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  • 1990-1994  (46)
  • 1991  (46)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing
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  • 1990-1994  (46)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Deregulation, Credit Rationing, Financial Fragility and Economic Performance (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.97
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper is one of four in this Working Paper Series, focusing on financial liberalisation, along with those of Miller and Weller, Kupiec and Blundell-Wignall and Browne. Its main purpose is to evaluate the imperfections still affecting deregulated credit markets. In particular, the paper examines the extent to which rationing continues to be present in credit markets and its implications for credit allocation and the transmission of monetary policy. In addition, the role of deregulation in financial market fragility and instability and its macroeconomic consequences are discussed ...
    DOI: 10.1787/740025471023
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  • 2
    Online Resource
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    Buybacks of LDC Debt and the Scope for Forgiveness (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.39
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper explains why a debtor country may be eager to spend foreign exchange reserves on the retirement of its cross-border obligations at market prices. A simple two-period framework shows that such spending can be profitable to both the debtor countries and their foreign creditors, and thereby provides an explanation as to why the so-called buybacks of LDC debt actually take place. An extended version of the basic framework shows how buybacks can be induced by having commercial creditors grant debt forgiveness, and why debt forgiveness thereby becomes an optimal strategy for creditors to follow ...
    DOI: 10.1787/526772308631
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  • 3
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    Energy Prices, Taxes and Carbon Dioxide Emissions (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.106
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Taxes levied on the carbon content of fuels (carbon taxes) are being considered in many OECD countries as a possible policy instrument to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This paper first reviews the policy response in Member countries to the threat of global warming. It then discusses the link between carbon emission intensities and current energy prices, touching also on the relative price effects of current energy policies and the implicit carbon taxes reflected in present energy taxation for different fuels. Finally, the likely size of carbon taxes and associated tax revenue is illustrated by simulations of OECD's GREEN model for equiproportionate emission cuts and a global permit trading system ...
    DOI: 10.1787/356365310851
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Policy and Entrepreneurial Responses to the Montreal Protocol : Some Evidence from the Dynamic Asian Economies (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.51
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This Technical Paper examines: (i) how the governments of the six dynamic Asian economies — Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand — have responded to the challenge posed by the Montreal Protocol to reduce their consumption of ozone-depleting substances like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and methyl chloroform (MC); (ii) how electronics firms in those economies have coped with the technical and other problems involved in substituting for CFC-113 and MC in their cleaning operations. The paper shows how different national control strategies and policy frameworks can shape incentives for conservation and recycling; countries with quantitative restrictions in place have been highly effective in curtailing CFC consumption. Once quotas are in place, governments do well to devise an allocation system that enables them to capture the bulk of the quota rents to finance measures designed to facilitate the phase-out effort. Substantial reductions through conservation measures ...
    DOI: 10.1787/408872013406
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  • 5
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    Increasing Financial Market Integration, Real Exchange Rates and Macroeconomic Adjustment (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.96
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper is one of four in this Working Paper Series, focusing on financial liberalisation, along with those of Kupiec, Miller and Weller, and Driscoll. It examines the extent to which international financial markets have become more integrated over the past decade. The finding that financial markets are almost fully integrated, in contrast to goods markets which are not, has important implications for real interest rate differentials, real exchange rate behaviour and external adjustment. In particular, the reduced importance of external imbalance and the increased role of real interest rates in real exchange rate determination can be associated with more prolonged misalignments ...
    DOI: 10.1787/336243304330
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  • 6
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    Financial liberalisation, asset prices and exchange rates (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.95
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper is one of four in this Working Paper Series, focusing on financial liberalisation, along with those of Kupiec, Driscoll and Blundell-Wignall and Browne. It surveys recent work, both theoretical and empirical, on the question of market efficiency in various asset markets. A number of studies of behaviour in the foreign exchange market, which provide evidence of departures from efficiency, are described. The paper summarises and discusses the implications of research on the effects of noise trading by "irrational" groups of agents, with particular reference to the stock market. The housing market is also considered as an example where pronounced price "bubbles" have appeared. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potential welfare impact of departures from efficiency in the foreign exchange market, where it is argued that the case for some form of intervention is strongest ...
    DOI: 10.1787/204832165553
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  • 7
    Online Resource
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    Macro-Micro Linkages : Structural Adjustment and Fertilizer Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.49
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In the 1960s, the principle of subsidies for agricultural inputs was unquestioned. The advent of Structural Adjustment Plans led however to a re-examination of this principle, as preference moved towards liberalisation of the agricultural sector. Given the very low consumption of fertilizers in sub-Saharan Africa — a consumption level which is currently the lowest for all world regions — its agricultural development calls imperatively for an increase in the use of fertilizers. Widespread diffusion of the most modern agricultural practices is therefore a sine quo non for agricultural policies in this region. Hitherto, the cessation of subsidies has always resulted in reduced use of fertilizers. This is due to the specific nature of private demand for agricultural inputs, which is particularly sensitive to the risk factor associated with the use of fertilizers. Users must accordingly be protected against the economic hazards consequent upon the introduction of modern ...
    DOI: 10.1787/616580654627
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  • 8
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    Trade Policies in a Global Context : Technical Specifications of the Rural/Urban-North/South (RUNS) Applied General Equilibrium Model (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 85 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.48
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The Rural/Urban-North/South Model (RUNS) is a global applied general equilibrium model, with a focus on agriculture. RUNS was initially developed in the early 1980's and has been used throughout the 1980's to provide analyses of world agricultural trends and agricultural policies. Amongst other things, RUNS was used to provide background analyses for several World Bank World Development Reports. RUNS is now integrated into the Development Centre's 1990-1992 programme on Developing Country Agriculture and International Economic Trends, under the direction of Ian Goldin. This paper provides an updated full technical specification of the RUNS model. It replaces and revises Technical Paper 33 which documented the model structure as of December 1990. Parts I and II of the paper provide an introduction and a general description of the model and is intended for a broad audience. Part III provides a detailed description of each block of the RUNS model, including a full set of model ...
    DOI: 10.1787/102708577135
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  • 9
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    The External Financing of Brazilian Imports (Special Series on Mixed Credits, in Collaboration with ICEPS) (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.46
    Keywords: Development ; Brazil
    Abstract: On average, the role of export-credit operations (ECOs) in the Brazilian economy has been modest: during the 1985-89 period they involved only 2.57 per cent of total Brazilian imports, highly concentrated in "equipment" (excluding transport, but including government services), "cereals" and "coal", with the United States, Canada and France being the most important partners (covering on average 88.5 per cent of the total). The subsidy, in principle, corresponds to the value of the difference between repayments according to market and "soft" conditions, that is, the difference between interest payments without and with soft terms. However, problems arise because (i) soft loans are not always made available as soon as they are agreed upon, (ii) such loans usually benefit from a grace period, (iii) the interest rate on the loan and the discount factor can change over time, and, last but not least, (iv) ex-anteevaluations of the benefit are hard to capture by looking at ...
    DOI: 10.1787/482082781166
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  • 10
    Online Resource
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    Biotechnology and Developing Country Agriculture : Maize in Indonesia (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 86 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.34
    Keywords: Development ; Indonesia
    Abstract: After rice, maize is the second most important staple food in Indonesia, and is cultivated under a diversity of agro-ecological conditions. While food accounts for more than half total maize utilisation, demand for maize as livestock feed - particularly for poultry - has been growing rapidly in recent years. The Indonesian Development Plan sets production targets for maize for different regions, according to different technological "packages" in terms of the type of seed used and level of other inputs. Although the recommended technology packages imply wider diffusion of improved seed, only a small share of the total area cultivated is sown to hybrids and the commercial seeds industry is only just emerging. Unlike rice and soybean, maize is not a major focus of policy intervention. Nevertheless, farm revenue in maize production has been increasing despite growing production costs per hectare. Given the high price of hybrids compared to open-pollinated varieties so far obtained ...
    DOI: 10.1787/735247002631
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  • 11
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    Capital Flows and the External Financing of Turkey's Imports (Special Series on Mixed Credits, in Collaboration with ICEPS) (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 93 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.36
    Keywords: Development ; Turkey
    Abstract: Subsidized capital flows have made a major contribution to the recovery of the Turkish economy from the acute balance of payments crisis of the late 1970s. The inflow of foreign capital on a substantial scale has facilitated rapid growth in imports of essential raw materials and investment goods which, in turn, has been instrumental in sustaining a comparatively high rate of economic growth. A balanced account, however, needs to take into consideration the negative side effects associated with subsidized credits. Subsidized capital inflows have resulted in overborrowing and consequently in overexpansion of the public sector, particularly during the post-1984 phase. A structural disequilibrium has developed, in the sense that the majority of medium- and long-term capital inflows has been directed to the public sector, and within the public sector, primarily to infrastructure projects. The private sector has been able to borrow mainly on a short-term basis, to satisfy working ...
    DOI: 10.1787/428522687883
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  • 12
    Online Resource
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    Old Age Income Maintenance : Basic Problems and Alternative Responses (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.100
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The rapid increase -- over the next thirty years -- in the population share of persons above retirement age has led to a steady increase in attention paid by OECD Governments to questions concerning old age income maintenance. The attached paper looks at the proper role the Government can play in the provision of income for the elderly. The analysis starts with a discussion of the outcomes that can be expected under private contracting, in the absence of any specific Government intervention. Equity and efficiency concerns with these outcomes are identified, and the paper then examines how alternative forms of Government intervention, including comprehensive public old age pension schemes, can potentially improve on these outcomes. Explicit consideration is given to limitations on Governments' ability to achieve desired goals, as well as market distortions introduced by Government intervention ...
    DOI: 10.1787/716044347442
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  • 13
    Online Resource
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    Telecommunications Equipment : Changing Markets and Trade Structures, No. 24 (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 83 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.3
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The regulatory and institutional framework of the world's telecommunications markets has changed radically over the past decade.
    DOI: 10.1787/237688077786
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  • 14
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    Changing Comparative Advantage in Thai Agriculture (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.35
    Keywords: Development ; Thailand
    Abstract: Two key developments affected Thai agriculture in the last decade: the precipitous decline (until 1988) in world prices for the major agricultural items exported by Thailand, and the decline in the amount of cultivable land available for each agricultural worker. During this same period the Thai economy has experienced a slowdown in the rate of growth of real GDP and an increase in the extent of poverty, the first time this has happened since statistics on poverty became available in 1963. As these economy-wide developments and the adverse changes specific to agriculture coincided, it came to be widely believed that the one is the cause of the other. This paper sets out to examine the validity of this belief, using an applied general equilibrium model (the THAM-2). The simulations indicate that the effect of the agriculture-associated changes on the Thai economy can be quite substantial. Liberalization of rice alone will increase real GDP by 2 to 3 per cent. Had the world ...
    DOI: 10.1787/867640232517
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  • 15
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    The External Financing of Thailand's Imports (Special Series on Mixed Credits, in Collaboration with ICEPS) (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 84 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.45
    Keywords: Development ; Thailand
    Abstract: This study has three basic objectives. First, it estimates the subsidy rates for the officially supported external financing received by the Thai public sector. Second, it attempts to provide some analysis of the impact of this concessional funding on the domestic allocation of resources. Third, it aims to estimate the supply and demand functions for the officially supported export credits received by Thailand from 1976 to 1985. A relatively detailed review of the period from 1975 to 1985 revealed a deteriorating external debt situation for Thailand. External public debt rose from a low of US$900 million in 1973 to US$12.8 billion in 1985 with comparable public debt service ratios of 2.9 per cent and 11 per cent, respectively. This occurred despite the customary conservative external borrowing policy of the Thai government and its centralized administrative control of public debt creation. Concessional ODA financing averaged 21 per cent of total net financial flows in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/086838577183
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  • 16
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    Aggregation by Industry in General Equilibrium Models with International Trade (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.50
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Models of trading economies have become very large in dimensions and complex in structure. This paper seeks conditions under which it is possible to aggregate the production and consumption of groups of commodities in "industries": commodity groups sharing some common characteristics and behaviour. The most extreme form of aggregation is the simultaneous aggregation of the same commodities using the same aggregator functions on both the production and consumption sides of the model. This is called "complete aggregation". If this can be done, the competitive equilibrium can be determined in two stages and the commodity dimensions of a model can be reduced drastically, perhaps to very few. In other cases it is possible to aggregate commodities only on the production or the consumption side of the model. Such aggregation will simplify the production or consumption side and allow the derivation of new results. Conditions which are sufficient for aggregation in production or ...
    DOI: 10.1787/581654016867
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  • 17
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    Time-Varying Estimates on the Openness of the Capital Account in Korea and Taiwan (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.42
    Keywords: Development ; Chinese Taipei ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: How open are the capital accounts in Korea and Taiwan? Has there been a trend towards more financial openness during the 1980s? This paper aims at answering both questions by estimating a model of interest determination first outlined by Edwards and Khan, in an extension suggested by Haque and Montiel. Use is made of a time-varying parameter estimation based on the Kalman filter technique, instead of the usual constant parameter estimation. The findings indicate a low degree of capital mobility for both Korea and Taiwan, and no trend towards more financial openness (except recently in Taiwan's interbank market). The dismantling of capital controls and of internal financial restrictions is thus likely to impose an important loss of monetary autonomy in both countries ...
    DOI: 10.1787/424740140426
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  • 18
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    Patterns of Recoveries for the Major Seven OECD Countries (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.102
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper reviews some key characteristics of the recoveries experienced by the seven major OECD countries in the 1970s and 1980s. It presents data on the cyclical evolution of demand components, fiscal and monetary variables, labour market and inflation around cyclical troughs. A final section sketches the main features of the recovery which is envisaged in the latest OECD projections, presented in Economic Outlook No 49, and compares them with those of earlier periods ...
    DOI: 10.1787/728486246887
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  • 19
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    Financial Liberalisation and International Trends in Stock, Corporate Bond and Foreign Exchange Market Volatilities (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.94
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper is one of four in this Working Paper series, focusing on financial liberalisation, along with those by Miller and Weller, Driscoll, and Blundell-Wignall and Browne. It examines the historical volatilities of stock, bond and foreign currency markets over alternative periods differing roughly by the degree of financial innovation and globalisation. It characterises trends in gross volatility, and the degree and manner in which volatility in financial markets has changed, the real economic consequences of transitory periods of excess volatility, and discusses some of the financial policies proposed to limit volatility. The results suggest that the past two decades have coincided with a world-wide increase in the average levels of volatility in stock returns, corporate bond yields and exchange rates, accompanied by a general increase in the strength of the positive correlations among national stock returns and the conditional volatilities of these returns. Evidence suggests ...
    DOI: 10.1787/857153852435
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  • 20
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    Le partage du fardeau entre les créanciers de pays débiteurs défaillants (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: French
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.44
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This Technical paper presents the results of research carried out with the aim of defining and explaining how the debt crisis burden is shared between the different creditors. The interaction between creditors, which is seen primarily in this burden-sharing, is a phenomenon that has been unduly neglected by the analyses and the policies implemented since the beginning of the debt crisis. The paper first shows how it is possible, at the price of a small number of simplifying analytical assumptions, to define and statistically measure burden-sharing among creditors. The proposed method is then applied to the data of a sample group of 28 countries for a 5 year period (1985-1989). The calculations lead to extremely clear results, according to which the burden has in recent years fallen mainly on official creditors and, among these, above all on the multilateral institutions. The paper then goes on to throw light on the macroeconomic determinants of the burden borne by the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/267878327340
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  • 21
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    Unemployment Persistence and Insider-Outsider Forces in Wage Determination (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.92
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The rise in European unemployment has inspired much new research on the causes and mechanisms of unemployment, analogous to the interest devoted to unemployment in the 1930s. The new research has to a large extent focused on wage-setting behaviour, as is revealed by the rapid growth of theoretical and empirical work on models of wage bargaining, insider-outsider relationships, and efficiency wages. A common theme in this new work is a desire to provide satisfactory microeconomic foundations for the existence and persistence of involuntary unemployment. This paper offers a survey of recent research on unemployment persistence and insider-outsider forces in wage determination. It begins in Section II with an overview of major themes in the theoretical work on unemployment. Section III reviews results from a number of recent empirical studies inspired by these new theories. Section IV concludes with a discussion of directions for future research ...
    DOI: 10.1787/883783738373
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  • 22
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    Infrastructure and Private-Sector Productivity (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.91
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: A recent study by David Aschauer suggested a novel explanation for the slowdown of private-sector total factor productivity (TFP) in the United States in the early 1970s. He argues that it is due to the roughly contemporaneous slowdown in the rate of investment in public-sector infrastructure. Using data for eleven OECD countries, this note provides only mixed support for Aschauer's hypothesis. With series starting in the 1960s for most countries, regression analysis found a significant effect of infrastructure on TFP in about half the countries. A longer-term perspective was also examined for the United States. On the basis of data going back to the end of the 19th century, it appears that there was no relationship between infrastructure and TFP until after World War II ...
    DOI: 10.1787/231625432004
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  • 23
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    The Costs of Policies to Reduce Global Emissions of CO2 : Initial Simulation Results with GREEN (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.103
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The OECD Secretariat has developed a multi-region, multi-sector. dynamic general equilibrium model to quantify the economy-wide and global costs of policies to curb emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). The project is called the GeneRal Equilibrium ENvironmental model, hereafter referred to as GREEN. The purpose of this paper is to outline the main features of GREEN in a non-technical fashion and to present some preliminary results from three scenarios of alternative international agreements to cut CO2 emissions. The paper also sets out a range of options for possible extensions to the model, with the explicit aim of improving its policy relevance ...
    DOI: 10.1787/472216424066
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  • 24
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    Scenarios for the World Trading System and Their Implications for Developing Countries (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.47
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Four scenarios for the global trading system in the 1990s are outlined and their implications for developing countries considered: (i) further development of a GATT-based trading regime; (ii) development of a world of trading blocs -- where the critical issue is not whether they will emerge (they will) but whether they become "building blocks" for a more integrated global system or "stumbling blocks" that cause the system to fragment; (iii) development of a system of managed trade, where political forces would dominate outcomes and which could evolve out of the friction between Japan and the United States or Europe; and (iv) movement beyond GATT and dealing with international problems "at the borders" toward a system of deeper global harmonisation in such areas as competition policy, standards, regulatory practices and technology policies. The answer to the question of which of these scenarios will predominate is of growing importance for developing countries, both because of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/581340376663
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  • 25
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    Measuring and Modelling Non-Tariff Distortions with Special Reference to Trade in Agricultural Commodities (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.40
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper examines issues which have arisen from the growth of non-tariff measures (NTM)s as the preferred instrument of government intervention in commodities markets, especially for agricultural commodities. In order to understand the effects of NTMs and to compare them with tariffs, the paper uses the standard concepts of equivalence and non-equivalence with tariffs . It also establishes and develops a comparison between two instruments called quasi-equivalence which is particularly useful in analysing various differences between the effects of tariffs and non-tariff measures. These differences between tariffs and NTMs have several consequences which no single measure can adequately summarise. Nevertheless, the price effects of NTMs can be captured by using either effective rates of assistance (ERA) or producer subsidy equivalents (PSE)s. When the net percentage form of the PSE is calculated using world prices and allowing for as many input price changes as ...
    DOI: 10.1787/260642830870
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    Macroeconomic Consequences of Financial Liberalisation : A Summary Report (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 67 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.98
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper brings together a number of interrelated issues concerning the implications of financial liberalisation for macroeconomic outcomes. Deregulation has tended to reduce the importance of liquidity constraints within and between countries, while at the same time giving markets a much greater role in utilising available information to achieve efficient outcomes. This has had implications for private spending behaviour and the transmission channels of monetary policy; for the volatility of financial prices; for the price and credit risks which arise; and for the integration of international financial markets and the process of external adjustment ...
    DOI: 10.1787/088742707378
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    Savings Trends and Measurement Issues (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.105
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Saving has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Research has focused on questions about its adequacy, determinants and measurement. This paper considers the latter issue. The main trends in world-wide and OECD-area saving over the last two to three decades are reviewed. Subsequently, the appropriateness of the saving concept used in traditional national accounts is discussed. To examine the size of some of the potential problems, a number of adjustments to traditionally measured saving are made. The concluding section raises some questions about appropriate measurement of saving, saving behaviour and policy responses to perceived lack of saving ...
    DOI: 10.1787/588782015183
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  • 28
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    GREEN - - A Multi-Region Dynamic General Equilibrium Model for Quantifying the Costs of Curbing CO2 Emissions : A Technical Manual (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 103 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.104
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The OECD Secretariat has developed a multi-region, multi-sector, dynamic applied general equilibrium (AGE) model to quantify the economy-wide and global costs of policies to curb emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). The project is called the GeneRal Equilibrium ENvironments model, hereafter referred to as GREEN. The purpose of this paper is to provide a full technical description of the GREEN model, its data base and parametrisation as of May 1991. Work is continuing to extend GREEN in several different directions to make the model more policy relevant, and a revised version of the technical manual will be issued in due course ...
    DOI: 10.1787/877165867056
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  • 29
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    The Public Sector : Issues for the 1990s (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 92 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.90
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Since the early 1980s, most OECD countries have embarked on medium-term strategies to restore greater balance to the public finances and to wind back government intervention in the economy. The attached paper examines the progress so far. It also reviews and evaluates some of the changes to public sector management practices which were implemented in the 1980s and assesses some of the pressures on the public sector which are likely to arise in the 1990s. Most OECD governments appear to have made significant headway in budgetary consolidation, particularly in the second half of the last decade, and public expenditure as a share of GDP has stabilised for the area as a whole, once allowance is made for cyclical effects. There has also been some measure of success in reducing economic regulation in a number of sectors. Nonetheless, governments are likely to face increased spending pressures in the 1990s, partly reflecting catch-up following expenditure restraint in the 1980s. Improving ...
    DOI: 10.1787/112267035862
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    Toward a Concept of Development Agreements (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.43
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The problems associated with structural stagnation, the debt crisis, and policy mismanagement have proved resistant to the procedures of balance-of-payments stabilization and structural adjustment of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. This paper considers the challenges encountered in merging policies of adjustment and development planning. We consider some guiding principles and weigh some alternative policies. The paper suggests that a new approach may be useful for the countries that have been least successful at making adjustments, face massive structural problems, and need additional donor aid. Development Agreements would call, on the part of the recipient countries, for policies based on a "development strategy" and, on the part of the donor countries, for assurances of long-term financial assistance. It is suggested that such agreements be organised and overseen by joint Development Commissions made up of representatives of the donors, the recipient ...
    DOI: 10.1787/821180114212
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    OECD Economic Surveys: Czech and Slovak Federal Republic 1991 (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264164444
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (153 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; République fédérative tchèque et slovaque 1991
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : République fédérative tchèque et slovaque 1991
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: OECD's 1991 Economic Survey of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic examines historical background and conditions at the start of reform, macroeconomic developments and policies, structural reform, integration into the world economy and financial markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_surveys-svk-1991-en
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  • 32
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    Etudes économiques de l'OCDE : République fédérative tchèque et slovaque 1991 (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264164451
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Czech and Slovak Federal Republic 1991
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Czech and Slovak Federal Republic 1991
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: L’édition 1991 de l'Étude économique consacrée à la République fédérative tchèque et slovaque examine l'historique et la situation au début de la réforme, l'évolution et la politique macro-économique, la réforme structurelle, l'intégration à l'économie mondiale et les marchés financiers.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_surveys-svk-1991-fr
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  • 33
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    The Changing Nature of IMF Conditionality (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 70 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.41
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In the terminology of the International Monetary Fund, "conditionality" refers to the policies the Fund expects a member to follow in order to be able to avail itself of credit from the Fund (Gold, 1979). Over the years, major changes in the landscape surrounding the Fund and in the situation of its members have brought about important changes in the content of conditionality. These changes have been most pronounced in the 1980s, and they have led to a gradual, but cumulatively fundamental, change in the Fund's relations with its borrowing members over the past decade — with further changes likely in the 1990s. 1.1 The impact of changing economic conditions One major change affecting the Fund's conditionality has been the narrowing down of the Fund's clientele to its developing members. The Fund had been conceived as an institution to which any of its members could be expected to turn for temporary financing when faced with balance-of-payments difficulties. The main ...
    DOI: 10.1787/187765075405
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    P-Star as an Indicator of Inflationary Pressure (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.101
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The P-star approach has been developed by the U.S. Federal Reserve as a new indicator of inflationary pressures. This paper assesses its usefulness for 20 OECD Member countries. Regression results are presented and in-sample tracking ability and forecasting performance of the equations are compared to rival inflation models and official OECD projections ...
    DOI: 10.1787/821307064337
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    A Macroeconomic Model for Debt Analysis of the Latin America Region and Debt Accounting Models for the Highly Indebted Countries (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.93
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: During the 1980s, following the Mexican payments crisis of August 1982, a number of debt "plans" and "strategies" have been introduced, but overall progress in resolving the situation has been slow. This paper results from a project to investigate the relationship between macroeconomic developments in OECD countries and those in debtor countries. The aim is to develop tools that can help to throw light on the importance of international linkages, including those between OECD and debtor countries, in order to understand better why many of the hopes and expectations of the various debt plans have not been realised. This paper presents a set of models for Latin America (DEMOD) that can be used to analyze the impact of the world macroeconomy on the economies of Latin America; these have been designed to focus in particular on growth and debt servicing capacity and to trace the development of creditworthiness indicators. In addition, debt accounting models for the highly indebted ...
    DOI: 10.1787/542222878787
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    Deregulation of Freight Transport : Report of the Eighty-Fourth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 1-2 February 1990 (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105313
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.84
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La déréglementation des transports de marchandises ; Rapport de la 84ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 1er et 2 février 1990
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Deregulation of freight transport is of vital importance to transport policy in the move towards a European market. This publication assesses past experience with deregulation in a number of countries and reviews ways and means of making the freight transport market truly efficient.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105313-en
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  • 37
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    Transport et distribution spatiale des activités : Rapport de la 85ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 5 et 6 avril 1990 (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104743
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (155 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.85
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport and Spatial Distribution of Activities; Report of the Eighty-Fifth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 5-6 April 1990
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce rapport cherche à déterminer quelle influence les lignes à grande vitesse auront sur les régions qu’elles desservent, en particulier à la lumière de l'expérience acquise avec le TGV Sud-Est en France. Cette expérience démontre que la répartition géographique des activités et l’emplacement des infrastructures de transport sont étroitement liés. Avec la construction ou la planification de lignes à grande vitesse, ce lien étroit devient aujourd’hui de nouveau évident. Ce rapport cherche à déterminer quelle influence les lignes à grande vitesse auront sur les régions qu’elles desservent, en particulier à la lumière de l'expérience acquise avec le TGV Sud-Est en France.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104743-fr
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  • 38
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    La déréglementation des transports de marchandises : Rapport de la 84ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 1er et 2 février 1990 (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104736
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.84
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Deregulation of Freight Transport; Report of the Eighty-Fourth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 1-2 February 1990
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: La déréglementation du transport de marchandises est indispensable pour la transition de la politique des transports vers un marché européen. Ce rapport fait le bilan des expériences acquises en matière de déréglementation dans un certain nombre de pays. Il examine les moyens de rendre le marché du transport de marchandises vraiment efficace.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104736-fr
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  • 39
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    Long-Term Capital Reflow Under Macroeconomic Stabilization in Latin America (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.38
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper focuses on the scope for stabilizing Latin American economies to repatriate capital for the financing of long-term investments and economic recovery in the region. In particular, a simple two-period investment model is developed to show that a government seeking capital repatriation may be tempted to introduce investment subsidies on such long-term capital inflows. Typically, however, such a government will be facing the following trade off: small investment subsidies may not be sufficient to attract large-scale repatriation, and high aggregate subsidies may trigger inflationary expectations. A decreasing subsidy scheme is shown to be optimal. Such a scheme has the following properties: it provides an incentive for investors to repatriate their capital early, and at the same time, it keeps government spending low enough not to jeopardize stabilization programmes. A decreasing subsidy scheme could account for the success that the Chilean debt-equity-swap programmes have ...
    DOI: 10.1787/751522750014
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  • 40
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    The Measurement of Output and Factors of Production for the Business Sector in OECD Countries (The OECD Business Sector Database) (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 70 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.99
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes a Business Sector Data Base (BSDB) for OECD countries constructed in the context of recent work of the OECD Economics and Statistics Department. It discusses many of the problems of consistency between the usual sources of economic statistics for each of the concepts used and describes the choices made to construct a consistent data base. In two important areas where major problems arise, namely the treatment of capital stock and energy, it has been necessary to construct a number of new estimates. The resulting data base is available on PC diskette to the general public on a subscription basis ...
    DOI: 10.1787/202373302227
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  • 41
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    Wage Differentials, Entry and the Job Generation Process in Germany (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.5
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Germany
    Abstract: Based on information from the employment records of individual establishments in western Germany (Federal Republic of Germany before the German unification) between 1977-1988, it is possible to shed some light on the characteristics and determinants of the job generation process. Data for this study were drawn from the Employment Statistics register of the Federal Office of Labour (Bundesanstalt flir Arbeit) and cover almost 80 per cent of total employment. The central finding of the paper is that trend employment growth is, to a large extent, accommodated by plant openings rather than by the expansion of already existing units. While new establishments are subject to high failure rates, the growth of survivors almost completely offsets job losses due to plant closures. Furthermore, statistical analyses of entries and exits provide some support for the hypothesis that reduced wage differentials within any sector negatively affect the pace of entry of new establishments. These results could be relevant for the current debate on the determinants of the poor employment performance of Germany in the 1980s. In pai1icular, they raise the possibility that reduced wage differentials, associated with labour market policies and collectivistic wage agreements in the 1980s, played an important role in lowering the job generation potential of western Germany.
    DOI: 10.1787/b5b07b92-en
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    The Role of the State in a Deregulated Transport Market : Report of the Eighty-Third Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 7-8 December 1989 (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105856
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (141 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.83
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le rôle de l'état dans un marché des transports déréglementé ; Rapport de la 83ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 7 et 8 décembre 1989
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table examines the role of the state in a deregulated transport market and provides reports on deregulation in ECMT countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105856-en
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    Universal Service and Rate Restructuring in Telecommunications, No. 23 (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 199 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.4
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report examines two issues at the centre of the debate concerning the restructuring of telecommunications services.
    DOI: 10.1787/237454868255
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  • 44
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    Equal Pay for Work of Comparable Worth : The Experience of Industrialised Countries (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.6
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Equal pay is no longer discussed simply in relation to equal work. Equal pay for work of equal value has, in some countries, become a critical objective of policies against discrimination in employment. This report describes the degree to which the concept of work of equal value has been incorporated into equal pay legislation and collective bargaining in thirteen OECD countries. It also emphasizes the problems encountered when implementing this type of policy. and attempts to establish its real and potential impact.
    DOI: 10.1787/f57ecbf7-en
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  • 45
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    The External Financing of Indonesia's Imports (Special Series on Mixed Credits, in Collaboration with ICEPS) (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.37
    Keywords: Development ; Indonesia
    Abstract: Foreign borrowing as a source of additional savings can be valuable to a nation whose supply of long-term investment funds is scarce, relative to the amount of its productive investment opportunities. Indonesia is an example of such a country. It has abundant investment opportunities, but because of a limited capital market has financed many of its development projects from international sources. It has maintained a policy of restricting foreign commercial borrowing while maximizing the share of funds from multilateral and bilateral sources at preferential terms. At the end of 1986, Indonesia's total outstanding external debt was estimated at $43.5 billion, 43 per cent of which was denominated in US dollars, and 22 per cent in Japanese yen. The current rates of public foreign debt services to exports is in the 30 per cent range and the rates of total foreign debt service to exports is in the 40 per cent range. Since 1984, the co-ordination of debt management and trade ...
    DOI: 10.1787/510306807525
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  • 46
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    Financial Liberalisation and Consumption Behaviour (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.81
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper addresses the question of whether financial liberalisation and innovation has significantly altered consumption behaviour by reducing liquidity constraints as capital markets become more flexible. A consumption model in which the permanent income hypothesis and extreme Keynesian consumption functions are nested as special cases is the starting point for this analysis. Estimated values for the sensitivity of consumption to current income for different time periods and for several OECD countries are assessed and compared in the light of various econometric properties, country specific liberalisation measures and a variety of proxies reflecting changing liquidity constraints ...
    DOI: 10.1787/203380285176
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