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  • 2005-2009  (27)
  • 2005  (27)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (27)
  • Dordrecht : Springer
  • Hoboken : Taylor and Francis
  • Finance and Financial Sector Development  (27)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Doing Business in 2006 : Creating Jobs (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821357492 , 9780821364345 , 9780821357491
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (189 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Doing Business
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Doing Business in 2006 is the third in a series of annual reports investigating regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. This edition provides analysis on those regulations that help create jobs and those that deter it. New quantitative indicators on business regulations and their enforcement can be compared across 150 countries - from Albania to Zimbabwe - and over time. Doing Business in 2006 updates the indicators presented in previous reports: on starting a business, hiring and firing workers, getting licenses, getting credit, protecting investors, enforcing contracts, and closing a business. Two news sets of measures are added, on paying taxes and trading across borders. The indicators are used to analyze economic and social outcomes, such as productivity, investment, informality, corruption, unemployment and poverty, and identify what reforms have worked, where and why
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Choosing Formulas for Market Access Negotiation : Efficiency and Market Access Considerations (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Manole, Vlad Choosing Formulas for Market Access Negotiation
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Debt Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import Volumes ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Market Access ; Market Access Concessions ; Member Countries ; Multilateral Negotiations ; Multilateral Trade Negotiations ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Trade ; Set of Tariffs ; Trade Policy ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Debt Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import Volumes ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Market Access ; Market Access Concessions ; Member Countries ; Multilateral Negotiations ; Multilateral Trade Negotiations ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Trade ; Set of Tariffs ; Trade Policy ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Debt Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import Volumes ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Market Access ; Market Access Concessions ; Member Countries ; Multilateral Negotiations ; Multilateral Trade Negotiations ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Trade ; Set of Tariffs ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: An important issue in multilateral trade negotiations is the approach taken to reduce tariffs. François, Martin, and Manole believe that there are important advantages in formula approaches and survey a range of options between the sharply top-down Swiss formula and proportional cuts in tariffs. Over the range the authors consider, they find that the economic efficiency impacts for the importer are not greatly influenced by the extent to which higher tariffs face bigger cuts. However, top-down approaches appear to be more effective in reducing tariff escalation, and provide greater market access gains to poor countries. This paper is a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    China's Employment Challenges and Strategies after the WTO Accession (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zeng, Douglas Zhihua China's Employment Challenges and Strategies after the WTO Accession
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Employment Generation ; Employment Growth ; Employment Situation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Laid-Off Workers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Private Sector ; Producing Goods ; Return ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Employment Generation ; Employment Growth ; Employment Situation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Laid-Off Workers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Private Sector ; Producing Goods ; Return ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Employment Generation ; Employment Growth ; Employment Situation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Laid-Off Workers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Private Sector ; Producing Goods ; Return ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Although China has made impressive progress in economic development and improving social well-being, it is facing many daunting challenges while transforming toward a knowledge and service-based economy and further opening up to international competition after its WTO accession in the context of knowledge revolution. One of the biggest challenges is how to create 100–300 million new jobs in the coming decade to absorb the millions of laid-offs, rural emigrants, and newly added labor force. China has been successful in building high-technology parks and information and communications technology (ICT) industries, but they are limited in terms of employment generation, while most of the traditional labor-intensive industries are losing competitiveness due to low productivity. To combat the unprecedented employment challenge, China must implement a systemic and sustained strategy, which may consist of the following policy thrusts: encouraging the private sector; promoting small and medium enterprises; expanding the service sector; reforming the state-owned enterprises; strengthening the social security system; improving labor market flexibility; and establishing mass retraining programs. This paper—a product of the Knowledge for Development Division, World Bank Institute—is part of a larger effort in the institute to provide country-focused knowledge services for client countries
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Role of Factoring For Financing Small And Medium Enterprises (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Klapper, Leora The Role of Factoring For Financing Small And Medium Enterprises
    Keywords: Bank ; Banking Law ; Bankruptcy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collateralization ; Collection Services ; Credit Risk ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Factoring ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Systems ; Interest ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banking Law ; Bankruptcy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collateralization ; Collection Services ; Credit Risk ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Factoring ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Systems ; Interest ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banking Law ; Bankruptcy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collateralization ; Collection Services ; Credit Risk ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Factoring ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Systems ; Interest ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Around the world, factoring is a growing source of external financing for corporations and small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs). What is unique about factoring is that the credit provided by a lender is explicitly linked to the value of a supplier's accounts receivable and not the supplier's overall creditworthiness. Therefore, factoring allows high-risk suppliers to transfer their credit risk to their high-quality buyers. Factoring may be particularly useful in countries with weak judicial enforcement and imperfect records of upholding seniority claims because receivables are sold, rather than collateralized, and factored receivables are not part of the estate of a bankrupt SME. Empirical tests find that factoring is larger in countries with greater economic development and growth and developed credit information bureaus. In addition, the author finds that creditor rights are not related to factoring. The author also discusses reverse factoring, which is a technology that can mitigate the problem of borrowers' informational opacity in business environments with weak information infrastructures if only receivables from high-quality buyers are factored. She illustrates the case of the Nafin reverse factoring program in Mexico and highlights how the use of electronic channels and a supportive legal and regulatory environment can cut costs and provide greater SME services in emerging markets
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparative Review of Microfinance Regulatory Framework Issues In Benin, Ghana, And Tanzania (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gallardo, Joselito Comparative Review of Microfinance Regulatory Framework Issues In Benin, Ghana, And Tanzania
    Keywords: Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Banque Centrale Des Etats De L'afrique De L'ouest ; Capital Adequacy ; Cred Credit Unions ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Deepening ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Structure ; Financial Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Banque Centrale Des Etats De L'afrique De L'ouest ; Capital Adequacy ; Cred Credit Unions ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Deepening ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Structure ; Financial Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Banque Centrale Des Etats De L'afrique De L'ouest ; Capital Adequacy ; Cred Credit Unions ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Deepening ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Structure ; Financial Systems ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The authors investigate the microfinance regulatory regimes in Benin, Ghana, and Tanzania, with a view to identifying key issues and lessons on how the overall regulatory framework affects integration of microfinance institutions into the financial system. The authors find that recognizing different tiers of both regulated and unregulated institutions in a financial structure facilitates financial deepening and outreach to otherwise underserved groups in urban and rural areas. That environment promotes sustainable microfinance under shared performance standards and encourages regulatory authorities to develop appropriate prudential regulations and staff capacity. Case studies of the three countries raise important issues on promoting microfinance development vis-à-vis regulating them. Laws to regulate activities other than intermediation of public deposits into loans can result in disproportionately restrictive and unmanageable standards, even as dynamic microfinance sectors have emerged without conducive regulatory regimes. The authors use the three countries' regulatory experiences to highlight the importance of differentiating when prudential supervision is warranted and when regulatory oversight suffices, and to identify the agencies to carry out regulation. They address an important issue that has received scant attention, measuring and paying for the costs of regulating microfinance, and the need to build technical capacity of supervisory and regulatory staff
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Taking Stock of Risk Management Techniques for Sovereigns (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Claessens, Stijn Taking Stock of Risk Management Techniques for Sovereigns
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commodity Prices ; Creditworthiness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Risk ; Global Capital ; Global Capital Markets ; Instruments ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Financial Institution ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commodity Prices ; Creditworthiness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Risk ; Global Capital ; Global Capital Markets ; Instruments ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Financial Institution ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commodity Prices ; Creditworthiness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Risk ; Global Capital ; Global Capital Markets ; Instruments ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Financial Institution ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper reviews the current state of affairs and thinking on external risk management for developing countries. It tries to identify the reasons behind the limited risk management by sovereigns. Perverse incentives arising from a too generous international safety net, limited access to international financial markets by developing countries arising from low creditworthiness, a limited supply of financial risk management tools suited to developing countries, and a poor supply of skills have inhibited risk management. Another constraint has been the limited attention given to the strategic objectives for risk management. Going forward, the paper identifies actions by international financial markets, countries and international financial institutions that can help improve risk management
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    WTO Safeguards And Trade Liberalization : Lessons From The Argentine Footwear Case (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Baracat, Elias WTO Safeguards And Trade Liberalization
    Keywords: Appellate Body ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Dispute Settlement ; Dispute Settlement Body ; Dispute Settlement Mechanism ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import Relief ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Liberalization Of Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Agreements ; Policy Research ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Agreements ; Regional Integration ; Regional Integration Agreements ; Regional Trade ; Safeguard Measures ; Trade ; Trade Barriers ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Policy ; World Trade Organization ; Appellate Body ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Dispute Settlement ; Dispute Settlement Body ; Dispute Settlement Mechanism ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import Relief ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Liberalization Of Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Agreements ; Policy Research ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Agreements ; Regional Integration ; Regional Integration Agreements ; Regional Trade ; Safeguard Measures ; Trade ; Trade Barriers ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Policy ; World Trade Organization ; Appellate Body ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Dispute Settlement ; Dispute Settlement Body ; Dispute Settlement Mechanism ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import Relief ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Liberalization Of Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Agreements ; Policy Research ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Agreements ; Regional Integration ; Regional Integration Agreements ; Regional Trade ; Safeguard Measures ; Trade ; Trade Barriers ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Policy ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: The footwear case provides an example of the complexities of World Trade Organization (WTO) rules on the use of safeguards, and of the interaction of multilateral and regional processes of liberalization. As a result both of Argentina's unilateral liberalization and the removal of barriers within Mercosur, imports of footwear increased rapidly. As Mercosur provides no intra-regional safeguard mechanism, the government of Argentina responded by applying import relief and WTO safeguards against third countries. The WTO Dispute Settlement Body addressed these measures and as a consequence, Argentina dismantled most of them, leading to four main conclusions: The jurisprudence of the WTO's Appellate Body has created serious uncertainty as to when a country can use safeguards. This does not contribute to the political balance that has to be maintained when developing countries implement trade liberalization programs. In fact, it detracts from this crucial goal. It is an error to negotiate ambiguous multilateral agreements on the expectation that the WTO Dispute Settlement mechanism will clarify them. An overvalued currency heightened the industry's problems. In the case of footwear, the decline in imports following the recent devaluation was more important than that following the implementation of earlier relief measures. The political economy of liberalization also indicates the need for regional agreements to include adequate transition mechanisms that will facilitate adjustment to free trade and to maintain support for it
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Business Environment, Clustering, And Industry Location : Evidence From Indian Cities (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lall, Somik V Business Environment, Clustering, And Industry Location
    Keywords: Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Employment ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governments ; Idle Capacity ; Industry ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Laws ; Legislation ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Employment ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governments ; Idle Capacity ; Industry ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Laws ; Legislation ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Employment ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governments ; Idle Capacity ; Industry ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Laws ; Legislation ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: How do differences in the local business environment influence location of industry within countries? How do the benefits of a good business environment compare with those from good market access and agglomeration economies from industry clustering? The authors examine these questions by analyzing location decisions of individual firms. Using data from a recently completed survey of manufacturing firms in India, they find that both the local business environment and agglomeration economies significantly influence business location choices across cities. In particular, excessive regulation of labor and of other industrial activities reduces the probability of a business locating in a city. The authors ' findings imply that in order to attract industrial activity, smaller or remoter cities need to offer even more attractive policy concessions or reforms to offset the effects of their relatively adverse (economic) geography. Their methodology pays special attention to the identification of agglomeration economies in the presence of unobserved sources of natural advantage
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What determines the extent of fiscal decentralization ? : The Russian paradox (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Freinkman, Lev What determines the extent of fiscal decentralization ?
    Keywords: Autonomy ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Budgets ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Decentralization ; Fiscal Federalism ; Governance ; Governments ; Inflation ; Interest ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Land ; Local Government ; Local Government ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Urban Development ; Autonomy ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Budgets ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Decentralization ; Fiscal Federalism ; Governance ; Governments ; Inflation ; Interest ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Land ; Local Government ; Local Government ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Urban Development ; Autonomy ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Budgets ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Decentralization ; Fiscal Federalism ; Governance ; Governments ; Inflation ; Interest ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Land ; Local Government ; Local Government ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The paper provides an empirical analysis of the determinants of fiscal decentralization within Russian regions in 1994-2001. The conventional view that more decentralized governments are found in regions and countries with higher income, higher ethnolinguistic fractionalization, and higher levels of democracy is not supported by the data. This motivates a more refined analysis of the determinants of decentralization that points to the link between decentralization and the structure of regional government revenue: access to windfall revenues leads to a more centralized governance structure. The degree of decentralization also depends positively on the level of urbanization and regional size and negatively on income and general regional development indicators such as the education level
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Remittances : Transaction Costs, Determinants, And Informal Flows (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Freund, Caroline Remittances
    Keywords: Balance of Payments ; Cash Transfers ; Courier Companies ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Determinants of Remittances ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Informal Channels ; Informal Flows ; Informal Remittances ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrants ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Balance of Payments ; Cash Transfers ; Courier Companies ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Determinants of Remittances ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Informal Channels ; Informal Flows ; Informal Remittances ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrants ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Balance of Payments ; Cash Transfers ; Courier Companies ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Determinants of Remittances ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Informal Channels ; Informal Flows ; Informal Remittances ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrants ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances
    Abstract: Recorded workers 'remittances to developing countries have grown rapidly, to more than
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Product Market Regulation And Macroeconomic Performance : A Review of Cross-Country Evidence (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schiantarelli, Fabio Product Market Regulation And Macroeconomic Performance
    Keywords: Competition ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Demand Elasticity ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Inequality ; Inflation ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Power ; Market Reform ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopolies ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory Regimes ; Social Protections and Labor ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Demand Elasticity ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Inequality ; Inflation ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Power ; Market Reform ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopolies ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory Regimes ; Social Protections and Labor ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Demand Elasticity ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Inequality ; Inflation ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Power ; Market Reform ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopolies ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory Regimes ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to provide a critical overview of the recent empirical contributions that use cross-country data to study the effects of product market regulation and reform on a country's macroeconomic performance. After a brief review of the theoretical literature and of relevant micro-econometric evidence, the paper discusses the main data and methodological issues related to empirical work on this topic. It then critically evaluates the cross-country evidence on the effects of product market regulation on mark-ups, firm dynamics, investment, employment, innovation, productivity, and output growth. The paper concludes with a summary of lessons learned from the econometric results
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  • 12
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    Online Resource
    Sudan - Financial Sector Assessment Program : Technical Notes (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Banking Law ; Banking Sector ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Law and Development ; Legal Framework ; Profitability
    Abstract: The banking sector is the backbone of the Sudan's financial system and will continue to play an important role as financial intermediary and primary source of financing for the domestic economy. As of December 31, 2003, there were 26 commercial and specialized banking institutions in Sudan which comprised 23 domestic banks and 3 foreign banks. The operations of these banks are based on Islamic principles. The Sudanese financial sector is small relative to Gross domestic product (GDP), but is rapidly growing. Deposits in the banking sector currently represent a little over 10 percent of GDP, and credit to the private sector has been rapidly expanding, driven by a strong economy. At present, the banking system is small enough that a crisis would not have much immediate impact on the overall economy
    DOI: 10.1596/37379
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 13
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    Online Resource
    Deposit Insurance Around The World : A Comprehensive Database, Vol. 1 of 1 (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (81 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Demirguc-Kant, Asli Deposit Insurance Around The World
    Keywords: Bank ; Bank Failures ; Banking ; Banking Systems ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Banks ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Deposit Insurance Coverage ; Deposit Insurance Schemes ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Safety Nets ; Governments ; Guara ; Insurance Law ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Failures ; Banking ; Banking Systems ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Banks ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Deposit Insurance Coverage ; Deposit Insurance Schemes ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Safety Nets ; Governments ; Guara ; Insurance Law ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Failures ; Banking ; Banking Systems ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Banks ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Deposit Insurance Coverage ; Deposit Insurance Schemes ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Safety Nets ; Governments ; Guara ; Insurance Law ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: This paper updates the Demirgu?-Kunt and Sobaci (2001) cross-country deposit insurance database and extends it in several important dimensions. This new data set identifies both recent adopters and the ones that were not covered earlier due to a lack of data. Moreover, for the first time, it provides historical time series for several variables and adds new ones. The data were collected by surveying deposit insurance institutions and related agencies as well as through the use of various other country sources
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  • 14
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    Online Resource
    The Doha Round, Poverty, And Regional Inequality In Brazil (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (51 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Filho, Joaquim Bento de Souza Ferreira The Doha Round, Poverty, And Regional Inequality In Brazil
    Keywords: Bank ; Calculations ; Commodities ; Commodity ; Consumer ; Consumer Behavior ; Currency ; Demand ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Expenditure ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Income Increase ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Developmen ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Calculations ; Commodities ; Commodity ; Consumer ; Consumer Behavior ; Currency ; Demand ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Expenditure ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Income Increase ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Developmen ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Calculations ; Commodities ; Commodity ; Consumer ; Consumer Behavior ; Currency ; Demand ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Expenditure ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Income Increase ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Developmen ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper addresses the potential effects of the Doha round of trade negotiations on poverty and income distribution in Brazil, using an applied general equilibrium (AGE) and micro-simulation model of Brazil tailored for income distribution and poverty analysis. Of particular importance is the fact that the representative household hypothesis is replaced by a detailed representation of households. The model distinguishes 10 different labor types and has 270 different household expenditure patterns. Income can originate from 41 different production activities (which produce 52 commodities), located in 27 different regions in the country. The AGE model communicates to a micro-simulation model that has 112,055 Brazilian households and 263,938 adults. Poverty and income distribution indices are computed over the entire sample of households and persons, before and after the policy shocks. Model results show that even important trade policy shocks, such as those applied in this study, do not generate dramatic changes in the structure of poverty and income distribution in the Brazilian economy. The simulated effects on poverty and income distribution are positive, but rather small. The benefits are concentrated in the poorest households
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  • 15
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    World Bank Lending and Financial Sector Development (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cull, Robert World Bank Lending and Financial Sector Development
    Keywords: Adjustment ; Adjustment Loan ; Adjustment Loans ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrower ; Borrowers ; Borrowing ; Borrowing Countries ; Conditionality ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Adjustment and Lending ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Funds ; Grants ; Lending Programs ; Lending Rate ; Lending Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Structural Adjustment Loans ; Technical Assistance Loans ; World Bank ; World Bank Lending ; World Bank Loans ; Adjustment ; Adjustment Loan ; Adjustment Loans ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrower ; Borrowers ; Borrowing ; Borrowing Countries ; Conditionality ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Adjustment and Lending ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Funds ; Grants ; Lending Programs ; Lending Rate ; Lending Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Structural Adjustment Loans ; Technical Assistance Loans ; World Bank ; World Bank Lending ; World Bank Loans ; Adjustment ; Adjustment Loan ; Adjustment Loans ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrower ; Borrowers ; Borrowing ; Borrowing Countries ; Conditionality ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Adjustment and Lending ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Funds ; Grants ; Lending Programs ; Lending Rate ; Lending Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Structural Adjustment Loans ; Technical Assistance Loans ; World Bank ; World Bank Lending ; World Bank Loans
    Abstract: Using a new database of World Bank loans to support financial sector development, the authors investigate whether countries that received such loans experienced more rapid growth on standard indicators of financial development than countries that did not. They account for self-selection with treatment effects regressions, and also use propensity score matching techniques. The authors ' results indicate that borrowing countries had significantly more rapid growth in M2/GDP than non-borrowers, and swifter reductions in interest rate spreads and cash holdings (as a share of M2). Borrowers also had higher private credit growth rates than non-borrowers in treatment effects regressions, but not in standard panel regressions with fixed country effects. On the whole, however, the results indicate significant advantages for borrowers over non-borrowers in terms of financial development
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  • 16
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    Preference Erosion and Multilateral Trade Liberalization (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Francois, Joseph Preference Erosion and Multilateral Trade Liberalization
    Keywords: Access ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Diversification ; Export Performance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; Global Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Liberalization Of Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Preferential Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Reciprocal Basis ; Reciprocity ; Tariff ; Tariff Reductions ; Tariffs ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade Preferences ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Access ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Diversification ; Export Performance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; Global Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Liberalization Of Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Preferential Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Reciprocal Basis ; Reciprocity ; Tariff ; Tariff Reductions ; Tariffs ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade Preferences ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Access ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Diversification ; Export Performance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; Global Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Liberalization Of Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Preferential Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Reciprocal Basis ; Reciprocity ; Tariff ; Tariff Reductions ; Tariffs ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade Preferences ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: Because of concern that OECD tariff reductions will translate into worsening export performance for the least developed countries, trade preferences have proven a stumbling block to developing country support for multilateral liberalization. The authors examine the actual scope for preference erosion, including an econometric assessment of the actual utilization and the scope for erosion estimated by modeling full elimination of OECD tariffs, and hence full most-favored-nation liberalization-based preference erosion. Preferences are underutilized due to administrative burden-estimated to be at least 4 percent on average-reducing the magnitude of erosion costs significantly. For those products where preferences are used (are of value), the primary negative impact follows from erosion of EU preferences. This suggests the erosion problem is primarily bilateral rather than a WTO-based concern
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  • 17
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    Global Impacts Of Doha Trade Reform Scenarios On Poverty (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Global Impacts Of Doha Trade Reform Scenarios On Poverty
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Base Year ; Benchmark ; Constant Returns To Scale ; Consumers ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Real Income ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reforms ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Uruguay Round ; Utility ; WTO ; Wages ; Welfare ; Agriculture ; Base Year ; Benchmark ; Constant Returns To Scale ; Consumers ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Real Income ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reforms ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Uruguay Round ; Utility ; WTO ; Wages ; Welfare ; Agriculture ; Base Year ; Benchmark ; Constant Returns To Scale ; Consumers ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Real Income ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reforms ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Uruguay Round ; Utility ; WTO ; Wages ; Welfare
    Abstract: The authors illustrate some of the potential consequences of the World Trade Organization's Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations on incomes and poverty globally. Using the global LINKAGE model to generate changes in domestic and international prices that have a direct impact on factor incomes and consumer prices, they estimate the change in real income at the poverty line that would accompany various reform scenarios. When accompanied by additional information about the elasticity of poverty with respect to income, this provides an estimate of the change in poverty by country. Under most liberalization scenarios considered, unskilled wages rise more than average incomes, but the estimated impact on global poverty is modest, especially if developing countries are unwilling to undertake much reform
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  • 18
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    An Analysis of The 2002 Uruguayan Banking Crisis (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: de la Plaza, Luis An Analysis of The 2002 Uruguayan Banking Crisis
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Banking Crisis ; Banking Sector ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contracts ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency Mismatch ; Debt Crises ; Debt Markets ; Debt Restructuring ; Domestic Banking ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Banking Crisis ; Banking Sector ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contracts ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency Mismatch ; Debt Crises ; Debt Markets ; Debt Restructuring ; Domestic Banking ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Banking Crisis ; Banking Sector ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contracts ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency Mismatch ; Debt Crises ; Debt Markets ; Debt Restructuring ; Domestic Banking ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The authors review the series of events that led to the 2002 Uruguayan banking crisis, assess the current status of the Uruguayan banking sector, and analyze the policy responses undertaken by the Uruguayan authorities to counteract the crisis. The main conclusion from their analysis is that although the immediate trigger for the crisis was caused by contagion resulting from Argentina's financial crisis, the spread and magnification of the crisis that engulfed the Uruguayan economy was amplified by certain weaknesses of the Uruguayan economy in general, and the domestic banking sector in particular. The authors also believe that the policy responses adopted by the Uruguayan authorities were mostly adequate, allowing Uruguay to successfully counteract simultaneous banking and public debt crises. Most important, the Uruguayan authorities were able to overcome a severe crisis while preserving the necessary trust in banking contracts, achieving a high level of social stability and political cohesion, and maintaining a fluid dialogue with multilateral financial institutions and all affected parties. The cooperative and consensual approach taken by the authorities created the necessary conditions to overcome some of the important obstacles to the recovery of the domestic banking sector
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  • 19
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    Do Workers' Remittances Reduce The Probability of Current Account Reversals ? (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bugamelli, Matteo Do Workers' Remittances Reduce The Probability of Current Account Reversals ?
    Keywords: Banking System ; Capital Flows ; Capital Flows ; Capital Inflows ; Consumption ; Country of Origin ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency Crises ; Currency Depreciation ; Current Account ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; External Debt ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Remittances ; Banking System ; Capital Flows ; Capital Flows ; Capital Inflows ; Consumption ; Country of Origin ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency Crises ; Currency Depreciation ; Current Account ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; External Debt ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Remittances ; Banking System ; Capital Flows ; Capital Flows ; Capital Inflows ; Consumption ; Country of Origin ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency Crises ; Currency Depreciation ; Current Account ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; External Debt ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Remittances
    Abstract: The authors combine the literature on financial crises in emerging markets and developing economies with that on international migrations by investigating whether the increasingly large flows of workers' remittances can help reduce the probability of current account reversals. The rationale for this stands in the great stability and low cyclicality of remittances as compared with other private capital flows: these properties, combined with the fact that remittances are cheap inflows of foreign currencies, might reduce the probability that foreign investors suddenly flee out of emerging markets and developing economies and trigger a dramatic current account adjustment. The authors find that remittances can have such a beneficial effect. In particular, they show that a high level of remittances, as a ratio of GDP, makes the relationship between a decreasing stock of international reserves (over GDP) and a higher probability of current account crises less stringent. The same occurs, though less neatly, for the positive relationship between an increasing stock of external debt (over GDP) and the probability of current account reversals. The results point also to a threshold effect of remittances: the mechanisms just described are, in fact, much stronger when remittances are above 3 percent of GDP
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  • 20
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    Poverty Effects of Russia's WTO Accession : Modeling "Real" Households and Endogenous Productivity Effects (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (65 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Rutherford, Thomas F Poverty Effects of Russia's WTO Accession
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Constant Returns To Scale ; Consumption ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Distribution ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Equilibrium Prices ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Goods ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Groups ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Payment ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Constant Returns To Scale ; Consumption ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Distribution ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Equilibrium Prices ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Goods ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Groups ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Payment ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Constant Returns To Scale ; Consumption ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Distribution ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Equilibrium Prices ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Goods ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Groups ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Payment ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Rutherford, Tarr, and Shepotylo use a computable general equilibrium comparative static model of the Russian economy to assess the impact of accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on income distribution and the poor. Their model is innovative in that they incorporate all 55,000 households from the Russian Household Budget Survey as "real" households in the model. This is accomplished because they develop a new algorithm for solving general equilibrium models with a large number of agents. In addition, they include foreign direct investment and Dixit-Stiglitz endogenous productivity effects in their trade and poverty analysis. In the medium term, the authors find that virtually all households gain from Russian WTO accession, with 99.9 percent of the estimated gains falling within a range between 2 and 25 percent increases in household income. They show that their estimates are decisively affected by liberalization of barriers against foreign direct investment in business services sectors and endogenous productivity effects in business services and goods. The authors use their integrated model to assess the error associated with a "top down" approach to micro-simulation. They find that approximation errors introduced by failing to account for income effects in the conventional sequential approach are very small. However, data reconciliation between the national accounts and the household budget survey is important to the results. Despite the estimated gains for virtually all households in the medium term, many households may lose in the short term because of the costs of transition. So, safety nets are crucial for the poorest members of society during the transition. This paper—a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the impact of trade on poverty
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  • 21
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    Wage Differentials Between the Public and Private Sector in India (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Glinskaya, Elena Wage Differentials Between the Public and Private Sector in India
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Human Capital ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Job Security ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Management ; Private Sector ; Private Sectors ; Public Sector Jobs ; Public Sectors ; Social Protections and Labor ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Human Capital ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Job Security ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Management ; Private Sector ; Private Sectors ; Public Sector Jobs ; Public Sectors ; Social Protections and Labor ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Human Capital ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Job Security ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Management ; Private Sector ; Private Sectors ; Public Sector Jobs ; Public Sectors ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The authors use 1993-94 and 1999-2000 India Employment and Unemployment surveys to investigate wage differentials between the public and private sectors as well as workers' decisions to join a particular sector. To obtain robust estimates of the wage differential, they apply three econometric techniques each relying on a different set of assumptions about the process of job selection. All three methods show that differences in wages between public sector workers and workers in the formal-private and informal-casual sectors are positive and high. Estimates show that, on average, the public sector premium ranges between 62 percent and 102 percent over the private-formal sector, and between 164 percent and 259 percent over the informal-casual sector, depending on the choice of methodology. The authors' review of wage differentials (estimated using similar methodologies) across the world shows that India has one of the largest differentials between wages of public workers and workers in the formal private sector. The wage differentials in India tend to be higher in rural as compared with urban areas, and are higher among women than among men. The wage differential also tends to be higher for low-skilled workers. There is considerable evidence of an increase in the wage differential between 1993-94 and 1999-2000
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  • 22
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    Wage Determination in Northeast Brazil (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (87 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Wage Determination in Northeast Brazil
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Resources ; Income Distribution ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Occupation ; Open Unemployment ; Paid Workers ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Real Wages ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Union Membership ; Wage Determination ; Wage Distribution ; Worker ; Workers ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Resources ; Income Distribution ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Occupation ; Open Unemployment ; Paid Workers ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Real Wages ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Union Membership ; Wage Determination ; Wage Distribution ; Worker ; Workers ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Resources ; Income Distribution ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Occupation ; Open Unemployment ; Paid Workers ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Real Wages ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Union Membership ; Wage Determination ; Wage Distribution ; Worker ; Workers
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the labor markets in the states of Pernambuco, Bahia, Ceará, and the Northeast region of Brazil. The findings show a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics on monthly wages across the wage distribution. That is, the magnitude of the affect of a wage determinant is different depending on whether the worker is placed in the lower, median or top of the wage distribution. The findings reveal that education is key. Basic schooling matters for all four geographical areas and across the income distribution. However, poor workers are awarded lower returns than their richer peers and in Bahia and Ceará, the poor do not obtain any returns to basic schooling. Furthermore, the impact of 5-8 or 9-11 years of education is larger than that of 1-4 years of completed education. The returns obtained by a median worker are higher in Ceará and Pernambuco than in Bahia. Finally, completed tertiary education offers thelargest returns of all levels of education; the median worker receives a premium of 105, 249, and 216 percent in Ceará, Pernambuco, and Bahia, respectively. Hence, one direct policy implication is to increase the quality of education, in particular in poorer neighborhoods. Experience impacts positively on wages and it is increasing with age until workers reach 50 years of age. However, returns to experience are falling significantly across the wage distribution. For the poor and younger generations, experience contributes more to wages than education. The occupation of workers is important for wage determination; all workers in the included occupational groups are paid more than workers engaged in agricultural activities. Workers employed as technicians or administrators obtain the highest returns. The white/non-white wage disparity reveals that white workers are paid 17 percent more than their non-white co-workers, taking into account other characteristics. Gender disparities are large in the Northeast and heterogeneous across the wage distribution. The time spent in the current state impacts adversely on wages. That is, those that have stayed earn, on average, less than the newcomers. There are no considerable differences between male and female workers. Union membership has a positive impact on workers wages
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  • 23
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    Evaluation of National School for Professional Technology Education in Mexico (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys Evaluation of National School for Professional Technology Education in Mexico
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Educational System ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Graduates ; Low-Income Students ; Ministry of Education ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Professional Education ; Public Universities ; Research ; School ; Schools ; Secondary Education ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Educational System ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Graduates ; Low-Income Students ; Ministry of Education ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Professional Education ; Public Universities ; Research ; School ; Schools ; Secondary Education ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Educational System ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Graduates ; Low-Income Students ; Ministry of Education ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Professional Education ; Public Universities ; Research ; School ; Schools ; Secondary Education ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: The National School for Professional Technology Education (CONALEP) is Mexico's largest and oldest technical education system. CONALEP serves low-income students at the upper-secondary school level in Mexico. The labor market performance of CONALEP graduates has been evaluated four times in the past. These evaluations have yielded encouraging results, showing that CONALEP's graduates find jobs faster and earn higher wages than similar "control" groups. In contrast, using non-experimental methods, this paper suggests that CONALEP's graduates might earn higher wages but do not find jobs faster compared with control groups
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  • 24
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    Trade Preferences to Small Developing Countries and the Welfare Costs of Lost Multilateral Liberalization (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Limao, Nuno Trade Preferences to Small Developing Countries and the Welfare Costs of Lost Multilateral Liberalization
    Keywords: Balance of Payments ; Competitive Position ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Political Economy ; Preferential Access ; Preferential Tariff ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Region ; Balance of Payments ; Competitive Position ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Political Economy ; Preferential Access ; Preferential Tariff ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Region ; Balance of Payments ; Competitive Position ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Multilateral Liberalization ; Multilateral Trade Liberalization ; Political Economy ; Preferential Access ; Preferential Tariff ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Region
    Abstract: The proliferation of preferential trade liberalization over the last 20 years has raised the question of whether it slows down multilateral trade liberalization. Recent theoretical and empirical evidence indicates this is the case even for unilateral preferences that developed countries provide to small and poor countries but there is no estimate of the resulting welfare costs. To avoid this stumbling block effect we suggest replacing unilateral preferences by a fixed import subsidy. We argue that this scheme would reduce the drag of preferences on multilateral liberalization and generate a Pareto improvement. More importantly, we provide the first estimates of the welfare cost of preferential liberalization as a stumbling block to multilateral liberalization. By combining recent estimates of the stumbling block effect of preferences with data for 170 countries and over 5,000 products we calculate the welfare effects of the United States, European Union and Japan switching from unilateral preferences to Least Developed Countries to the import subsidy scheme. Even in a model with no dynamic gains to trade we find that the switch produces an annual net welfare gain for the 170 countries (
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  • 25
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    Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia : Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC), Corporate Governance Country Assessment (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Corporate Governance Assessment
    Keywords: Access To Information ; Accountability ; Authority ; Banking Sector ; Capital Markets ; Cash Flow ; Central Bank ; Charter ; Commercial Banks ; Company ; Conflict of Interest ; Conflicts of Interests ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance and the Financial Sector ; Governance Indicators ; Industry ; National Governance
    Abstract: This report assesses Macedonia's corporate governance policy framework, and enforcement and compliance practices. It highlights recent improvements in corporate governance regulation, makes policy recommendations, and provides investors with a benchmark against which to measure corporate governance in Macedonia. The report identifies a number of key recommendations as follows. The disclosure framework should be overhauled, as part of the on-going revision of the Securities Law. Shareholders should be required to disclose all direct and indirect ownership. The law should increase authority of the Macedonian Securities and Exchange Commission (MSEC), and especially its powers to impose sanctions, while MSEC should develop a strategy to use its new authority to improve corporate governance and shareholder rights. The Macedonian Stock Exchange (MSE) should complete the process of drafting a corporate governance code, should revise its listing rules in line with the Code and the new Securities Law, and consider the development of a "corporate governance tier". The exchange should fully implement a system of electronic information dissemination
    DOI: 10.1596/8454
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 26
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    Online Resource
    How Does the Composition of Public Spending Matter? (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Paternostro, Stefano How Does the Composition of Public Spending Matter?
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Human Development ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Human Development ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Human Development ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Public spending has effects which are complex to trace and difficult to quantify. But the composition of public expenditure has become the key instrument by which development agencies seek to promote economic development. In recent years, the development assistance to heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs) has been made conditional on increased expenditure on categories that are thought to be "pro-poor". This paper responds to the growing concern being expressed about the conceptual foundations and the empirical basis for the belief that poverty can be reduced through targeted public spending. While it is widely accepted that growth and redistribution are important sources of reduction in absolute poverty, a review of the literature confirms the lack of an appropriate theoretical framework for assessing the impact of public spending on growth as well as poverty. There is a need to combine principles of both public economics and growth theory to develop appropriate theoretical guidance for public expenditure policy. This paper identifies a number of approaches that are beginning to address this gap. Building on these approaches, it proposes a framework that has its foundation in a broadly articulated development strategy and its economic goals such as growth, equity, and poverty reduction. It recommends the use of public economics principles to clarify the roles of the private and public sectors and to recognize the complementarity of spending, taxation, and regulatory instruments available to affect public policy. With regard to the impact of any given type of public spending, policy recommendations must be tailored to countries and be based on empirical analysis that takes account of the lags and leads in their effects on equity and growth and ultimately on poverty. The paper sketches out such a framework as the first step in what will have to be a longer-term research agenda to provide theoretically and empirically robust and verifiable guidance to public spending policy
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 27
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    Online Resource
    Brain Waste? : Educated Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mattoo, Aaditya Brain Waste?
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Brain Drain ; Country of Origin ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Host Country ; Human Capital ; Immigrant ; Immigrants ; Immigration ; Immigration Law ; Immigration Policies ; International Migration ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Population Policies ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Brain Drain ; Country of Origin ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Host Country ; Human Capital ; Immigrant ; Immigrants ; Immigration ; Immigration Law ; Immigration Policies ; International Migration ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Population Policies ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Brain Drain ; Country of Origin ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Host Country ; Human Capital ; Immigrant ; Immigrants ; Immigration ; Immigration Law ; Immigration Policies ; International Migration ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Population Policies ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: The authors investigate the occupational placement of immigrants in the U.S. labor market using census data. They find striking differences among highly educated immigrants from different countries, even after they control for individuals' age, experience, and level of education. With some exceptions, educated immigrants from Latin American and Eastern European countries are more likely to end up in unskilled jobs than immigrants from Asia and industrial countries. A large part of the variation can be explained by attributes of the country of origin that influence the quality of human capital, such as expenditure on tertiary education and the use of English as a medium of instruction. Performance is adversely affected by military conflict at home which may weaken institutions that create human capital and lower the threshold quality of immigrants. The selection effects of U.S. immigration policy also play an important role in explaining cross-country variation. The observed under-placement of educated migrants might be alleviated if home and host countries cooperate by sharing information on labor market conditions and work toward the recognition of qualifications
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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