help reduce investment risks. Given the scale of plannedinvestments, to minimize dispute risks, BRI governments will need to ensure full understandingof their law and treaty commitments and strengthen the capacity to enforce them
    DOI: 10.1596/31247
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    Financing Climate Change Adaptation in Transboundary Basins : Preparing Bankable Projects (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: Water, climate and finance know no borders. This brings challenges and opportunities: The majority of freshwater worldwide flows in transboundary basins and most climate change impacts are felt through the water cycle. Transboundary cooperation in climate change adaptation is crucial for preventing mal-adaptation and making adaptation in shared basins more effective. However, many basins struggle in accessing funds for climate change adaptation. River basin organizations can play a valuable role in this fund-raising process. Understanding the special risks and complexities of transboundary river basin projects is critical to preparing bankable project proposals that will attract public and private financing partners. This report highlights the challenges and opportunities countries face in accessing financial resources for climate adaptation in transboundary river basins. Outlining basic characteristics and criteria for the preparation of bankable project proposals, the report is a guide for those working on climate change adaptation in transboundary river basins
    DOI: 10.1596/31224
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    Jobs in Iraq : A Primer on Job Creation in the Short-Term (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Iraq needs a strategy to make rapid progress in tackling its profound jobs challenges. Iraq is facing a jobs crisis of unprecedented proportions. It could foment a resurgence in violence unless the Government of Iraq makes credible and swift progress in job creation and reconstruction. To shape a longer-term vision, Iraq can look beyond its recent history of conflict, and to its past as a diversified economy and home of an educated workforce. However, in the short-term, neither private/ public sector hiring can create jobs at the desired scale without significant new policy action. The first-best solution for large-scale private sector job creation hinges on structural reforms that must begin now, but are achievable only in the medium to longer term. This paper provides a primer on options to deliver large-scale job creation in the short term, based on investments in construction, agriculture and agribusiness, small and medium enterprises, and vocational skills. Its aim is to outline workable steps for progress in a jobs crisis in a post-conflict situation. Because these steps focus on rapid impact at scale, rather than structural reform, they are less-than-ideal or second-best. A similar logic applies to financing options. Financing needs for jobs are large, and while business climate reforms are under way, first-best private investment in jobs will remain limited. Yet, the recent oil price hike offers the Government of Iraq a uniquely timely opportunity to make an investment in jobs
    DOI: 10.1596/31319
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    Climate Auctions : A Market-Based Approach to National Climate Action (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: With the Paris Agreement and most of its detailed rulebook now finalized, countries and subnational actors face the challenge of translating climate targets and strategies into action and determining how to finance these actions. Through the Pilot Auction Facility for Methane and Climate Change Mitigation (PAF), the World Bank developed an innovative financial mechanism - climate auctions - which stimulates private investment in projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Climate auctions offer price guarantees to companies that can deliver eligible climate results in the future. These price guarantees are allocated through a transparent, efficient auctioning process, which maximizes the climate impact of scarce public funds. In the near-term, countries can utilize climate auctions to spur significant investments in low-carbon activities and mobilize finance at the scale and pace necessary to achieve their national climate targets, laying the groundwork for longer-term carbon pricing and greater climate ambition. This policy brief is intended to inform policymakers and public funders about why climate auctions are an effective tool for achieving climate outcomes, focusing on how policymakers can utilize auctions to accelerate NDC implementation and raise climate ambition. It also outlines how climate auctions work and where they are most effective. The policy brief was produced by staff of the World Bank with external contributions from the Rocky Mountain Institute
    DOI: 10.1596/31322
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    Bhutan Development Report, January 2019 : A Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Bhutan has a strong track record of reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity, primarilysupported by the state, which has played a large role in the country's development accomplishments.Growth has been driven mainly by the public sector through hydropower development. Statedominance is also reflected in the existence of a large number of state-owned enterprises (SOEs).However, the dependence on hydropower has resulted in a weak private sector and also createdmacroeconomic vulnerabilities. The high import content of hydropower construction widened theexternal imbalance and increased indebtedness. In addition, tax collection at 14 percent of grossdomestic product (GDP) in 2017/18 is low by international standards. The government has taken important steps to develop the nascent private sector through investments in infrastructure and improvements in the investment climate. It has also invested heavily in education and health. Despite these laudable investments, available jobs remain vacant, while educated youthremain unemployed. While hydropower will remain dominant in the foreseeable future, Bhutan'sdemographic transition requires more concerted efforts to develop the private sector
    DOI: 10.1596/31236
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    Uganda Clean Cooking Behavioral Diagnostic (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This report integrates primary and secondary research with COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation - Behavior) theoretical framework for understanding and effecting behavior change and consumer decisions on usage of efficient biomass stoves. Organized around seven themes - awareness, consumer finance, trust, access, understanding, product features, and gender - the report presents the outcomes of stakeholder interviews, consumer focus groups, and household surveys aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of the factors that determine perception of improved stoves and drive consumer decisions. It then proposes behavioral levers that the authors believe may increase the likelihood of uptake of efficient stoves and that can be ultimately used to maximize effectiveness of marketing by the private sector, design awareness campaigns, and sharpen the focus of development projects. The report primarily focuses on issues around improvement of biomass fuel usage efficiency and does not directly consider alternate cooking solutions, which might merit a more comprehensive review
    DOI: 10.1596/31283
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    Innovating Bureaucracy for a More Capable Government (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Improving government capa ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31284
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    Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Scheme : A Macroeconomic Assessment of Public Investment Options (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: Maximizing the benefits from public sector investments requires a clear, predictable, and transparent process informed by robust analyses that can facilitate multicriteria considerations of different options and alternatives. However, the tools available to governments to assess the costs and benefits of different investment strategies are often too general or specific to determine the optimal investment strategy. This paper aims to improve the tools available to facilitate the assessment of the macroeconomic implications of large infrastructure projects and enhance the capacity for management of public investment decisions. The macroeconomic assessment of public investment options (MAPIO) model was applied to the Batoka Gorge hydroelectric scheme to provide an analysis of impacts on key macroeconomic variables. The MAPIO model shows the project provides a robust financial and economic investment option with a net positive impact on the national economies in both Zambia and Zimbabwe. The estimates are considered conservative and the returns remain robust when subjecting the model to extreme assumptions to test the sensitivity of the results. However, it is important to acknowledge the model limitations, which does not include noneconomic benefits, costs, or impacts on other sectors. Any investment decision should involve a multicriteria assessment that considers the full range of options and alternatives that may be available to achieving the development objectives
    DOI: 10.1596/31302
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    Economic Empowerment of Women through Resilient Agriculture Supply Chains : A Geospatial and Temporal Analysis in Southwestern Bangladesh (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: The purpose of this report is to present the findings from a study on the Economic Empowerment of Women through Resilient Agriculture Supply Chains: A Geospatial and temporal Analysis in Southwestern Bangladesh. Recognizing that a common weakness in transport corridors has been the lack of participation and limited benefits accruing to the communities through which a corridor passes, World Bank investments in transport infrastructure are increasingly complemented by activities that facilitate the competitiveness of micro and small enterprises and economic opportunities for women and other disadvantaged people and integrate gender-responsiveness into trade facilitation and logistics initiatives. This geospatial and temporal value chain analysis in southwestern Bangladesh adopts a five-step methodology which overlays economic and initial enterprise analysis along this transport corridor, analyzes human capital (with particular focus on women) and the labor force along transport corridors, considers risk management in the value chain analysis, evaluates the economic structure of a value chain, and restructures the opportunities and gaps in areas where agglomerated economic activities were identified. The report includes a total of four components: chapter one, Identification and characterization of agricultural products that are representative of women driven, small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs). Chapter two, a geographical diagnosis of the population's sociodemographic and infrastructure conditions, and identification of constraints and opportunities regarding women-driven SMEs. Chapter three, value chain analysis for three agriculture products (fisheries, floriculture, and dairy) selected from chapter one. Analyses are represented in two formats: a) diagrams, and b) visualizations of spatial distribution. Chapter four, economic agglomeration and barriers for women-driven SME participation
    DOI: 10.1596/31262
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    Gender in Waiting : Men and Women Asylum Seekers in European Reception Facilities (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This paper explores how men and women experience their time waiting for a response to applications for international protection, in asylum seekers' reception centers in Italy and Greece. The experience of waiting in camps can be characterized as one of extended uncertainty, during which women and men live lives in a new environment, with limited physical and social interactions with local communities. Qualitative data collected in early 2017 reveals that these prolonged waits generate various vulnerabilities, some compounding those already caused by trying journeys, which include gender-specific vulnerabilities. In addition, the paper provides an overview of the aspirations men and women asylum seekers hold as they look at the future. These aspirations are informed by pre-existing gender and social norms, but their development appears to be influenced also by the time in waiting. Specifically, aspirations seem constrained for all by the high levels of uncertainty and duration of the legal process, as well as by limited information, and barriers to interactions with local communities. Thus, men and women miss out on opportunities to qualify or broaden their aspirations, as they wait. Taking into account the different challenges and opportunities men and women asylum seekers face may be helpful in devising more targeted and thus effective policies with regards to asylum seekers during this period in waiting
    DOI: 10.1596/31209
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    Burkina Faso : Joint Bank-Fund Debt Sustainability Analysis 2018 Update (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: This joint World Bank/IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) has been prepared in the context of the 2018 Article IV consultation and first review of the three-year program supported by the IMF's Extended Credit Facility (ECF). It is based on end-2017 debt data and the latest methodology underpinning the LIC DSF, which triggered an improvement in debt indicator thresholds. External risk of debt distress in Burkina Faso remains moderate. All external debt indicators remain below the relevant indicative thresholds under the baseline scenario. In line with the Staff Report, the baseline scenario is anchored on an overall fiscal deficit of 3 percent of GDP from 2019. In a customized scenario meant to illustrate fiscal and external risks, two thresholds are breached. The overall public debt does not breach the relevant benchmark in the baseline and Burkina Faso is assessed as having a moderate risk of public debt distress, as the external debt risk rating is moderate. Burkina Faso would need to: (i) maintain a sound macro-fiscal framework; (ii) implement structural reforms to diversify its export base; and (iii) limit non-concessional borrowing to prevent a deterioration of its debt sustainability outlook
    DOI: 10.1596/31300
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    Thailand Economic Monitor, January 2019 : Inequality, Opportunity and Human Capital (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The outlook for the global economy has darkened amid elevated trade tensions. International trade and investment are moderating, trade tensions remain elevated, and financing conditions are tightening. Global growth is projected to moderate from a downwardly revised 3 percent in 2018 to 2.9 percent in 2019 and 2.8 percent in 2020-21, as economic slack dissipates, monetary policy tightens in advanced economies, and global trade gradually slows (World Bank Global Economic Prospects, January 2019). Despite external shocks to trade and tourism, growth of the Thai economy is estimated to have accelerated to 4.1 percent in 2018. The economy proved to be resilient in the face of strong global headwinds due to strengthening domestic demand stemming from an upswing in private consumption and private investment. Domestic consumption expanded by 5 percent in 2018Q3, posting the highest growth rate in 22 quarters in a low-inflation environment and record-low unemployment. In addition, private investment grew by 3.9 percent in the third quarter supported by increased spending on construction, machinery and equipment. Strong domestic demand offset partially adverse global factors-the China-US trade dispute-as well as domestic and idiosyncratic factors-such as the Phuket boat tragedy and the high-base effect of gold exports. The Thai economy also owed its resiliency to strong and stable macroeconomic fundamentals
    DOI: 10.1596/31240
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    Papua New Guinea Economic Update, January 2019 : Slower Growth, Better Prospects (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The PNG economy has become increasingly concentrated in petroleum-and-gas-related activities since 2014, raising its vulnerability to external shocks, including commodity-price shocks and natural disasters. In recent months, however, the authorities have taken decisive action to promote greater diversification of the economy. Ongoing reforms to strengthen the monetary and exchange rate policy and framework are expected to improve business confidence and increase private investment and growth in the non-resource economy. Measures include addressing the FX shortage, managing the liquidity effects of the use of FX to clear the FX orders backlog, working on greater exchange rate flexibility, considering options for strengthening the interest-rate transmission mechanism, and enhancing modeling capacity in the Bank of Papua New Guinea (BPNG). In this context, the government and the BPNG will need to ensure regular, transparent, and consistent communication with all stakeholders to minimize the risk of confusion and market disruption. Papua New Guinea's medium-term economic outlook is relatively sanguine, underpinned by further large-scale resource projects. Real GDP growth is forecast to rebound to about 5 percent in 2019, primarily driven by a return to full annual production in the extractive sector. In the years after, growth is estimated to ease to its current potential of 3-4 percent a year, until planned investments in LNG and mining projects kick inches Future large-scale investment in the resource sector appears likely, with plans to double LNG production and develop new gold, copper, and silver reserves. With increased FX inflows into the economy, the current pressure on the exchange rate may reverse, adversely affecting the competitiveness of the non-resource economy. To facilitate broad-based, inclusive, and sustainable development, the government will need to focus more on investing in human capital and strengthening the business environment to spur private sector development, as elaborated in the World Bank's Systematic Country Diagnostic and summarized in the special focus section of this report
    DOI: 10.1596/31245
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    Pakistan at 100 : Growth and Investment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: This policy note was prepared in parallel to the report Pakistan at 100, Shaping the Future. The report Pakistan at 100 discusses options to accelerate and sustain growth in Pakistan so that the country becomes an upper middle-income country when it turns 100 years old in 2047. This policy note discusses Pakistan achieving an advantageous environment for public and private investment by strengthening its business climate and reforming the financial sector
    DOI: 10.1596/31411
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    Paving the Way to a Sustainable Heating Sector : A Roadmap for Ulaanbaatar Urban Heating (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Ulaanbaatar's heating sector is struggling to meet accelerating demand growth. Over the past twodecades, population growth in Mongolia's capital city has increased exponentially, mainly due to rapid rural-to-urban migration, and it is expected to reach 1.9 million by 2035. With urbanization and economic growth, new buildings are being built at a rapid pace, requiring connections to the district heating (DH) network. Over the next decade, it is projected that urban heating demand will grow by an average annual rate of 5-6 percent. At the same time, the DH network-once Ulaanbaatar's principal heat supply-is deteriorating. About two-fifths of the population (some 120,000 households) are supplied from the DH network. However, the system is dilapidated, resulting from a lack of investments for needed rehabilitation and upgrading in past decades. Owing to high water losses, the quality of replenishment water has not been adequately maintained to prevent corrosion; thus, piping is typically quite old and corroded. The total length of transmission pipelines is about 130 km (dual pipe) with pipe diameters in a range of 200-1,200 mm. It is estimated that 50 percent of the transmission pipelines are in poor technical condition, urgently requiring replacement. The secondary (distribution) network, with a total trench length of about 226 km, has a variety of owners and operators and also requires major rehabilitation and replacement. Tariffs, which are set below cost-recovery levels, exacerbate the sector's financial distress and contribute to its decay. Despite recent adjustments, consumer tariffs remain lower than the cost-recovery level, requiring state subsidies for sector operators and cross-subsidies at various points along the entire heat supply chain. Tariff-related cost allocations between electricity and heat customers lead to indirect subsidies for residential DH customers. The average DH price of 0.8 US Dollars per GJ (2014 figure) is approximately 10-20 times lower than in such Eastern European cities as Vilnius or Warsaw, and even lower than in other European cities. The sector's 2013 Master Plan estimated that a 130 percent increase in the heat tariff would be needed to achieve full cost recovery. The situation has changed little in recent years
    DOI: 10.1596/31571
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    Examining the Experts : A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Expert Witnesses in Court Systems of the Western Balkans (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Keywords: Gerichtsbarkeit ; Rechtsprechung ; Experten ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Südosteuropa ; Serbien ; Montenegro ; Nordmazedonien ; Bosnien-Herzegowina
    Abstract: This Report examines if and how expert witnesses impact the integrity, impartiality and efficiency of adjudication in four countries-Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The report is part of a broader World Bank initiative to raise awareness of reform opportunities and inform policy dialogue on efficiency of justice, quality of justice and access to justice across countries in the Western Balkans, with a view to improving the performance of their justice systems. The Report provides an objective review of the performance of the justice system in the selected countries and recent achievements and opportunities for reform vis a vis the role of expert witnesses in trials. Recognizing the formative role that expert witnesses play in the trial process, the report provides recommendations on how to leverage and improve the role of expert witnesses in trials with a view to enhancing the overall quality, efficiency and performance of the justice system
    DOI: 10.1596/31426
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    Application of the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol in the Zambezi River Basin (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The World Bank has been supporting a comprehensive program to strengthen cooperative management and development within the Zambezi River Basin. This program provides regional financing and analytical work that brings together the various commitments within a World Bank-financed portfolio of more than USD 2 billion to facilitate dialogue among the riparian states and further drive the development of climate-resilient water resources for sustainable growth. The application of the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol in the Zambezi River Basin represents part of this broader program of support to the riparian states toward enhancing development outcomes through improved cooperation and sustainable development. The Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol is a multi-stakeholder tool that evaluates the performance of hydropower projects against globally-applicable sustainability criteria for basic good practice and proven best practice. This Program Report reflects on the project design, objectives, results, and lessons learned from the experience of using the Protocol for guided self-assessment with three hydropower operators in the basin: the Zambezi River Authority, Zesco, and Hidroelectrica Cahora Bassa
    DOI: 10.1596/31161
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    Blockchain : Opportunities for Private Enterprises in Emerging Markets, Second Edition (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Blockchain is an emerging technology that offers the possibility of re-engineering economic models and enabling the creation of markets and products that were previously unavailable or unprofitable across emerging markets. This report is intended to introduce readers to current developments in distributed ledger technology, or blockchain, with the vantage point of possible benefits to emerging markets. The first six chapters were written a year ago, while the last three are more recent and bring the perspective of a year of development in the nascent technology. Chapter 1 provides an overview of blockchain technology, followed by a look at its unfolding applications in emerging markets in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 examines whether blockchain can be used to mitigate de-risking by financial institutions. Chapters 4 and 5 look more closely at the financial services sector, including an overview of how blockchain fits into the spectrum of financial technology (fintech) innovations and the resulting provision of financial services (Chapter 4), and an analysis of blockchain's contribution to reaching the unbanked and underbanked in various emerging markets, including in Latin America, Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa (Chapter 5). Chapter 6 looks beyond fintech to explore how developments in applied blockchain technology can impact agribusiness, drug safety, and more generally provide enforcement tools to promote the reach of sustainable and inclusive business. Chapter 7 discusses the proper regulatory environment needed to stimulate competition and investment in blockchain technologies in emerging markets and beyond. Chapter 8 examines the potential of blockchain to accelerate the transition to low-carbon energy solutions in these countries. Chapter 9 offers a review of legal issues associated with the use of blockchain and how these can be addressed
    DOI: 10.1596/31251
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    Country Partnership Framework for the Republic of Armenia for the Period FY19-FY23 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: The country partnership framework (CPF) for FY19-FY23 outlines a program of support to the Government of Armenia's vision for a just, inclusive, and citizen-centric Armenia. The World Bank Group (WBG) strategy will capitalize on the new momentum for deeper reforms and commitment to good governance brought about by recent political changes in Armenia to support a rebalancing of the economy toward a new growth model. The CPF presents to focus on: (i) boosting export enablers and firm competitiveness; (ii) enhancing human capital and equity; and (iii) sustainably managing environmental and natural resources. The CPF will seek opportunities under each focus area to incorporate key elements of good governance and inclusion: public accountability and transparency, citizen engagement, gender equity, spatial equity, and digital connectivity. The CPF focus areas were informed by extensive stakeholder consultations with the government, development partners, the private sector, and civil society; by the development challenges and opportunities highlighted in the government program and the WBG's systematic country diagnostic (SCD) for Armenia
    DOI: 10.1596/31444
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    Advancing Digital Financial Inclusion in ASEAN : Policy and Regulatory Enablers (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This report is intended to support digital financial services (DFS) policymakers in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) and regulators endeavors, by providing a structured approach for the analysis of DFS and financial inclusion. It provides examples of how countries are progressing in pushing further DFS growth, and the type of challenges they are facing. This report could also be a tool for private sector stakeholders when assessing the institutional and regulatory environment to invest in and develop DFS initiatives and provide valuable inputs for their dialogue with the public sector
    DOI: 10.1596/31392
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    Nigeria Biannual Economic Update, April 2019 : Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene - A Wake-up Call (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Nigeria's emergence from recession remains slow: real GDP grew by 1.9 percent in 2018. While this was above the 0.8 percent growth of 2017, it was below the population growth rate, government projections and pre-recession levels. The oil and gas sector reverted to contraction from the second quarter of the year and the non-oil economy was thus the main driver of growth in 2018. While agriculture slowed down significantly due to conflict and weather events, whose effects were not counteracted by direct interventions by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), non-oil, non-agricultural growth, which remained negative up to the third quarter of 2017 strengthened through 2018 - but remained weak - with services (primarily ICT) resuming as the key driver. As the oil sector is not labor-intensive, and the non-oil economy was still relatively weak, nearly a quarter of the work force was unemployed in 2018; and another 20 percent under-employed. With 3.9 million net entrants into the labor force (now 90.5 million people) during 2018 (up to September) (4.5 percent growth), but virtually no growth in the stock of jobs, unemployment rose by 2.7 percentage points since end-2017, and more than doubled compared to the pre-recession levels (9.9 percent in Q3 of 2015)
    DOI: 10.1596/31514
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    Republic of Cabo Verde Public Expenditure Review : Revisiting the Efficiency of Public Spending to Reduce Debt and Improve Education and Health Outcomes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure Review (PER) was prepared by the World Bank at the request of the Ministry of Finance of Cabo Verde. With a debt-to-GDP ratio of 126 percent in 2017, Cabo Verde is the most indebted country in Sub-Saharan Africa. The country is also at a high of risk of external debt distress. As part of fiscal consolidation efforts to reduce debt, this PER identifies measures to boost fiscal revenues and improve the efficiency of public spending with emphasis on health and education. The report recommends tax policy measures to stem revenue loss from ineffective tax expenditures while strengthening revenue administration and tax compliance. There is space to reduce spending inefficiencies on goods and services, wages and salaries yielding potential fiscal savings. Investment in human capital is prioritized in Cabo Verde but there is scope to improve efficiency and outcomes. In education, reducing repetition rates and addressing human resources issues are key to avoiding waste and improving outcomes. In health, the report recommends measures to improve the allocation of resources to health units. If implemented, these measures could result in combined fiscal savings of at least 2.5 percent of GDP. Finally, continued rationalization of central government fiscal support to State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) is required to support a gradual reduction of the debt-to-GDP ratio over the medium term. The report includes five chapters. Chapter one discusses the key drivers of fiscal balances and public debt in Cabo Verde and explores different options to put debt on a downward trajectory. Chapters two and three analyzes in detail the respective performances of fiscal revenues and spending over 2010 to 2017. Chapters four and five reviews public spending in the health and education sectors with emphasis on efficiency. Equity issues as also covered in chapters four and five
    DOI: 10.1596/31527
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    AFCW3 Economic Update, Spring 2019 : Digitizing Agriculture - Evidence from E-Voucher programs in Mali, Chad, Niger, and Guinea (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The agricultural sector i ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31576
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    Investigating Nutrition-Sensitive WASH : Nurturing the 'Early Years' of Life with Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene--Evidence and Policy Levers for Bangladesh (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Bangladesh made a number of laudable development achievements in the early millennium but can and should do more to improve human capital and the wellbeing of its population. Coupled with impressive achievements in poverty reduction and economic growth are meeting many of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)-such as reaching nearly universal access to primary education, gender parity in primary and secondary education, ensuring food security, lowering infant, child, and maternal mortality rates, improving immunization coverage, and increasing access to improved water sources. Nurturing a child's early years can help nations boost human capital to become more diverse, competitive economies. Improving early childhood development requires multi-sectoral action. Advancements in early childhood development will not be possible without improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). This report will discuss several analyses that demonstrate the importance of WASH in nurturing the early years. The report begins with an examination of progress in achieving human development outcomes, many of which are specifically used to measure early childhood development and human capital. The next section will present a poverty risk model used to measure differences in WASH-related disease burden among wealth groups and populations with and without access to basic water and sanitation services. The third section discusses WASH deprivations in community health centers that reduce quality of care, and the fourth section measures the unique environmental exposures from inadequate WASH faced by slum dwellers, an often neglected yet high-risk population for poor health and undernutrition. The proceeding four sections then present original econometric analyses linking various components of WASH to childhood stunting, early childhood skills, infant mortality, and school enrollment. The final section concludes and provides recommendations on how Bangladesh's WASH sector can prioritize the early years in future investments
    DOI: 10.1596/31617
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    Climate Resilient Road Assets in Albania (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: This report consolidates the findings and recommendations from studies on climate resilient road assets in Albania, financed through a grant provided by the Global facility for disaster reduction and recovery (GFDRR). The objective of the work is to assist the Albanian authorities in the prioritization of current and future climate, and seismic resilient investments in the road sector. The work has used climate and seismic vulnerability assessments, and proposed mitigation measures to improve climate and seismic resilience of the Albanian road network. The report finds that the investment in resilience and mitigation measures on the Albanian national road network is cost effective and is much less than the estimated annualised cost of the damage and loss that would accrue if mitigation measures are not put in place and maintained
    DOI: 10.1596/31616
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    Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement : Experiences from Operations (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: This review focuses on women and girls who have been forcibly displaced. Gender inequality is not left behind when women and girls are forced to flee their homes. In situations of displacement, women and girls are most exposed to adversity, and many of the risks they face, such as gender-based violence, are heightened. Women are among the most vulnerable, facing a number of challenges including extreme poverty, lack of access to basic infrastructure and services, and the impacts of climate change on livelihoods and human well-being. Internalized inequality can limit women's ability to overcome adverse experiences. With that in mind, World Bank projects must consider the different circumstances of women and girls/men and boys to deliver benefits to those that need them most. The objective of this portfolio review is twofold: (i) to assess how World Bank operations to date have addressed the different needs of forcibly displaced women and girls/men and boys in fragile, conflict, and violence (FCV) contexts; and (ii) to distill lessons and guidance for task teams, including those designing operations under the new International Development Association (IDA18) refugee window and the Global Concessional Financing Facility (GCFF). The review is limited to considering how the needs of women and girls have been addressed, as no operations were found that identified gender specific needs of forcibly displaced men and boys, or sought to close gender gaps that affected these men and boys adversely
    DOI: 10.1596/31623
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    Financial Safety Nets and Bank Resolution Frameworks in Southern Africa : Key Issues and Challenges (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This report provides an assessment of the current state of development of financial safety nets and bank resolution frameworks in eight countries in southern Africa (Botswana, Eswatini [formerly Swaziland], Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe). It has been prepared to inform ongoing and planned technical assistance projects in the southern Africa region and to provide a basis for engagement with the authorities in each of the countries covered by the study. This summary draws from more detailed material contained in a comprehensive study
    DOI: 10.1596/31511
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    Western Balkans Labor Market Trends 2019 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This third report on Western Balkan labor market trends presents a descriptive analysis of key labor market indicators for the six Western Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of North Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Serbia) and selected European Union (EU) countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Hungary) between the second quarter of 2017 and the second quarter of 2018. The report begins with an overview of labor market developments drawn from the Jobs Gateway in South Eastern Europe database and is followed by a special topic on labor costs, labor taxation, and low wages in the Western Balkans
    DOI: 10.1596/31427
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    Fiscal Implications of Free Education : The Case of Tanzania (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Tanzania became one of the first low-income countries to abolish fees for lower secondary education (grades 8-12) in 2015. One of the pledges of a new, reformist government, the policy built on the country's previous experience of abolishing primary fees in 2002. The new Fee-Free Basic Education Policy (FFBEP) extended the abolition of formal fees to lower secondary education, and prohibited both primary and lower secondary schools from levying informal fees, such as for inspections. The introduction of FFBEP has already enabled a large increase in the proportion of students entering primary school, and the proportion transitioning to secondary level. Over the next few years more than a million additional lower secondary places will be required to meet the increase in demand. This rapid expansion of lower secondary education is a boon for access and an important step for Tanzania to achieve its goal of attaining middle-income status by 2025. However, such a pace of expansion poses a significant fiscal challenge. Careful planning is required at this stage to develop a model of lower secondary education which can be scaled up in a sustainable way. In partnership with the government of Tanzania, the authors have developed a simulation model to estimate the fiscal impacts of various policy parameters with relevance to the implementation of FFBEP at lower secondary level. The findings presented in this note are based on the simulation tool developed for use by the government
    DOI: 10.1596/31466
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    Leveraging Digital Financial Solutions to Promote Formal Business Participation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper explores economic informality and how it relates to digital financial inclusion. It focuses specifically on the potential role that digital financial services-including those accessed through mobile phones and the internet can play in encouraging businesses to formalize their operations. The data show wide variations in the extent of informality as well as the financial inclusion of informal business owners. The paper finds that digital financial services can make it easier for informal firms to register and operate as a formal business, while also creating synergies between individual reform efforts. For example, companies that use a digital payroll system can easily make pension contributions when online platforms are available. Digital financial transactions also make it easier for governments to enforce laws and regulations, including tax collection. However, there are several important caveats. It is not clear that formalizing small transactions is an effective way to increase tax collection. As the digital economy grows and countries seek to curb informality, policymakers should tailor their programs to the needs and realities of different groups of enterprises
    DOI: 10.1596/31654
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    The Notional and the Real in China's Pension Reforms (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: This paper discusses the potential expansion of the role of the notional defined contribution (NDC) paradigm in the ongoing reforms of retirement provision in China. It finds that mature age life expectancy is remarkably uniform among formal sector workers at the time of retirement, although greater heterogeneity does exist for Rural and Urban Residents Pension Scheme members. The implications of a stylized NDC structure are examined covering China's major pension systems, calibrated to be actuarially neutral. Each system has a different contribution rate and retirement age, consistent with different life expectancies. A complementary social pension is also proposed. The paper concludes that an increased presence of the NDC paradigm has the potential to raise aggregate welfare
    DOI: 10.1596/31645
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    Nutrition-Sensitive Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: This document summarizes evidence and guidance on project design and results framework indicators for nutrition-sensitive water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) operations and WASH components of other sector and subsector projects. The current body of evidence on the links between WASH and nutrition provides important clues as to what nutrition sensitive enhancements are needed to achieve greater impacts on early child nutrition and human capital. Six principles are outlined that aim to address some of the limitations that are found with conventional WASH interventions. A set of results framework indicators are proposed to support nutrition-sensitive WASH monitoring and evaluation in water supply and sanitation lending operations and for WASH components of projects in other sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/31429
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    Ethiopia Economic Update 7 : Special Topic - Poverty and Household Welfare in Ethiopia, 2011-16 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Ethiopia's real gross domestic product (GDP) growth, while still strong, decelerated to 7.7 percent in FY2018. A slowdown in industrial growth, mainly driven by lower growth in construction due to foreign exchange shortages and higher prices of imported construction materials, coupled with weaker performance of the manufacturing and the agriculture sectors, explains to a large extent the growth deceleration. Services sector exhibited strong growth in FY2018 while manufacturing underperformed. Poverty in Ethiopia deceased substantially over the past decade, although by less than what would have been expected based the country's on strong economic growth. This special topic complements the government's interim report on 2015-2016 poverty analysis study, by taking a closer look at some of the household-level welfare trends between 2011 and 2016
    DOI: 10.1596/31503
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    The Problem Is They See Us As A Whole : Explaining Gender and Ethnicity-based Inequalities Among the Roma in Serbia (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: The objective of this rep ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31525
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    Mapping Poverty in Afghanistan : Technical Report (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Afghanistan has been in protracted conflict for almost four decades, with direct implications on progress towards development objectives. This context of recurring episodes of violence and insecurity, economic and political instability, and the consequent displacement of populations within and outside the nation's borders has important implications on the landscape of data and evidence available for the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of interventions and programs, and their timeliness and relevance. Afghans represent the world's largest and most protracted refugee population, with an estimated 3.5 million people currently living abroad as refugees for more than four decades. Given the large disparities in poverty incidence and high levels of inequality within Afghanistan, the knowledge of living standards at more disaggregated geographical levels of districts and nahias could help inform policy design and improve decision making at a sub-province level. Therefore, poverty mapping, which aims at estimating poverty incidence at levels lower than the household survey, was applied in Kabul and Herat provinces. This technical report describes the methodology and data used to produce the Kabul and Herat poverty maps and presents the resulting collection of poverty maps, the first of its kind for Afghanistan. The structure of the report is as follows. Section 2 outlines the poverty mapping methodology, specifically the small area estimation approach, applied in Afghanistan. Section 3 discusses the data sources and the various technical challenges faced with the datasets. Section 4 discusses the modeling phase, including model selection, model parameters, and assumptions. Section 5 presents the poverty maps at a district and nahia level, and section 6 concludes. The Annexes contains supporting data and analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/31719
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    Kosovo Social Assistance Scheme Study : Assessment and Reform Options (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: The Social Assistance Scheme (SAS) is the main social assistance program in Kosovo and the sole program targeted at poverty reduction in Kosovo and, importantly, the only program in which household income and assets are used to identify beneficiaries. In the absence of SAS, the overall poverty gap would have been 1.8 percentage points higher in 2016, and the poverty rate would have been 1.5 percentage points higher. Yet, the importance of SAS in Kosovo's social protection system has declined; decreases in spending on targeted social assistance in Kosovo goes against a worldwide trend. The Government of Kosovo seeks to reform the SAS to eliminate discrimination in program design, promote inclusion and reduce poverty. This report reviews the main design criteria of the SAS, its performance in international comparison, and provides directions for reform based on simulations with household survey data
    DOI: 10.1596/31718
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    The Power of Dung : Lessons Learned from On-Farm Biodigester Programs in Africa (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Over half the world's population cooks primarily with wood, charcoal, coal, crop waste, or dung. This share is currently increasing or stagnant in most regions. Dependence on solid fuels is one of the world's major public health challenges, causing more premature deaths than HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis combined. The use of solid fuels and stoves also imposes significant economic costs on societies that can least afford them and contributes to adverse environmental and climate change effects. Traditionally the area of improving access to modern energy services has fallen in the realm of energy experts. However, a new study conducted by the World Bank between 2017-2019 asks the question: Does Agriculture have a role to plan in improving access to modern cooking services? The report: "The Power of Dung: Lessons Learned from On-Farm Biodigester Programs in Africa" examines on-farm biodigester programs in selected countries in Africa and examines the success factors of the programs. One of the report's most important findings is that reframing the promotion of biodigesters from one providing clean cooking solutions (energy) to one providing improved fertilizers (agriculture) increases the attractiveness of the solutions among farmers
    DOI: 10.1596/31716
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    Disruptive Technologies in the Credit Information Sharing Industry : Developments and Implications (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This note analyzes the evolution of Credit Information Systems, including the emergence of new technologies that use alternative data in credit decisioning and the opportunities and risks associated with these trends. This paper also predicts the potential development effect of these disruptive technologies and proposes a role for the World Bank Group in leveraging these technologies to promote inclusion and stability
    DOI: 10.1596/31714
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    Address Presenting the Fifth Annual Report (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene R. Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about the war in Korea and the repercussions around the world. He discussed how much progress was being made in Europe in hammering out new patterns of production and trade to replace and improve prewar patterns that cannot be restored. He also said that with the cooperation of the members, Bank can aid, in creating confidence and the kind of economic environment which will encourage productive investment, both local and foreign, private and public. He examined some of the steps underdeveloped nations must take in order to effectively translate aid into concrete development
    DOI: 10.1596/31730
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    Preparing for Future Droughts in Lima, Peru : Enhancing Lima's Drought Management Plan to Meet Future Challenges (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: Lima is the capital of and largest city in Peru, with an estimated population of about 10 million people. SEDAPAL, Lima's water utility, provides water to most of the metropolitan region. While SEDAPAL is generally able to meet the current needs of its customers and respond effectively to most drought conditions that have been experienced in the past, it faces a number of challenges doing so in the future. A rapidly growing population and expanding city will likely increase demand. Currently available surface and groundwater supplies that SEDAPAL relies on are also just adequate to meet current needs. Changes in these supplies would challenge SEDAPAL's ability to manage drought conditions. This study evaluates the performance of SEDAPAL's current drought management plan against future droughts and proposes augmentations. This study takes a deeper look into the operation of the system, the different triggers, other possible augmentations than those related to increasing supply. The audience of this report includes SEDAPAL and stakeholders from Lima as well as other water managers and researchers interested in drought management planning methodologies and case studies. This study is novel, as it uses methods for Decision Making Under Deep Uncertainty to explore uncertainty in near-term drought management conditions and identify drought management strategies robust to these uncertainties
    DOI: 10.1596/31695
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    Address before the Annual Convention of the Savings Banks Association of the State of New York (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene R. Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about how the Bank conducts business by describing one loan application for India and the events leading to a signed contract and then follow-up monitoring. The whole economic and financial position of India was analyzed as accurately as possible before the departure of a mission to investigate conditions on the spot. The partition of India and Pakistan affected the Indian economy. Pakistan's import tariff on raw jute from India weakened the position of India. He described various economic challenges being faced. The loans to India are not without risk, but they are a risk worthwhile taking
    DOI: 10.1596/31727
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    Address Broadcast over Station CFCF, Montreal, February 18, 1948 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: John J. McCloy, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, commented on the interdependence of Canada with the world economy. He discussed the sources of capital the Bank draws upon for lending and guarantees. He noted that the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan) does not conflict with role of the International Bank. He discussed the economic situation of Latin America and its relation to Europe. He warned that the European Recovery Program has limitations
    DOI: 10.1596/31696
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    Address before the Foreign Policy Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 1, 1948 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: John J. McCloy, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about the prospects for success by the European Recovery Program and the role of Bank in it. He commented on the world leadership role of the United States. He reviewed the five loans the Bank has made to date. He concluded by discussing South America countries and their needs for technical assistance and advice in connection with their development
    DOI: 10.1596/31698
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    Address Presenting the First Annual Report (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene Meyer, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, presented the First Annual Report by the Executive Directors to the Board of Governors. The report had its genesis over three years during a war in which nearly all mankind was engaged. Meyer details the happenings from 1944 to 1946 and the founding of the organization. The Bank was created to assist in the reconstruction and development of its members by investing capital for productive purposes. Key personnel have been appointed, and working procedures developed. The Bank commenced formal operations on June 25th. Loan requests have been received from two countries. Meyer expects to be lending large sums of money. The goal is to promote peace and prosperity through monetary stabilization and the restoration of international credit, thereby improving the lot of humanity
    DOI: 10.1596/31686
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    Mongolia Central Economic Corridor Assessment : A Value Chain Analysis of Wool-Cashmere, Meat and Leather Industries (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Commodities Study
    Abstract: Mongolia has a comparative advantage in agribusiness, especially downstream industries using livestock products. Yet its share in worldwide exports of agribusiness commodities is insignificant. Enhancing the efficiency of the central economic corridor (CEC) is vital to Mongolia's effort to improve trade competitiveness and diversify exports. The role of Mongolia's economic corridors is best understood when seen as an integral part of the country's supply chain. The report analyzes the performance gap of the CEC through an examination of three sectors: (a) cashmere and wool sector, (b) meat, and (c) leather. These sectors highlight the major challenges that Mongolian producers face in a world where agribusiness depends on a demanding retail sector characterized by tight delivery schedules and high-quality standards, which are more important than tariffs. The report diagnoses the challenges that these industries face, identifies opportunities for the growth of these sectors, leveraging the potential of the CEC, and shares policy recommendations on how to seize these opportunities. The analysis shows that Mongolia's comparative advantage has been significantly diluted by weaknesses associated with its economic corridors
    DOI: 10.1596/31767
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    Communicating NEST Pensions for 'New' DC Savers in the United Kingdom (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: All UK employers now offer a pension scheme including the use of automatic enrollment. More than 9 million people have started saving into a workplace pension as a consequence. NEST is a pension scheme that any employer can use to meet its auto enrollment obligations. It was set up to serve those traditionally poorly served by commercial pension provision. NEST is built around features tested and seen as important and motivating for potential members and employers, underpinned by extensive research with future members and analysis of feedback from existing customers. The communications approach had a major focus on providing reassurance that saving is a '*good'* thing and NEST will look after one's money
    DOI: 10.1596/31652
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    Uganda Economic Update, 13th Edition, May 2019 : Economic Development and Human Capital in Uganda - A Case for Investing More in Education (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The World Bank's analysis of cross-country data on human capital indicates that Uganda is underinvesting in the future productivity of its citizens. A child born in Uganda today will onlybe 38 percent as productive when she grows up as she could be if she enjoyed complete education and full health. Uganda is ranked among the countries in the lowest quartile of the Human Capital Index (HCI) distribution, with an index slightly lower than the average for the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region, and below what would be predicted by its income level. Uganda's low ranking in the HCI is mainly due to the country's low education outcomes. A child born today in Uganda is expected to complete only 7 years of education by age 18, compared to a regional average of 8.1. Because of the low levels of learning achievement in Uganda, this is only equivalent to 4.5 years of learning, with 2.5 years considered as 'lost' due to poor quality of education (as shown by thequality-adjusted years of schooling component of the HCI). Uganda's score on this componentis the lowest amongst the comparator countries and below the SSA average
    DOI: 10.1596/31751
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    Republic of Poland Financial Sector Assessment Program : Cooperative Banks and Credit Unions (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This technical note reviews the cooperative bank and credit union sectors. It focuses on: (i) thesituation of the two sectors that are both in states of transition; (ii) the regulatory and supervisory arrangements; and (iii) the safety net and resolution regime within the context of the crisis management framework. In addition, key perspectives are provided as to the sustainability ofinstitutional models and the sectors within a modernizing and competitive banking sector. This note was prepared using information from the authorities and market participants that was received in the first semester of 2018 at the time of the visit of the authors. Although in some instances there is subsequent improvement in the performance of some cooperative banks and credit unions, the authors believe such changes do not modify substantially the main conclusions and recommendations made. Most cooperative banks and credit unions are stable, but each sector has its own issues. The FSAP is broadly supportive of the policy direction for cooperatives, while it questions whether the credit union sector should remain standalone. Combined, cooperative banks and credit unions represent less than 8 percent of deposit takers, though more importantly they serve about 18 percent of the population
    DOI: 10.1596/31809
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    Nepal Development Update : Investing in People to Close the Human Capital Gap (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Gross domestic product (GDP) growth in Nepal is estimated at 7.1 percent in FY2019, driven mainly by the service and agriculture sectors. The service sector is likely to grow by 7.5 percent due to a boost in the retail, hotel, and restaurant subsectors, driven by an uptick in tourist arrivals and remittance-fueled private consumption. Agriculture is estimated to grow by 5 percent in FY2019, well above its 30-year average of 3.1 percent, due to good monsoons, increased commercialization, availability of fertilizers and seeds, and improved irrigation facilities. Industrial growth is also likely to be strong at 8.1 percent, well above its 30-year average of 5 percent, mainly due to improved power availability from increased electricity generation. Private investment and consumption are likely to be the main contributors to growth on the demand side. However, public investment is projected to contract due to a slowdown in post-earthquake reconstruction and delays in national pride projects like Melamchi water supply and Upper Tamakoshi hydroelectric
    DOI: 10.1596/31802
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    Sindh Social Protection Policy Note (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan shifted the administrative paradigm from centralized to decentralized structures. The added obligations require major policy and institutional reforms in an otherwise weak social protection (SP) sector at provincial levels, generally characterized by limited planning, coordination, execution, and monitoring capacities. SP has become a salient feature of social policy, nationally as well as internationally. The basic components of a SP framework include safety nets or social assistance, social care for children and the elderly, social insurance and labor market interventions for productive employment generation. SP is conferred as an entitlement in the Pakistani Constitution, and the Government of Sindh (GoS) has demonstrated political commitments to this. This note outlines the key considerations of a policy on SP as part of the GoS commitment to reduce poverty, inequality, and vulnerability in the province. Section one gives introduction. Some of the key development challenges that a SP policy may need to consider prioritizing is described in section two. Sections three and four describes critical design principles of SP policies and programs, respectively. Section five reviews the current de facto SP programming in Sindh, while section six delineates a way forward for policy development
    DOI: 10.1596/31834
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    Address before the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene R. Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about the fifth annual report and a supplemental statement to show what Bank was doing to enlarge the freedom of men. He described the Bank functioning effectively as a pool of both the government and private resources. He spoke about the bonds of International Bank that are well established in the America securities market. He warned of inflation risks and equipment shortages due to the Korean War. He spoke of the need for international coordination of the many sources of financing and aid
    DOI: 10.1596/31732
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    Address at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Political Science (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene Meyer, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about the marriage partnership between politics and economics in which divorce is an impossibility. The essential objective and the operation of the Bank which is to promote the international flow of long-term capital and to assure funds for the reconstruction of devastated areas and the development of resources in member countries. The Bank does not compete with private banks, but rather serves to promote foreign investment. It is empowered to extend credit from its own capital, borrow capital, and issue loan guarantees. World stability is threatened by a starvation for the materials with which to reconstruct. He stressed the need for settling the labor disputes without the disastrous strikes which bring about world starvation. The Bank can play the accelerating role of reconstruction and development for which it was established
    DOI: 10.1596/31687
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    Stronger Power : Improving Power Sector Resilience to Natural Hazards (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: The power sector is both highly vulnerable to natural hazards and a priority for any country'srecovery and reconstruction. After Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico in 2017, most of the power gridwas down. One year and tens of billions of dollars later some customers were yet to be reconnected to the main grid. This type of long and widespread power outage has major consequences on people's health and well-being, for instance through lacking access to refrigeration for food and medicine, and on the ability of firms to produce and provide people with goods, services, jobs, and income. In most countries, the power system is designed to cope with high-frequency but relatively low impact events. Low-frequency, high-impact events - such as many natural disasters - are rarely considered fully, and the implementation of planned management measures is often patchy. Furthermore, the power system is a special kind of infrastructure due to the heterogeneity of the generation assets and its wide spatial distribution. The latter means that power systems are often exposed to natural hazards and sometimes to more than one hazard, leading to high repair costs when disasters strike. This paper, prepared as a sectoral note for the Lifelines report on infrastructure resilience, investigates the vulnerability of the power system to natural hazards and climate change, and provides recommendations to increase its resilience. It first describes how power outages are often the consequence of natural disasters and outlines the main vulnerabilities of the power sector. It then proposes a range of approaches and solutions for building a more resilient power sector - from increased robustness to greater flexibility - showing that the additional cost of resilience is not high if resources are well spent. Finally, it describes how emergency preparedness and disaster recovery encompass not only technical aspects, like asset strengthening or criticality analysis, but also "softer" skills, like governance, regulatory or capacity building, and education
    DOI: 10.1596/31910
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    From A Rocky Road to Smooth Sailing : Building Transport Resilience to Natural Disasters (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Reliable transport infrastructure is one of the backbones of a prosperous economy, providingaccess to markets, jobs and social services. Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG9) calls forincreased access to sustainable transport infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries.Collectively, these countries will need to spend between 0.5 percent and 3.3 percent of their GDPannually (157 billion to 1 trillion US Dollars) in new transport infrastructure by 2030 - plus an additional 1 percent to 2 percent of GDP to maintain their network - depending on their ambition and their efficiency in service delivery (Rozenberg and Fay, 2019). Because of the wide spatial distribution of transport infrastructure, many transport assets are exposed and vulnerable to natural hazards, increasing costs for national transport agencies and operators. During the 2015 floods in Tbilisi, Georgia, the repair of transport assets contributed approximately 60 percent of the total damage cost (GFDRR, 2015). In the 1995 earthquake in Kobe, Japan, accessibility as measured by the length of open networks directly after the shock dropped by 86 percent for highways and by 71 percent for railways (Kazama and Noda, 2012b). Such transport disruptions necessarily have direct impacts on the local economy. Employees face difficulties commuting, access to firms is disrupted for clients, interruptions in the supply chain inhibit production, and finished products cannot be easily shipped (Kajitani and Tatano, 2014). The paper, prepared as background material for the Lifelines report on infrastructure resilience, summarizes the main findings on the risk faced by transport networks and users as a result of natural disasters and climate change, and the main recommendations for building more resilient transport networks. It starts by describing how transport disruptions affect firms and households either directly and through supply chains. It then proposes a range of approaches and solutions for building more resilient transport networks, showing that the additional cost of resilience is not high if resources are well spent. Finally, it provides a set of practical recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/31913
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    Water Infrastructure Resilience : Examples of Dams, Wastewater Treatment Plants, and Water Supply and Sanitation Systems (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Water systems are a special kind of infrastructure systems because they perform a dual role: theyprovide water services while also reducing risks to other services from natural hazards such asfloods and droughts. This report aims to inform water system managers on the importance of andmeasures to build the resilience of water service provision to natural hazards and climate riskswhile ensuring that water systems can safeguard service provision by reducing their exposure tothe risks associated with natural hazards. When choosing resilience measures, water systemsmanagers should consider the following six principles while also incorporating the concept ofdecision making under deep uncertainty: 1) knowing the system through network analysis andcriticality assessment; 2) improving maintenance to reduce vulnerability and improve resilience;3) involving users for active demand management; 4) working with nature to manage and respondto risks; 5) developing and improving contingency management; and 6) applying innovation whereappropriate. In addition, since water systems reduce the risks associated with certain naturalhazards to other services like power, transport and water itself, such safeguard services shouldbe accounted for when making the case for resilience investments in water systems
    DOI: 10.1596/31911
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    Russia Economic Report, No. 41, June 2019 : Modest Growth - Focus on Informality (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Real GDP growth in Russia surpassed expectations in 2018, reaching 2.3 percent, mostly due to one off effects of energy construction. Forecasted growth of 1.2 percent in 2019 and 1.8 percent in 2020 and 2021 reflects a more modest outlook. Russia's macro-fiscal buffers remain strong, with fiscal surpluses across all tiers of government and low public-debt levels. When compared to advanced economies, Russia spends less on health and education. Rebalancing in favor of these categories could improve the overall efficiency of public spending. Short-term inflationary risks have abated, with the Bank of Russia signaling a return to a neutral policy rate. Lending activity is recovering, but the banking sector remains afflicted with high concentration and state dominance. Having eased slightly, the poverty rate remains in double digits with many households close to the poverty line and lacking formal employment. Informal employment is rising in the face of close-to-zero net job creation by medium-sized and large formal enterprises. Key risks to medium-term growth include the expansion of economic sanctions, renewed financial turmoil in EMDEs, a dramatic drop in oil prices, and souring of the global trade environment. The recent double-digit expansion in household credit may also pose a risk to financial stability in the case of a deterioration in the macroeconomic environment
    DOI: 10.1596/31933
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    Investing in Opportunities for All : Croatia Country Gender Assessment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: The Croatia Country Gende ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31937
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    Myanmar Economic Monitor, June 2019 : Building Reform Momentum (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Myanmar's economy is slowly picking up speed and regaining stability after a volatile 2018. Despite a challenging global environment, Myanmar's economic growth is expected to rise to 6.5 percent in 2018/19 from 6.4 percent in the Transition Period1 supported by strong performance in the manufacturing and services sectors. Volatility that buffeted the economy in 2018 has started to ease. Inflation moderated, the kyat stabilized, and fuel prices fell in Q1 2018/19, though there have been some reversals in prices in Q2. The economic outlook looks positive, with growth expected to reach 6.7 percent in the medium-term. The recent decisions to ease trade restrictions; open the financial sector to greater foreign competition; and begin mega infrastructure projects signal a decisive and awaited uptick in reform momentum. Downside risks to the economic outlook are driven by external factors, including possible revocation of preferential trade access under the European Union Generalized System of Preferences. Slowing global and regional growth, especially in China, together with renewed escalation of global trade tensions, could also slow exports and the flow of inbound foreign investments. Insecurity in border areas, the Rakhine crisis, with violence and forced displacement of refugees, and the recent flare-up in violence involving the Arakan Army, could affect investors' sentiment. The 2020 general election is also a source of uncertainty
    DOI: 10.1596/31934
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    Argentina : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This country brief provides an overview of tobacco legislation, use, and taxation in Argentina. Argentina is the only country in Latin America which did not become a Party to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Still, many of the FCTC provisions are included in the legislation. The prevalence of smoking was quite high in 1970-1990s ranging between 40-58 percent among men and 20- 25 percent among women. After tobacco control measures were implemented, the prevalence of smoking decreased. Tobacco consumption and smoking prevalence in Argentina decreased due to the implementation of comprehensive tobacco control policies and some economic factors, which reduced cigarette affordability in the country. In Argentina, cigarette affordability and tobacco consumption reduction were observed in: (1) 1999-2002; (2) 2014-2015; (3) 2016. In the first case (1999-2002), it was mainly caused by the reduction in population income during the economic recession. In 2014-2015, tax rates were not changed, and the main factor of the affordability reduction was the pricing policy of the tobacco industry. The largest decline in affordability was achieved by the government taxation policy implemented in May 2016: the effective excise tax rate was actually increased by about 100. Cigarette sales in 2016 declined by 5 billion sticks or by 12 percent. Tobacco taxation system should be simplified to one excise tax with a unified ad valorem rate for all tobacco products and specific minimum excise rates for each tobacco product. The specific tax rates should be set high enough to prevent the sales of very cheap tobacco products, and these specific rates should be annually increased above the inflation rate to ensure both the reduction of tobacco consumption and the increase of governmental revenue. Subsidies for tobacco growers through the Special Tobacco Fund are counterproductive from both public health and economic perspectives. Tobacco use surveillance and monitoring should be further developed in Argentina, including regular surveys with a collection of comprehensive information on tobacco products consumed in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/31960
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    Brazil : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This country brief provides an overview of tobacco legislation, use, and taxation in Brazil
    DOI: 10.1596/31963
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    Living Conditions and Settlement Decisions of Recent Afghan Returnees : Findings from a 2018 Phone Survey of Afghan Returnees and UNHCR Data (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: This report is the result of a collaboration between the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Poverty and Equity Global Practice of the World Bank Group (WBG). Repatriation or the return of refugees to their country of origin has been rarely studied, and data on their socio-economic outcomes is sparsely available. In such a context, the World Bank and UNHCR teams attempted to make good use of the existing data sources and complemented it with new data collection methods to better understand the patterns and characteristics of recent Afghan refugee returns. More specifically, the team attempted to analytically connect insights between different data sources to explore (albeit imperfectly) questions of selection among Afghans who remained in Pakistan and those documented returnees who returned to Afghanistan
    DOI: 10.1596/31944
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    Guatemala : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/31965
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  • 85
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    Nicaragua : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This country brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country. This country brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country. Nicaragua became a Party to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2008 and was the first country in the world which ratified the FCTC Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products. Data on smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption in Nicaragua are scarce, and it is difficult to estimate recent tobacco consumption trends among adults. However, the decline in the prevalence of current smoking among GYTS participating adolescents from 20.4 percent in 2003 to 13.8 percent in 2014 among boys and from 12.8 percent in 2003 to 10.3 percent in 2014 among girls may be considered an indicator of tobacco control policy success. In 2009, Nicaragua switched from ad valorem to specific excise system for cigarettes. The specific excise tax rates and cigarette prices increased in 2012-2016. Available data demonstrate some decline in cigarette sales in Nicaragua in 2013-2017, as cigarettes became less affordable after the price increase and the taxation policy was beneficial for public health. Specific excise rates in 2017 and 2018 were increased by only 5 percent annually, and it was insufficient both for the reduction of tobacco affordability and for the increase of the government revenue. In February 2019, Nicaragua adopted rather substantial cigarette excise hikes: by 210 percent in 2019 and further by 25 percent in 2020 and 38 percent in 2021. These tax hikes are able to reduce tobacco consumption in the country and bring additional resources to the government coffers. However, the tobacco industry will probably try to distort positive results of the taxation reform. The government should be ready to counteract these tactics using the experience of other countries and conducting careful and timely monitoring of indicators of cigarette prices, supply, and sales. Tobacco use surveillance and monitoring should be developed in Nicaragua, including a regular collection of information on smoking prevalence, tobacco consumption and various economic indicators
    DOI: 10.1596/31966
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  • 86
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    Forest-Smart Mining : Offset Case Studies (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Despite its relatively modest footprint, mining is an important driver of deforestation and degradation in tropical forests, often as a result of indirect impacts from associated infrastructure, unplanned development, and in-migration. The World Bank program on extractive industries in forest landscapes aims to ensure that this sector does not erode forest capital, but rather enables client countries and the World Bank Group to make better-informed decisions about minimizing trade-offs and maximizing benefits from forest-smart mining. This document presents five detailed case studies: (1) ArcelorMittal's iron ore project in Liberia, (2) Newmont's Akyem project in Ghana, (3) Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee and Guinea Alumina Corporation's bauxite projects in Guinea, (4) wildlife works' carbon offset project in Kenya, and (5) Aston Coal's Maules Creek coal mine in Australia. Together, they highlight the spectrum of challenges faced by those aiming to implement enduring offsets. The selection of studies was based on their different types of forest landscapes, inclusion of World Bank Group projects, variety of minerals, and availability of data, which constrained the geographical spread of case studies. Section one gives introduction. Section two presents the key lessons learned. The detailed case studies are presented in sections three to seven. Section eight summarizes some practical challenges that may undermine the successful implementation of offsets. Finally, section nine offers some concluding observations
    DOI: 10.1596/32027
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  • 87
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    Forest-Smart Mining : Identifying Good and Bad Practices and Policy Responses for Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Forest Landscapes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Minerals and metals are fundamentally incredibly important to societies all over the world. The activities required to extract minerals, however, often have negative impacts on forest landscapes and habitats. Forest health is not only about deforestation; mining has been found to produce severe impacts on water and soil that can indirectly impact forest health and its ecological integrity. Moreover, impacts of mining can become significant when multiple instances of mining activities happen at the same location simultaneously, as was found in the Indonesian case studies. Therefore, there is still the need to identify and attempt to reduce the impacts of mining even in a landscape dominated by activities like agriculture and forestry. Artisanal mining is typified as formal, informal, or illegal mining operations with predominantly rudimentary technologies in the exploration and extraction by individuals or large groups of people. Small-scale mining operations can also be mechanized, or semi-mechanized, and or have a greater degree of capitalization than artisanal mining. The World Bank's extractive industries in forest landscapes program seeks to address these challenges by promoting forest-smart extractive investments to ensure that investments in the extractives sector do not erode forest capital and instead generate positive forest outcomes. The artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) study and the parallel study on large-scale mining (LSM) share the overarching objective of supporting the World Bank's efforts to help client countries ensure that resource extraction from forested areas serves as a force for poverty reduction and sustainable development while respecting the environment and the needs of local communities. In order to achieve a forest-smart ASM sector, adopting an integrated approach is recommended
    DOI: 10.1596/32026
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  • 88
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    Towards a Private Sector led Growth Model : Bosnia and Herzegovina Innovation and Entrepreneurship Assessment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Abstract: The growth landscape of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is undermined by adverse productivity developments and weak private sector development. BiH is still finding a pathway to rebalance its current public sector-led growth model to a private sector-led one. In this light, enhancing innovation and entrepreneurship (I and E) is a key priority for BiH. This report provides a comprehensive assessment of the current I and E landscape in BiH and offers a roadmap for innovation policy reforms. It showcases current I and E outcomes in BiH and provides analysis of whether current support policies and programs in BiH (including public budget allocations) address existing market failures. The report concludes that recent policy measures have not effectively addressed BiH's needs for supporting I and E, specifically in terms of access to skills, ease of business regulations, and predictability of business environment. to this end, this report offers a roadmap for policy reforms as well as suggestions for pilot programs
    DOI: 10.1596/32024
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  • 89
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    Linking Smallholders to Markets : A Supplier Development Program for Vegetable Farmers in Lesotho (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Commodities Study
    Abstract: Agriculture plays a significant role in Lesotho's economy. Lesotho is among the poorest countries in Southern Africa, with fifty-seven percent of the population living below the poverty line. About seventy percent of the population lives in rural areas and depends on agriculture for their livelihoods. Most farmers are involved in subsistence cultivation of cereals, where the country does not have a competitive advantage due to the agroclimatic conditions, small farm size, and lack of mechanization. This contributes to widespread poverty in rural areas, which account for eighty-seven percent of the poor. The objectives of this study are to: (1) assess the demand for vegetables from formal buyers in Lesotho; (2) examine the current production and marketing strategies of commercial vegetable farmers; and (3) suggest the design of the pilot supplier development program (SDP) to improve formal market access for smallholder farmers. The focus of this study is on Maseru, as it is the main center of demand in the country. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Part 1 describes the demand for fresh produce and sourcing strategies of buyers in Maseru. Part 2 discusses the production and marketing practices of commercial vegetable farmers. Part 3 outlines the design of the pilot SDP
    DOI: 10.1596/32014
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  • 90
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    Making Agriculture Work for the Poor in Timor-Leste (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: About 80 percent of the poor households in Timor-Leste live in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. It is therefore widely acknowledged that growth in the agriculture sector is an important channel through which poverty can be reduced in the country. That notwithstanding, the country's agricultural production system is one of the least developed in the world and all subsectors are dominated by subsistence systems and by farmers who are very risk averse. Agricultural productivity in the country is also well below that of other small island developing states and has fallen below the average for other low-income, food-deficit countries in recent years making the sector underperform in terms of its contribution to food security, sufficient livelihood, and overall economic growth. Using data from the 2007 and 2014 of the Timor-Leste Survey of Living Standards, the note provides insight into the extent to which increases in agricultural productivity can contribute to poverty reduction, including assessing the drivers of, and identifying the constraints to, increasing agricultural productivity in the country. The note finds that improvements in agricultural productivity reduce the probability of being poor among agricultural households. Yet, improving productivity goes beyond the confines of raising yield or decreasing cost to include enhancing food quality and promoting higher value products. to do so, the following factors ought to be considered: facilitation of mechanization, improvement in the use of chemical (fertilizer, pesticides, and herbicides) inputs, enhancement in access to credit and extension, encouragement to farmers to join farmer groups, expansion of the commercialization of farm produce, and reduction in the gender gap in agricultural productivity. Investment in the sector can be improved by allocating the limited public funds more strategically and better correspond with local poverty. The findings from this study contribute to existing evidence pertinent to guide how agricultural policy can effectively help reducing poverty in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/32017
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  • 91
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    For Better Quality and More Integrated Primary Health Care Services through Harnessing the Private Sector in Sindh Province : Options Paper (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) in Pakistan, as in most countries, will require strengthened collaboration between the public and private sectors, as the public sector often does not have the flexibility nor the fiscal space to grow service delivery capacity at sufficient pace and quality. However, successful partnering with the private sector through various forms of contracting and service agreements including public-private partnerships (PPPs), requires the appropriate analysis and identification of the gaps in service provision. to that end, this study aims to assist the government of Sindh (GoS) in identifying opportunities to engage the private health sector more effectively, to help provide affordable, quality primary health care (PHC) services to the urban poor whilst also creating evidence for the better integration of the private health sector in health service delivery. As part of the initial phase of this advisory work, and operating within a limited time-frame and funding environment, this policy note presents the initial set of observations and recommendations, based on the information collected via questionnaires and informant interviews, as well as secondary data or existing studies
    DOI: 10.1596/32005
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  • 92
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    Guinea - Opportunities for Enhanced Domestic Revenue Mobilization : Value-Added Tax and Excise Taxes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Revenue mobilization is a key constraint to economic development in the Republic of Guinea. The government's five-year development plan (2016-2020) aims at fostering higher and more inclusive growth through public investments that require financing beyond current fiscal capacity. In this context, Guinea is seeking to efficiently raise additional domestic revenues and external investment financing. Development partners are supporting Guinea with technical assistance for revenue mobilization. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the European Union are supporting authorities with direct tax policy, non-tax revenue, and administration issues. The objective of this report is to shed light on indirect taxes, particularly value-added tax (VAT) and excise taxes. The report provides an overview of the main features of tax policy and administration in Guinea, followed by a more detailed analysis of VAT and excise taxes. The focus on indirect taxation is a result of both its significant revenue potential and coordination with other development partners. The analysis presented fills an important gap in the understanding of how Guinea can increase its tax revenues. On VAT, the study finds that addressing policy and administrative constraints can mobilize additional revenues while improving the business climate. On excise taxation, the study finds that existing excise rates are unevenly applied, with scope for raising rates in the future. to systematically address its revenue challenges across all tax types, Guinea should also consider development of a medium-term revenue strategy (MTRS). The report is structured as follows: in the first section, an overview of the evolution and composition of domestic revenues in Guinea is presented. In the second section, VAT is analyzed. The final section reviews excise tax policy and its implementation on international goods and domestic goods
    DOI: 10.1596/32023
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  • 93
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    Thailand Economic Monitor, July 2019 : Harnessing Fintech for Financial Inclusion (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Thailand Economic Monitor (TEM) consists of two parts. Part 1 of the TEM reviews recent economic developments, examines the country's macroeconomic outlook, and analyzes the impact of key policy changes. Part 2 focuses on a specific subject with critical implications for Thailand's long-term growth prospects. This edition of the TEM analyzes the power of financial technology (fintech) to support financial inclusion, a key element of the 20-Year National Strategy
    DOI: 10.1596/32038
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  • 94
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    Republic of Serbia Capital Market Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: Capital markets in Serbia are shallow and relatively underdeveloped. The only market segment that functions comparatively well is the government bond market. The contribution of capital markets to financing the economy is limited. The private sector is not making use of non-government bond markets for its financing needs, given easy access to affordable bank loans in Serbia's bank-dominated financial system. Until recently there was no IPO activity since 1940, symptomatic of Serbia's shallow public and private equity markets. This Technical Note was prepared by Zsolt Bango (Senior Financial Sector Specialist, World Bank), Sonia Marie Cattarinussi Iacovella (Senior Financial Sector Specialist, World Bank) and Eddy Rodriguez (World Bank Consultant) in the context of the Serbian Capital Market Assessment mission in Belgrade during June 2018 led by Zsolt Bango. The primary objective of the mission was to conduct a diagnostic of the Serbian capital market, with a view to make recommendations for capital market development. The note contains technical analysis and detailed information underpinning the assessment's findings and recommendations. The report was written under the guidance of Gunhild Berg (Senior Financial Sector Specialist, World Bank) and Johanna Jaeger (Senior Financial Sector Specialist, World Bank) and the team received excellent support from Tanya Konidaris (Senior Financial Sector Specialist, World Bank)
    DOI: 10.1596/32043
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 95
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    The Welfare and Distributional Effects of Increasing Taxes on Tobacco in Vietnam (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This paper assesses the w ...
    DOI: 10.1596/32062
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 96
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    Taking Stock, July 2019 : Recent Economic Developments of Vietnam (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The external environment has deteriorated during the first half of 2019, and downside riskspredominate in the near-term. Global GDP growth is projected to decline to 2.6 percent in 2019 from 3 percent in 2018, reflecting broad-based weakness in advanced economies and major Emerging Market and Developing Economies. Reflecting slower growth and heightened policy uncertainty associated with protected trade tensions, global trade growth is protracted to weaken further from 4.1 percent in 2018 to 2.6 percent in 2019. Downside risks include a further escalation of trade disputes between the world's two largest trading nations, while a more pronounced downturn in global activity and increased volatility in financial flows. Amidst rising global headwinds, Vietnam's economic growth momentum has been slowing since the beginning of the year. Vietnam's real GDP growth has decelerated to a still robust 6.8 percent in the first quarter of 2019 from a vibrant 7.5 percent pace in the same period of 2018. Slower growth reflects several factors. Agricultural output decelerated due to the outbreak of African swine fever and a decline in international prices. Weaker external demand moderated growth of the export-oriented manufacturing sector as well as overall export performance, even though Vietnam seems to have benefitted from some trade diversion due to the ongoing trade tensions between China and the US. Domestic investment appears to be slowed resulting from subdued credit growth and continued consolidation in public investment. Other macroeconomic indicators, such as more sluggish credit growth, subdued inflation and slower import growth are further signs of a cyclical moderation in economic activity. In contrast, service sector activity continues relatively strong, signaling sustained buoyancy in private consumption. Despite a recent uptick in headline inflation, price pressures have remained subdued as credit growth moderated. The headline CPI rose by 2.9 percent (y/y) in May 2019, up slightly from 2.6 percent in January 2019, driven by hikes in administered prices (for electricity and fuel) and moderate food price increases. The State Bank of Vietnam maintained a prudent monetary policy stance to support its twin goals of sustaining macroeconomic stability and supporting overall economic growth. Credit growth is estimated to have slowed to about 13 percent (y/y) in March 2019 reflecting tighter credit policies
    DOI: 10.1596/32045
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  • 97
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    Sierra Leone Economic Update, June 2019 : Financial Inclusion for Economic Growth and Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Sierra Leone's macroeconomic performance continued to improve but at a slower pace. Yet there are significant downside risks to the medium-term economic outlook
    DOI: 10.1596/32049
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  • 98
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    Practical Guide on the Potential of Capital Markets Development in Small Economies (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: The World Bank, with support from authorities in the Western Balkans, has developed a practical guide for capital markets development in small economies. The guide supports the implementation of the Multi-Annual Action Plan for a Regional Economic Area in the Western Balkans Six by helping inform policy discussions around capital markets development, including to what extent capital markets have potential and should be given priority in the region and small economies more broadly. The practical guide aims to provide regulators and policymakers in small economies with an overview of the capital market development agenda and existing challenges. The guide aims to support policymakers and regulators of small economies identify general preconditions, key constraints, and areas of potential for development of local capital markets. A framework for analysis of preconditions and capital markets development has been developed to guide reforms in small economies. A pilot of the methodology in Serbia helped further advance the framework and adapt it to the realities that small economies face. The framework for analysis of the preconditions and capital markets is outlined in Annex two. The practical guide focuses on both necessary preconditions and on relevant specific issues in capital markets development. It includes an assessment of the macro-fundamental preconditions that need to be in place to make capital markets development possible, including macro-political stability, level of savings, the structure of corporate sector, the broader legal and regulatory framework (including insolvency law and tax law), the level of real interest rates, and the soundness of the banking sector
    DOI: 10.1596/32067
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 99
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    Bhutan Development Update, June 2019 : Harnessing Urbanization (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Despite its small population and land area, Bhutan is among the most rapidly urbanizing countries in South Asia. While this urbanization parallels robust economic growth and the expansion of job and investment opportunities in cities, there remain challenges to fully leveraging the potential of urban areas. Bhutan has made impressive gains toward the convergence of access to basic services across the country, but there are gaps in the quality of coverage, particularly for water and sanitation. Local governments will have an increased role in basic service provision and capital investment, but it requires enhanced capacity and resources to improve efficiency and responsiveness to local needs. Urban growth has increased demand for quality housing, which has resulted in a scarcity of affordable units and has increased pressure for urban expansion. Finally, the concentration of people and property in growing cities also changes the hazard risk profile of these areas, which is not adequately understood due to a lack of adequate data systems and poor integration into planning mechanisms. An integrated approach to urbanization is essential; one that leverages the benefits of agglomeration while also managing the diseconomies and negative externalities of urban growth
    DOI: 10.1596/31988
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 100
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    Using Taxation to Address Noncommunicable Diseases : Lessons from Tonga (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Tonga has experienced a high burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the past two decades. Data indicate the continuing rise of four major NCDs -cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer,and respiratory diseases - as the leading causes of premature death and disability. According to latest data, NCDs accounted for four out of five leading causes of mortality in Tonga, and 99.9 percent of Tongan adults aged 25-64 are at moderate to high risk of developing an NCD. The increase in behavioral-related risk factors such as smoking, poor diet (e.g. high in sugar, salt, trans-fat and saturated fat, and low in fruit, vegetables, legumes, fish et cetera), harmful alcohol intake, and physical inactivity are acknowledged as the major contributing factors to the rise in NCDs in Tonga. According to its 2012 STEPS Survey, Tonga has one of the highest rates of overweight and obesity
    DOI: 10.1596/32063
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