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  • Online Resource  (1,092)
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  • 2015-2019  (1,092)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    East Asia and Pacific Cities (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464811036
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Urban Development
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 305.569095
    Abstract: Urbanization in East Asia and the Pacific has created enormous opportunity for many. Yet the rapid growth of cities can also create challenges as national and local governments try to keep up with the needs of their growing populations. Among these challenges is a lack of affordable housing, resulting in increasing slums, deficits in basic service provision, and widening inequality for urban dwellers. This study aims to better understand urban poverty and inequality in East Asian cities, recognizing that many countries of the region, particularly those of middle-income status, are at a critical juncture in their urbanization and growth process where potential social divisions in cities could harm prospects for future poverty reduction. The study uses a multidimensional approach to understand urban poverty and inclusion and draws on examples of programs and policies that have been successfully implemented in the East Asia region to develop a set of guiding principles for policy makers
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1093-0
    URL: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-1-4648-1093-0
    URL: Inhaltsbeschreibung der Sammlung und Zugangshinweise
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    Online Resource
    HeBIS
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mobile Metropolises : Urban Transport Matters (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The evaluation exercise f ...
    DOI: 10.1596/28476
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Results and Performance of the World Bank Group 2016 : An Independent Evaluation (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The Independent Evaluation Group's (IEG) Results and Performance of the World Bank Group (RAP) is a comprehensive assessment of World Bank Group performance, drawing on recent IEG evaluations. This year's report emphasizes the theme of managing for development results (M4R). The World Bank Group has a long history of Managing for Results and has made good progress on creating a structure and process for results measurement. It has also launched reforms and several initiatives throughout the years to enhance evidence-based management and learning. IEG evidence shows progress but also indicates that strengthening the foundations of results measurement and instilling a culture of evidence-based adaptive management and learning needs a stronger, more systematic, and holistic push. This report reviews the World Bank Group's status regarding M4R and summarizes the organization's approach to and degree of success with integrating M4R'skey principles-measurement of outcomes and use of evidence for adaptive management and learning-to drive results. The report draws on cumulative evidence from the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG)evaluations and learning products to highlight the World Bank Group progress and scope for improvement. The report also explores the World Bank Group's engagement on developing client M4R capacity
    DOI: 10.1596/26477
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Crisis Response and Resilience to Systemic Shocks : Lessons from IEG Evaluations (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: During the past decade, the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) evaluated the World Bank Group's response to systemic shocks and its efforts to help build resilience in response to shocks such as the food crisis of 2007-08, the global financial crisis of 2008-09, natural disasters, climate change, and pandemics. These evaluations examined the response to each of these different shocks separately. This study examines the evaluations and learning products to draw general lessons from the experience that can help strengthen future support to countries' resilience-building efforts
    DOI: 10.1596/26360
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The World Bank Annual Report 2017 (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank Annual Report
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: The Annual Report is prepared by the Executive Directors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA)--collectively known as the World Bank--in accordance with the by-laws of the two institutions. The President of the IBRD and IDA and the Chairman of the Board of Executive Directors submits the Report, together with the accompanying administrative budgets and audited financial statements, to the Board of Governors
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1119-7
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Malaysia Economic Monitor, December 2017 : Turmoil to Transformation, 20 Years after the Asian Financial Crisis (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The aim of the Malaysia Economic Monitor (MEM) is to foster better-informed policy analysis and debate regarding the key challenges that Malaysia faces in its endeavor to achieve rapid, inclusive and sustainable economic growth. The MEM consists of two parts: Part 1 presents a review of recent economic developments and a macroeconomic outlook. Part 2 focuses on a selected special topic that is key to Malaysia's development prospects, particularly as the country moves towards becoming a high-income economy
    DOI: 10.1596/28990
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kenya Economic Update, December 2017 : Poised to Bounce Back? (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: This is a critical time for Kenya, as the incoming administrations at national and devolved levels face the high expectations of ordinary Kenyans to deliver on ambitious economic development agendas and hasten the attainment of Vision 2030. This sixteenth edition of the Kenya economic update seeks to contribute to the policy discourse on pertinent economic issues. The Kenyan economy faced multiple headwinds in 2017. A drought in the earlier half of the year, the ongoing slowdown in private sector credit growth, and a prolonged election cycle weakened private sector demand, notwithstanding an expansionary fiscal stance. Nonetheless, reflecting the relatively diverse economic structure, these headwinds were partially mitigated by the recovery in tourism, better rains in the second half of the year, still low global oil prices, and a relatively stable macroeconomic environment. With headwinds subsiding, economic growth is projected to rebound over the medium term, reaching about 5.8 percent in 2019. However, this rebound is predicated on policy reforms needed to address downside risks that have the potential to derail medium term prospects. This report presents a rich menu of policy options tabled in this edition of the Kenya Economic Update, identifying opportunities for the consolidation of the fiscal stance, both from an expenditure and revenue mobilization perspective. This is complimented with specific suggestions of macroeconomic and microeconomic reform measures that could help address the slowdown in credit growth and the broader issue of access to credit. Finally, policy options to climate proof the agriculture sector, to mitigate the worse effects of adverse weather conditions are discussed
    DOI: 10.1596/29033
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Myanmar Economic Monitor, October 2017 : Capitalizing on Investment Opportunities (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Myanmar's macroeconomic environment remains stable, though economic growth is estimated to have slowed to 5.9 percent in 2016-17 compared to 7 percent in 2015-16, weighed down by slower investment demand. Growth is projected to recover to 6.4 percent in 2017-18, though risks are tilted to the downside due to the recent escalation of tensions in Rakhine State and the potential stalling of the overall reform agenda. Baseline projections assume that the authorities will move to a medium-term economic reform program to sustain hard earned macroeconomic stability gains and accelerate inclusive growth. Accelerating much needed investments in the economy will also require progress on structural reforms in, among other areas, finance, energy, and business regulations. On access to finance, implementation of the recently adopted prudential regulations under the Financial Institutions Law are expected to support financial sector stability and to manage risks. The banking community however has sought more time to comply with the new regulations because current deadlines might put pressure on the financial system. Progress on reform of State Owned Banks is expected over the coming months starting with international audits. At the same time, steps to develop a secured transaction framework and credit bureau licensing should help to improve access to finance and credit quality. On access to electricity, priorities include finalizing the power sector master plan and associated decisions on dealing with gas supply shortages, electricity tariff adjustments with protection for vulnerable groups, and institutional reforms (e.g. establishment of regulatory agency). On business regulations, priorities include implementation of the 2016 investment law, adoption of the companies act, and aligning customs procedures in valuation of goods with international practices
    DOI: 10.1596/29206
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    India Financial Sector Assessment Program : Detailed Assessment of Observance of Clearing Corporation of India Limited Central Counterparty and Trade Repository (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: The present document is the assessment of two Financial Market Infrastructures (FMI) operated by the Clearing Corporation of India (CCIL) in India - the Central Counter Party (CCP) and Trade Repository (TR); and the responsibilities of the authorities - against the Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI) and International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures (PFMIs). The assessment was conducted through a country visit in the context of the India Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) in March 2017. The information used in the assessment includes relevant laws, bye-laws, regulations, rules and procedures governing the systems, and other available material. In addition, extensive discussions were held with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), CCIL and its participants. The reports produced as part of the CPMI-IOSCO Level 1 and Level 2 implementation monitoring exercises were used for the assessment of the responsibilities of the authorities. This assessment uses the methodology presented in the CPMI-IOSCO publication - Principles for financial market infrastructures: Disclosure Framework and Assessment Methodology (December, 2012)
    DOI: 10.1596/29266
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kyrgyz Republic Economic Update No. 6, Fall/Winter 2017 : A Robust Recovery with Underlying Weaknesses (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Kyrgyz economy appears to have recovered from the 2014-2015 external shocks. Over the first nine months of 2017, real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) expanded by five percent, year-on-year, thanks to improvements in the external environment and a continued expansionary fiscal policy, which were mirrored by a strong gold production and a strengthening in domestic demand. The Kyrgyz economy performed robustly over 2017. Macroeconomic policies were supportive to growth, but the fiscal stance has deteriorated significantly and inflation has tilted upwards. Growth is estimated to have decelerated toward the end of 2017, and expected to pick up in 2018. The economy is expected to remain dependent on remittances. Private inflows will continue to support household incomes and boost domestic demand, but they also come with challenges. The first part of this Economic update analyzes recent macroeconomic trends and presents an assessment of the country's short- and medium-term outlook. The Special Focus section discusses recent trends in labor migration and the implications of remittance dependence for macroeconomic policies
    DOI: 10.1596/29261
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Water for Prosperity and Development : Risks and Opportunities for the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The aim of this note is twofold: (1) summarize emerging challenges and opportunities for the water sector in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries; and (2) suggest ways to respond to these challenges where the World Bank's Water Global Practice can provide support. Following a description of the GCC's water resources and water service delivery challenges, two sets of recommendations and related actions are discussed. The first set relates to managing a diverse set of conventional and nonconventional water resources for security and sustainability. The second set of recommendations is linked to delivering better water services with accountability and financial sustainability
    DOI: 10.1596/29263
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gender Based Violence in Georgia : Links among Conflict, Economic Opportunities and Services (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: This report summarizes research undertaken as part of the World Bank State- and Peace-building Fund (SPF) financed grant, Strengthening Capacity for Prevention and Response to Sexual- and Gender-Based Violence in Georgia (GBV). The goal of the grant is to build knowledge and capacity on prevention and response to GBV in Georgia, with a focus on conflict- and displacement-affected populations, economic opportunity and services. The project is part of the World Bank's global initiative on conflict and Gender-based Violence (GBV). The Global Initiative, financed by the SPF, includes pilot projects across East Asia and the Pacific, Africa, and South Asia (nearly 10 million total in project financing). The aim of the initiative is to increase understanding regarding the development dimensions of GBV and potential areas of enhanced World Bank and development partner programming. While the global initiative supports operational projects in the other regions, the Georgia pilot, representing the Europe and Central Asia Region (ECA), is unique in its focus on deepening knowledge and promoting capacity building. Research was undertaken in Georgia recognizing the country's legacy of conflict and displacement challenges as well as recent steps taken by the Government of Georgia on gender action and GBV response. Given conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia regions in the 1990s and 2008, Georgia has many conflict-affected people. This includes between 190,000 and 275,000 IDPs, who have been displaced by conflict and make up almost 6 percent of the population, among the highest relative proportions in the world. Also, people living near former conflict zones in Abkhazia and South Ossetia regions continue to experience periodic insecurity and impacts on their living conditions and livelihoods. The research aims to complement existing initiatives by the Government, international partners and the NGO community on GBV in Georgia and to explore openings for additional progress. Specifically, filling research gaps on the potential links between GBV and conflict and internal displacement, economic opportunity, and services
    DOI: 10.1596/29108
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Use of Alternative Fuels in the Cement Sector in Ethiopia : Opportunities, Challenges and Solutions (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Rapid urbanization in emerging markets has created new challenges for economic development and poverty reduction. The need for more buildings, transport and other infrastructure has boosted demand for construction materials and especially cement, making it the centerpiece of the urban development agenda. In Sub-Saharan Africa, consumption of cement is expected to continue to grow over the coming decade. To meet this demand, over a dozen new kilns were launched in Africa in recent years. At the same time, increasing output poses challenges for cement producers, who invest significantly in sourcing energy and fuel, primarily coal or natural gas. An alternative approach is to improve efficiency and implement new technologies, such as waste heat recovery and renewable energy, and utilize alternative fuels, which are already used by major players in the cement sector globally. In IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, we have an investment portfolio in cement and construction materials of over USD 4.2 billion, and vast global experience in developing innovative solutions and leveraging best practices. For instance, we identify waste heat recovery opportunities as well as international best practices in the use of alternative fuels at cement plants. This report summarizes the outcomes of the assessment of alternative fuel opportunities in the country, with a focus on sourcing energy from municipal, commercial and similar waste, tires, sewage sludge and agricultural residue. It outlines the total potential as well as possible project models, involving linkages between the cement and waste management sectors. IFC has also assessed market barriers and offered measures that will increase the uptake of the use of alternative fuels
    DOI: 10.1596/29334
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Budget Management Analysis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for Improved Service Delivery (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Investment Review
    Abstract: The role of public financial management (PFM) as a contributory factor in improving service delivery and stimulating economic progress is getting greater attention in the sector-related literature. A robust PFM can provide an enabling environment for improving service delivery and promoting economic growth. This report acknowledges that PFM and other factors influence the quality of service delivery. It also makes a case for how in the existing dispensation in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, enhanced budget management can contribute to infrastructure development and improved service delivery. Inherent deficiencies in budget utilization in KP imply that high-budget execution needs to be looked at in combination with the quality of budget formulation in order to make the budget contributions to service delivery more meaningful
    DOI: 10.1596/29350
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Strengthening Somalia's Systems Smartly : A Country Systems Risk Benefit Analysis (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Institutional and Governance Review
    Abstract: Despite the high-level commitments made on using country systems, Somalia continues to trail other fragile states in critical dimensions, including the proportion of aid delivered "On Budget." Given the explicit focus on statebuilding in Somalia, the preferencing of short-term operational concerns over long-term government systems building appears to run counter to the international community's stated objectives. No delivery modality is without risk; both country systems and alternative delivery channels have drawbacks. But these options also have differing strengths, depending on the type of project, sector or situation. In finding the right mix of tools, both government and international partners need to focus more on the statebuilding goals towards which they are jointly committed. This report examines donors' decision-making about the use of country systems, exploring both the perceived and actual risks and benefits associated with it. It also articulates recommendations for improving and increasing the use of country systems, with relevance that extends beyond the Somali context. The report was financed with the generous support of the UN-WB Partnership Fund
    DOI: 10.1596/29441
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Iran Economic Monitor, Fall 2017 : Sustaining Growth - The Challenge of Job Creation (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Iran Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the past six months. It examines these economic developments and policies in a longer-term and global context, and assesses their implications for the outlook for the country. Its coverage has ranged from the macro-economy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. This edition covers the economic growth of Iran for the year 2016. Growth performance in 2016 exceeded expectations based on the bounce back in oil production and exports. The economy registered a record growth rate of 13.4 percent according to the new GDP data published by the Central Bank of Iran. While Iran's economy is relatively diversified for a resource-rich country, oil proceeds still play a crucial role in public finances and external accounts. Iran's ability to increase production in 2016, despite the cuts agreed to by the rest of the OPEC members helped bring production near its pre-sanctions levels. The surge in exports led to an improvement in the current account surplus, to 3.9 percent of GDP in 2016, as growth in imports remained stagnant. Increased oil production and exports brought an increase in government revenues, however, the improvement was not enough to offset the widening expenditures; the fiscal deficit grew from 1.7 percent in 2015 to an estimated 2.2 percent in 2016. Creating fiscal space for growth will be important especially in view of the expected burden from securitization of government arrears and growing pension system liabilities. Iran managed to achieve single digit inflation in 2016, but inflationary pressures resurfaced towards the end of the year and in early 2017, as liquidity rose and the Iranian Rial continued to depreciate. Job creation remained limited. In the medium-term, the growth rates are expected to revert to an average of 4 percent, reflecting modest reintegration with the global economy in banking, trade and investment. There are significant downside risks, both domestic and external, to this moderate medium-term outlook
    DOI: 10.1596/29440
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Deposit Insurance Systems : Addressing Emerging Challenges in Funding, Investment, Risk-Based Contributions and Stress Testing (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: The main public policy objectives of a deposit insurer are to reimburse depositors after bankfailure and to contribute to the stability of a financial system. To achieve these objectivesand to build public confidence in a deposit insurance system, deposit insurers musthave operational readiness to be able to act quickly after a bank failure. Sound fundingarrangements are essential aspects of such readiness, as they ensure prompt reimbursementof insured depositors and sufficient funds for the deposit insurer to unwind the institution.Depositor confidence depends, in part, on knowing that adequate funds for depositinsurance would always be available to ensure the prompt reimbursement of their claims. Itis therefore considered a best practice to build credible ex-ante funding mechanisms whichhave the financial capacity to ensure that these obligations are met
    DOI: 10.1596/28949
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessment of Firm-Level Skills Demand and Engagement in Skills Development : Creating a Demand-Led Skills Ecosystem in Moldova (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: The objective of this research is to provide analysis on the current skills ecosystem in Moldova. This assessment is based on interviews with private sector representatives, training providers and government representatives, and desk research. The report presents its findings on skills demand and skills mismatches, the private sector's human resource management (HRM) practices and workforce development approaches, the education system and workforce training, and possibilities to strengthen future skills-forecasting practices in Moldova. The research is intended to provide ideas for strengthening structured private-sector engagement in skills development activities in the future to ensure the prevalence of demand-led and demand-responsive skills development initiatives. Additional information on the relevant legal framework governing labor and education, sectoral and education committees, and an overview of the education structure in Moldova, is provided in annexes to this report. Six sectors were selected for analysis based on their contribution to the Moldovan GDP (at the stage of the inception report), their shares of employment and exports, the registered number of SMEs, and their potential for growth. This report provides key findings from consultations across these six sectors. Detailed reports for each of the six sectors are available as a separate document. Secondary data and research included open online sources, including the website of the National Bureau of Statistics
    DOI: 10.1596/29046
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pooling Health Risk to Protect People : An Assessment of Health Insurance Coverage in Philippines (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Taking the Philippines Health Financing Strategy (HFS) 2010-2020 objective of 'sustaining membership in PhilHealth for all Filipinos' as its point of departure, this report assesses the expansion of health insurance coverage in the Philippines and the extent to which it provides protection from out-of-pocket (OOP) health spending. The report commences with a description of the organization of social health insurance through PhilHealth, the different PhilHealth membership groups, their eligibility criteria, contribution structure, and benefits. Using both administrative data and household surveys, the report then analyzes the patterns and trends in PhilHealth membership over time and discusses the drivers of membership expansion among different membership groups. Because the HFS and the country's health insurance laws stress the link between the objective of sustaining membership in PhilHealth and the attainment of equity and financial protection goals, the equity dimension of PhilHealth membership gets special attention. In this regard, the report looks at equity in coverage, contributions, benefit design, and benefit payments, as well as performance on financial protection measures. It concludes by proposing some future directions, together with associated specific recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/29047
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Special Economic Zones : An Operational Review of Their Impacts (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Abstract: Policy-makers across developing economies are implementing different forms of special economic zones (SEZs): programs intended to catalyze economic growth. The SEZ program is aimed at attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) to increase firm-level investment and improve firm-level productivity by enhancing firm-level coordination, networks, and innovation. The purpose of this operational review is to inform and to identify and document lessons from the application of these policies across countries and across the World Bank's project portfolio. The report reviews the SEZ programs, and the characteristics and contexts that are associated with the success of SEZ policies. The report also adds to the general SEZ debate of whether the benefits generated by SEZs are restricted to the firms within the walls of the SEZs with limited social benefit; or whether SEZs eventually lead to spillovers that support structural change generating high social benefits. The report is structure as follows: chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two, provides a brief literature review of SEZ theory and performance. Chapter three provides an overview of the dataset developed for this work. Chapter four presents the econometric estimation using the dataset (for the explanatory variables) and nighttime lights data over 5 years as a measure of success (and dependent variable). Finally, chapter five focuses on the World-Bank-Group-funded projects that contain an SEZ component and assess the factors determining success and failures of SEZs
    DOI: 10.1596/29054
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  • 21
    Online Resource
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    Technical Poverty Estimation Report : Myanmar Poverty and Living Conditions Survey (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: A joint analysis of poverty and living standards was conducted by a technical team from the Ministry of Planning and Finance, Government of Myanmar, and the Poverty and Equity Global Practice of the World Bank. Poverty has previously been estimated using data from the Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey conducted in 2004/05 and 2009/10. Using this earlier data, poverty in Myanmar has been estimated using two different approaches. Poverty was initially measured by the Government of Myanmar and its development partners using data from IHLCA-I ("MNPED et al (2007)" methodology); this first measure of poverty based the poverty line and estimate in the living conditions of 2004/05. Poverty was estimated to be 32.1 percent in 2004/05 and was estimated to have dropped to 25.6 percent in 2009/10 (MNPED et al, 2007 and MNPED et al, 2011). A poverty estimate based on 2009/10 standards of living was put forward by the World Bank in 2014 ("World Bank (2014)" methodology), using data from the IHLCA-II. The World Bank estimated poverty to be 37.5 percent in 2009/10 (World Bank, 2014)
    DOI: 10.1596/29037
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    Seismic Risk Reduction Strategy for Public School Buildings in Peru (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: The Ministry of Education of Peru (MINEDU), through the General Directorate for School Infrastructure (DIGEIE), prepared the National School Infrastructure Plan to 2025 (PNIE). Within this framework, the MINEDU commissioned the National Institute of Statistics and Information (INEI) with carrying out the School Infrastructure Census (CIE) which started on September 2013 and was completed in 2014. The MINEDU requested the World Bank's technical assistance for the analysis of the results obtained from the CIE as well as for devising a strategy to reduce seismic vulnerability and for the formulation of the PNIE. Under this program, a nationwide probabilistic seismic risk assessment of school infrastructure was carried out, which constitutes the basis for defining the seismic risk reduction strategies and for setting intervention priorities to optimize the required investments. In turn, the risk reduction strategy aims mainly to reduce the risk of death or injuries in the educational community to reduce damages to the property and infrastructure, and to minimize disruption of the educational services in the event of an earthquake. This note presents a summary of the seismic risk assessment of the school infrastructure countrywide and a strategy for reducing its vulnerability. This study is an integral part of the main results of a program funded by the Government of Japan and the global facility for disaster reduction and recovery (GFDRR), the main objective of which is to integrate disaster risk management into infrastructure sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/29051
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    Lei das Agencias : An Analysis of Draft Law on Regulatory Agencies (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Since 2013, a new legislation was being drafted by the Senate of Brazil, in response to the perception that the Agencies often lack financial, administrative and decision making autonomy, are subject to capture by both overt and tacit political interference, with appointees lacking the necessary skills and independence. In infrastructure, regulatory uncertainty and the resort to the court of law in matters that should normally be decided by the agencies and accepted by affected parties is particularly harmful when government faces excess (and growing) demand for infrastructure services. After being discussed and approved in two key Senate commissions, the draft law (DL) was approved unanimously by the Senate Special Commission on National Development with no need to go to the floor. The DL provides the agencies with considerable formal autonomy, being no coincidence that this is made explicit at the outset of the legislation (Article 3). While the DL provides substantial autonomy to the agencies, it also defines the mechanisms for external control and accountability in its second chapter. The fundamental reason for the support of the DL is the high degree of autonomy conferred on the agencies, guaranteeing independence of political interests, technical excellence, and greater transparency and accountability. Finally, the DL strongly encourages inter-agency cooperation, partly in response to a recurrent criticism regarding barriers facing firms when dealing with different government agencies both national and subnational
    DOI: 10.1596/29056
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    Resilience or Resignation : Facing Droughts and Floods in Rural, Poor Bolivia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: Bolivia is a country with a vast geographical diversity, from a high plateau (altiplano) that reaches 3,000 meters above sea level to valleys at mid-altitude and tropical plains. During the last decade, the magnitude of Bolivia's weather patterns has undergone significant changes; extreme rainfall, floods, landslides, and droughts have been pushing the poorest and most marginalized communities beyond their ability to respond. There is a considerable amount of literature documenting the consequences of weather shocks on income and poverty. The aim of this study is to supplement the quantitative evidence of the impact of droughts and floods on the welfare of Bolivian households by exploring the impacts of these severe weather events which affect psychological factors, that in turn are important when it comes to preventing and responding to these events. The study highlight the importance of considering these intangible elements that drive families' decisions, in the context of designing policies for managing weather risk. Interventions and policies aimed at improving risk management in very poor communities should take into account the role of these internal factors in the reception and adoption of solutions, and in the likelihood that the investments can contribute to social mobility. The report is organized as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two gives a brief overview of the research methods used. The third section discusses the main findings related to immediate impacts (physical losses as well as services impacted), risk management, and the role of agency. Lastly, the fourth section presents the conclusions reached
    DOI: 10.1596/29035
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    Rwanda Economic Update, December 2017 : Rethinking Urbanization in Rwanda from Demographic Transition to Economic Transformation (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Developments in the Rwandan economy as of the first half of 2017 have been mixed. On the upside, Rwanda's external imbalances have eased on account of improvements in global commodity prices, global and regional strengthening of growth recovery, and the external adjustment the government undertook in 2016. Inflation pressures have also eased as Rwanda and the region recover from droughts; and after depreciations in 2015 and 2016, the currency has stabilized. On the other hand, economic activity has continued to be subdued, with an annualized growth of just 3.4 percent in the first half of 2017, on account of weak domestic demand
    DOI: 10.1596/29036
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    Regional Study on the Management, Control, and Recording of Fixed Assets : Latin America and the Caribbean (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: This report represents a series of studies on the status of the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards in the Latin America region. The first report of this series, Public Sector Accounting and Financial Information in Latin America, was developed by the World Bank team and issued in April 2015. The general purpose of this second report is to document the status of the management, control, and recording of fixed assets in the countries surveyed, and to propose a comprehensive asset management model to strengthen the region's public financial management systems in terms of public sector accounting, public investment, transparency, and accountability. The report aims to address the following asset management challenges: (a) accounting methodologies that have been adopted or implemented in the surveyed countries do not necessarily capture all government fixed assets; (b) incomplete or unreliable information on infrastructure assets and projects and other fixed assets, as well as on the provisions related to their upkeep and replacement, creates obstacles to improving public investment policies and enhancing the region's ability to promote productivity and competitiveness; (c) greater control of fixed assets is directly related to the improvement of transparency and accountability indexes; and (d) governments' inability to obtain an objective picture of their financial position and performance limits the quality of analysis on the efficient use of public resources related to electoral commitments, fiscal stability, and economic growth in the medium and long term
    DOI: 10.1596/29109
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    Analysis of the Impact of Investments in Disaster Risk Reduction and Prevention in Mexico : Case Study of Tabasco between 2007 and 2011 (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: In the late nineties, the Mexican Government has implemented a fiscal risk management policy for natural disasters through the creation of the Mexican fund for natural disasters (FONDEN). The case of Tabasco presents a unique opportunity to analyze the impact of the investments in disaster risk reduction (DRR) in Mexico. The purpose of this report is to assess the impact of said investments in the state of Tabasco between 2007 and 2010 and to analyze, on the basis of empirical evidence, the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of risk reduction measures in the country. Due to its geographical location and hydrological characteristics, the state of Tabasco has been affected by 33 hydrological disasters, such as intense rainfall events, floods, and tropical storms, over the last ten years. The analysis confirms that the DRR measures implemented after the 2007 floods played a key role in reducing the damages and losses sustained in the 2010 events. The first section of this document presents background information on the state of Tabasco, how fiscal risk management is handled upon natural disasters in Mexico, and an overview on the creation and implementation of the Plan Hidrico Integral de Tabasco (PHIT). The second section presents the methodology used for assessing the impact of the investments in DRR measures implemented after 2007. The third section analyzes the advantages of both methods, the implications of the results obtained, and the potential of investments in DRR as a cost-effective measure to mitigate the impact of adverse weather events
    DOI: 10.1596/29105
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    The Western Balkans : Revving Up the Engines of Growth and Prosperity (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: The Yugo, a communist-era car from the former Yugoslavia, was widely ridiculed for shedding its parts on roads across Europe and the United States. Zastava, which made Yugo, fared even worse than its product. After the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s, the factory was reduced to producing only 18,000 cars in 2002. Then Fiat entered the picture in 2008, investing more than a billion euro to make Zastava one of its most modern factories anywhere in the world. Now it is producing more than 100,000 cars a year and exporting to the European Union and the United States. Bosch and more than forty other international companies have set up operations in Serbia to supply parts to this factory and to other car producers in Europe; domestic investors also started entering the sector. Exports of the Serbian automotive industry has increased almost tenfold since the 1990s and are likely to expand further with recovery of European and global growth. Serbia's emergence as a successful exporter of competitive cars and parts is a symbol of a new era for the six countries of the Western Balkans: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, the Former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia. As late reformers, they can benefit from rising wages in the rapidly reforming transition countries of the European Union and from greater cost consciousness among firms adapting to lower global growth. The six (of which all but Albania were born from the break-up of Yugoslavia) largely missed out on earlier opportunities to thrive in the post-Cold War era. Today, with peace and enhanced collaboration, coupled with future prospects of European Union membership, the Western Balkan countries have another opportunity to build prosperity. This report addresses the following question: How can these countries raise economic growth rates and ensure sustained improvement in welfare for their citizens? Finding the right answer will help the countries' aspiration for income convergence with the EU, where on average people enjoy incomes that are three times higher
    DOI: 10.1596/28894
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    Tajikistan Country Economic Update, Fall 2017 : Heightened Vulnerabilities Despite Sustained Growth (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: This edition of the Tajikistan Country Economic Update (CEU) is part of a semi-annual series designed to monitor socio-economic developments in Tajikistan. In the first half of 2017, total investment was down by over seventeen percent year on year. However, investment picked up markedly in the third quarter, resulting in a year-on-year increase of twenty two percent compared to the first nine months of 2016. This report presents an analysis of political, economic and social developments, as well as the progress of and challenges with the implementation of structural reforms in 2017. It also includes a special section highlighting the key fiscal management challenges in Tajikistan
    DOI: 10.1596/29101
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    Mini Grids in Bangladesh : A Case Study of an Incipient Market (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: The study's objective is to understand what regulatory settings governments may adopt to scale up electrification through private development of mini grids, drawing on the experience of these six jurisdictions; provide technical assistance to four countries that want to further develop their mini grids framework; and disseminate findings and recommendations globally to inform successful mini grids regulation. The study focuses on mini grids defined as small, privately-owned and operated systems with generation of up to 10 megawatts (MW) capacity and a network that distributes power to several customers. The study includes small mini grids of less than 1 kilowatt (kW) capacity, also known as 'micro' or 'pico' grids. The six case studies are intended to be synthesized in one report. The report is to provide a cross-country comparison of these topics: it examines side by side how each of the countries studied have responded to a specific regulatory question, and presents a decision-tree approach to developing regulatory frameworks for mini grids. This case study is based on in-depth interviews with a number of key stakeholders in Bangladesh, conducted during and after a research trip in August 2017. Several experts in the Bangladesh context and mini grids more broadly reviewed this case study for accuracy and clarity, and their have incorporated their comments while retaining a neutral fact-based position. The Government aims to provide electricity to all by 2021 through grid extension, mini grids and stand-alone systems. The Power Sector Master Plan (PSMP) 2010 sets out to accommodate the Government's vision by 2021.The Government recognizes that public sector investment alone will not be sufficient to achieve its target and wants to mobilize resources from the private sector. The Government seeks to catalyze and promote private sector participation in renewable energy projects through Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL), a fully government-owned financial institution.IDCOL works alongside the Ministry of Power, Energy, and Mineral Resources (MPEMR) to identify areas where grid expansion is unlikely in the foreseeable future, and to entice private mini grid developers. Mini-grid operators are occupying a small but growing space in Bangladesh, with seven mini-grids connecting around 2,243 households in rural areas. IDCOL has approved 18 mini grid systems and plans to install 50 by 2018
    DOI: 10.1596/29020
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    A Retrospective Analysis of the Role of Isolated and Mini Grids in Power System Development (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This report provides the first historic overview of power system development focused on its evolution from distributed systems to centralized grid systems. It tracks the early development of power systems in several (now) middle- and high-income economies to inform the current drive to deploy new systems and achieve universal access to electricity services. We find that history can provide certain insights to a set of questions faced by today's energy policy makers. Our review is non-comprehensive, but will hopefully provide fodder for future, more detailed historical research, and shed some light on the complex and fascinating role of mini- or isolated grids in power system development globally. The development of power systems began in several regions of the world in the second half of the 19th century, marking the start of a new era, characterized by disruptive innovation, rapid development and opportunity. Today, electric power systems constitute a fundamental pillar of modern societies and electricity is increasingly recognized as a crucial prerequisite for the achievement of socio-economic prosperity. The development of power systems was affected by multiple factors, some systemically endogenous, such as technical advancements, innovation, entrepreneurial drive and decisions, and some exogenous, such as economic principles, legislative constraints and support, institutional structures, historical contingencies and geographical aspects (Hughes 1983). While numerous paths have been followed over the years there was a common igniting point; small isolated power systems and mini-grids. As technologies improved, demand increased and the policy and regulatory regimes stabilized, larger generators could be built (taking advantage of economies of scale) and electricity could be transmitted over longer distances. These factors resulted in the emergence of centralized utilities (either privately or publicly owned). Typically, mini-grids either became integrated with one another forming the nucleus of a larger centralized system or were absorbed by a larger grid system as it expanded
    DOI: 10.1596/29023
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    Mini Grids in Uttar Pradesh : A Case Study of a Success Story (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in India, has among the lowest levels of electricity connection in the country.1 Over 100 million people, at least half of the rural population, lack a formal connection to a distribution grid. The level of electricity services remains low despite the physical extension of the state-owned grid to all official villages. Unelectrified households are reluctant to apply for grid connection because they expect electricity supply to be unreliable, and they would have to spend money on coping strategies to replace electricity. In addition, connecting individual households in each village is costly to the state-owned distribution utilities. Highly regulated tariffs and a high cost of servicing remote areas mean that rural connections promise few returns to the utilities.Electrification has been a public policy priority for decades of successive state and central governments across the political spectrum. Public policy has maintained ambitious objectives to expand grid services from the state-owned medium-voltage (MV) distribution grid to rural areas. The state-owned grid has electrified all cities and surrounding towns. The high-voltage (HV) transmission grid extends throughout most of the state, in contrast to other energy-poor countries in Asia such as Cambodia, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. Private mini grid operators have occupied a small but growing space in the rural electricity market in Uttar Pradesh since around 2010. Several small companies, as well as individual entrepreneurs, are now providing electricity services in almost 1,900 settlements (villages and hamlets) in the state, and have made about 37,000 connections (and growing)Independent mini grid operators in Uttar Pradesh have proven they can earn rural customers' trust and their business. Rural consumers' simple energy needs can absorb up to a third of households' monthly expenditure without an electricity connection.Mini grid operators are addressing these gaps in service through renewable-based systems that deliver power to underserved villages. They have gained credibility as a more reliable service than the state-owned grid in rural areas by providing a reliable solution to residents' and businesses' lighting, phone charging, and appliance-powering problems. They provide basic light-emitting diode (LED) home lighting and a mobile phone charging outlet to a household for a scheduled 6 to 8 hours a day
    DOI: 10.1596/29021
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    Public-Private Partnerships : Reference Guide Version 3 (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: A growing number of governments are interested in partnering with the private sector to provide public infrastructure assets and services. The PPP Reference Guide aims to assist them. The Guide tackles the following questions: What are public-private partnerships (PPPs), why and when to use them. What kind of policy, legal, and institutional framework is needed to ensure PPPs achieve their objectives efficiently and effectively. What is the process for developing and implementing a PPP project. The Guide provides the most relevant examples and resources on key PPP topics and helps readers navigate the substantial body of knowledge that has been generated across the world by governments, international development institutions, academia, and the private sector. It is not a toolkit or a step-by-step guidebook; nor does it cover the specifics of PPPs in any given country or sector. The third edition includes new subjects such as stakeholder communication and engagement, environmental and social studies and standards, and climate change. Additional relevant sections include municipal PPPs and private participation in fragile and conflict-affected states
    DOI: 10.1596/29052
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    Minimum Core Obligations : Human Rights in the Here and Now (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The doctrine of the 'minimum core' (MCD) has in recent decades achieved prominence within international human rights law (IHRL) and practice. This enhanced profile is largely attributable to the activities of the United Nation's Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (henceforth, 'the Committee'). As this origin indicates, the MCD has been articulated in relation to the sub-set of human rights, usually denominated as 'economic, social and cultural rights', that are set out in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (henceforth, 'the Covenant'). In addition, some regional and domestic legal regimes, notably in Africa and South America, have recognized some version of the MCD in relation to constitutional or legal rights. However, this report will almost exclusively concentrate on the nature and value of the MCD as it has developed within international law and practice. This Report proceeds in the following manner: (i) introduction; (ii) In section 2, an account is offered of the formative point of IHRL in general; (iii) In section 3, the concept of minimum core obligations of human rights is explored, id est what it is that marks out such obligations among other human rights standards; (iv) Section 4 contends that the main gist of the MCD is given by interpretation; (v) In section 5, it is argued that interpretation (a), standing alone, offers the best account of the MCD; (vi) Section 6 addresses the difficult question of how to determine the content of such obligations; (vii) Section 7 responds to two major challenges confronting the MCD; and (viii) Finally, Section 8 briefly examines how indicators and benchmarks are statistical tools that can help monitor and enhance compliance with minimum core obligations
    DOI: 10.1596/29144
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    Pakistan Development Update, November 2017 : Managing Risks for Sustained Growth (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to apprise the Government of Pakistan, think-tanks and researchers, the public and The World Bank's senior management of the state of Pakistan's economy, outlook, structural reforms and development challenges. The report begins with a chapter on economic developments, with sections on growth, fiscal policy, public debt, the external sector, and inflation and monetary developments. The second chapter provides a medium-term macroeconomic outlook and describes upcoming challenges, and structural reform needs. The third chapter focuses on progress against social indicators. The final chapter addresses entrepreneurship in Pakistan from the perspectives of jobs, enabling new startup businesses, women's entrepreneurship and export competitiveness
    DOI: 10.1596/28864
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    Ukraine Fiscal Incentives for Science, Technology and Innovation Activities : Good Practice Review Report (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This report is one of four analytical pieces on Ukraine's innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystem developed by the World Bank's Ukraine Technical Assistance on Innovation, supported by the Swedish Ukraine Financial and Enterprise Sector Recovery and Growth Trust Fund. This report reviews different international good practices in introducing and implementing fiscal incentives for supporting science, technology, and innovation (STI) and provides policy recommendations relevant to the implementation of such incentives in Ukraine. It focuses on tax incentives as an indirect financial support mechanism for the private sector's research and development (R&D) and innovation activity. It identifies the costs and benefits of a variety of fiscal incentives (six different regimes) to support STI that have been widely used worldwide. It is important to note that the good practice examples outlined in this report have all been implemented as part of a broader agenda for strengthening the science and technology base of the countries in which they were put in place. Each of the policies, in isolation, would not have been sufficient to achieve the objectives of the government. The report describes the Ukrainian context, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of Ukraine's science and technology base, followed by a discussion of the recent
    DOI: 10.1596/28827
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    Ukraine Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer Regulatory Review (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This report is one of four analytical pieces on Ukraine's innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystem developed by the World Bank's Ukraine Technical Assistance on Innovation, supported by the Swedish Ukraine Financial and Enterprise Sector Recovery and Growth Trust Fund. The review presents an in-depth analysis of Ukraine's intellectual property system regarding its support to technology transfer and commercialization of publicly funded research and development. The analysis attempts to identify regulatory and framework impediments for the commercialization of publicly funded research and recommends reforms and policies that could improve the framework conditions for intellectual property (IP) and technology transfer (TT). The analysis is based on available legal, regulatory, and policy documents and information from secondary resources as well as qualitative interviews with stakeholders. The review finds that academic and publicly funded research in Ukraine rarely reaches the market due to its inherently basic research orientation; its lack of relevance to local industry needs; low capacity and demand for research by the private sector; legal, institutional, and administrative hurdles; weak culture of research commercialization; and limited incentives for commercialization of research results. Moreover, technology transfer offices and intermediaries are yet to be
    DOI: 10.1596/28830
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    Mental Health in Transition : Assessment and Guidance for Strengthening Integration of Mental Health into Primary Health Care and Community-Based Service Platforms in Ukraine (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Ukraine is undergoing important reforms in the health system, and there is an increasing interest among national as well as international actors in improving mental health services. The aim of this assessment is to provide recommendations to inform policy and operational guidance for strengthening integration of mental health into primary health care and community-based service platforms in Ukraine under the reform program
    DOI: 10.1596/28834
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    Enhancing Financial Capability and Inclusion in Zambia : A Demand-Side Assessment (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: Financial inclusion in Zambia has nearly doubled in the last ten years - from 21.3 percent in 2005 to 40.2 percent in 2016. This success was made possible by Zambia's Financial Sector Development Plan that concluded in 2015. And yet, when compared to other lower-middle income countries, Zambia fares less favorably in terms of account ownership, accessibility of bank branches, and usage of financial services. Main cited barriers are lack of funds, high fees, time-consuming travel, and lack of trust in the financial sector. Zambia aims to achieve universal access and has committed to implementing comprehensive national strategies for financial inclusion and financial education to accelerate progress. The World Bank survey covered in this report was requested by Zambian authorities to inform their further strategy work, help formulate quantifiable and concrete targets, and assess the effectiveness of future financial capability enhancing programs. The key findings and recommendations of the report cover areas related to Financial Inclusion, Financial Capability, and Financial Consumer Protection, followed by four chapters. Chapter 1 explores the financial inclusion landscape in Zambia. Chapter 2 reviews financial capability of Zambians in terms of their financial knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Chapter 3 analyzes the link between financial inclusion and financial capability in Zambia, and Chapter 4 assesses whether the financial products in Zambia meet consumers' needs
    DOI: 10.1596/28832
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    Toward Inclusive Urban Service Delivery in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: Urbanization has provided opportunities for economic growth and poverty reduction in countries all over the world. Cities are well positioned to provide services due to the economies of scale that the density and spatial concentration of people and firms allow. That being said, if not carefully managed and planned for, the benefits of urbanization are not equally realized by all and urban growth can aggravate inequalities in access to services, employment and housing. This is particularly true in rapidly growing cities where services are not able to keep up with demand and land located near jobs is often constrained. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city in Mongolia, has grown rapidly with a population of close to 1.4 million. The rapid growth, designated urban form, and weak fiscal management has resulted in a number of urban management challenges, particularly with regard to the delivery of public services
    DOI: 10.1596/28835
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    Toward Integrated Disaster Risk Management in Vietnam : Recommendations Based on the Drought and Saltwater Intrusion Crisis and the Case for Investing in Longer-Term Resilience (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: Vietnam is one of the most hazard-prone countries in the East Asia and Pacific region, with droughts, severe storms, and flooding causing substantial economic and human losses. Climate change is projected to increase the impact of disasters, especially the timing, frequency, severity, and intensity of hydro-meteorological events. Vietnam's 2015-2016 drought and associated saltwater intrusion (SWI) offer a preview of what could become the new normal, and make clear the need to take action to ensure the country's economic and societal well-being. SWI developed into a national crisis, with close to two million people affected due to damaged livelihoods and the country seeking international help. This report takes a deeper look at the drought and SWI crisis faced by Vietnam, identifies the gaps across key sectors, and recommends the principal short and longer-term actions needed for integrated disaster risk management. The recommendations are based on global experiences in good governance with intersectoral coordination in disaster forecast and early warning, and in community empowerment in water resource management and agricultural production
    DOI: 10.1596/28871
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    Western Balkans Regular Economic Report No. 12, Fall 2017 : Job Creation Picks Up (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: This is a semi-annual report series on recent economic developments and economic policies in the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia). The report looks at the economic performance and outlook for the Western Balkans region and specific factors that affect the growth prospects
    DOI: 10.1596/28883
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    MSME Finance Gap : Assessment of the Shortfalls and Opportunities in Financing Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Emerging Markets (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: As in most economies, micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in emerging markets are widely believed to be the engine of growth across. Over the last decade, many researchers and academics have tried to analyze the issue of MSME access to finance, emphasizing their dependence on credit and cash flows. This study presents a new approach to the estimation of the unmet demand for financing from MSMEs in developing countries. Importantly, it also describes the potential implications for the public-sector bodies, private sector financial institutions, and technology providers. The present research adds significant value to the repository of data in the MSME space, and opens new opportunities for further investigation. It estimates both supply of and demand for MSME finance on a global scale, which has never been done in a comprehensive way. This approach estimates MSME equilibrium lending in developed economies according to the industry, age, and size categories, and applies this benchmark to MSMEs in developing countries. It estimates the MSME finance gap as the difference between current supply and potential demand which can potentially be addressed by financial institutions. This report is divided into five sections. The first section reviews the literature about financing MSMEs. The second section describes the methodology of the present research, data sources, and the model specification. The third section analyzes the results of the finance gap estimation, including regional comparisons, formal, and informal MSME sector results, and gender disaggregated statistics. The fourth section elaborates on the implications of the finance gap for the public sector, including government agencies and multilateral organizations and lending institutions. Finally, the fifth section highlights implications for the private sector, including banks and non-bank financial institutions, as well as financial technology companies
    DOI: 10.1596/28881
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    Malawi Economic Monitor, November 2017 : Land for Inclusive Development (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Malawi Economic Monitor (MEM) provides an analysis of economic and structural development issues in Malawi. The aim of the publication is to foster better-informed policy analysis and debate regarding the key challenges that Malawi faces in its endeavor to achieve high rates of stable, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth. Malawi's economy is primarily based on agriculture and heavily reliant on its land resources to achieve social and economic development. The recently promulgated land acts have the potential to create multiple economic and social benefits for Malawi's citizens by improving investor confidence in the business environment, reducing the cost of documenting rights, supporting decentralization, improving land use planning, and protecting vulnerable groups' land rights and livelihoods. The effective implementation of these critical land reforms will ultimately facilitate the attainment of inclusive growth, boost productivity, and generate additional revenue for the government. The MEM consists of two parts: part one presents a review of recent economic developments and a macroeconomic outlook. Part two focuses on a special selected topic relevant to Malawi's development prospects
    DOI: 10.1596/28888
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    An Overview of Agricultural Pollution in Vietnam : The Aquaculture Sector (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Aquaculture is an important and growing part of Vietnam's agricultural economy. The aquaculture industry's expansion has, however, contributed to environmental degradation and become a potential threat to the industry's sustainability. Aquaculture expansion has involved the conversion of large areas, including mangroves, to farms and ponds, leading to changes in ecosystems and land use. In addition, aquaculture practices generate an array of emissions, most of them carried in wastewater and solid waste. This report is meant to provide a broad national overview of pollution problems in the aquaculture subsector. It aims to describe the nature, magnitude, and drivers of aquaculture pollution problems, taking stock of the state of evidence on this topic. It also touches upon current responses to the problem and offers a number of directions for policymakers
    DOI: 10.1596/29243
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    Aquaculture Pollution : An Overview of Issues with a Focus on China, Vietnam, and the Philippines (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Aquaculture is probably the fastest-growing animal production sector in the Asia Pacific region. Aquaculture is predicted to continue increasing production by optimizing and intensifying existing aquaculture practices, increasing the number and type of farms, and exploring other environments. High levels of nutrients in effluent discharge to channels, rivers, or lakes may cause eutrophication and affect fisheries adversely, but in other cases, depending on dilution rates, effluents may be a beneficial addition of nutrients which boost natural productivity including fisheries. The important fish farming waste components are nutrients (dissolved and particulate) resulting from the metabolism of fish food (including natural food in the case of filter feeders such as mussels and clams), uneaten food, pseudofeces (in the case of filter feeders), escapees of farmed fish affecting the genetics of wild fisheries species, and residues of disease or parasite treatment chemicals. The environmental impact can be lessened by improved location of farms, improved farm management, or by physical and or biological treatment of the effluent. China is the leading country in aquaculture production and Vietnam and the Philippines are in the top 10. Aquaculture continues to grow in China and Vietnam but is presently declining in the Philippines because of reduction in seaweed production
    DOI: 10.1596/29249
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    Serbia Public Sector Accounting Review : Report on the Enhancement of Public Sector Financial Reporting (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: The government's public financial management (PFM) Reform Program 2016-2020 foresees the gradual transition of public sector financial reporting from a cash basis to an accrual basis of accounting and the application of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). This will significantly improve the quality of financial information and should enable better informed decision-making, more efficient use of public funds and resources and improved fiscal performance. This Report on the Enhancement of Public Sector Financial Reporting is one output of the Serbia Public Sector Accounting Reform Technical Assistance project funded by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) through the Strengthening Accountability and Fiduciary Environment (SAFE) Trust Fund under the Public Sector Accounting and Reporting Program (PULSAR) which provides support for the development and implementation of public sector accounting standards. This report supports the development of a plan towards that goal by assessing the institutional framework for public sector accounting as well as the gap between Serbian public sector generally accepted accounting principles (PS GAAP) and IPSAS
    DOI: 10.1596/29535
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    Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion 2.0 : Country Policy Paper for Hungary (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This is a joint study between the European Commission (EC), the World Bank, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which aims to inform employment support, activation, and social inclusion policy making, through an improved understanding of labor-market barriers
    DOI: 10.1596/29627
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    How Much Is Prevention Worth? (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The goal of this report is to present the results from a unified conceptual framework so as to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and different trade-offs involved in conflict prevention. The context for the framework's development is a radical rethinking of the peacebuilding architecture put forth by several reports published in 2015. One of these reports, an expert report that formed part of the review of the United Nations' peacebuilding architecture, argued for shifting away from a narrow understanding of peacebuilding-where the aim is to avoid relapsing into violent conflict-toward an understanding that sustains peace. If this advice is heeded, the World Bank and the United Nations will need to leave behind the predominantly postconflict focus of peacebuilding and reimagine it as a more comprehensive enterprise where prevention is also included
    DOI: 10.1596/29380
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    Singapore Teachers : SABER Country Report 2015 (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Abstract: This report presents the results of the SABER-Teachers tool as applied in Singapore. A collaborative effort between the UNESCO International Task Force on Teachers for Education 2030 and the World Bank Group's SABER-Teachers initiative made this report possible. All data collection, related analysis, and report preparations were completed by UNESCO using the World Bank Group's SABER tools. The report describes the performance of Singapore's education system in achieving each of the eight teacher policy goals. It also contains comparative information from education systems that have consistently scored highly on international student achievement tests and those that have previously participated in the SABER-Teachers initiative. This report has been formally endorsed by the Ministry of Education of Singapore. Additional information on the teacher policies in the education systems of Singapore and other countries can be found on the SABER-Teachers' website
    DOI: 10.1596/29523
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    Childhood Stunting in Tajikistan : Quantifying the Association with WASH, Food Security, Health, and Care Practices (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Papers
    Abstract: More than 20 percent of children under the age of 5 in Tajikistan are stunted. A large literature finds that stunting and undernutrition in early childhood are commonly the result of several contributing environmental, food, hygiene, and health-related factors. However, quantifying these interactions is usually not possible due to the difficulty of collecting sufficient data on each dimension in a single survey. To address this issue, we integrated the samples of two separate nationally representative surveys conducted simultaneously in Tajikistan in late 2016. This design allows analysis of the determinants of undernutrition in a unified framework. The results show strong associations between undernutrition and the number of food calories consumed, food diversity, access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, access to health services, and care practices. Consistent with previous studies, the results also show that overlapping adequacies are associated with much reduced stunting risk. The findings suggest that: i) nutritioninterventions addressing multiple risk factors may promote better outcomes than focusingon any single deprivation, ii) there is need for programs addressing food inadequacy, bothin the form of the number of calories consumed and the diversity of food consumed, iii)promoting food adequacy alone is likely not sufficient to generate large reductions inmalnutrition, and iv) interventions should predominantly focus on rural areas where risksof malnutrition are substantially higher
    DOI: 10.1596/29550
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    Revealing the Missing Link : Private Sector Supply-Side Readiness for Primary Maternal Health Services in Indonesia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Every six hours, the death of a woman from the complications of pregnancy serves as the most vexing reminder of Indonesia's challenges with maternal health (MH). This is incommensurate with Indonesia's strong economic development and stature compared with regional peers, especially as MH is a marker of overall health system performance and affects economic opportunities especially for the poor. The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is high and progress on improving MH outcomes has been slow, such that the MH Millennium Development Goal (MDG) has already been missed. This policy paper analyzes new data on the 'missing link' of primary MH service provision, id est, private providers, which is critical given that 54 percent of all deliveries in Indonesia occurred in the private sector, compared with 22 percent in the public sector, although overall rates of institutional deliveries remain below target. Key findings from the analysis elucidate the potential value of the private sector in expanding access to MH services covered by the financial purchasing and strategic purchasing umbrella of JKN, the effectiveness of these private MH services, and patient satisfaction. The remainder of the policy paper is structured as follows: The next section provides some background on Indonesia, including general health-related outcomes and an overview of the country's health system and financing. Section III focuses on MH outcomes and context, including comparisons with global peers, and provides an overview of provision, utilization, and financing of MH services in the country, underscoring the importance of private providers. Section IV summarizes the distributional context and service readiness of private MH providers across the 64 high-priority districts, including a comparison with public providers for context. Section V concludes with a summary of key findings and their policy implications
    DOI: 10.1596/27469
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    Mauritania : Transforming the Jobs Trajectory for Vulnerable Youth (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Poverty reduction and youth employment remain deeply intertwined in Mauritania. Mauritania's job-related challenge is characterized by a low-growth macroeconomic context, high reliance on minerals and extractives, and marked poverty and social exclusion. With youth (15-24 year olds) comprising over 40 percent of the population as of 2014, they are particularly vulnerable to high social exclusion. The main objective of this policy note is to provide an overview of the jobs challenge in Mauritania, with a focus on constraints and opportunities facing youth over the short to long term. To this end, it assesses overarching youth employment trends and gaps and offers recommendations for facilitating their entry into good, productive jobs. The note analyzes policy options, risks, and opportunities for strengthening youth employment prospects over the short to long term, with a focus on active labor market programs within an integrated approach to diversification, job creation, and poverty reduction. Moving forward, stronger public-private coalitions lie at the heart of youth employment and social inclusion in Mauritania
    DOI: 10.1596/29674
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    Peru Public Expenditure Review (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure Review (PER) was prepared at the request of Peru's Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF).The PER offers analysis, options for reform, and measures in selected areas and sectors to achieve efficiency gains and fiscal savings (where possible), while improving (at least not harming) equity. In the context of less favorable external environment, public finance is one of the critical issues that has come to the fore. The gradual fiscal consolidation process initiated offers a unique opportunity to carry out important fiscal and sectoral reforms. Preserve the hard-won gains of sound fiscal policy. This report consists of two parts; Part I focuses on the cross-cutting issues and challenges. The macro-fiscal chapter examines revenue and expenditure trends, provides a fiscal sustainability analysis and an assessment of contingent liabilities. It discusses relevant crosscutting fiscal issues, expenditure rigidities, revenue challenges, and areas to improve the multiannual macroeconomic framework (MMF). The public procurement chapter evaluates procurement practices applied by all government bodies in the budget. It uses the strategic sourcing methodology and data from Peru's procurement platform which for the purposes of this analysis has been merged with the budget accounting system (SEAF). It identifies significant fiscal savings and efficiency gains, many of which are relatively easy to achieve. Part II identifies areas for efficiency gains and potential fiscal savings in five selected sectors. These sectors include water and sanitation, health, education, citizen security, and transport. They account for a significant share of the budget and represent a substantial share of public service delivery. These chapters provide several approaches and perspectives in looking at technical and allocative efficiency. The PER identifies at least 1.4 percent of GDP in fiscal savings that arise from efficiency reforms and measures across the areas examined
    DOI: 10.1596/29705
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    Discrimination Against Sexual Minorities in Education and Housing : Evidence from Two Field Experiments in Serbia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Abstract: Discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people is widespread and LGBTI exclusion from economic markets, vital services and political spaces is entrenched. This is not just a personal problem, it is a development challenge; not only because discrimination is inherently unjust, but also because "there are substantial costs - social, political, and economic - to not addressing the exclusion of entire groups of people." Understanding the barriers LGBTI people face in accessing markets, services, and spaces is important for designing more inclusive policies and programs
    DOI: 10.1596/29750
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    Indonesia Economic Quarterly, December 2017 : Decentralization that Delivers (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: 2017 ; Wirtschaftslage ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Indonesien
    Abstract: The Indonesian economy strengthened modestly in third quarter(Q3). Economic growth was supported by higher commodity prices, stronger global growth, rebounding international trade, and relatively accommodative monetary and financial conditions. At the same time, domestic conditions improved, with tentative green shoots in private consumption and stronger domestic demand overall. This article addresses three main questions: (i) what happened to local service delivery during decentralization? (ii) how do we move the needle on local government performance in terms of provision of local services? and (iii) what design mechanisms can incentivize local leaders and sub-national governments to improve local service delivery? The authors offer three key policy recommendations to help align incentives to promote service delivery performance by local leaders and public officials: i) implementing good practices for evaluating local government performance; ii) embedding results-orientation into intergovernmental fiscal transfers;l and iii) use transparent and comparative local government performance data to stimulate citizen engagement
    DOI: 10.1596/29726
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    Stunting Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Reducing all forms of malnutrition, including stunting, is central to the World Bank Group's twin goals of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity, as well as building resilience and preventing instability. Maternal and child under nutrition is estimated to be responsible for about 45 percent of child mortality and 11 percent of the global disease burden. Conversely, reductions in stunting are estimated to potentially increase overall economic productivity, as measured by GDP per capita, by 4 to 11 percent in Africa and Asia - making investments in early nutrition one of the most cost-effective development actions to yield permanent and inalienable benefits.Since 2000, progress in stunting reduction has been slower in Africa than in other regions. While both Asia and Latin America and Caribbean have managed to reduce stunting rates by over one third, Africa saw a reduction of only one sixth during the same period. In 2016, over 40 percent of the 159 million stunted children globally were in Africa (UNICEF, WHO, and World Bank, 2016). Accelerating the reduction of stunting in Africa will be key to maximizing the return on investments in early childhood development, in education, and more broadly in policies aimed at fostering and enhancing human capital accumulation and job creation.This report consists of seven chapters. The first chapter focuses on the income elasticity of stunting reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa. Chapters second through seventh focus on the potential financing needs and impacts of investing in scaling up stunting reduction interventions in the Africa region as a whole, and in five of the high-burden countries in Africa (Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Niger, and Rwanda). While the first chapter offers a broad assessment of the empirical relationship between income and stunting reduction at the aggregate level across countries, the subsequent chapters focus on country specific policy recommendations designed to accelerate progress in stunting reduction
    DOI: 10.1596/29722
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    Colombia : Policy Note on the Implementation of Catastrophe Agricultural Insurance (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Colombia is very exposed to natural and climatic disasters and especially to large-scale hydro meteorological drought and excess rain or flood events related to the ENSO El Nino or La Nina phenomena which impact very severely on the agricultural sector. In Colombia a high proportion of the rural population are small-scale poor crop and livestock family farmers who are extremely vulnerable to these natural disasters. Since the end of the rural conflict in 2016, Government of Colombia (GoC) has given major priority to the eradication of rural poverty through the regeneration of the agricultural sector with a focus on the most vulnerable small crop and livestock producers located in post conflict municipalities. As part of its commitment to transform the rural sector, GoC is seeking to develop suitable catastrophe agricultural insurance products and programs for the small family farming sector. This Policy Note presents to a series of policy guidelines and recommendations for GoC to consider relating to the design and implementation of large-scale Catastrophe Agricultural Insurance programs as part of the government's integrated disaster risk management and risk financing strategy for Colombia
    DOI: 10.1596/29761
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    Greater Maputo : Urban Poverty and Inclusive Growth (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: The overall objective of the Maputo Urban Poverty and Inclusive Growth Study is to inform the municipal governments of Maputo and Matola in the Greater Maputo Area (GMA) on how to better target and finance urban poverty reduction programs by building critical knowledge on urban poverty and land-based municipal revenue enhancement. The study carried out an in-depth poverty and vulnerability mapping and analysis in order to better understand the spatial distribution of poverty in the GMA. It showed that poverty has significantly reduced in most of the neighborhoods in GMA from 1997 to 2007. The study also showed a strong correlation between poverty reduction and access to basic services and urban infrastructure, though it was not possible to identify a correlation between poverty incidence of natural hazards based on availability data. The study also carried out for the first time in the GMA a comprehensive housing market assessment in order to collect primary data on real estate market value, which was used as basis for estimating the net present value of different policy options to increase property tax. It suggested that municipal revenue for property taxation could significantly increase if municipalities would improve tax compliance, increase tax rate from actual 0.4 to 1.0 percentage, and use market value to assess property tax. In this case, Maputo City Council would generate Mt 44 billion and Matola Mt 29 billion in NPV terms. Finally, study provided specific policy and institutional development recommendations at national and municipal levels with the ultimate objective to increased urban infrastructure finance, and better target pro-poor interventions not only in GMA, but also benefiting other cities in Mozambique
    DOI: 10.1596/29828
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    Federal Republic of Nigeria Diagnostic Review of Financial Consumer Protection : Key Findings and Recommendations (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: While only 44 percent of adults in Nigeria have an account at a formal financial institution, and only 2.5 percent have a mobile account, there are rapid innovations in both traditional and digital financial services that promote financial inclusion but also add complexity and risks for inexperienced consumers. Strengthening financial consumer protection (FCP) in Nigeria is therefore critical to ensure responsible and sustainable financial inclusion. This Diagnostic Review was conducted under the joint World Bank and IMF program to strengthen Nigeria's financial sector. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has already established a dedicated Consumer Protection Department and developed a high-level FCP Framework, however there are many areas for improvement. The Review analyzes the FCP regime in Nigeria's banking, non-bank financial institution (NBFI) and payment sectors, and offers tailored recommendations. Based on the 2017 World Bank Good Practices for Financial Consumer Protection, this assessment covers five topics in each of the abovementioned sectors: i) legal, regulatory, and supervisory framework; ii) disclosure and sales practices; iii) fair treatment and business conduct; iv) data privacy; and v) dispute resolution mechanisms. The Review summarizes the key findings and recommendations and then discusses them in detail
    DOI: 10.1596/29827
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    Convergence without Equity : A Closer Look at Spatial Disparities in Russia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Addressing regional disparities is key to unlocking Russia's potential to achieve stronger gains in growth and equity outcomes as well as to improve its institutional environment. While spatial disparities have been an important policy concern in Russia for a long time, inequalities across its vast territory remain stark. This report explores the current state of regional disparities at the macro and micro-level, updating existing literature to reflect recent trends and providing new insights into household-level drivers of welfare. The report stresses that addressing spatial disparities does not necessary imply "balancing" growth across a geographic territory - but rather focusing on creating opportunities for all people, regardless of where they live
    DOI: 10.1596/30045
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    Indonesia Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability : Assessment Report 2017 (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: Indonesia has experienced strong economic growth and steady poverty reduction over the past decade,but the end of the commodity boom, accompanied by slowing poverty reduction and rising inequality, has put pressure on the country's overall economic development. Indonesia's average annual growth rate was 5.6 percent in the period 2001-12, equivalent to a GDP per capita of about US 3,500 dollars. The national poverty rate was halved to 11.2 percent in the period from 1999 to 2015, largely through sustained growth and job creation. However, the decline in commodity prices and demand slowed growth to 4.8 percent in 2015 and 5.1 percent in 2016. The pace of poverty reduction also began to stagnate around this time, with a near zero decline in 2015, accompanied by rising inequality, from 30 points in 2000 to 41 points by 2014, as measured by the Gini coefficient
    DOI: 10.1596/30251
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    International Labor Mobility of Nationals : Experience and Evidence for Afghanistan at Macro Level (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Migration in Afghanistan has been a relevant phenomenon during the last several decades, driven by a complex combination of protracted conflict, food insecurity, natural disasters, and socioeconomic factors. Around 4.8 million Afghan currently live abroad, most of them in neighboring Iran and Pakistan. While prior migration waves consisted of refugees to a large extent, in the last decade economic migrants have been increasingly prevalent, not only to Iran but also to Gulf Cooperation Council and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Due to the lack of formal mechanisms for migration, however, the vast majority of flows have an irregular nature. As a consequence, official statistics vastly underestimate the value of remittances at 1.7 percent of GDP, while analysis that includes informal channels raise this figure by up to 10 times. Overall, although a relatively small share of families benefits from remittances, they provide a vital source of income and act as a buffer against income shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/30268
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    Creating Markets in Ghana : Country Private Sector Diagnostic (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Abstract: The objective of the Ghan ...
    DOI: 10.1596/30212
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    Maintaining the Momentum While Addressing Service Quality and Equity : A Diagnostic of Water Supply, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Poverty in Ethiopia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: This summary report presents the findings of the Ethiopia WASH Poverty Diagnostic (EWPD) study led by the World Bank`s Water and Poverty Global Practices. Though Ethiopia has made good progress in increasing access to water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in recent years, the quality of many services are below the standards set for meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study review existing institutional structures and challenges that are inhibiting high-quality service delivery. The EWPD also reviews the quality and inequality in access to WASH service between those living in urban and rural areas, as well as different regions, areas of water insecurity and amongst the poorest households. EWPD also attempts to show the implications of poor access to WASH services on human development (health, nutrition, and education) and poverty reduction. The analysis aims to support the government and other stakeholders identify gaps in service delivery and answer questions on why these gaps exist. The report concludes by offering recommendations for moving Ethiopia`s WASH sector forward
    DOI: 10.1596/30562
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    Albania Country Procurement and Contract Implementation Review (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Procurement Assessment
    Abstract: This report presents the World Bank and Islamic Development Bank, collectively the Banks, teams' review and assessment of Albania country procurement and contract implementation CPCI), including for projects and civil works contracts financed by the Banks. This report focuses on the most critical findings and it summarizes key recommendations. Detailed analysis and recommendations are provided in the report. The CPCI aims to provide the Government of Albania (GoA) with an updated diagnosis of the strengths and weaknesses of public procurement and to make specific recommendations and practical suggestions for achieving increased effectiveness in service delivery, through an improved public procurement system, planning and implementation as well as contract management. The report also presents specific analysis of implementation of projects and procurement of contracts financed by the Banks and it discusses more specifically some questions raised by the GoA regarding options to centralize procurement of donors' financed projects. The report has nine sections: I. introduction, II. procurement legal and regulatory framework, III. institutional framework and management capacity, IV. procurement operation and market practices, V. contract implementation and management, VI. public financial management relevant to procurement, VII. integrity and transparency relevant to procurement, VIII. performance of World Bank and Islamic Development Bank portfolios, and IX. recommendations and suggested action plan
    DOI: 10.1596/30605
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    Railway Reform : Toolkit for Improving Rail Sector Performance (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This Railway Reform Toolkit aims to provide an easy-to-use resource on the rail industry and to provide an experience-based set of best practices to aid in the planning and execution of railway reforms. It s based on international experiences with railway reform under a range of railway organizational forms, state agencies, state-owned, or private enterprises. The toolkit should be particularly useful to those thinking about transitions from one organizational form to another and for those seeking to improve railway performance through investment, reorganization, or changes in government policy
    DOI: 10.1596/30734
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    Assessment of Tax Compliance Costs for Businesses in the Kyrgyz Republic (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: The International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group, is the largest global development institute focused on supporting the private sector in emerging economies. Through its work with more than 2,000 companies worldwide, IFC mobilizes capital, expertise, and influence to create markets and opportunities for developing countries. The objective of the IFC Central Asia Tax Project is to improve compliance with mandatory requirements of tax legislation through increased transparency and simplification of tax administration procedures. Simplification of tax accounting procedures will reduce costs of tax compliance, lessen the administrative burden on small and medium businesses, reduce barriers to entry into the formal economy, and serve as a driver for economic growth in the Kyrgyz Republic. The key element of reforms is an immediate assessment of their efficiency and possibility for adjustments based on assessment results. With this view, IFC, through its technical assistance tax reforms projects, has conducted a series of studies, which help monitor the tax system reforming processes in the Kyrgyz Republic. The main goal of the studies was a periodic assessment of time and costs to taxpayers in the Kyrgyz Republic in complying with the mandatory requirements of the tax legislation. Equitable intervals of measurements allowed an immediate assessment of the impact of implemented tax reforms on the cost of taxpayers to comply with tax legislation. In addition, actual data on the tax system status helped elaborate concise recommendations for the Government with the focus on elimination of identified issues and reduction of the tax administration costs to businesses. This report outlines the results of all three rounds of business environment surveys in the area of tax regulation; it includes the estimates of tax accounting costs of taxpayers in the Kyrgyz Republic in 2012, 2014, and 2016
    DOI: 10.1596/30948
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    Economy-Wide Impact of Electricity Price Increases in Bangladesh : A CGE Analysis (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the economic impact of electricity price increases in Bangladesh. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is developed and used to trace through the impact of an increase in the price of electricity on GDP, household consumption, economy-wide investment, government income, the trade balance, inflation, and sectoral outputs and prices. The primary motivation for this analysis is the need to understand the impact of adjusting the price of electricity to reduce the significant fiscal burden of current budget transfers to the single buyer of wholesale power - de facto subsidies to the end-consumer. Another impetus is the fact that the impending import of liquefied natural gas (LNG) will result in a more expensive fuel mix for power generation, which will lead to a need to increase the price of electricity supplied to consumers. Both channels impacting the price of electricity are modeled and their impacts analyzed. The model takes into account the fact that a reduction in subsidies to the sector or an increase in the price of electricity will augment government revenues, which can be recycled towards productive ends. The value of the model lies in the indicative results, insights and options it provides for decision-makers to take into account in their planning andpolicy formulation. Going forward, it would be important to carry out a supplementary distributional analysis to understand the implications for the poor and thus the full potential impact of the policy changes being analyzed
    DOI: 10.1596/30631
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    Indonesia Economic Quarterly, March 2017 : Staying the Course (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: 2017 ; Wirtschaftslage ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Indonesien
    Abstract: With a robust rate of economic growth, low current account deficit, a conservative fiscal deficit and inflation at a record low, the fundamentals of the Indonesian economy continue to be strong. Despite global policy uncertainty, economic growth strengthened in 2016 on the back of higher private consumption growth. The economic outlook remains positive, supported by a projected pick-up in the global economy and recovering commodity prices, carrying both investment and exports.Major shifts in trade policies among advanced economies, unexpected changes in U.S. monetary policy, political uncertainty in Europe, a protracted period of elevated domestic inflation, and weak fiscal revenues pose significant downside risks. Real GDP growth in Q4 2016 eased to 4.9 percent yoy from 5.0 percent in Q3, as government expenditure continued contracting and import growth rebounded. The 4.0 percent decline in government expenditure was the largest since Q1 2010, due in part to base effects of strong expenditure growth in Q4 2015. Meanwhile investment growth rose and export growth turned positive after eight quarters of contraction, in line with stronger commodity prices
    DOI: 10.1596/30840
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    Charcoal in Haiti : A National Assessment of Charcoal Production and Consumption Trends (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: A widely cited report from 1979 suggested that existing wood supplies in Haiti would be enough to meet increasing charcoal demand until around the year 2000, but that ongoing charcoal production could result in an environmental 'apocalypse' (Voltaire 1979, 21, 23) The prediction that wood supplies in Haiti would be exhausted by 2000 was also supported by a report on trends emerging from early remote sensing analyses of aerial photographs spanning from 1956 to 1978, for threedifferent locations in Haiti (Cohen 1984, v-iv). And yet, some 40 years later, Haitians continue to produce large quantities of charcoal despite these dire predictions to the contrary. The estimations and subsequent extrapolations presented here are conservative, using midrange estimates on a number of variables, including charcoal bag carrying capacities for different-sized vehicles in the classificatory typology, an average weight assumption for charcoal bags, and the utilization of annual extrapolation methods (for Port-au-Prince and all of Haiti) based on extending data sampled during representative low and peak periods of charcoal production to corresponding low and peak seasons across the entire year. This research provides targeted answers to a narrow set of research questions, helping to fill an important information gap in Haiti. Most notably, the total volume of charcoal moving into Port-au-Prince has implications on the total required volume of primary production of biomass for charcoal and the total value of the charcoal value chains, demonstrating the magnitude of importance of charcoal production for Haiti. These two up-to-date figures may inform policy decisions for development and government programming related to landscape management, reforestation, tree planting, agroforestry, and agricultural projects in Haiti
    DOI: 10.1596/31257
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    Technical Discussion Paper on Concessional Insurance (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Climate change, weather-related disasters, and slow-onset changes such as rising sea levels threaten sustainable development and force some 26 million people into poverty every year. Sovereign disaster risk insurance and other forms of risk finance, as part of a broader financial protection strategy, can help countries increase their financial resilience to disaster and climate shocks. This discussion paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discussions among development partners about the operationalization of premium subsidies for sovereign disaster risk insurance, the context of increasing interest among development partners in providing concessional finance, including premium subsidies. The paper draws on lessons from past and existing premium subsidy schemes, and from the World Bank's operational experience on disaster risk financing and insurance (DRFI), including regional catastrophe risk pools. It aims to inform the dialogue on how to operationalize concessional insurance. The objective of the paper is not to provide specific recommendations, but rather to highlight key issues and options to be considered when operationalizing concessional insurance. This discussion paper builds on the World Bank Group's cascade approach, which aims to crowd in private sector capital and markets to address the development challenges posed by disaster and climate shocks. Sovereign disaster risk insurance uses the capital of (re)insurance companies to transfer the financial cost of disaster response from client countries to the private investors. Furthermore, it utilizes private sector experience in designing appropriate risk financing solutions for clients
    DOI: 10.1596/31217
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    Speech at the 2017 Annual Meetings Plenary (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discussed the following topics: 1) actions needed to grow the economies and compete in what will be a more complex, demanding, and digitized future; 2) three ways to end extreme poverty by 2030, and boost shared prosperity among the poorest 40 percent around the world: a) accelerating inclusive, sustainable economic growth, b) building resilience to shocks and threats, and c) investing more and more effectively in people
    DOI: 10.1596/31116
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    Remarks at World Bank Group-IMF 2017 Spring Meetings Opening Press Conference (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, answered media questions at the 2017 Spring Meetings Press Conference 2017. He discuss the global economy. He mentioned that the bank faces several overlapping crises, both natural and man-made, all of which add urgency to the mission. He estimated that two-thirds of all jobs that currently exist in developing countries will be wiped out by automation. He seeks new and innovative ways to reach the poor, and make the world more secure and stable. He starts to address a problem by by asking whether the private sector can finance a project
    DOI: 10.1596/31110
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    Nigeria's Microfinance Bank Sector : Review and Recommendations (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: The report analyzes the status of the Nigerian Microfinance Banks (MFBs) sector and aims to identify and address the challenges of its effective regulation and supervision. Ensuring the financial soundness of the MFB sector is regarded as a prerequisite for its further development. This report was prepared at the request of Other Financial Institutions Supervision Department (OFISD) of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to inform OFISD's efforts to develop a strategy for regulation of the MFB sector with emphasis on its consolidation. The report does not attempt to address in depth other systemic issues related to microfinance market development, such as funding constraints or gaps in financial infrastructure. While important these factors are secondary to the report's central focus on reforming and recalibrating the regulatory framework and ensuring effective supervision, which is regarded as necessary precursors to the growth of the sector. Only once these regulatory and supervisory reforms are implemented will the MFB sector be better positioned to start to make a more significant and sustainable contribution to financial inclusion. The findings of the report are complemented with fifteen case-studies based on a representative sample of different MFB business models and origins, drawing lessons regarding the challenges faced by the sector about factors such as their business model, governance, funding, and client base. The Microfinance Policy, Regulatory and Supervisory Framework for Nigeria of 2005 established MFBs as a means of formalizing microfinance institutions (MFIs) in order to promote financial discipline and sustainability, while also providing access to financial services to the unbanked population. The framework was designed to attract new capital as well as to regularize Community Banks (CBs), which had been established since the early 1990s, mainly as conduits for directed lending. Licensed by the CBN, MFBs are allowed to solicit deposits, which are guaranteed by the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC)
    DOI: 10.1596/31320
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    Ethiopia Country Environmental Analysis : Realizing Green Transformation (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: The CEA assesses the country's key environmental challenges in this transformation process and the capacity to manage them. It takes a holistic perspective on environmental issues, covering the major sectors of the economy. The CEA focuses on four clusters of sectors that, together, are determining Ethiopia's development path: (i) resilient rural landscapes, (ii) green industrialization, (iii) sustainable urbanization, transport and living conditions, and (iv) sustainable energy access. Achieving Ethiopia's CRGE goals requires shifting the trajectory that each cluster is on toward more sustainable options. For each of these clusters, the CEA discusses their current and intended trajectories (environmental trends such as degradation and pollution, and the government plans and strategies to respond to these trends) as well as the policies, incentives, institutions, information (the upstream enabling environment) needed to put the country on a green, clean, and resilient development pathway. The report also highlights practical experiences from Ethiopia and elsewhere. The bulk of the analysis in the CEA focuses on key challenges in the enabling environment in terms of policies, institutions, incentives, and information-which can contribute to success in achieving sustainability and mobilizing investment if well-designed and consistently implemented, and can impede success if not
    DOI: 10.1596/33947
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    Agriculture for Jobs and Growth in the Western Balkans : A Regional Report (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: The agri-food industry, comprising agricultural inputs, primary agricultural production, off-farm food processing, food distribution, food retail and consumption, and other food-related services, is one of the most important industries in the Western Balkans in terms of turnover, jobs and geographic scale. Average turnover of the agri-food industry accounts for 24 percent of total manufacturing turnover in the Western Balkan (WB) region compared to the European Union (EU) average of 15 percent (in 2011) and it is more evenly distributed geographically than other industries. Global evidence suggests that agribusiness has the highest short-term indirect employment impact, where creating one job generates more than double the number of jobs in the rest of the economy. The sector's broad geographic footprint, multiple functions and cross-sector linkages could transform the industry into a powerful driver of value addition, income diversification and innovation in rural areas. The objective of this regional study is to examine how further investment, modernization and transformation of the agriculture and rural economy can contribute to job creation and economic growth in the Western Balkans, while highlighting how better public policies and deeper European integration can help take this process forward. The study aims to better understand the features of agri-food employment in the region, including its potential to generate more, better and more inclusive jobs and to identify transformative (policy) actions that could trigger a structural change towards a more productive use of human and other resources in agriculture
    DOI: 10.1596/32204
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    Safe and Resilient Cities in Ethiopia : CityStrength Diagnostics in Nine Regional Capitals and Dire Dawa City Administration (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Abstract: This report captures the outcomes of the TA on Strengthening Urban Resilience in Ethiopia, including City Strength Diagnostic carried out in the Dire Dawa City Administration and nine regional capitals of Ethiopia. Chapter two provides an overview of shocks and stresses in the cities, the growing hazard exposure, the impacts of climate change, and preparedness in terms of emergency response and safe building construction. It also addresses the question of what hazards cities are exposed to (now and in future), and whether they are adequately prepared. Chapter three focuses on the resilience of urban systems based on assessments in 10 sectors across the 10 cities. It answers the question whether local capacity exists to deal with shocks and stresses, and if urban systems are resilient. Each sectoral assessment is done against the five qualities of resilience to understand capacity constraints and resilience priorities. This exercise was conducted jointly by the participants in the consultations and the World Bank sectoral specialists. After determining vulnerabilities at the sectoral level, Chapter four provides a summary of the priorities at the city level that were determined during the consultation workshops. It provides details of critical actions needed to make Ethiopian cities more resilient. Designed to be accessible to a broad audience, this report presents the most relevant and actionable information that emerged from the diagnostic exercise
    DOI: 10.1596/32278
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    Evaluation of the National Adherence Guidelines for Chronic Diseases in South Africa Using Routinely Collected Data : Second Enrollment Report (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This report describes enrollment into the cohorts for protocol 1 for the Evaluation of the National Adherence Guidelines for Chronic Diseases in South Africa Using Routinely Collected Data. The study is evaluating short-term and long-term effects of five interventions being implemented by the National Department of Health (NDoH) in South Africa to improve adherence to HIV care and chronic disease care in general: Fast track initiation counselling, decentralized medicine delivery, adherence clubs, early patient tracing and enhanced adherence counselling. The study uses a randomized evaluation design to compare sites where the intervention was rolled out with control sites providing standard of care. Enrollment began in June 2016 and was uneven in time and by province, as expected in a process using routine data and relying on programmatic implementation. Enrollment of HIV clients into cohorts will enable the NDoH to understand the short-term and long-term impacts of interventions to improve HIV treatment initiation, adherence and retention in care
    DOI: 10.1596/32625
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    Why Should We Care About Care? The Role of Childcare and Eldercare in Armenia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Only 56 percent of women ages 15-64 participate in the labor market, a slightly higher share than the Europe and Central Asia average, but 18 percentage points lower than the share among men in Armenia. The conflicting demand on women's time for care and work activities represents a fundamental barrier to economic participation and generates a vicious circle of low labor market attachment and prominence of the care provider role that leads to increased vulnerability and gender-based inequalities. International evidence shows that support for childcare and eldercare affects women's labor market participation. This note examines the care needs of families with children and/or elderly household members and the provision of formal care services in Armenia with an emphasis on the availability, price, and quality characteristics. Based on the analysis of an independent mixed-methods dataset collected in several countries of Europe and Central Asia, this note documents the perceptions and barriers in the use of quality formal care in Armenia. Five main messages emerge from the assessment of supply and demand of formal childcare and eldercare in Armenia: 1) Although social norms strongly highlight the role of women as caregiver, there is scope for policy aimed at increasing access and affordability of childcare and early education: Around 24 percent of parents of children ages 0 to 5 currently not attending kindergarten report that the reason of no attendance is lack of the service or being unable to afford it. 2) The demand for childcare services is voiced predominantly by parents perceiving benefits for their child's development and working (or willing-to-work) mothers. 3) Use of childcare is regressive: There are significant differences in enrollment to kindergarten and nursery between the poorest and the richest households (12.7 and 36.4 percent respectively). A well-developed childcare sector not only would help generating economic participation opportunities for women but also implies potential improvements in the school readiness for children especially for the most vulnerable households. 4) Day-care centers and home-based formats-if available-will be more compatible with prevailing standards of care for the elderly. 5) Quality is important for potential users of formal care services and the main challenges of the existing supply involves human resources (HR)
    DOI: 10.1596/32644
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    Latvia Tax Review (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Latvia's Ministry of Fina ...
    DOI: 10.1596/34039
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    Disability Pensions in the European Union (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Disability is a complex, evolving and multidimensional concept. According to the World Disability report (2011), disability will be an even greater concern as its prevalence is on the rise due to Ageing Populations as well as the Global increase in chronic health conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and mental health disorders. In this paper, the authors look at the basic design features and fiscal costs of the sick pay, sick leave and disability pensions program in each of the Member States of the European Union. As will be seen, it is difficult to draw any policy conclusions or find much in the way of trends in the data. Nevertheless, the authors highlight the heterogeneity in practices across various countries through our analysis, suggest areas for additional analysis or research, and provide suggestions for strengthening disability pension systems in the future. The authors also include case studies for two countries (The Netherlands and Poland) to illustrate the characteristics of recent reforms and lessons learned. For most purposes, in this paper, disability benefits refer to a combination of sick pay, sick leave and disability pensions payable from social insurance programs. This paper is arranged as follows: (ii) Section II of this report discusses the social, financial, and demographic arguments for countries to focus increased attention now on the design, administration and financing of their sick pay, sick leave and disability pension programs; (iii) Section III discusses the basic terminology and issues in disability pensions; and (iv) Section IV reviews the current practices of the EU countries in the areas of disability covered by the report
    DOI: 10.1596/34038
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 83
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    An Assessment of Employment in Niger (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Gender ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Due to frequent domestic and external shocks, Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world. Located in a sub-region repeatedly challenged by security threats such as the Libyan conflict, the Mali crisis and the Boko Haram armed attacks, the Nigerien economy is exposed to severe climate shocks that largely impact the country's economic performance. Despite going through several episodes of political turbulence, Niger has experienced relative political stability, with beneficial effects for economic growth since 2011. To sum up, Niger is a country that faces the jobs challenges of an agrarian and increasingly resource-based economy, and in which a large part of the population is young, poor and exposed to external and internal shocks. In Niger, most population is poor and lives in rural areas, implying that the jobs with the highest development impact are in agriculture. However, as discussed, jobs per se do not guarantee sufficient income opportunities to escape poverty; as such, increases in productivity are crucial for improving living standards. Moreover, giving the high exposure of poor and rural households to climatic shocks and food insecurity, the new jobs agenda needs to encourage the use of modern and inputs and decrease reliance on rainfall patterns. This book is arranged as follows: 1) Chapter one explains the employment structures in Niger; 2) Chapter two discusses employment dynamics and transitions; 3) Chapter three has the analysis of agricultural employment; 4) Chapter four looks at non-agricultural household enterprises; and 5) Chapter five introduces the youth occupational aspirations
    DOI: 10.1596/36616
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 84
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    Improving Transparency and Accountability in Public-Private Partnerships : Disclosure Diagnostic Report--Nigeria (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Investment Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: A World Bank Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) team conducted a study in Nigeria between September 2016 and April 2017, using the PPP Disclosure Diagnostic template recommended by the World Bank's Framework for Disclosure of Information in PPPs. This study has been consolidated in the form of a PPP Disclosure Diagnostic Report for Nigeria. The Diagnostic Report examines the political, legal, and institutional environment for disclosure in PPPs. Based on a gap assessment exercise with key political, legal, institutional, and process findings benchmarked against the World Bank Framework, the Diagnostic Report makes specific recommendations to improve disclosure. The recommendations include a suggested enhanced framework for disclosure of PPPs applicable to all federal government projects in Nigeria, and an extended disclosure framework (beyond PPPs) for three types of investments by the Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority (NSIA)
    DOI: 10.1596/28461
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 85
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    Bulgaria Financial Sector Assessment Program : Insurance and Pensions Supervision (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This technical note results from the Financial Sector Assessment (FSAP) conducted in the period 17 January 2017 and 1 February 2017. The note covers the activities of the Financial Supervision Commission (FSC), the state of the pension and insurance sectors and the challenges to their development. The exercise for insurance did not involve a full assessment against the Insurance Core Principles of the International Association of Insurance Supervisors. During the FSAP, meetings were held with the Chairperson, Deputy Chairpersons and senior staff of the FSC and representatives of both the pension and insurance sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/27552
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 86
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    Zimbabwe Public Expenditure Review 2017 : Volume 4. Primary and Secondary Education (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Zimbabwe is at a critical juncture. After dollarization and favorable economic factors fueled arecovery during 2009-12, Zimbabwe today faces slowing growth, a financial crisis, increasingly erratic weather patterns and rising poverty and inequality. To help respond to these issues, the Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ) has sought to examine and ultimately better manage its public expenditures, with a view to ensuring public spending is effective, efficient, equitable, and well-targeted to the needs of its changing population, especially the poor
    DOI: 10.1596/27652
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 87
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    Kazakhstan : The Economy Has Bottomed Out--What is Next? (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In 2016, Kazakhstan's GDP growth continued to slow and real wages declined further, negatively affecting poverty rates. The authorities reacted by extending additional spending measures and easing monetary conditions. In the medium term, Kazakhstan's economic growth rate is projected to pick up slowly, but it will remain below pre-2014 levels (when the oil price shock hit the economy). In the longer term, Kazakhstan's desire for an economic transformation to more sustainable and inclusive growth will require completing the macroeconomic adjustment, addressing the legacy of SOEs and financial sector issues, and fostering development of a more dynamic, export-oriented and productive private sector
    DOI: 10.1596/26671
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 88
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    Agriculture Productivity Growth in Brazil : Recent Trends and Future Prospects (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: This report explains abou ...
    DOI: 10.1596/29437
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 89
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    Opportunities for Improving Urban Service Delivery in South Sudan - A Tale of Two Cities : Part 2. International Case Studies (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: This study "Opportunities for Improving Urban Service Delivery in South Sudan: A Tale of Two Cities" comprises a 3 part series. Part I-Service Delivery Status Report-gives a general overview of the service delivery models currently operating the country. Part II-International Case Studies analyzes alternative service delivery models from other countries that are relevant to South Sudan. Part III-Synthesis Report-builds on the first two and investigates models of alternative service delivery in the context of urban South Sudan. Millions of people in the world's newest country, in both urban and rural areas, depend on services delivered wholly or partly by nongovernment entities in this highly fragile, fluid, and often insecure environment that has been mired in conflict and economic challenges since gaining its independence six years ago. The objective of this research is to: identify and analyze successful models of service delivery in select urban areas of South Sudan that can be supported and replicated; recommend relevant international examples of service delivery models that are appropriate to the South Sudanese context; and identify the appropriate role of government in these alternative delivery models. Across the various models identified, this study examines the cost and quality of services provided; access to these services; and the accountability relationships involved in these models
    DOI: 10.1596/29200
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 90
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    Reshaping Urbanization in Rwanda : Urbanization and the Evolution of Rwanda's Urban Landscape (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to inform the government's policies and strategies on urbanization as a driver of economic development, job creation, and poverty reduction. Note 1 examines Rwanda's urbanization process since 2002 by analyzing satellite images and other sources. This note presents and analyses the core features and trends of Rwanda's urbanization process. In the first part, it lays out the overall trends in Rwanda's levels of urbanization and the primary trends in urban expansion of Rwanda's key cities, and presents central legal and institutional elements that influence and inform the dynamics of urbanization. Second, it analyses the characteristics and spatial economy of the urban system. Third, it provides an analysis of key characteristics of connectivity of the urban system, domestically and with perspectives to regional connectivity. Last, the note lays out a set of policy implications
    DOI: 10.1596/29081
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 91
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    Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion 2.0 : Country Policy Paper for Croatia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This report is a joint study between the European Commission (EC), the World Bank, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). It aims to inform employment support, activation, and social inclusion policy making, through an improved understanding of labor-market barriers. Covering 12 countries, the study builds on the previous joint EC and World Bank study to map the diversity of profiles of individuals who are out of work in six countries (Sundaram and others, 2014) and other analyses that characterize individuals with labor market difficulties (European Commission, 2012; Ferre and others, 2013; Immervoll, 2013). The study expands the previous analysis by looking at a broader group of labor market vulnerable beyond the out of work individuals to include: those in unstable employment, those with restricted hours, and those with near-zero incomes (i.e. individuals who are marginally employed). It also refines the analytical methodology by applying an employment barriers framework to facilitate policy making and country-specific application, and to provide a reference point for future methodological extensions
    DOI: 10.1596/29629
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 92
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    Promoting Women's Access to Economic Opportunities : Serbia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Prospects for faster, more sustainable economic growth and higher living standards in Serbia rely on increasing employment opportunities for all. By maintaining the current structure of labor participation, Serbia is not capitalizing on its educated young population, as only 48 percent of 15-64-year-old women are actively contributing to the economy through employment. Closing gender gaps in access to economic opportunities requires removing the existing barriers and disincentives to employment and entrepreneurship for women. Needed steps include: (i) improving access to assets and productive inputs, (ii) providing access to child- and eldercare, (iii) eliminating disincentives and barriers embedded in labor taxation and regulation, and (iv) increasing the employability of women through effective active labor market policies and adequate skills and training. Cross-cutting policies around social norms and discrimination, better access to information, and improved monitoring and evaluation systems are also important
    DOI: 10.1596/29591
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 93
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    Sri Lanka : Managing Coastal Natural Wealth (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Coastal areas are essential to Sri Lanka's economic development, accounting for the highest concentration of population and economic activity. Sandy beaches, dunes, lagoons, estuaries, fresh water marshes, minerals, mangroves and reefs enrich some 1,600 km of coastline that surrounds the "pearl shaped" island. Approximately 33 percent of Sri Lanka's population lives in coastal areas that support diverse livelihoods, from fishing to tourism to manufacturing and modern urban services. The coastal ecosystems are uniquely important as they enable multiple human activities.Among all economic activities, tourism and fisheries are the most dependent on the natural resources of the coast. Together, these two sectors generate 10 percent of Sri Lanka's foreign exchange earnings and account for 6.7 percent of employment. Fisheries make an important contribution to food security, employment, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), contributing close to 4.5 percent of Sri Lanka's total export revenue, with further significant growth potential. Nearly 90 percent of the total national fish catch comes from the marine and coastal fishery, and it supports the livelihoods of many artisanal fishermen and those who access or are in the value chain of the large pelagic fishery within the 200 nm Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Along the coast, 20 formal fish harbors accommodate more than 4,000 single and multi-day fishing vessels. The fisheries sector is a major source of employment, providing approximately 500,000 formal and informal jobs
    DOI: 10.1596/30860
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 94
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    Pedagogy versus School Readiness : The Impact of a Randomized Reading Instruction Intervention and Community-Based Playgroup Intervention on Early Grade Reading Outcomes in Tonga (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Macdonald, Kevin Pedagogy versus School Readiness: The Impact of a Randomized Reading Instruction Intervention and Community-Based Playgroup Intervention on Early Grade Reading Outcomes in Tonga
    Abstract: Identifying cost-effective interventions to improve early literacy is vital to developing countries, given the importance of early literacy for an individual's future education outcomes and subsequent human capital formation. This paper presents the impact on early grade reading outcomes of two low-cost randomized interventions in Tonga: a reading instruction intervention and a community play-based activity intervention. The first intervention aims to improve early grade reading outcomes specifically; estimated impacts are approximately 0.3 standard deviation, although in some reading domains impacts are substantial, ranging from 0.6 to 0.7 standard deviation. The second intervention aims to improve school readiness and subsequently early grade reading outcomes, by providing communities with support to establish a community play-based activity. Using an instrumental variables approach, the play-based activity demonstrates positive impacts of around 0.2 standard deviation in many but not all reading domains. For the domains where a statistically significant impact is measured, the community play-based activity intervention is as at least as cost effective as the reading instruction intervention. The play-based activity intervention is shown to improve test scores by 0.21 to 0.47 standard deviation per US
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7944
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 95
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    Reforming Village-Level Governance via Horizontal Pressure : Evidence from an Experiment in Zimbabwe (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Baldwin, Kate Reforming Village-Level Governance via Horizontal Pressure: Evidence from an Experiment in Zimbabwe
    Abstract: How can patrimonial local-level governance be reformed? Debates on this topic have focused largely on the possibility of reform via pressure from above (superordinate leaders) or below (citizens). This paper tests whether horizontal pressures from civil society leaders can reform local governance in a context where neither of these mechanisms operates effectively. The study analyzes an experimental intervention in Zimbabwe intended to reduce abuse of power by village heads. Analytic leverage comes from the fact that the 270 study villages were randomly assigned to two variants of the intervention, one in which only village heads were trained on the framework governing village leadership, and one in which civil society leaders were trained alongside village heads. The results suggest that horizontal pressure from civil society leaders increased village heads' knowledge of and compliance with regulated procedures, improved their management of issues and raised citizens' trust in their leadership. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the mechanisms through which the trained civil society leaders had these effects suggests they accomplished reform by directly applying social pressure on village heads to abide by regulations
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7941
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 96
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    On the Structural Transformation of Rural Africa (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Barrett, Christopher B On the Structural Transformation of Rural Africa
    Abstract: From 2000 to 2014, per capita gross domestic product in Sub-Saharan Africa increased by almost 35 percent in real terms, doubling in some countries. Such progress happened while agricultural productivity growth remained low in the aggregate, despite some bright spots, and poverty reduction was steady but discouragingly slow. This paper argues that ending extreme poverty will require structural change in agriculture, and in rural African economies more broadly. Drawing on a range of recent research, the paper outlines broad priority areas for policy actions to accelerate productivity and initiate structural change in the agriculture sector and the rural nonfarm economy
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7938
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 97
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    With a Little Help : Shocks, Agricultural Income, and Welfare in Uganda (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hill, Ruth With a Little Help: Shocks, Agricultural Income, and Welfare in Uganda
    Abstract: Global poverty is becoming increasingly concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa and among households engaged in subsistence agriculture in environments characterized by uncertainty. Understanding how to achieve sustainable increases in household incomes in this context is key to ending extreme poverty. Uganda offers important lessons in this regard. Uganda experienced conflict, drought, and price volatility in the decade from 2003 to 2013, while at the same time experiencing the second fastest percentage point reduction in extreme poverty per year in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study analyzes a nationally representative panel of 2,356 households visited four times between 2006 to 2012, in combination with data on conflict events, weather, and prices. The study describes the type of income growth households experienced and assesses the importance of these external events in determining progress. The study finds substantial growth in agricultural incomes, particularly among poorer households. Many of the gains in agricultural income growth came about because of good weather, peace, and prices, and not technological change or profound changes in agricultural production. Therefore, although overall progress during this period was good, there were years in which average income growth was negative. This was particularly the case in the poorer and more vulnerable Northern and Eastern regions, and thus their overall income growth was also slower
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7935
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 98
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    State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2017 (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: State and Trends of Carbon Pricing
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Reflecting the growing momentum for carbon pricing worldwide, the 2017 edition of the State and Trends of Carbon Pricing targets the wide audience of public and private stakeholders engaged in carbon pricing design and implementation. This report also provides critical input for negotiators involved in the implementation of the Paris Agreement, particularly for the meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP} 23 to be held in Bonn in November 2017. As in the previous editions, the report provides an up-to-date overview of existing and emerging carbon pricing initiatives around the world, including national and subnational initiatives. Furthermore, it gives an overview of current corporate carbon pricing initiatives. Another key focus of the report is on the importance of an integrated approach to climate finance and climate markets, together with domestic policies. The analysis shows how such an integrated approach can be used to mobilize the scale of low-carbon investments needed to achieve the below 2C temperature target and outlines a transition scenario and the possible role of results-based climate financing to catalyze climate markets
    DOI: 10.1596/28510
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 99
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    Refugee Crisis in MENA, Meeting the Development ChallengesMiddle East and North Africa Economic Monitor, October 2017 (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Middle East and North Africa Economic Monitor
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The pickup in economic activity in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is expected to continue in 2018 and 2019. MENA's oil exporters and oil importers both are benefitting from improved global growth; increased trade with trading partners in Europe and Asia; more stabilized commodity markets, especially oil; and some reforms undertaken in the region. The World Bank estimates that growth will accelerate to above 3 percent in 2019. Growth, however, remains below potential as crises and conflicts continue to damage output and reduce employment. While MENA has experienced more frequent conflicts than any other part of the world, by its magnitude, the refugee crisis represents something new. The protracted stay of refugees in hosting communities, now in its sixth year, not only has increased the risk to MENA's economic outlook but also has brought refugees' long-term development challenges to the forefront. Meeting these enormous challenges requires collective efforts
    DOI: 10.1596/28395
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 100
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    Papua New Guinea Rural WaSH Sustainability Study (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water and Sanitation Program
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The World Bank Group's Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) provides technical assistance to support the development of government institutions and capacity building, sector policies and strategies in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) sector in Papua New Guinea (PNG). This report presents the results of the study, including full details of the approach and conclusions. It outlines the background and study objectives, the conceptual framework, methodology and tools used, the data, analysis and the emergent findings from the field work. In addition to the focus on sustainability, the report also sets out findings for equity and inclusion and options for possible management information systems (MIS) for the sector. The results of the study were presented to rural WaSH stakeholders at a workshop in PNG in February 2015, and the resultant discussion was incorporated into this report
    DOI: 10.1596/28594
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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