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  • 2020-2024  (71)
  • 2022  (71)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (71)
  • Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
  • Welt  (71)
Datasource
Material
Language
Years
Year
  • 1
    Language: English
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 base erosion and profit shifting project
    Keywords: Steuerpolitik ; Konfliktregelung ; Welt ; OECD-Staaten ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789264819092
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (384 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Lernen ; Schule ; Schulpolitik ; Lehrkräfte ; Coronavirus ; Welt ; Education ; Development ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: This report brings together 45 of the education continuity stories that were jointly documented by the OECD, the World Bank, Harvard’s Global Education Innovation Initiative and HundrED during the first wave of school closures related to the COVID-19 pandemic. It covers a variety of different examples on how governments and non-governmental organisations quickly responded to school closures to implement a strategy for learners around the world to continue to study. While often based on the use of digital solutions, those solutions target specific solutions aimed at academic learning, socio-emotional support, teacher professional development, etc. The book covers examples from low, middle and high income countries on all continents and draws some lessons of these fast-paced responses to reimagine a post-pandemic education across the world.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Se remettre durablement du COVID-19 grâce à la tarification du carbone
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Emissionshandel ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Welt ; Taxation ; Environment
    Abstract: This brief focuses on the role carbon pricing can play in the COVID-19 recovery and in reaching national and international climate goals, such as those in the Paris Agreement. It outlines the carbon pricing policy changes (Emissions Trading Schemes (ETS), fossil fuel support (FFS), carbon, fuel excise and aviation taxes) that took place during the first 20 months of the pandemic (January 2020 to August 2021) in the 47 OECD and G20 countries. There had been 99 incidents of carbon pricing policy changes during this period, with the majority expected to have a negative effect on greenhouse gas emissions. However, policy changes with climate-positive effects were broader in scope regarding coverage of emissions and sectors and are, thus, likely to outweigh the climate-negative policy changes.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264594708 , 9789264897212 , 9789264760202
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (91 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Risiko ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Sicherheit ; Produktqualität ; Welt ; Trade ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Illicit trade in counterfeit goods causes economic damage by reducing sales and profits as well as innovation incentives in legitimate industries. At the same time, some counterfeits can be of low quality and create significant additional risks, including health risks (fake pharmaceuticals or food products), safety risks (counterfeit automotive spare parts, fake batteries) and environmental risks (fake chemicals or pesticides). This study presents detailed information on the value of counterfeit trade in such dangerous fake goods, analyses changes in the volumes and composition of the goods, and maps key trade routes. The evidence in this report can be used to raise awareness of the risks of this trade and its implications for health and environmental policy.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264804234 , 9789264592797 , 9789264584068
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (201 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Kunststoff ; Umweltbelastung ; Umweltpolitik ; Welt ; Environment
    Abstract: While plastics are extremely useful materials for modern society, plastics production and waste generation continue to increase with worsening environmental impacts despite international, national and local policy responses, as well as industry commitments. The urgent need to make the lifecycle of plastics more circular calls for an expansion of national policies and improved international co-operation to mitigate environmental impacts all along the value chain. The first of two reports, this Outlook intends to inform and support policy efforts to combat plastic leakage. The report quantifies the current production, use, disposal and key environmental impacts throughout the entire plastics lifecycle and identifies opportunities for reducing the negative externalities. It also investigates how plastics use and waste have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic across sectors and regions. The Outlook identifies four key levers for bending the plastics curve: stronger support for recycled (secondary) plastics markets; policies to boost technological innovation in plastics; more ambitious domestic policy measures; and greater international co-operation.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.03
    Keywords: Öffentliche Schulden ; Transparenz ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: The economic consequences of the COVID-19 crisis, particularly for fragile countries, have renewed focus on debt transparency, prompting international organisations and national authorities to step up their efforts to improve the consistency, comparability, scope and frequency of debt statistics. The report offers guidance and recommendations to improve debt transparency and outlines sovereign debt trends of selected countries, with a focus on marketable debt.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264832022 , 9789264898813 , 9789264667648
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (283 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Kunststoff ; Kunststoffindustrie ; Prognose ; Umweltpolitik ; Umweltbelastung ; Welt ; Environment ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: The global community is far from achieving its objective of ending plastic pollution, unless more stringent and co-ordinated policies are implemented. A key question is: What are the plausible scenarios for the evolution of plastics in the absence of additional measures and, as well, with scaled-up policy action? The Global Plastics Outlook: Policy Scenarios to 2060 provides such a forward-looking perspective. The report presents a set of coherent projections on plastics to 2060, including plastics use, waste as well as the environmental impacts linked to plastics, especially leakage to the environment. Such an outlook on plastics can help policy makers understand the scale of the challenge to transition to a more sustainable and circular use of plastics and the need for additional policy action. By identifying two policy packages to bend the plastic curve, the Outlook allows for a better understanding of the environmental benefits and economic consequences of adopting stringent policies. This second report is a follow-up to the first report – Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options – which quantified current trends in plastics use, waste generation and leakage, as well as identified four policy levers to curb the environmental impacts of plastics.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264843523 , 9789264690882 , 9789264693166
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (253 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Bodenpreis ; Bodenpolitik ; Welt ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The Global Compendium of Land Value Capture, a joint project by the OECD and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, is an ambitious undertaking to understand the full landscape of land value capture (LVC) instruments, how they are configured and deployed across the globe in OECD countries and non-OECD economies, and what it would take to unleash their full potential as a sustainable revenue source. Moreover, little systematic information is available about the LVC instruments that countries use and enabling frameworks at national and regional levels to guide local governments toward greater use. The report features an overview of the political contexts, legal frameworks, and LVC approaches used in 60 countries. Special attention is given to the differences and similarities between countries that have a mature LVC practice, versus countries that have nascent policies and allowances. This will help countries developing the capacity and competences for LVC to understand the opportunities, trade-offs, and pitfalls to avoid when configuring legal, governance, and planning frameworks and institutions to support the implementation of LVC policies.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Krieg ; Kriegsfolgen ; Auslandsinvestition ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Russia’s war against Ukraine has triggered unprecedented policy responses around the globe. These policy measures, as well as decisions by multinational companies, raise manifold implications for international investment policy, and capital and investment flows. This report provides an overview of the implications, both immediate and longer-term, in what remains a quickly evolving environment.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789264620476
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 Seiten)
    Keywords: Ladeinfrastruktur ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency prepared this report, within the framework of a Global Environment Facility (GEF) programme aimed at supporting low- and middle-income economies in their transition to E-mobility. It is the first deliverable of Working Group Four on Charging, Grid Integration, Renewable Power Supply and Battery Re-use, Recycling and Safe Disposal. Its objective is to provide policy makers with a comprehensive overview of the ecosystem of public charging infrastructure (defined as infrastructure that is publicly accessible), as well as key recommendations for its efficient deployment. Although it focuses on charging systems for light-duty vehicles, the report also discusses implications for two- and three-wheelers, as well as heavy-duty vehicles. The findings summarised here are informed by the many contributions and insights provided by international stakeholders. The IEA’s analysis begins with a definition of charging infrastructure and describes the different business models associated with it. We present a number of policy examples and conclude with five key recommendations for ensuring the efficient roll-out of public charging infrastructure.
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Effets de l’agression russe contre l’Ukraine sur les marchés agricoles et conséquences pour l’action publique
    Keywords: Kriegsfolgen ; Agrarmarkt ; Agraraußenhandel ; Ernährungssicherung ; Lebensmittelpreis ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has been since February 2022 undermining the latter’s capacity to harvest and export crops. A reduction in export capacity from Ukraine and Russia, and rising energy and fertiliser prices are pushing up international food prices, thereby threatening global food security. Findings presented in this brief suggest that the full loss of Ukraine’s capacity to export together with a 50% reduction in Russian wheat export could lead to a 34% increase in international wheat prices in the marketing year 2022/23.
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9789264633896 , 9789264689534 , 9789264848726
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Tools
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: This guide provides a framework to strengthen the role of development co-operation for mobilising foreign direct investment (FDI) and enhancing its positive impact in developing countries. The guide reviews a broad range of financial and technical solutions for enhancing the impact of FDI on sustainable development, and outlines ways donors can consider the impact of FDI on their strategies, thus supporting the design, implementation and monitoring of FDI-related assistance.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789264962859 , 9789264690684 , 9789264654563
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (127 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: New Approaches to Economic Challenges
    Keywords: Wirtschaftsordnung ; Stabilität ; Krisenmanagement ; Schock ; Coping-Strategie ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Stabilisierungspolitik ; Konjunktur ; Coronavirus ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Economics
    Abstract: New economic thinking and acting through a systemic approach could outline policy alternatives to tackle the global-scale systemic challenges of financial, economic, social and environmental emergencies, and help steer our recovery out of the current crisis. A systemic recovery requires an economic approach that balances several factors – markets and states, efficiency and resilience, growth and sustainability, national and global stability, short-term emergency measures and long-term structural change. To achieve this, we need to think beyond our policy silos, comprehend our interconnections, and build resilience into our systems.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264338241
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.)
    Keywords: Energiewirtschaft ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Beschäftigungsstruktur ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: The inaugural edition of the World Energy Employment Report is – to the best of our knowledge – the first comprehensive inventory of the global energy workforce. The report presents new estimates of the size and distribution of the labour force, across regions and technologies, and increases the granularity on the number of workers along the entire energy value chain. This includes fossil fuel and bioenergy production; power sector generation, transmission, distribution and storage; and end uses, including vehicles and energy efficiency for buildings and industry. It also details segments of the value chain where these jobs are located, including raw materials, manufacturing, construction, utilities, and wholesale, as well as how many are employed for building new projects versus operating existing energy facilities, which includes those working in operating and maintenance of plants. It also provides estimates for emerging segments for energy, including clean energy innovation. This mapping can serve as a much-needed foundation for global energy decision makers, and provides important insights about the potential opportunities and impacts to labour markets under different drivers, particularly the transitions to clean energy, as well as shifting or development of supply chain capacities. How these labour markets evolve will be explored in depth by scenarios presented in our World Energy Outlook series.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264989177 , 9789264412552 , 9789264575011
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: The Governance of Regulators
    Keywords: Regulierung ; Welt ; Governance
    Abstract: Economic regulators are key to the performance of network sectors such as energy, e-communications, transport and water. They regulate and supervise to ensure sectors that can efficiently deliver essential services for the benefit of society. Operating from a unique position in relation to consumers, operators and government, they provide evidence-based and objective decision making that can build trust in the regulatory system and public institutions. A crucial factor in their ability to do this is their governance, including how they are resourced. Resourcing arrangements can make or break regulators’ effectiveness. Constraints in their funding or in their autonomy to manage resources may limit regulators’ agility or capacity to act. Where these constraints are significant, they may undermine the regulator’s ability to fulfil their mandates. This report discusses the implications of funding and staff arrangements for the autonomy, agility, accountability and transparency of regulators in the energy, e-communications, transport and water sectors. It identifies trends, challenges, opportunities and good practices, drawing upon survey responses from 57 economic regulators across 31 countries.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282159156
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: ITF Research Reports
    Keywords: Verkehrssicherheit ; Welt ; Transport
    Abstract: Road crashes kill over 1.3 million people every year worldwide and seriously injure millions more. A Safe System approach to road safety can drastically reduce road deaths – but how can it actually be put in place? This report provides experience-based guidance on implementing the Safe System approach. The report also presents lessons from 17 case studies of road-safety interventions with a Safe System component. The case studies reveal no single recipe for successful implementation. Instead, they point to a variety of approaches conditioned by national and local contexts, and the crucial role of robust institutional governance and co-operation between partners in any successful Safe System intervention.
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.16
    Keywords: Virtuelle Währung ; Blockchain ; Digitalisierung ; Umweltbelastung ; Welt ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Crypto-asset markets are rapidly developing and reached USD 3tn in late 2021, yet the infrastructure supporting mainstream crypto-assets, such as the Bitcoin, use an enormous amount of energy. This paper explores the growing environmental impact of crypto-assets due to increasing institutional and retail investors participation in these markets. The use of energy-intensive transaction validation through Proof-of-Work consensus mechanisms and the corresponding carbon footprint create climate transition risks for market participants. Policy considerations and action are necessary given the carbon footprint and associated climate transition risks of certain digital assets when combined with negative externalities extending to the wider society.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.337
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Digitale Plattform ; Datensicherheit ; Daten ; Außenhandel ; Welt ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Digital technologies have transformed the global economy. This paper discusses three underlying digital enablers of the economy and the challenges they pose for policy makers: (1) Online platforms, which support global transactions and interactions but are also disrupting existing consumer and competition policy frameworks; (2) Cross-border data flows, which facilitate global trade and co-operation but also amplify policy concerns that have motivated countries to place conditions on these data flows; and (3) Digital security, which should be prioritised to embed trust into the digital economy, but has often remained an afterthought owing to knowledge asymmetries across the market. Given that these challenges are all international in nature, a global response is needed to address them. The OECD is well-suited to foster international co-operation on these digital enablers and support countries’ ambitions for global digital policy frameworks.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Krieg ; Kriegsfolgen ; Raumfahrt ; Ukraine ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine is demonstrating the new role of commercial space systems in crisis management. The improved availability of commercial satellite data and signals is contributing to the quality and resilience of government systems, with telecommunications and follow-ups of military actions and impacts on the ground for civilians. But the war has also revealed vulnerabilities of space infrastructure and in global supply chains. It also unleashed a series of new threats, notably unanticipated third-party uses of satellite data and disruptions of civilian telecommunications. Furthermore, the current geopolitical situation raises questions about the future of international co-operation in space activities, at a time when it is urgently needed to collectively manage the use of orbital resources. This policy note includes OECD recommendations for policy responses to improve the resilience of space infrastructure, manage access to and use of data and signals and ensure long-term sustainability of space activities.
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2022/04
    Keywords: Internationale Klimapolitik ; Welt ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper explores what the first global stocktake (GST1) under the Paris Agreement could usefully do in relation to two elements of its mandate on adaptation, namely, to review the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation, and to enhance the implementation of adaptation action. This paper also discusses potential outputs from GST1, and how they could facilitate the intended outcomes of the process on adaptation, taking into account a learning-by-doing approach. This paper highlights that a comprehensive collective assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation requires data that is currently not available for various reasons. Nonetheless, this paper finds that the GST’s ability to incorporate learning and its scope for continuous improvement provides an important opportunity to develop, apply and refine approaches and methodologies over time to better address the GST’s mandate on adaptation in subsequent cycles. The paper concludes that the GST1 process could help to inform and enhance Parties’ adaptation efforts by identifying priority data needs and gaps, increasing understanding of different approaches to assessing adaptation actions, identifying enabling factors for effective adaptation, and building linkages with parallel processes including on the Global Goal on Adaptation. In this way, the GST1 could play an important role in helping to set a foundation for improved approaches and data on adaptation over time that can feed into future GSTs and support the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement.
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.173
    Keywords: Ernährungssicherung ; Ernährung ; Ernährungspolitik ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: A shift towards healthier diets is expected to address the challenge of providing food security and nutrition for a growing global population. This report explores whether such a shift would also have positive effects on the other two challenges food systems face: supporting livelihoods for those working along the food supply chain and contributing to environmental sustainability. The report finds that aligning diets with World Health Organisation guidelines on sugar and fat consumption would have the expected positive effect on nutrition and food security, and would also positively affect environmental sustainability. The effect on livelihoods along the food value chain, however, would overall be negative. The magnitude of the trade-offs and synergies are greater when fat consumption is reduced, as opposed to sugar consumption, because actual consumption levels of fat are further away from WHO recommendations.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Epidemie ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: International trade plunged in 2020 but recovered sharply in 2021. While total trade flows are now comfortably above pre-pandemic levels, trade impacts across specific goods, services and trade partners are highly diverse, creating pressures on specific sectors and supply chains. The changes in the trade structure caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in a single year was of a similar magnitude to changes otherwise typically seen over 4-5 years. Substantial imbalances across trade partners and products remained at the end of 2021, and not all of the accumulated losses from the earlier steep declines were recuperated. The heterogeneity of trade impacts and changes in trade flows across products, sources and destinations signifies high uncertainty and adjustment costs, and implies additional incentives for consumers, firms and governments to adopt new — or to intensify existing — risk mitigation strategies.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789264862739 , 9789264593220 , 9789264592674
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (319 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Prévention de l’utilisation abusive des conventions fiscales – Quatrième rapport d’examen par les pairs sur le chalandage fiscal : Cadre inclusif sur le BEPS : Action 6
    Keywords: Doppelbesteuerung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Welt ; Taxation
    Abstract: Under the BEPS Action 6 minimum standard on treaty shopping, members of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS have committed to strengthen their tax treaties by implementing anti-abuse measures. This report reflects the outcome of the fourth peer review of the implementation of the BEPS Action 6 minimum standard on treaty shopping. It includes the aggregate results of the review and data on tax treaties concluded by each of the 139 members of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS on 31 May 2021, and also contains the jurisdictional section for each member. This is the first peer review process governed by a revised peer review methodology.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789264687844
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (159 p.)
    Keywords: Gründungsförderung ; Energietechnik ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: This report highlights recent initiatives to inspire policy action at a time when innovation leadership by the public and private sectors is critical to meeting the net zero challenge. Countries around the world strive to become home to the next major company emerging from a start-up with a disruptive clean energy invention, and with good reason. Whilst aiding innovation in support of climate and energy goals, nurturing innovative start-ups to maturity can also create local economic prosperity because clean energy transitions will be a major market opportunity for all countries, all century long. Already, the number of government policy measures to help start-ups get new clean energy technologies to market has risen sharply since the Paris Agreement was signed in 2015. This is extremely encouraging given that energy technology start-ups continue to face challenges attracting patient capital and governments possess some unique resources to speed them through the phases to reach technical maturity while staying in business. Based on 14 detailed case studies and in-depth interviews, this report presents a range of impressive policy measures from a variety of different country contexts, and identifies eight key insights for effective policy to support clean energy start-ups.
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2022/01
    Keywords: Internationale Klimapolitik ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper explores modalities, enablers, and political moments that could help to translate the outputs of the global stocktake (GST) into an outcome that informs and enhances national and international actions as intended in the Paris Agreement. How to move from the collective outputs of the GST to desired outcomes is critical but not straightforward. Drawing on lessons learnt from previous international assessment and review processes under the UNFCCC and beyond, this paper sets out insights on modalities, outputs and enabling factors that could help ensure the GST leads to action on the ground. The paper concludes that achieving the outcomes of the GST requires a well-designed process that effectively engages Parties and non-Party stakeholders in separate but sequenced technical and political discussion tracks. The paper also finds that specific, actionable outputs that target different actors can facilitate subsequent follow-up. The paper identifies different enabling factors that could support the translation of GST outputs formulated at the collective level into national processes to update and enhance actions and support. It also highlights the importance of leveraging different political moments and building linkages with parallel processes, both within and outside the UNFCCC context, to maintain momentum on the GST and ensure operational action follows over time so that collective efforts are in line with the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264382862 , 9789264724822 , 9789264859234
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Talent Abroad
    Keywords: Auswanderung ; Internationale Migration ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Ghana ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Ghana ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: In recent years, Ghana has undergone major economic, social and political transformations. Given the significant emigration of the Ghanaian population and the recognition of the contributions of the diaspora, Ghanaian authorities are seeking to better understand this pool of talent residing abroad, which has great potential to contribute to the economic and social development of Ghana. This review provides the first comprehensive portrait of the Ghanaian diaspora in OECD countries. By profiling Ghanaian emigrants, this review aims to strengthen knowledge about this community and thus help to consolidate the relevance of the policies deployed by Ghana towards its emigrants.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Forum on Tax Administration
    Keywords: KMU ; Steuerpolitik ; Welt ; Taxation ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: This report looks at how new developments in tax technology can make it easier for SMEs to comply with their tax obligations, leading to reduced burdens on business and increased compliance rates. In addition to a number of examples from tax administrations, the report also highlights two detailed case studies. The report was developed by the Netherlands’ Tax Administration with the support of the Forum on Tax Administration’s Community of Interest on SMEs.
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.263
    Keywords: Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Handelsliberalisierung ; WTO-Recht ; Coronavirus ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: Trade facilitation measures are key in offsetting some of the time and cost increases experienced by firms and consumers against a backdrop of continued supply chain disruptions. Through the lens of the updated OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators (TFIs), this paper assesses progress and challenges in trade facilitation reforms, including as these relate to the implementation of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement. Since 2019, most progress occurred in improving the availability of trade-related information, simplifying documentary requirements, and automating and streamlining procedures. The TFIs also show significant gaps between the establishment of regulatory frameworks for trade facilitation and operational practices across all areas covered. Confirming digital trade facilitation measures introduced during the COVID-19 crisis can help close these gaps. There is also scope to build on COVID-19 border agency co-operation structures, and international co-operation more broadly, to enhance crisis responsiveness and resilience.
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.131
    Keywords: Schiffbau ; Welt ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The past two decades have seen steady growth in global ship deliveries by countries that are not members of the OECD Council Working Party on Shipbuilding (WP6). Non-WP6 economies made up 47.4% of worldwide deliveries in 2021, mostly driven by the rapid growth of Chinese ship completions that reached a share of 41.1% of global completions. This report presents information on shipbuilding market developments in eleven of the largest non-WP6 shipbuilding economies and provides an overview of their support measures to the sector.
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9789264910591
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (126 p.)
    Keywords: Photovoltaik ; Sonnenenergie ; Lieferkette ; Globalisierung ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: Solar PV is a crucial pillar of clean energy transitions worldwide, underpinning efforts to reach international energy and climate goals. Over the last decade, the amount of solar PV deployed around the world has increased massively while its costs have declined drastically. Putting the world on a path to reaching net zero emissions requires solar PV to expand globally on an even greater scale, raising concerns about security of manufacturing supply for achieving such rapid growth rates – but also offering new opportunities for diversification. This special report examines solar PV supply chains from raw materials all the way to the finished product, spanning the five main segments of the manufacturing process: polysilicon, ingots, wafers, cells and modules. The analysis covers supply, demand, production, energy consumption, emissions, employment, production costs, investment, trade and financial performance, highlighting key vulnerabilities and risks at each stage. Because diversification is one of the key strategies for reducing supply chain risks, the report assesses the opportunities and challenges of developing solar PV supply chains in terms of job creation, investment requirements, manufacturing costs, emissions and recycling. Finally, the report summarises policy approaches that governments have taken to support domestic solar PV manufacturing and provides recommendations based on those.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264815537 , 9789264986565 , 9789264911031
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Moral tributaria II : Construir la confianza entre administraciones tributarias y grandes empresas
    Keywords: Steuermoral ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Finanzverwaltung ; Vertrauen ; Steuerpolitik ; Welt ; Taxation ; Development
    Abstract: The issue of trust between Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) and tax administrations is a vital part of the tax system, but relatively little studied. Building on previous OECD research on tax morale, which measures taxpayer perceptions and attitudes towards paying and evading taxes, this report presents new data on how tax administrations perceive MNE behaviour towards tax compliance. With a particular focus on the challenges facing developing countries, this report brings together this data with previous data on MNE perceptions, and the outcomes of a series of regional roundtables on tax morale held between tax administrations and MNEs. Having identified a number of challenges around trust, transparency and openness, the report sets out a range of approaches to help build trust, improve communications, and build more effective relationships between taxpayers and tax administrations.
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.13
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Kapitalanlage ; Impact Investment ; OECD-Staaten ; Nachhaltige Kapitalanlage ; Impact Investment ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: While sustainable finance approaches are increasingly used by financial market participants, a number of challenges still undermine and hinder the efficient mobilisation of capital to support environmental, social and governance (ESG), and climate-related objectives. These challenges include limited transparency and comparability of climate transition and ESG methodologies and metrics. This document provides guidance for policy makers and market participants seeking to strengthen ESG investing and finance a climate transition through the use of quality metrics, ratings, targets and frameworks.
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Internationale Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Steuervergünstigung ; Körperschaftsteuer ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Taxation
    Abstract: In October 2021, the international community agreed a landmark deal on the two-pillar solution to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation and the globalisation of the economy. As part of this plan, Pillar Two establishes a global minimum effective corporate tax rate of 15% for large multinational enterprises (MNEs) which has important implications for the use of tax incentives around the world. This report, prepared at the request of the Indonesian G20 Presidency, provides a number of concrete considerations for countries to take into account as they prepare for the implementation of Pillar Two. Wherever tax incentives drive an MNE’s effective tax rate (ETR) in a jurisdiction below 15%, the MNE would potentially be subject to top-up taxes under the GloBE Rules, a core component of Pillar Two. These rules may have an impact on the effectiveness of certain tax incentives. Therefore, the design of tax incentives will require careful reconsideration in a post-Pillar Two environment. The report considers the existing use of tax incentives in developed and developing countries, analyses key provisions of the GloBE Rules and shows how they may impact different types of tax incentives differently. The report concludes with policy considerations for countries.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264664500 , 9789264474482 , 9789264907324
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1137 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Internationale Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Jahresabschluss ; Informationsverbreitung ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Taxation
    Abstract: The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is a multilateral framework for tax transparency and information sharing, within which over 160 jurisdictions participate on an equal footing. The Global Forum monitors and peer reviews the implementation of the international standards of Exchange of Information on Request (EOIR) and Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI). AEOI provides for the automatic exchange of a predefined set of financial account information between tax authorities on an annual basis to assist them in ensuring the correct amount of tax is paid. To ensure the AEOI standard is fully effective, the Global Forum carries out a review of each jurisdiction’s domestic and international legal frameworks to ensure they are complete, as well as a review of the effectiveness of their implementation of the standard in practice. This report presents the latest conclusions of the peer reviews of the legal frameworks put in place by each jurisdiction to implement the AEOI standard. The results relate to the more than 100 jurisdictions that committed to commence AEOI by 2020. It also contains, for the first time, the results of the Global Forum’s initial peer reviews in relation to the effectiveness in practice of the implementation of the standard.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789264457126
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (115 p.)
    Keywords: Strommarkt ; Energiepolitik ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Strompreis ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: Achieving net zero emissions by 2050 will require a significant reduction in electricity sector emissions, with around half of these coming from systems that currently have liberalised electricity markets. In order to support a rapid decarbonisation of power systems, the design of these markets will need to evolve to ensure that they maximise the value delivered by existing and new low-carbon technologies. When policymakers design electricity markets, they need to consider the interactions between all parts of the market including wholesale, retail and capacity markets. At the same time, it is essential to ensure synergies with low-carbon investment frameworks and other decarbonisation policies. This report identifies key principles for designing different parts of the market based on evidence from electricity markets globally and provides actionable guidelines to help policy makers match decarbonisation pledges with actions. With short-term wholesale markets as the starting point for generating efficient price signals, the report systematically considers the different parts of electricity markets, perspectives for integrating technologies such as distributed resources and storage, and how the design process fits with other decarbonisation policies and system planning. The principles derived from this analysis provide policy makers with market design tools in the context of new technologies and low-carbon transitions.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264603936 , 9789264322394 , 9789264686793
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (160 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Weltraumtechnik ; Telekommunikationsnetz ; Risiko ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Environment
    Abstract: Society’s dependence on space infrastructure is at a critical juncture. Public and private actors worldwide are planning to launch tens of thousands of satellites into Earth’s orbit in the next five years. This will greatly expand and enrich the use of space resources, but it will also result in more crowded orbits and greater risk of damage from satellite collision and space debris. As satellite launches continue to multiply and concerns grow, the long-term sustainability of space-based infrastructure on orbit and beyond is set to emerge as an increasingly important space policy issue of the 21st century. This publication takes stock of the growing socio-economic dependence of our modern societies on space assets, and the general threats to space-based infrastructure from debris in particular. Notably, it provides fresh insights into the value of space-based infrastructure and the potential costs generated by space debris, drawing on new academic research developed especially for the OECD project on the economics of space sustainability.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.35
    Keywords: Mittelstandsfinanzierung ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Welt ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Addressing the climate crisis requires the net zero transition of millions of SMEs globally. SMEs have a significant aggregate environmental footprint and need to adopt cleaner business models. As eco-entrepreneurs and eco-innovators, they also have a key role to play in devising innovative climate solutions. Access to finance is essential for SME investments in net zero, but small businesses face considerable challenges in tapping into the growing pool of sustainable finance. This challenge is likely to grow as financial institutions seek to comply with mandatory environmental reporting requirements. This policy paper examines the sustainable finance landscape for SMEs, the various actors in the ecosystem and the key drivers and barriers affecting the supply of and demand for sustainable finance. It provides an overview of the key policies and instruments in place to support SME access to sustainable finance and identifies considerations for future public support and policy making.
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.206
    Keywords: Artenschutz ; Subvention ; Umweltschutz ; Welt ; Environment
    Abstract: Despite calls for the reform of incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity, including under the Convention on Biological Diversity and its 2011-2020 Aichi Targets, very few countries to date have undertaken what is considered the first step in this process, namely, to identify and assess the types and magnitudes of any incentives in place at the national level which are harmful for biodiversity or the environment more broadly. This paper begins with a brief literature review on subsidies harmful to biodiversity, followed by a detailed review and comparison of the existing national level studies to identify and assess subsidies and other incentives harmful to biodiversity or the environment. The report concludes with guidance and good practice insights to identify and assess subsidies and other incentives harmful to biodiversity, at national level.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (165 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Länderfinanzen ; Gemeindefinanzen ; Finanzausgleich ; Finanzbeziehungen ; Welt ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Development ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Better understanding multi-level governance frameworks and the scale of subnational government fiscal space can help countries cope with the different crisis and shocks, including the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's aggression against Ukraine, but also address megatrends and persistent and long-standing spatial disparities. Increasing the knowledge on multi-level governance and subnational finance is also key to implement and monitor the Sustainable Development Goals. After two previous editions in 2016 and 2019, the OECD-UCLG World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment (SNG-WOFI) has become the largest international knowledge repository on subnational government structure and finance ever produced. It provides reliable and comparable information on multi-level governance frameworks, decentralisation and territorial reforms, subnational government responsibilities, fiscal decentralisation, and covers dozens of indicators on subnational expenditure, investment, revenue and debt. The 2022 synthesis report presents internationally comparable data and analysis for 135 countries and provides insights into ways to strengthen the resilience of subnational public finance. It also offers a specific focus on the impact of the pandemic on subnational governments, the territorial dimension of recovery plans, property taxation systems, innovative subnational budgeting practices, subnational public-private partnerships, and a special chapter dedicated to 31 Least Developed Countries.
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.19
    Keywords: Anti-Korruption ; Compliance-Management ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Coronavirus ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper assesses the impact of crises, in particular the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing economic crisis, on anti-corruption compliance objectives, resources and operations. It evaluates whether the crisis generated challenges or opportunities for businesses in the area of anti-corruption compliance, and whether it led to long-term, structural changes. The paper offers recommendations for companies to improve their responses to corruption risks during times of crisis, and for governments to better support companies in this context.
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (73 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Internationale Klimapolitik ; Welt ; Economics ; Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: In spite of progress made to date and the significant long-term ambition announced by many countries, climate policy actions remain insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement objectives. While several international initiatives aim to track and monitor climate policies, there is not yet a “go to” place for a comprehensive inventory of policy actions and best practices worldwide. Such a platform would also ideally serve to compare policies’ effectiveness reflecting the diversity of country circumstances. Progress in this direction would help to promote an ambitious but globally more coherent and better-coordinated approach to emission reductions through a broad range of policies. This report lays out a roadmap for data and analytical work to support this aim, with a view to enhancing global dialogue and building trust on issues spanning climate change mitigation policies and their macro-economic repercussions. Key elements to strengthen the assessment and comparison of countries’ climate change mitigation policies across countries include: broadening and deepening the stocktaking of mitigation policies; extending and agreeing on an operational methodology for estimating the impact of these policies on emissions and on potential metrics to compare them; and assessing the broader economic effects of different climate policies.
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  • 42
    ISBN: 9789264663879
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Keywords: Energietechnik ; Forschungsfinanzierung ; Öffentliche Investition ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: A wide range of countries make efforts to track their entire national public energy research, development and demonstration (RD&D) activity on an ongoing basis, also sharing the collected data with the IEA through a standardised template. However, the approaches adopted to collect data vary significantly across countries. This roadmap describes the variety of country approaches, also identifying the most important common components: the institutional arrangements; the methods for collecting, classifying and validating the data; the data management and technology processes; and, finally, the dissemination. It is intended not only as a guide for countries near the beginning of their journeys towards the collection of energy RD&D, but also for countries with more advanced systems looking to strengthen specific areas. The roadmap is the product of interviews held with representatives of 20 governments between November 2021 and March 2022, and it is indebted to their generosity in sharing their experiences with tracking national energy RD&D spending. Case studies based on the interviews are used to highlight noteworthy methods, while complete national systems descriptions are included in the annex. It is hoped that this publication will serve as a reference and inspiration for experts in this important area of tracking clean energy transitions and that new experiences can be added in the future.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264563865 , 9789264657458 , 9789264913844
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Carbon Pricing and Energy Taxation
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Tarification des émissions de gaz à effet de serre : Passer des objectifs climatiques à l’action en faveur du climat
    Keywords: Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Klimapolitik ; Klimaschutz ; Energiesteuer ; Ökosteuer ; Subvention ; Welt ; Energy ; Taxation ; Environment
    Abstract: Accelerating the transition to net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is urgently required to contain the risks of climate change. As countries seek to reduce GHG emissions, they can employ or reform a wide range of policy instruments. This report tracks how explicit carbon prices, energy taxes and subsidies have evolved between 2018 and 2021. This is an important subset of the policy instruments available to governments. All instruments considered in this report either directly change the cost of emitting GHG or change electricity prices. Reforming these instruments could help to meet climate targets, lead to cleaner air and water, and improve public finances. The report covers 71 countries, which together account for approximately 80% of global GHG emissions and energy use. Explicit carbon prices, as well as energy taxes and subsidies are detailed by country, sector, product and instrument. The use of a common methodology ensures comparability across countries. Summary indicators facilitate cross-country comparisons and allow policy makers and the public to keep track of progress made and identify opportunities for reform.
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.108
    Keywords: Verkehrsunfall ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Stadtverkehr ; Welt ; Transport
    Abstract: This report tracks the progress in reducing the number of road traffic fatalities and serious injuries in cities between 2010 and 2020. It presents traffic safety data collected in 32 cities participating in the ITF Safer City Streets network and compares trends in urban and national road safety. It provides indicators for the risk of traffic death for different road user groups that permits benchmarking of road safety outcomes.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264534544
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (191 p.)
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Energieversorgung ; Resilienz ; Investition ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Growing climate change is putting global energy security at risk, threatening the reliable supply of fuels and resources. Climate change directly affects every aspect of the energy system, from the extraction, processing and transport of fuels and minerals, to the potential, efficiency and reliability of power generation, to the physical resilience of energy infrastructure, as well as impacting energy demand patterns. According to most scenarios, climate change disruptions are likely to increase in magnitude in the coming decades. A comprehensive understanding of climate effects on energy supply and demand is crucial to strengthening the resilience of energy systems. This report provides a comprehensive overview of the climate impacts and hazards facing energy systems, with projections up to the end of the 21st century. It also presents effective measures for energy suppliers, consumers and public authorities to enhance climate resilience, with cost-benefit analysis proving that investments in climate resilience bring long-term benefits.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264540392 , 9789264922709 , 9789264354654
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (90 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Klimapolitik ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment ; Development
    Abstract: This report reviews evidence that overshooting 1.5°C may push the earth over several tipping points, leading to irreversible and severe changes in the climate system. If triggered, tipping point impacts will rapidly cascade through socio-economic and ecological systems, leading to severe effects on human and natural systems and imposing important challenges for human adaptation. Of particular concern are the likely collapse of the West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets and the abrupt melting of permafrost grounds in the Arctic, which would result in additional sea-level rise and greenhouse gas releases, leading to more warming. Based on the most recent science and consultations with renowned experts, Climate Tipping Points: Insights for Effective Policy Action argues that it is no longer appropriate to consider the risk of crossing tipping points as low-probability. Overshooting 1.5°C may likely lead to irreversible and severe impacts, which must be avoided, heightening the urgency to drastically reduce emissions within this decade. The report calls for a shift in how tipping points are treated in climate policy today and provides recommendations on how climate risk management strategies can better reflect the risks of tipping points in the areas of mitigation, adaptation and technological innovation.
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Taxation Working Papers no.56
    Keywords: Grundsteuer ; Ertragsbesteuerung ; Miete ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Taxation ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: This paper measures the effective taxation of housing investments in 40 OECD member and partner countries. The paper derives both Marginal Effective Tax Rates (METRs) and Average Effective Tax Rates (AETRs), which incorporate the stream of income and taxes over the life of the housing investment. The methodology is applied to owner-occupied and rented residential property for investments that are financed with debt or equity. The paper finds that the level and components of housing taxation depend greatly on the investment scenario. Effective tax rates vary substantially depending on the holding period, rate of return, tenure (owner-occupied or rented), financing scenario, and the inflation rate. Effective tax rates do not vary much with the taxpayer’s income and wealth or with the rate of return. The paper finds there is scope to reduce the tax differential between different investment scenarios and strengthen progressivity and horizontal equity.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264782907 , 9789264818835 , 9789264560116
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (138 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Keywords: Wasserversorgung ; Finanzierung ; Wasserpolitik ; Wassermangel ; Welt ; Environment
    Abstract: This report presents a summary of the key challenges and opportunities related to financing that contributes to water security and sustainable growth distilling insights from the Roundtable on Financing Water and related analyses. It covers a broad range of water-related investments, including water and sanitation services, water resources management, agricultural water and managing water-related risks (“too much”, “too little” and “too polluted”). It summarises findings from analysis of investments needs and financing capacities, trends in development finance for water and explores how water risks generate financial impacts for corporates. The report highlights options to address the financing challenge by strengthening the enabling environment for investment, making the best use of existing sources of finance, strategic investment planning and mobilising additional finance via a range of financing approaches. Finally, the report sets out a vision for future OECD work on financing water and for the Roundtable on Financing Water.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264450042 , 9789264971158 , 9789264980082
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Politique fiscale et égalité femmes-hommes : Un bilan des approches nationales
    Keywords: Steuerpolitik ; Gleichberechtigung ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation
    Abstract: Although men and women are typically taxed under the same rules, their different social and economic characteristics (e.g. income levels or labour force participation) mean that the tax system can inadvertently contribute to gender inequalities in society. Understanding and improving the impact of taxes on gender equality is a key dimension that governments need to consider as part of tax design to support inclusive growth. This report provides the first cross-country overview of governments' approaches to tax policy and gender, including reforms undertaken to date and potential areas of explicit and implicit gender bias. Covering 43 countries, it also explores the extent to which governments take into account gender implications in policy development, gender considerations in tax administration and compliance, and the availability and use of gender-disaggregated data. Finally, it also discusses priorities for further work on tax policy and gender issues.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe グローバル・サプライチェーンの活躍:COVID-19対策に活用された三大製品の物語
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Arzneimittel ; Medizinprodukt ; Lieferkette ; Globale Wertschöpfungskette ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: The goods needed to vaccinate, protect and test during the COVID-19 pandemic are produced across many different countries. This brief tells the tale of three products ‒ vaccines, face masks and tests ‒ and highlights the role of trade in the fight against COVID-19. International markets and global supply chains played a pivotal role during the COVID-19 pandemic: first, by helping countries avail themselves of the goods needed to address the pandemic; second, by providing a means to ease temporary supply constraints; and third, by enabling access to key components to ramp up production to meet surging demand.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.01
    Keywords: Virtuelle Währung ; Institutioneller Investor ; Finanzmarkt ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This report examines institutional investor participation in markets for digital assets, including crypto-assets and decentralised finance (DeFi). It considers and tests potential drivers of growing supply and demand for such assets by institutional investors, analyses the potential for increasing interconnectedness between traditional finance (TradFi) and decentralised finance and identifies linkages between the two. The report then outlines the risks these growing markets may create, while also examining the potential benefits of the decentralisation of financial services, before putting forward policy recommendations.
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9789264713956 , 9789264849273 , 9789264467248
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Illegaler Handel ; Alkoholisches Getränk ; Alkohol ; Kriminalität ; Gesundheitswesen ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: Trade in illicit alcohol products is an attractive target for organised crime, as both the market and potential profits are large, in some cases requiring little investment. The illicit alcohol trade not only fuels criminal networks, but also poses significant risks to public health and safety. This report structures and enhances existing evidence on illicit alcohol trade. It examines the nature and scope of illicit trade in the sector, assesses the impacts of illicit trade on socio-economic development, and identifies the factors driving illicit trade in the sector.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264433205 , 9789264417298 , 9789264361591
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Corporate Governance
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Corporate Governance ; Welt ; Governance
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of the main trends and issues related to the implications of climate change for corporate governance. It focuses on economic, legal and accounting issues related to shareholder rights, corporate disclosure and the responsibilities of company boards. Importantly, this report informs the ongoing review of the G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance which help policy makers evaluate and improve the legal, regulatory and institutional framework for corporate governance.
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Krieg ; Kriegsfolgen ; Internationaler Finanzmarkt ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Ukraine
    Abstract: This report assesses the immediate impact of Russia’s war against the people of Ukraine on global financial markets, and the continuing potential for spillovers into those markets. While the war has not yet caused a number of existing vulnerabilities to fully crystallise, high levels of uncertainty remain, driven by heightened geopolitical tensions. The report reviews a range of interrelated channels which could transmit shocks from Russia’s war to global financial markets, from direct exposures across sectors, to the effects of higher commodity prices, and impacts on investor sentiment. In doing so, it underlines areas within the financial system where enhanced scrutiny from supervisors and policy makers may be necessary to manage the elevated risks arising from the war going forward.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264641938 , 9789264643420 , 9789264913899
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Borba protiv transnacionalnog podmićivanja u Hrvatskoj: Procjena pravnog i političkog okvira
    Keywords: Anti-Korruption ; Kroatien ; Welt ; Governance ; Croatia ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: This report assesses Croatia’s legal and policy framework for fighting transnational bribery based on the criteria applied to countries seeking accession to the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. The report analyses Croatia’s criminal legislation and sanctions applicable to individuals and legal entities that commit bribery. It also examines Croatia’s track record in the investigation and prosecution of corruption offences and the overall enforcement framework. Rules on international co-operation, such as mutual legal assistance and extradition, and the non-tax deductibility of bribes are also examined. For each area of analysis, the report identifies areas for improvement and provides recommendations.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.12
    Keywords: Kriegsfolgen ; Versicherungsmarkt ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This note assesses the immediate impact of Russia’s large-scale aggression against Ukraine on global insurance markets. It addresses direct impacts of the war on the industry, such as losses arising in certain specialty lines and restrictions on the provision of insurance services, and indirect impacts, such as increased macroeconomic and financial market volatility, that in turn affects insurers.
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers no.27
    Keywords: Eigentümerstruktur ; Unternehmenskonzentration ; Corporate Governance ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This working paper documents the trends in the ownership structures of listed companies around the world and the rise in ownership concentration. It identifies three major trends in corporate ownership: the dominance of company group structures, in particular in a number of emerging markets; the growth of state ownership through various state controlled investors; and the re concentration of ownership in the hands of large institutional investors, in particular investors that follow passive index investment strategies. The paper also discusses the implications for corporate governance of corporate ownership by private companies, states and institutional investors in global public equity markets.
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789264506800 , 9789264947979 , 9789264821576
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (188 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: Successive crises including COVID-19, Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the climate emergency are exacerbating inequalities between and within countries and stifling progress to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement. While developed countries deployed historic stimulus packages to build back better, developing countries lacked fiscal and monetary buffers to respond. Countries with the fewest resources face challenging trade-offs between short-term rescue and long-term financing for a sustainable recovery. The SDG financing gap in developing countries grew due to a drop in available resources called upon in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda coupled with rising financing needs. Official Development Assistance (ODA), or aid, played an important role to help narrow the gap, but could not do so on its own. Global crises open a window of opportunity for SDG alignment of broader resources to narrow the gap. Growing trillions in developed countries aim to reduce risks, including environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria. However, resources are not reaching the countries most in need. Urgent action is needed to remove bottlenecks for a more equitable and needs-based allocation of sustainable finance.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.15
    Keywords: Internationaler Finanzmarkt ; Öffentliche Schulden ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Financial and commodity markets have been impacted by high inflation and a deteriorating growth outlook. The necessary tightening of monetary policy has cascaded through markets, contributing to rising yields, significant asset price corrections, and rising debt costs for sovereigns, households and corporates. Existing high debt levels in these sectors raise concerns about the prospects of debt servicing. In some emerging markets, tightening financial conditions combined with weak fundamentals and large outflows could accelerate debt distress. The growing potential for broad-based credit losses could affect the resilience of various financial intermediaries, with negative impacts on credit intermediation and economic growth going forward.
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789264645271
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Getting Skills Right
    Keywords: Gesundheitsberufe ; Fachkräfte ; Qualifikation ; Berufsbildung ; Welt ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic further exacerbated the long-standing skills shortages in the health workforce across countries. Equipping health workers with the right skills is essential to respond to future health crises, to prepare for increasing use of digital technologies, and to plan for demographic change. This joint report by the OECD and ILO aims to enable more resilient health workforces by helping countries to assess future demand in terms of both numbers of health workers and skills needs, and to prepare appropriate policy responses. The report provides a comparative overview of practices in 16 countries to anticipate future skill needs in the health workforce, and of how such information is used by policy makers and social partners to foster a better alignment with labour market needs. Analysis is based on interviews with institutions that are responsible for anticipating skill needs in the health workforce, a virtual peer-learning workshop and desk research.
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264830172 , 9789264905757 , 9789264870628
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (120 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Multi-level Governance Studies
    Keywords: Föderalismus ; Regionalregierung ; Welt ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Governance
    Abstract: In recent decades, federal and unitary countries have increasingly adopted or deepened regional governance reforms, especially in the OECD and Europe, but also in Asia, America and to a lesser extent Africa. Approximately two-thirds of countries around the world have increased the power of regions over the last 50 years. This trend has happened in parallel with countries increasingly embedding a territorial approach into policy-making at the national and subnational levels. This process, however, does not follow a linear path. The rationale behind regional governance reforms differs from country to country, and over time, leading to a broad spectrum of governance models with varying institutional and financing arrangements. Taking stock of these trends, this report provides key data on regional governance reforms and their drivers, with a focus on the role of regions in the COVID-19 crisis response. The report also presents an innovative typology of regional governance models across OECD countries and the multi-level governance instruments that enable sound regional governance and help ensure these arrangements effectively serve their purpose.
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9798400208409 , 9798400208386
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (viii, 43 Seiten)
    Keywords: Subvention ; Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; WTO-Recht ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Strategische Handelspolitik ; Welt ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Dealing constructively with subsidies in global commerce is central to G20 leaders’ goal of reforming and strengthening the multilateral trading system. The growing use of distortive subsidies alters trade and investment flows, detracts from the value of tariff bindings and other market access commitments, and undercuts public support for open trade. Sharp differences over subsidies are contributing to global trade tensions that are harming growth and living standards. This report seeks to highlight the potential benefits of closer cooperation and considers some areas where this might be pursued constructively by governments or other international organizations. This report aims to begin a discussion within the international community on how to develop and implement such an agenda.
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers no.04
    Keywords: Blockchain ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Global Governance ; Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Blockchain technology is expected to drive digital transformation in the way businesses, governments and societies interact in the years ahead, including at an international level. This paper considers current and emerging uses of blockchain to strengthen beneficial economic ties between countries, including in trade and supply chain transparency, portable credentials for people and organisations, and business financing and capital formation. It also explores key concerns about blockchain’s impact on global rules and multilateral policy objectives, particularly around climate impacts and uses for illicit finance. The paper underscores the value of deliberate international co-operation to realise the beneficial cross-border applications of the technology and address international challenges, and highlights existing instruments and approaches, and identifies gaps and priorities, towards a more consistent and coherent international policy environment for responsible blockchain innovation.
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789264412040
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 Seiten)
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Energie ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Energiemarkt ; Welt ; Energy ; Statistik
    Abstract: Renewable electricity capacity additions broke another record in 2021 and biofuels demand almost recovered to pre-Covid levels, despite the continuation of logistical challenges and increasing prices. However, the Russian Federation’s (hereafter, “Russia”) invasion of Ukraine is sending shock waves through energy and agriculture markets, resulting in an unprecedented global energy crisis. In many countries, governments are trying to shelter consumers from higher energy prices, reduce dependence on Russian supplies and are proposing policies to accelerate the transition to clean energy technologies. Renewable energy has great potential to reduce prices and dependence on fossil fuels in short and long term. Although costs for new solar PV and wind installations have increased, reversing a decade-long cost reduction trend, natural gas, oil and coal prices have risen much faster, therefore actually further improving the competitiveness of renewable electricity. However, how rapidly renewables can substitute fossil fuels hinges on several uncertainties and will depend on many factors. Will renewable electricity sources defy this global energy crisis and continue to expand quickly despite emerging political and macroeconomic challenges? At the same time, growth in biofuels demand faces significant headwinds from both lower transport demand growth and high biofuel prices. Will demand growth resume at historical rates? In exploring the most recent market and policy developments as of April 2022, our Renewable Energy Market Update forecasts new global renewable power capacity additions and biofuel demand for 2022 and 2023. It also discusses key uncertainties and policy-related implications that may affect projections for 2023 and beyond.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264976764
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Keywords: Wärmepumpe ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: Heat pumps, powered by low-emissions electricity, are the central technology in the global transition to secure and sustainable heating. This report, provides an outlook for heat pumps, identifying key opportunities to accelerate their deployment. It also highlights the major barriers and policy solutions, and explores the implications of an accelerated uptake of heat pumps for energy security, consumers’ energy bills, employment and efforts to tackle climate change.Around 10% of space heating needs globally were met by heat pumps in 2021, but the pace of installation is growing rapidly with sales at record levels. Government policy support is needed, though, to help consumers overcome heat pumps’ higher upfront costs relative to alternatives. Financial incentives for heat pumps are already available in over 30 countries, which together cover more than 70% of heating demand today. The IEA estimates heat pumps globally have the potential to reduce global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by at least 500 million tonnes in 2030 – equal to the annual CO2 emissions of all cars in Europe today.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Pensionskasse ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung ; Private Altersvorsorge ; Portfolio-Management ; Welt ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The scope of this report covers 88 public and private pension funds from 39 countries. This survey is based on a qualitative questionnaire sent directly to large pension funds and public pension reserve funds. It covers the infrastructure investment made by large pension funds and public pension reserve funds, but also their approach to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors. It helps provide detailed investment information and insights which complement the aggregated data on portfolio investments gathered by the OECD at a national level through the Global Pension Statistics and Global Insurance Statistics projects.
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9789264404472
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (427 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Pratiques fiscales dommageables – Rapports d’examen par les pairs relatifs à l’échange de renseignements sur les décisions fiscales de 2021 (version abrégée) : Cadre Inclusif sur le BEPS : Action 5
    Keywords: Gewinnverlagerung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; Steuervermeidung ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Welt ; Taxation
    Abstract: Under the BEPS Action 5 minimum standard, members of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) have committed to counter harmful tax practices with a focus on improving transparency. One part of the Action 5 minimum standard is the transparency framework for compulsory spontaneous exchange of information on certain tax rulings. The exchange on tax rulings is a critical tool in improving access of tax administrations to information relevant to assess the corporate tax affairs of their taxpayers and to efficiently tackle tax avoidance and other BEPS risks. Over 135 countries and jurisdictions participate in the Inclusive Framework on BEPS and take part in the peer review process to assess their compliance with the transparency framework. Specific terms of reference and a methodology have been agreed for the peer reviews, focusing the assessment on five key elements: information gathering process, exchange of information, confidentiality of the information received, statistics on the exchanges on rulings, and transparency on certain aspects of intellectual property regimes. This report reflects the outcome of the sixth annual peer review of the implementation of the Action 5 minimum standard.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264403376
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (173 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Policy Studies
    Keywords: Gesundheitspolitik ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Betriebliches Gesundheitsmanagement ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Policies to promote employee health and well-being not only protect from occupational risks, but also provide benefits for individuals and employers. Unhealthy lifestyles, characterised by high levels of stress, sedentary behaviour and poor eating habits, affect the health of employees and negatively impact workplace productivity. Governments play a key role in promoting health and well-being in the workplace. This report analyses policy levers used by governments to incentivise employers to promote health and well-being at work in ten countries, including G7 countries and OECD countries in the Asia/Pacific region. These include regulation, financial incentives, guidelines, and certification and award schemes. The report also explores how governments can facilitate Environmental, Social and Governance investment to encourage health promotion at work.
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.110
    Keywords: Artenvielfalt ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Development ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the main trends in development finance with biodiversity-related objectives for the period 2011 to 2020, using available OECD statistical data, from various sources. The resources covered are: Official Development Assistance and non-concessional development finance, both bilateral and multilateral, from members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) as well as non-members, including South-South and Triangular Co-operation; private finance mobilised by public interventions; and private philanthropy. In addition, this paper assesses financing provided by bilateral DAC members that are Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, looking at how they fared collectively against the Aichi Target 20 on development finance. The paper was prepared by the DAC ENVIRONET Secretariat, with inputs from the OECD Environment Directorate, and with guidance from a group of DAC members.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264883949 , 9789264437760 , 9789264436831
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Chemieindustrie ; Wettbewerbsrecht ; Sicherheit ; Regulierung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Welt ; Governance
    Abstract: This report showcases international regulatory co-operation (IRC) in the areas of competition law and chemical safety. These two studies – covering very different subjects – are rare examples of areas where complex legal and institutional frameworks have been created at the domestic and/or international level to ensure effective IRC. The competition case study focuses on international co-operation for law enforcement, surveying the range of tools and methods countries can use to address international antitrust concerns, as well as the challenges involved. The chemical safety case study reviews the OECD Environment, Health and Safety Programme and provides concrete evidence of the monetary and health benefits of its “mutual acceptance of data” system related to chemical safety. These case studies are evidence of both the importance and the complexity of frameworks that enable IRC to help solve common problems across jurisdictions.
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.110
    Keywords: Ökosteuer ; Schifffahrt ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Welt ; Transport ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This report reviews the effectiveness of carbon pricing, how it might be applied to the shipping sector and with what effects. It also evaluates recent proposals by countries to introduce a price on shipping’s carbon emissions and examines related policy issues.
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