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  • 2005-2009  (30)
  • 2007  (30)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (30)
  • Trade  (30)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Réforme des politiques et des échanges agricoles : Incidences sur les marchés mondiaux des produits de base (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264027954
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (107 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Agricultural Policy and Trade Reform; The Impact on World Commodity Markets
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Agricultural Policy and Trade Reform: The Impact on World Commodity Markets
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Agrarhandel ; Rohstoff ; Agrarpolitik ; Reform
    Abstract: Les gouvernements de la plupart des pays développés, ainsi que des pays en développement, mettent en place des mesures douanières (tarifs, contingents tarifaires et subventions à l’exportation) afin de pousser les prix domestiques des produits agricoles à la hausse. Dans certains pays de l’OCDE, les gouvernements donnent des aides financières au secteur agricole à travers d’autres moyens également. Typiquement, ces interventions créent des distorsions sur l’allocation des ressources, qui mènent à des décisions non optimales sur la consommation et la production. Utilisant un modèle agricole d’équilibre partiel avec un niveau de détail des politiques précis, cette étude examine par année, les impacts sur le marché des réformes de la politique agricole pour les 10 années à venir.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Agricultural policy and trade reform : the impact on world commodity markets
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264027954-fr
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Environment and Regional Trade Agreements (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264006805
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les accords commerciaux régionaux
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Environment and regional trade agreements
    DDC: 382/.91
    RVK:
    AR 28100
    RVK:
    QM 230
    Keywords: Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Umweltabkommen ; Welt ; Commercial treaties ; International trade Environmental aspects ; Trade blocs ; Environment ; Trade ; Welthandel ; Liberalisierung ; Wirtschaftliche Integration ; Bilateraler Handel ; Handelsabkommen ; Umweltschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Internationale Kooperation
    Abstract: Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have increased significantly in number over the past few years. The number of RTAs which include environmental provisions is also increasing. However, these provisions, and the experience related to their negotiation and implementation, have not been examined in depth yet. This study contributes to filling this gap. It provides an overview of approaches to environmental issues in RTAs and summarises country experiences in their negotiation and practical application. Regional and bilateral trade arrangements are surveyed, including customs unions and free trade agreements. The study is based on the analysis of RTA texts, and on literature examining their actual implementation, as well as on first-hand comments and input from experts from both OECD and non-OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264006805-en
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Accès au marché, commerce des services de transport et facilitation des échanges (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101490
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (247 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.134
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Market Access, Trade in Transport Services and Trade Facilitation
    Keywords: Transport ; Trade ; Konferenzschrift
    Abstract: Cette Table Ronde, accueillie à Thessalonique par l’Institut Hellénique des Transports, examine le rôle du secteur des transports dans l’intégration économique régionale. Les thèmes analysés sont : l'intégration régionale dans le cadre de la libéralisation multilatérale des échanges, les effets de la libéralisation du commerce international des services de transport sur la structure des marchés, les relations entre la libéralisation du commerce des services de transport et les politiques nationales de la concurrence ainsi que la nécessité de coordonner les politiques relatives aux infrastructures de transport internationales, la sûreté des transports au niveau international et les politiques de logistique.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Market access, trade in transport services and trade facilitation : report of the One Hundred and Thirty Fourth Round Table on Transport Economics ; [Thessaloniki Regional Round Table]
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101490-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Impact of Pro-Competitive Reforms on Trade in Developing Countries (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 81 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.54
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.54
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This report proposes an analysis of the mutually reinforcing relationship between trade, investment and competition policies and how together they impact trade in developing countries. An index of pro-competitive reforms is provided for 82 countries over the period 2001-2005. The index synthesises 13 indicators of the policy stance of countries with regard to trade, investment and competition. It is then used in quantitative analysis to determine the impact of barriers to competitive markets on trade. The results shows that there are substantial gains for developing countries in market and regulatory reforms in terms of higher trade flows and higher income per capita. Moreover, the paper further examines pro-competitive reforms in key services sectors and the extent to which trade agreements can promote them through the experience of the WTO telecoms Reference Paper. The analysis highlights that countries achieved a high degree of liberalisation in the telecoms sector and that regulatory principles of the Reference Paper were useful in promoting sound policies under domestic regulatory reforms of the sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/147131508107
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Relations entre l'investissement direct étranger, les échanges et la politique commerciale : Analyse économique appliquée au secteur alimentaire des pays de l'OCDE et études de cas au Ghana, au Mozambique, en Ouganda et en Tunisie (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 92 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Linkage Between foreign Direct Investment, Trade and Trade Policy: An Economic Analysis with Application to the Food Sector in OECD Countries and Case Studies in Ghana, Mozambique, Tunisia and Uganda
    Keywords: Trade ; Ghana ; Mozambique ; Tunisia ; Uganda
    Abstract: À travers une analyse empirique et des études de cas, ce document examine la relation entre l'investissement direct étranger (IDE), les échanges et les politiques liées au commerce dans les pays de l'OCDE et dans quatre pays d'Afrique (Ghana, Mozambique, Tunisie et Ouganda). Dans les pays de l'OCDE, les droits de douane et les mesures de soutien du marché peuvent avoir des retombées importantes sur la répartition géographique de l?IDE. L?IDE peut aussi constituer un moyen d?éviter ou de contourner les droits de douane. Les entreprises d'un pays peuvent également investir dans un autre pays pour profiter des préférences tarifaires dont ce deuxième pays bénéficie auprès d?un troisième pays. La participation à un accord régional de libre-échange ou à une union douanière, comme l'ALENA ou l'UE, ouvre généralement des possibilités d'investissement. Les mesures de soutien des prix du marché agricole peuvent encourager l'investissement sortant et décourager l'investissement entrant. Globalement, l'IDE et les échanges semblent se compléter l'un l'autre. Les quatre études de cas effectuées en Afrique mettent en évidence les interactions entre la réglementation, l'investissement étranger et les échanges. L'IDE peut par exemple aider les entreprises à se donner les moyens de satisfaire aux normes des marchés des pays de l'OCDE. La mise en place d'organismes de promotion des investissements et la création de zones franches pour l'industrie d'exportation semblent constituer des phases préparatoires qui apprennent aux pays à attirer l'IDE. Les accords commerciaux préférentiels, tels que l'initiative « Tout sauf les armes » de l'UE ou l'African Growth Opportunity Act des États-Unis, peuvent avoir un impact sur les échanges et l'investissement. Outre les politiques commerciales, divers politiques et facteurs influent largement sur la localisation et la répartition de l'IDE. Comme le montre l'expérience des pays de l'OCDE, les facteurs tels que le PIB d’un pays (autrement dit la taille de son marché) joue à cet égard un rôle important, de même que les coûts de production et de transport. Une autre considération qui entre en ligne de compte est l'intensité de la concurrence sur le marché visé. Dans les quatre pays d'Afrique étudiés, le risque pays et le niveau d'infrastructure peuvent influer sur le volume d'IDE attiré.
    DOI: 10.1787/148885747050
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Facilitating Trade and Structural Adjustment the Philippines : Experience in Non-Member Economies (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.59
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.59
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Faciliter les échanges et l'ajustement structurel les Philippines
    Keywords: Trade ; Philippines
    Abstract: This paper is the second of four country case studies which is a part of a broader research programme addressing trade and structural adjustment issues in non-member economies which was conducted as a follow-up to Trade and Structural Adjustment: Embracing Globalisation (OECD, 2005) which identified policies for successful trade-related structural adjustment. This paper studies the trade liberalisation experience of the Philippines from the 1980s. The report consists of 7 main parts; Part 1 provides the introduction, part 2 looks at the economic policies in the Philippines from the 1970s, and part 3 takes a general look at the general structure of the economy. Part 4 takes a closer look at the trade liberalisation in the Philippines which was implemented in three phases, (1) initial trade reforms (1981-88), (2) second phase (1991-93) and (3) third phase (1994-96). Part 5 takes an overview of the structural adjustments which took place in manufacturing and agriculture, with Part 6 taking a closer look at four sectors, electronics, food processing, cement, and business process outsourcing sectors. Part 7 concludes with lessons learnt and opportunities and challenges for further liberalisation. Despite considerable liberalisation including in trade policy since the 1980s, the Philippines economy posted only lacklustre performance initially. After a growth period in the 1990s and the Asian crisis, it is only in the recent past that some of the reforms are starting to pay off. The importance of a stable political and macroecnomic environment, need for appropriate exchange rates, need for early elimination of quantitative restrictions in trade reform, early deregulation on FDI are some of the lessons learnt. While challenges remain, better results are expected in the future if complemented with further reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/246265100044
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Linkage Between foreign Direct Investment, Trade and Trade Policy : An Economic Analysis with Application to the Food Sector in OECD Countries and Case Studies in Ghana, Mozambique, Tunisia and Uganda (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 82 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.50
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.50
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Relations entre l'investissement direct étranger, les échanges et la politique commerciale : Analyse économique appliquée au secteur alimentaire des pays de l'OCDE et études de cas au Ghana, au Mozambique, en Ouganda et en Tunisie
    Keywords: Trade ; Ghana ; Mozambique ; Tunisia ; Uganda
    Abstract: Through empirical analysis and case studies, this document explores the relationships amongst foreign direct investment (FDI), trade and trade-related policies in OECD and four African countries (Ghana, Mozambique, Tunisia and Uganda). In OECD countries, tariffs and market price support may have an effect on how FDI is distributed geographically. FDI may be used to avoid or "jump" tariffs. Also, investors in a home country may invest in a host country to exploit the preferential tariffs that the host has with a third country. Participation in a regional trading agreement or customs union, e.g. NAFTA or the EU, may create investment opportunities. Market price support to agriculture may encourage outward investment and discourage inward investment. In aggregate, FDI and trade appear to complement one another. The four case studies in Africa highlight the interactions amongst regulations, foreign investment and trade. For example, FDI is useful in helping the firm develop the resources to meet the standards of OECD markets. Investment promotion agencies and export processing zones appear to prepare countries to attract FDI. Preferential trading agreements like the Everything but Arms with EU and the African Growth Opportunity Act with the US may have an impact on trade and investment. Beyond trade policies, other policies and factors contribute substantially to the location and distribution of FDI. As seen amongst OECD countries, factors like the GDP of a country (i.e. market size) and cost of production and transport can have an effect on FDI. Another factor that influences FDI is the degree of market competitiveness. For the four African countries, the country risk and the level of infrastructure can influence the volume of FDI attracted.
    DOI: 10.1787/152275474424
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Do Bilateral and Regional Approaches for Reducing Technical Barriers to Trade Converge Towards the Multilateral Trading System? (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.58
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.58
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les approaches bilatérales et régionales adoptées pour réduire les obstacles techniques au commerce convergent-elles vers le système commercial multilatéral ?
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: As part of its work on regionalism, the OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate has completed a series of studies that compare rule-making provisions in regional trade agreements with those in the World Trade Organisation (e.g., in the area of services, investment and competition). This paper aims to complement existing studies, by examining legal provisions regarding "technical barriers to trade" (i.e., technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures) in selected bilateral and regional trade agreements, and their degree of similarity and convergence with the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, and with each other. The study reveals that most provisions regarding technical barriers to trade (TBT) included in bilateral and regional trade agreements converge towards the multilateral trading system. When implemented effectively, agreements seeking deeper economic integration and regulatory cooperation, in particular, can complement and strengthen the implementation the WTO Agreements on Technical Barriers to Trade by setting the pace for improved regulatory practices and TBT-related infrastructure in member countries (e.g., through regional consultation fora and joint standardisation and accreditation bodies). Some caveats however remain. When overlapping agreements promote different criteria for the harmonisation of standard-related measures and when bilateral or regional initiatives are conducted in isolation from international efforts and divert attention from multilateral trade and standards-related negotiations, new obstacles may arise both for regulators and businesses. Such constraints are further magnified for low income countries afflicted by administrative and technical capacity-related problems. To remedy these potential problems, the study proposes a number of policy recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/051058723767
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Produits énergétiques et écologiques : Les avantages de la libéralisation des échanges (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264024847
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.)
    Series Statement: Etudes de l'OCDE sur la politique commerciale
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur la politique commerciale
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmental and Energy Products; The Benefits of Liberalising Trade
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Ce livre a pour vocation d’aider les négociateurs à se situer dans le débat international sur la libéralisation des échanges de biens et services environnementaux. Il approfondit l’analyse dans trois domaines : les produits écologiquement préférables, les énergies renouvelables et les produits économes en énergie. Dans chacun des trois chapitres, les auteurs se penchent sur le champ et la définition de ces différentes catégories de produits, examinent les obstacles tarifaires et non tarifaires aux échanges et expliquent les retombées écologiques d’une libéralisation. Le rapport fait suite à un précédent ouvrage publié en 2005 sous le titre Biens et services environnementaux : pour une ouverture des marchés au service de l’environnement et du développement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264024847-fr
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    L' aide au commerce : Comment la rendre efficace (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264028623
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (102 p.)
    Series Statement: Objectif développement
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Aid for Trade; Making it Effective
    Keywords: Development ; Trade
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage renseigne sur les montants que les pays de l'OCDE consentent déjà au titre de l'aide en faveur d'activités liées aux échanges. Il évalue l’efficacité des programmes, et fait valoir que le renforcement de la responsabilité mutuelle au niveau local et la mise en place d’un mécanisme d’examen à l’échelle mondiale faciliteraient l'impact de l'aide pour le commerce.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264028623-fr
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    L' environnement et les accords commerciaux régionaux (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264020160
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and Regional Trade Agreements
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade
    Abstract: Ces dernières années, le nombre d’accords commerciaux régionaux (ACR) a considérablement augmenté. Le nombre d’accords commerciaux régionaux qui comportent des dispositions environnementales augmente également. Or, ces dispositions et les enseignements dégagés de leur négociation et de leur mise en oeuvre n’ont pas encore fait l’objet d’un examen approfondi. Cette étude vise à combler cette lacune. Elle répertorie les dispositifs relatifs aux questions d’environnement dans les ACR et les pratiques des pays en ce qui concerne la négociation et la mise en œuvre de ces dispositifs. Elle examine les accords commerciaux régionaux et bilatéraux, y compris les unions douanières et les accords de libre échange. L’étude s’appuie sur l’analyse des textes des ACR et des rapports qui examinent leur mise en œuvre, ainsi que sur les observations et informations communiquées par des experts de pays de l’OCDE ou hors OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264020160-fr
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Modal Estimates of Services Barriers (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 111 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.51
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.51
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper presents improved approaches to measurement of services barriers by using alternative weighting methods and improved econometric specifications; the data include barriers affecting each mode of services supply and additional sector-specific regulatory variables. We provide an illustration of these improvements for banking, insurance, telecom (fixed and mobile), professional (engineering) and distribution services in selected countries in Africa, Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Middle East. We report sector-specific restrictiveness indices at aggregate and modal levels along with aggregate and modal tax equivalents. We also provide confidence intervals for each estimated tax equivalent to take into account the limitations in the estimation techniques. Indeed these limitations lead us to argue against a strict interpretation of the empirical results and in favor of a more flexible, qualitative interpretation, combined with rank ordering of countries for indicative purposes.
    DOI: 10.1787/148425814101
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  • 13
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    Online Resource
    Issues of Dual Use and Reviewing Product Coverage of Environmental Goods (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2007/01
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Importing "environmental" goods which are also used for other than environmental purposes and ensuring that they represent the most appropriate technology for a particular environmental problem are key concerns to be addressed in the approaches currently being discussed under paragraph 31(iii) of the Doha Agenda. By drawing lessons from experiences with WTO sectoral agreements such as the Agreements on Information Technology (ITA), Trade in Pharmaceutical Products and Trade in Civil Aircraft as well as relevant national schemes, this paper explores possible options to address these two issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/113773714837
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  • 14
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    Regulatory Reform and Market Openness : Processes to Assess Effectively the Trade and Investment Impact of Regulation (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.48
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.48
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Evidence suggests that differences in regulatory requirements of individual economies may actually impede gains from trade liberalization, while a smooth functioning, transparent regulatory system can have positive effects on trade and investment flows. This has increasingly induced policy makers to pay closer attention to the complementarities and interconnectedness between domestic regulatory reform and market openness. This study focuses on identifying regulatory processes, tools and policies adopted in order to support market openness and improve trade and investment opportunities. Although the elaboration of a market openness assessment toolkit is still at early stages, a number of promising approaches do come out, even if a number of issues call for further attention and work, on which the trade policy community might wish to focus in the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/154631866770
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  • 15
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    Trade-Related Assistance : What Do Recent Evaluations Tell Us? (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264031203
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Assistance technique liée au commerce ; Que nous apprennent les évaluations récentes ?
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lesser, Caroline Trade-related assistance
    RVK:
    QM 230
    Keywords: Internationale Finanzhilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Trade ; OECD ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Exportförderung ; Entwicklungsländer
    Abstract: This report draws on key findings and recommendations emerging from available donor evaluation reports, assesses factors that have contributed to the success (or failure) of past programmes, and provides guidance for enhancing the effectiveness and impact of future trade-related assistance. It provides a timely input to the ongoing discussions amongst the aid and trade communities on effectively designing and delivering “aid for trade” as a complement to the Doha Development Agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264031203-en
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  • 16
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    Examining the Trade Effect of Certain Customs and Administrative Procedures (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.42
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.42
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Recent research at OECD provides new evidence that customs and administrative procedures have substantial effects on trade flows. Although customs and administrative procedures are necessary for the smooth application of trade and other policies, they can ?thicken? the borders between trading partners if the customs and administrative procedures are more stringent than necessary or...
    DOI: 10.1787/278266703766
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  • 17
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    Services Trade Liberalisation and Tourism Development (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.57
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.57
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This study analyses the role that services trade liberalisation could play in fostering tourism growth in developing countries. The economic and social importance of tourism means that the industry is high on the list of development priorities in many developing countries and LDCs. In order to have a successful tourism export industry, effective linkages need to be established with many different sectors, most of which are other services. Trade and investment liberalisation at the national, regional and multilateral levels can be a means to complement national efforts to attain these goals. Sustainable tourism development, though, requires strong public sector management and support. Due consideration needs to be given to develop effective regulation, including competition policy and institutions, to avoid exceeding the carrying capacity of assets, and to strengthen national capacity in order to minimise financial leakages.
    DOI: 10.1787/244767010605
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  • 18
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    CSR and Trade: Informing Consumers about Social and Environmental Conditions of Globalised Production : Part I (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 70 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.47
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.47
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Focusing on consumer demands in OECD markets and voluntary initiatives taken in the private sector, this study investigates how consumers are informed about the social and environmental conditions under which products have been produced. Consumers of OECD increasingly attach importance to how companies they buy from conduct their business, and the voluntary adoption of CSR policies is spreading in the private sector. But how do consumers know...
    DOI: 10.1787/246322000033
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  • 19
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    Export Processing Zones : Past and Future Role in Trade and Development (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.53
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.53
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Zones franches d'exportation : leur rôle passé et futur dans les échanges et le développement
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper studies export processing zones (EPZs) which have become increasingly popular as a policy tool for development and export-oriented growth, and can be found in 130 countries around the world. The report consists of four parts. Part I provides a broad overview on the current use of EPZs, including the evolution of EPZ policy, their objectives and how these are achieved, and the incentives commonly offered. It presents case studies from China, India and Russia illustrating new trends and policies. Part II then provides a review of the economic costs and benefits of EPZs with particular focus on their trade and employment implications. Part III presents an analysis of how common EPZ policies relate to trade rules. It reviews the relationship between EPZs and the WTO Agreements such as the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM), followed by a discussion of how EPZs are commonly treated in RTAs. Part IV concludes. EPZs are a sub-optimal policy from an economic point of view since it benefits the few and distorts resource allocation, but may be useful as a stepping stone to trade liberalisation on a national basis. Governments should consider all available policy options, and conduct a thorough cost/benefit analysis before implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/035168776831
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  • 20
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    Facilitating Trade and Structural Adjustment Chile : Experiences in Non-Member Economies (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.56
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.56
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Faciliter les échanges et l'ajustement structurel Chili : expérience des économies non membres
    Keywords: Trade ; Chile
    Abstract: This paper is the first of four country case studies which is a part of a broader research programme addressing trade and structural adjustment issues in non-member economies which was conducted as a follow-up to Trade and Structural Adjustment: Embracing Globalisation (OECD, 2005) which identified policies for successful trade-related structural adjustment. This paper studies the trade liberalisation experience of Chile from 1973 onward. The report consists of 5 main parts; Part 1 provides the introduction, part 2 looks at the trade liberalisation in Chile which was implemented in three phases, (1) initial trade reforms (1973-84), (2) trade reform after a temporary policy reversal(1985-89) and (3) after 1990. Part 3 looks at the evolution and structure of exports and imports, and Part 4 looks at sectoral developments in the copper industry, agrofood industry, wood and wooden products industry and the textiles and clothing industry. Part 5 concludes with lessons learnt. The experience of Chile shows that trade reform has been essential for realigning the incentive structures in Chile. A stable macroeconomic environment, trade reform starting with the elimination of quantitative restrictions, introduction of flat tariffs, coherent exchange rate policy, sound institutional framework, rule of law, mild promotion of exports, use of foreign capital, and relatively flexible labour market policies have been important factors in Chili's successful trade liberalisation experience.
    DOI: 10.1787/244288817625
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  • 21
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    Expanding International Supply Chains : The Role of Emerging Economies in Providing it and Business Process Services (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 67 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.52
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.52
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'extension des chaines d'approvisionnement internationales : Le rôle des économies émergentes dans la fourniture de services informatiques et de services aux entreprises
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Offshoring of business process services (BPS) and information technology services (ITS) – whether through international insourcing or international outsourcing – is transforming the way many companies do business. This paper looks at the expansion of international supply chains and the rise of China, the Czech Republic, India and the Philippines as exporters of BPS and ITS. It also analyses the nature of and factors behind this trade and identifies major business- and trade-related challenges arising. In this context it presents some of the labour market implications resulting from increasing trade between OECD and non-OECD economies. The analysis shows that the BPS and ITS sectors in the four emerging economies are very differently structured: Chinese and Czech companies are predominantly supplying their domestic markets while Indian and Philippine companies are focused mainly on supplying foreign markets. In terms of exports, they also supply different geographies: China is mainly exporting to Japan; the Czech Republic to the European Union; the Philippines to the United States; and India to the United States and UK. Several of the larger home-grown companies in the four countries are establishing significant presence in foreign markets, in particular in other emerging markets, to build capacity and leverage local comparative advantage. This highlights the fact that different geographies have different strengths and BPS and ITS-related FDI between emerging economies is likely to expand rapidly in the future. All four countries are facing supply side constraints. The low supply of senior personnel with industry-relevant experience in China, the Czech Republic and the Philippines acts as a break on growth. Many companies are also struggling to manage high levels of staff attrition and salary inflation. Regulatory restrictions are relatively few but still affect some companies. In the ITS sector, temporary movement of personnel can pose a significant challenge for home-grown exporters. The issue is most relevant for the Indian ITS sector that is dependent on sending professionals for longer visits to client premises. Slow and unpredictable procedures for issuing business visas and work permits, and quota limitations for work permits, give rise to operational challenges. In the BPS sector, and to a lesser extent in the ITS sector, data privacy and security legislation can have a negative effect on international outsourcing. But new regulations have also created entirely new business opportunities, including the medical transcription sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/147465274176
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  • 22
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    The Visible Hand of China in Latin America (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264028388
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mano visible de China en América Latina
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The visible hand of China in Latin America
    RVK:
    QG 630
    RVK:
    QG 860
    RVK:
    QM 200
    RVK:
    ML 7900
    Keywords: Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; Auslandsinvestition ; Lateinamerika ; China ; Außenhandel ; Emerging Market ; Integration ; Weltordnung ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Lateinamerika ; Aufsatzsammlung ; China ; Lateinamerika ; Außenhandel ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Emerging Market ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Abstract: Latin America is looking towards China and Asia -- and China and Asia are looking right back. This is a major shift: for the first time in its history, Latin America can benefit from not one but three major engines of world growth. Until the 1980s, the United States was the region’s major trade partner. In the 1990s, a second growth engine emerged with the European investment boom in Latin America. Now, at the dawn of the new century, the increasing global economic importance of Asia, and in particular China, potentially provides a third engine of growth. This book describes the opportunities and challenges that Latin American economies will face as Chinese importance in the world economy -- and in Latin America's traditional markets -- continues to grow.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264028388-en
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  • 23
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    The Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and Piracy : Executive Summary (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264037274
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Analysis carried out in this report indicates that international trade in counterfeit and pirated products could have been up to USD 200 billion in 2005. This total does not include domestically produced and consumed counterfeit and pirated products and the significant volume of pirated digital products being distributed via the Internet. If these items were added, the total magnitude of counterfeiting and piracy worldwide could well be several hundred billion dollars more. Counterfeiting and piracy are illicit businesses in which criminal networks thrive. The report shows that the items that they and other counterfeiters and pirates produce and distribute are often substandard and can even be dangerous, posing health and safety risks that range from mild to life-threatening. Economy-wide, counterfeiting and piracy undermine innovation, which is key to economic growth. The magnitude and effects of counterfeiting and piracy are of such significance that they compel strong and sustained action from governments, business and consumers. More effective enforcement is critical in this regard, as is the need to build public support to combat the counterfeiting and piracy. Increased co-operation between governments, and with industry, would be beneficial, as would better data collection.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264037274-en
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  • 24
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    The Interaction between Investment and Services Chapters in Selected Regional trade Agreements (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 87 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.55
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.55
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les interactions entre le chapitre sur l'investissement et le chapitre sur les services dans une sélection d'accords commerciaux régionaux
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This report analyses the interactions between the investment and services chapters of 20 regional trade agreements. It classifies agreements into two broad categories of NAFTA-inspired and GATS-inspired agreements and identifies four major types of interaction between the investment and trade in services chapters. The report then looks at the implications of the services/investment interface for levels of investment protection and liberalisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/054761108710
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  • 25
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    Les interactions entre le chapitre sur l'investissement et le chapitre sur les services dans une sélection d'accords commerciaux régionaux (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 92 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Interaction between Investment and Services Chapters in Selected Regional trade Agreements
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Le présent document expose les résultats des travaux conjoints que le Groupe de travail du Comité des échanges et le Groupe de travail du Comité de l'investissement ont consacrés, au cours de la période 2006-2007, aux interactions entre chapitre sur l'investissement et chapitre sur les services dans un échantillon représentatif composé de 20 accords commerciaux régionaux (ACR). Notre étude comporte trois parties, précédées d'un bref récapitulatif des principaux résultats et d'une synthèse. La première partie analyse les interactions entre chapitre sur l'investissement et chapitre sur les services dans un échantillon représentatif de 20 accords. La deuxième partie analyse leurs effets sur le niveau de protection de l'investissement, tandis que la troisième analyse les effets des interactions et du principe NPF sur le degré de libéralisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/054012674020
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  • 26
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    Agricultural Policy and Trade Reform : The Impact on World Commodity Markets (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264027886
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (97 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réforme des politiques et des échanges agricoles ; Incidences sur les marchés mondiaux des produits de base
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réforme des politiques et des échanges agricoles : Incidences sur les marchés mondiaux des produits de base
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Liapis, Peter S. Agricultural policy and trade reform
    RVK:
    QS 200
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Internationale Handelspolitik ; Verteilungswirkung ; Welt ; Agriculture and state ; Commercial policy ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Industriestaaten ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agraraußenhandelspolitik ; Protektionismus ; Liberalisierung ; Agrarweltmarkt ; Preisänderung
    Abstract: The governments of most developed, and many developing, countries impose border measures—tariffs, tariff rate quotas and export subsidies—to boost the domestic market prices of agricultural commodities. In some OECD countries, governments also provide financial support to their agricultural sector through other means, such as direct budgetary payments, production quotas and marketing-loan programs. These interventions typically distort the allocation of resources, leading to sub-optimal production and consumption decisions. Widespread agricultural policy reform would undoubtedly improve the global allocation of resources. But, due to differential protection levels and policy instruments across commodities and among countries, reform can also produce a complex pattern of adjustments, some of which may appear to be counter-intuitive. Using a partial-equilibrium agricultural commodity model with rich policy detail, this study examines the market impacts of agricultural policy reform annually over a 10-year horizon. The study finds that the biggest impacts of agricultural policy reform would be on world dairy markets. Including the effect of non-agricultural liberalisation from a general-equilibrium model does not meaningfully alter results, suggesting that sectoral analysis in many cases is sufficient. Also in this series: Agricultural Policy and Trade Reform: Potential Effects at Global, National and Household Levels
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264027886-en
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  • 27
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    L' extension des chaines d'approvisionnement internationales : Le rôle des économies émergentes dans la fourniture de services informatiques et de services aux entreprises (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 83 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Expanding International Supply Chains: The Role of Emerging Economies in Providing it and Business Process Services
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: La délocalisation des services de soutien aux entreprises et des services des technologies de l’information (STI) – qu’il s’agisse d’approvisionnement interne ou d’approvisionnement externe à l’étranger – révolutionne les pratiques des entreprises. Le présent document traite de l’expansion des chaînes d’approvisionnement internationales et de la montée de la Chine, de la République tchèque, de l’Inde et des Philippines en tant qu’exportateurs de services de soutien aux entreprises et de STI. Il présente aussi une analyse de la nature et des facteurs de ces échanges et expose les défis économiques et commerciaux qu’entraînent ces mutations. Dans ce contexte sont présentées certaines des conséquences, pour le marché du travail, du développement des échanges entre les pays de l’OCDE et les pays tiers. L’analyse révèle que, dans les quatre économies émergentes susmentionnées, les secteurs des services de soutien aux entreprises et des STI sont structurés de façons très différentes : les entreprises chinoises et tchèques approvisionnent essentiellement leurs marchés intérieurs tandis que les entreprises indiennes et philippines fournissent principalement les marchés étrangers. Du point de vue des exportations, elles approvisionnent aussi des zones géographiques différentes : la Chine exporte principalement vers le Japon, la République tchèque vers l’Union européenne, les Philippines vers les Etats-Unis et l’Inde vers les Etats-Unis et le Royaume-Uni. Plusieurs des grandes entreprises nationales des quatre pays sont en train d’établir une présence importante sur des marchés étrangers, en particulier dans d’autres pays émergents, afin de développer leurs capacités et d’exploiter l’avantage comparatif local. Cela fait bien ressortir le fait que les pays ont des atouts divers selon leur situation géographique et que l’IDE lié aux services de soutien aux entreprises et aux STI entre économies émergentes se développera sans doute rapidement dans l’avenir. Les quatre pays sont confrontés à des contraintes du côté de l’offre. La pénurie de personnel chevronné dans ce secteur en Chine, en République tchèque et aux Philippines freine la croissance. De nombreuses entreprises ont du mal à faire face à des taux élevés de rotation du personnel et d’inflation salariale. Les restrictions réglementaires sont relativement peu nombreuses mais n’en affectent pas moins certaines entreprises. Dans le secteur des STI, les mouvements temporaires de personnel peuvent poser de graves difficultés aux exportateurs nationaux. Le problème est particulièrement aigu dans le secteur indien des STI, qui est tributaire de l’envoi de professionnels pour des visites de plus longue durée dans les locaux des clients. La lenteur et l’imprévisibilité des procédures de délivrance de visas d’affaires et de permis de travail, ainsi que les limitations imposées par les systèmes de quotas au nombre de permis de travail accordés, posent des problèmes opérationnels. Dans le secteur des services de soutien aux entreprises et, dans une moindre mesure, dans le secteur des STI, la législation relative à la confidentialité et la sécurité des données peut avoir un effet négatif sur la délocalisation vers l’étranger. Cependant, les nouvelles réglementations ont également créé des débouchés commerciaux entièrement nouveaux, notamment dans le domaine des transcriptions médicales.
    DOI: 10.1787/147137243556
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  • 28
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    Services Trade and Domestic Regulation (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.49
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.49
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper argues that regulatory measures affect the fixed cost of entering a market as well as the variable costs of servicing that market. Moreover, differences in regulation among countries often imply that firms have to incur entry costs in every new market. Indicators of regulatory intensity and heterogeneity are introduced in a gravity model and their impact on market entry and subsequent trade flows estimated for total services, business services and financial services. It is found that regulatory heterogeneity has a relatively large negative impact on both market entry and subsequent trade flows. Further, regulatory barriers have a negative effect on the local services sectors’ export performance. Finally it is found that regulations that aims at correcting market failure can have a positive impact on trade. It is concluded that services trade liberalization and regulatory reforms are complementary in creating competitive services markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/154365452587
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  • 29
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    Zones franches d'exportation : leur rôle passé et futur dans les échanges et le développement (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Export Processing Zones: Past and Future Role in Trade and Development
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: On trouvera dans ce document une étude des zones franches d’exportation (ZFE), de plus en plus répandues comme instrument de développement et de croissance fondée sur l’exportation, puisqu’elles sont utilisées aujourd’hui par plus de 100 pays dans le monde entier.
    DOI: 10.1787/034675306778
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  • 30
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    Market Access, Trade in Transport Services and Trade Facilitation (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101476
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (235 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.134
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Accès au marché, commerce des services de transport et facilitation des échanges
    Keywords: Transport ; Trade
    Abstract: This ECMT Round Table, hosted by the Hellenic Institute of Transport in Thessaloniki, Greece, focused on regional integration in the context of multilateral trade liberalisation, the effects on market structure of liberalising trade in transport services, interaction of the liberalisation of trade in transport services and national competition policies, and demand for the coordination of international transport infrastructure policies, transport security, and logistics policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101476-en
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