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  • 2000-2004  (1,119)
  • 1980-1984
  • 2002  (587)
  • 2001  (532)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (1,119)
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Language
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  • 2000-2004  (1,119)
  • 1980-1984
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Urban Renaissance: Glasgow : Lessons for Innovation and Implementation (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264199378
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    RN 85909
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Glasgow ; Stadtentwicklung
    Abstract: This urban renaissance review of Glasgow looks back over the 1990s, when a succession of strategic initiatives and major events brought regeneration to several key parts of the city, including along the banks of the Clyde, and helped lift investment and activity. This book provides a policy tool kit for Glasgow, with the aim of improving the distressed urban areas that are holding the city back.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264199378-en
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Ukraine 2002 : Progress in Investment Reform (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264175969
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Ukraine
    Abstract: This progress report builds on the results of the inaugural meeting of the OECD-Ukraine Forum on Investment and Enterprise Development, held in Kiev on 21-22 February 2002. It comprises the report prepared by the Ukrainian Government, the OECD assessment, the business perspectives, and presentations by national and international practitioners and experts. A broad set of issues are addressed, ranging from the general economic situation to achievements and difficulties in the fields of taxation, privatisation, financial sector and banking. The report also reflects the discussion on further steps in OECD-Ukraine co-operation, and outlines the activities of other international organisations and bilateral donors in support of the reform process. The progress report provides a record of the reforms under way and the ongoing debate on the reform process in Ukraine -- a country with strong economic potential but which has yet to be perceived as an attractive destination for foreign direct investment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264175969-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Detailed Review Document on Hazard Classification Systems for Mixtures (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078468
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.30
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document focuses on the health and environmental hazards of mixtures. The ILO/UNCETDG joint committee has elaborated criteria for classification of Physico-Chemical Hazards which are applicable to substances or mixtures. The classification of mixtures for Physico-Chemical Hazards is not being dealt with separately. The final proposal for a harmonised system for the classification of mixtures will include the physical, the health and environmental hazards. In cases where existing systems have environmental criteria for mixtures they are included for information in an annex.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078468-en
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Territorial Reviews: Siena, Italy 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194373
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Sienne, Italie 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Sienne, Italie 2002
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Italy
    Abstract: OECD's territorial review of the Italian province of Siena. It finds that Siena, a predominantly rural province in central Italy, has enjoyed steady economic growth throughout the post-war period. This success has its roots in a diverse economy based on manufacturing, services, high-value-added agriculture and a dynamic tourism sector. Nonetheless, it is these last two sectors that give Siena its main competitive advantage: an outstanding concentration of high-quality environmental and cultural resources which are unique to the region. The promotion of different sustainable development initiatives has been motivated by the need to ensure the valorisation and conservation of this major asset. This is most apparent in the effort to ensure that the region's development is not spoilt by the impact of mass tourism and an uncoordinated offer. The agrarian landscape also faces an uncertain future as the bulk of the cultivated land area remains dependent on EU subsidies, notwithstanding the market success of many agricultural producers. To respond to the challenges of sustainable development, Siena needs to fully integrate its development objectives with the most effective means to bring them about, in a co-ordinated and long-term planning exercise.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194373-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Frascati Manual 2002 : Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264199040
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de Frascati 2002 ; Méthode type proposée pour les enquêtes sur la recherche et le développement expérimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002; Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de Frascati 2002 : Méthode type proposée pour les enquêtes sur la recherche et le développement expérimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002: Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The internationally recognized methodology for collecting and using R&D statistics, the Frascati Manual is an essential tool for statisticians worldwide. It includes definitions of basic concepts, data collection guidelines, and classifications for compiling statistics. This updated edition contains improved guidelines adjusted for changes in OECD economies, including measurement of service-sector R&D, R&D globalisation, and R&D human resources.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264199040-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Territorial Reviews: Champagne-Ardenne, France 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264175952
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Champagne-Ardenne, France 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Champagne-Ardenne, France 2002
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; France
    Abstract: The Champagne-Ardenne region in the north-east of France enjoys comparative advantages in a number of sectors, including mechanics, metalworking, packaging and agriculture, and of course Champagne. Although it still ranks fifth among French regions in terms of GDP/capita, Champagne-Ardenne lost ground during the recession of the early 1990s. This report analyses the strategy conducted by the Regional Council to strengthen the catching-up process and diversify the regional economy. It insists on the need to focus on two prime engines of growth: entrepreneurship and foreign direct investment. Moreover, increasing the competitiveness of the region calls for special efforts to help Champagne-Ardenne move towards more knowledge-based economic activities, to stimulate research and to encourage SMEs to network and innovate. While a better balance between agricultural policies and rural policies needs to be found, the region also has an important role to play in fighting urban decay - Champagne-Ardenne is one of the regions in France with the largest proportions of total population living in sensitive urban zones.The report also suggests that the potential for urban development could be enhanced by encouraging co-operation among cities and fostering the establishment of urban networks.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264175952-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: United States 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264191976
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; United States
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of US energy policies and programmes. It finds that US energy policy has an influence on energy policy throughout the world. The 2001 National Energy Policy is an important development. The US is taking unilateral action as an alternative to the Kyoto Protocol. This report urges consideration of legislation on carbon dioxide and adoption of policies allowing international trading in emissions. Strengthening fuel economy standards is an encouraging approach to energy use in transport. Different standards for cars and light trucks should be addressed as a priority. Policies to promote new sources of energy supply should be balanced by continuing effort to enhance efficient use of energy. Regional Transmission Operators are a sensible means of ensuring access to transmission and the functioning of a competitive wholesale market. The power crisis in California has slowed progress on market reform; confidence should be restored to reactivate reform and to create certainty for new investment. Harmonised electricity industry standards and regulations could help promote competition and encourage investment. Barriers to exploration for oil and gas need to be addressed. Drilling in new onshore and offshore areas, meeting acceptable environmental standards, is necessary or imports must rise. Refineries are operating at full capacity; pressure could be eased by reducing the range of products they are required to produce to meet regional standards. Coal use will remain important and could be environmentally sustainable with advanced clean coal technology. Re-licensing of existing nuclear plants, consistent with safety standards, could ensure nuclear power plays a continuing role, even if new plants remain uneconomic. The decision on the Yucca Mountain repository will be important for the future of nuclear power worldwide.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264191976-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: United Kingdom 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264161078
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Royaume-Uni 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Royaume-Uni 2002
    Keywords: Environment ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This review of the United Kingdom's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264161078-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Harmonised Integrated Classification System for Human Health and Environmental Hazards of Chemical Substances and Mixtures (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078475
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (249 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.33
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document sets out the objectives, organisational context, and plan for a Harmonised Integrated Classification System for Human Health and Environmental Hazards of Chemical Substances and Mixtures.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078475-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Report of the SETAC/OECD Workshop on Avian Toxicity Testing (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077980
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (198 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.5
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: As part of the OECD's Pesticide Programme, a Workshop on Avian Toxicity Testing was held in Pensacola, Florida, on 4-7 December 1994. It was jointly organised by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) and the OECD. This Workshop report considers the fundamental reasons information about the toxicity of chemicals to birds is needed, and thereby identify the critical features which are essential for the tests used to generate this information; evaluates the positive and negative features of existing test methods, and of proposed alternatives, against the required critical features; develops proposals for the revision and development of OECD Test Guidelines for avian toxicity and avoidance tests, as appropriate; and develops a framework to govern the way these tests are requested and used in practice in risk assessment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077980-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Report of the OECD Workshop on Statistical Analysis of Aquatic Toxicity Data (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078284
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (133 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.10
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The workshop report reviews the options available for the analysis of data from ecotoxicity tests; compares their advantages and disadvantages; recommends (a) the most appropriate approach for deriving a summary parameter(s) which has (have) scientific validity and (b) further work to be undertaken by the OECD and/or others, as appropriate.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078284-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ageing, Housing and Urban Development (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264176102
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 362.6
    RVK:
    QR 860
    Keywords: Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Konferenzschrift 2000 ; Bevölkerungsentwicklung ; Altersstruktur ; Stadtentwicklung ; Wohnungsbau ; Bevölkerungsentwicklung ; Altersstruktur ; Stadtentwicklung ; Wohnungsbau ; OECD
    Abstract: OECD countries are undergoing an unprecedented increase in the proportion of elderly people among their total populations. To address these issues, the OECD organised a conference in Oslo in May 2002. This report highlights how ageing will affect urban design and development in terms of housing, land use, transportation and the urban environment and points to the growing role of new technologies in member countries. The book, featuring statistical data, is for sociologists, policy researchers, journalists, librarians and economists.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264176102-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2001 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282122945
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. ECMT Annual Report 2001
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette brochure décrit les activités de la Conférence Européenne des Ministres des Transports (CEMT) au cours de l'année 2001. Elle contient le texte des résolutions et des rapports approuvés par le Conseil des Ministres des Transports et couvre les événements majeurs de l'année. Elle comprend également un organigramme, les coordonnées des personnes à contacter au sein du Secrétariat, ainsi que des informations sur les pays membres de la CEMT.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282122945-fr
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Territorial Reviews: Canada 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264176300
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Canada 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Canada 2002
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Canada
    Abstract: OECD's Territorial Review of Canada. It finds that Canada is composed of three macroregions: a southern ribbon with all the important metropolitan areas, a zone of rural and non-metropolitan adjacent regions and a sub-continent of remote northern territories. Disparities between these macroregions persist and may even be growing. Opportunities for growth are lost because of these imbalances and also because specific regional advantages are not fully tapped. In many regions, weak local governance is hindering the emergence of local grass-roots projects, diffusion of R&D results to SMEs is slow and dialogue between higher education institutions and firms is poor. This report underlines the need for federal agencies and sectoral departments to continuously assess the consistency of their policies with regard to the three macroregions in order to enhance territorial cohesion and better tailor programmes to local conditions. More federal involvement in metropolitan issues notably through negotiated planning could help to institutionalise and strengthen urban policies. This report also emphasises the significant overhauling of rural policies that took place recently. It underlines that in certain areas such as amenities a strategic approach is still to be defined. Resolving governance issues is a priority in the north.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264176300-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Czech Republic 2001 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194908
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of the Czech Republic's energy policies and programmes. The Czech Republic became the twenty-fifth member of the IEA in February 2001. In its transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, the Czech Republic has thoroughly reformed its energy policies and regulatory framework and restructured its energy sector. The country established a new energy regulator in 2001 and adopted a schedule for opening its electricity and gas markets to competition. The effective introduction of competition, however, will depend on regulatory details still to be defined and the privatisation of the state energy companies that still dominate the internal market. The Czech Republic has only limited energy resources. Coal is still the leading fuel for power generation but its role is declining. This trend will accelerate with the commissioning of a second nuclear power plant, at Temelín. Oil and gas imports have been diversified and the Czech electricity grid has been connected to Western Europe. Emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants in the Czech Republic have been reduced, but remain higher than average for IEA Europe. There is also room for improvement in energy efficiency, which would contribute to the country's environmental goals as well as enhance its economic competitiveness.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194908-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Main Economic Indicators : Comparative Methodological Analysis: Industry, Retail and Construction Indicators Volume 2002 Supplement 1 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264196469
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principaux indicateurs économiques ; Analyse méthodologique comparative ; Indicateurs de l'industrie, du commerce de détail et de la construction Volume 2002 Supplément 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principaux indicateurs économiques : Analyse méthodologique comparative : Indicateurs de l'industrie, du commerce de détail et de la construction Volume 2002 Supplément 1
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This publication compares key aspects of statistical methodologies used by OECD member countries in the compilation of industry, retail and construction indicators. It focuses on data comparability in the context of international statistical guidelines and recommendations published by the OECD and other international agencies. This publication complements two other OECD publications, Main Economic Indicators (MEI), and Main Economic Indicators: Sources and Definitions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264196469-en
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Guidance Document on the Use of the Harmonised System for the Classification of Chemicals which are Hazardous for the Aquatic Environment (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078444
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (115 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.27
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document provides a description of a Harmonised System for the Classification of Chemicals which are Hazardous for the Aquatic Environment and guidance to how the system will work as well as guidance to the interpretation of data for use in applying the classification criteria.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078444-en
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Norway 2001 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195981
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Norway
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of the energy policies and programmes of Norway. It finds that oil and gas contribute about 40% of Norway’s exports, and up to 16% of GDP, depending on world oil prices. The government used production controls as a means of influencing prices in 1986, in 1998 and again in 2002. Important changes are occurring in the oil and gas sector. Statoil has been partially privatised, the State Direct Financial Interest in oil and gas developments has been restructured, and the Gas Negotiations Committee is to be abolished. Private marketing of gas should be a guiding principle in future marketing policy, and depletion policy generally should balance the goals of optimising recovery with ensuring competition. Growth in energy consumption has been limited by government policies, but consumption is rising with strong economic growth. A new agency has been established to promote energy efficiency and new renewables. Norway has the highest per capita electricity consumption in the world. New large-scale hydro is unlikely, and the future of gas-fired power is uncertain. New generating and transmission capacity may be necessary to avoid price instability or even failure of supply in a dry year. There are limited opportunities for reducing greenhouse gases in the energy sector in Norway because of the extensive use of hydro in electricity generation. The Kyoto flexible mechanisms are therefore particularly important. Decisions on developing new generating capacity will also be influenced by environmental policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195981-en
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  • 19
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    Online Resource
    Principaux indicateurs économiques : Analyse méthodologique comparative : Indicateurs de l'industrie, du commerce de détail et de la construction Volume 2002 Supplément 1 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264296466
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Main Economic Indicators; Comparative Methodological Analysis; Industry, Retail and Construction Indicators Volume 2002 Supplement 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Main Economic Indicators: Comparative Methodological Analysis: Industry, Retail and Construction Indicators Volume 2002 Supplement 1
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette publication compare les aspects clés des méthodologies statistiques utilisées par les pays membres de l’OCDE pour compiler les indicateurs de l’industrie, du commerce de détail et de la construction. Elle met l’accent sur la comparaison des données dans le contexte de normes statistiques internationales et de recommandations publiées par l’OCDE et d’autres organismes internationaux. Cette publication complète deux autres publications de l'OCDE, Principaux indicateurs économiques (PIE) et Principaux indicateurs économiques : Sources et définitions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264296466-fr
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  • 20
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    L' Ecole allemande de Budapest, en Hongrie (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2002/11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Hungary's German School of Budapest
    Keywords: Education ; Hungary
    Abstract: De construction récente, l’École allemande de Budapest, en Hongrie, est adaptée au site sur lequel elle a été bâtie dans un souci de sécurité et de respect de l’environnement. Ses espaces intérieurs sont confortables et parfaitement adaptés aux besoins de ses utilisateurs, y compris ceux qui sont atteints de handicaps physiques. Ce nouvel édifice de trois étages, mis en service en août 2001, accueille les élèves du cycle secondaire.
    DOI: 10.1787/726614183001
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Detailed Review Paper on Biodegradability Testing (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078529
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (257 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.2
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document reviews the area of biodegradability testing in order to identify whether, in the light of scientific developments, there was a need to revise existing OECD Test Guidelines or to develop new Guidelines.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078529-en
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  • 22
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    Report of the OECD Workshop on Environmental Hazard/risk Assessment (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077935
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.4
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Environment Monograph contains the report of the OECD Workshop on Environmental Hazard/Risk Assessment, which took place in London in May 1994. The Workshop was hosted by the Department of the Environment (DoE) of the United Kingdom. Work on hazard assessment in the OECD’s Chemicals Programme is closely related to the work on Test Guidelines, co-operative investigation of existing chemicals, and the Pesticide Programme. The objectives of hazard assessment activities are to promote awareness, improvement, and, to the extent possible, harmonization of hazard assessment procedures for chemicals (including pesticides) and to encourage mutual use and acceptance of hazard assessments in OECD and other countries. These activities include the development and compilation of practical methods and procedures; promotion of their application in conjunction with co-operative investigations of chemicals; and promotion of harmonization of assessment reports. In recent years, workshops have been held (and documents produced) on aquatic exposure assessment, initial assessment of occupational and consumer exposure, and data estimation methods.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077935-en
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    L' économie locale de Bondoukou - Comptes économiques (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062795
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Series Statement: Écoloc, Gérer l'économie localement en Afrique
    Series Statement: Évaluation et prospective
    Series Statement: Écoloc, Gérer l'économie localement en Afrique : Évaluation et prospective
    Keywords: Development
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062795-fr
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  • 24
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    L' échange de trafic Internet et le développement de la concurrence dans les télécommunications internationales de bout en bout (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.62
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: S’agissant de l’échange de trafic Internet, le présent rapport conclut que les accords en vigueur créent les incitations propices au développement des marchés haut débit. L’analyse indique que l’échange de trafic Internet donne lieu à la mise en place de différents modèles de gestion. Ainsi, certains opérateurs historiques établissent de nombreuses relations directes d’échange de trafic avec d’autres opérateurs, tandis que d’autres ont adopté comme stratégie de ne traiter qu’avec un petit nombre d’autres réseaux dorsaux. Les négociations commerciales offrent la flexibilité voulue pour que ces pratiques se poursuivent et que le marché décide des modalités les plus efficaces. En imposant des contraintes extérieures, on risquerait de modifier fondamentalement les incitations à adopter les mesures et les solutions commerciales aux problèmes qui pourraient survenir, et d’accentuer en plus les distorsions actuelles là où s’exerce un pouvoir de monopole. La valeur que confèrent différents réseaux à l’échange de trafic Internet doit être dûment prise en compte dans les négociations commerciales. La meilleure garantie à cet égard est de veiller à ce qu’existe une concurrence suffisante sur les marchés haut débit.
    DOI: 10.1787/233521224451
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  • 25
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    Cybersquatting : The OECD's Experience and the Problems it Illustrates with Registrar Practices and the 'Whois' System (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 11 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.59
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report summarises the problem recently met by the OECD with regard to the cybersquatting of the ocde.org domain name, and identifies the general policy issues arising from this experience.
    DOI: 10.1787/233634324036
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  • 26
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    The Australian Science and Mathematics School, Flinders University, South Australia (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2002/05
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Une école australienne de sciences et de mathématiques à l'université de Flinders en Australie méridionale
    Keywords: Education ; Australia
    Abstract: The South Australian Department of Education, Training and Employment, in association with Flinders University, are collaborating in the design, construction and development of a senior secondary high school which will specialise in the teaching of mathematics and science and focus on innovative pedagogies.
    DOI: 10.1787/743056378420
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  • 27
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    Essai n 420: Toxicité orale aigue͏̈ - Méthode de la dose prédéterminée (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070950
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 420; Acute Oral Toxicity - Fixed Dose Procedure
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 420: Acute Oral Toxicity - Fixed Dose Procedure
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Le principe de la méthode est que, dans l'étude principale, seules des doses modérément toxiques sont employées, et l'administration des doses supposées mortelles devrait être évitée. Cette Ligne directrice utilise principalement le rat. Des groupes d’animaux d’un seul sexe (normalement des femelles) reçoivent des doses fixées de 5, 50, 300 et 2000 mg/kg (exceptionnellement 5000 mg/kg). Le niveau de la dose initiale, sélectionné sur la base d’une étude d'orientation, est susceptible de provoquer des effets toxiques, toutefois sans causer des effets toxiques sévères ou la mort. De nouveaux groupes d'animaux peuvent être dosés à des doses fixes plus élevées ou inférieures, selon la présence ou l'absence des signes de toxicité ou de mortalité. Ce procédé continue jusqu'à la dose causant une toxicité évidente ou la mort, ou quand aucun effet n'est vu à la dose la plus élevée, ou quand les décès se produisent à la plus faible dose. La substance d’essai est administrée en une dose unique par sonde gastrique ou toute autre canule pour intubation appropriée. Les animaux devraient être à jeun avant l’administration. Un total de cinq animaux d'un seul sexe est normalement employé pour chaque niveau de dose étudié. Les résultats de cette étude incluent une pesée au moins une fois par semaine et des observations quotidiennes détaillées, de même qu’une autopsie générale et de l'histopathologie. La méthode fournit des informations sur les propriétés dangereuses et permet à la substance d'être classée pour la toxicité aiguë selon le Système Général Harmonisé de Classification et d'Étiquetage des Produits Chimiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070950-fr
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  • 28
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    Test No. 308: Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformation in Aquatic Sediment Systems (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070523
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 308; Transformation aérobie et anaérobie dans les sédiments aquatiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 308: Transformation aérobie et anaérobie dans les sédiments aquatiques
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a laboratory test method to assess aerobic and anaerobic transformation of organic chemicals in aquatic sediment systems. The method permits the measurement of (i) the transformation rate of the test substance in a water-sediment system and in the sediment (ii) the mineralisation rate of the test substance and/or its transformation products, (iii) the distribution of the test substance and its transformation products between the two phases during a period of incubation in the dark, at constant temperature, and (iv) the identification and quantification of transformation products in water and sediment phases including mass balance. At least two sediments different with respect to organic carbon content and texture are used. Ideally the test substance (one concentration) should be applied as an aqueous solution into the water phase. The duration of the experiment should normally not exceed 100 days, and should continue until the degradation pathway and water/sediment distribution pattern are established or when 90 % of the test substance has been removed by transformation and/or volatilisation. The number of sampling times should be at least six. The study includes: concentration in the water and sediment of the test substance and the transformation products at every sampling time; results from gases/volatiles trapping systems at each sampling time; mineralisation rates; and non-extractable residues in sediment at each sampling point. Half-lives, DT50, DT75 and DT90 values are determined where the data warrant.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070523-en
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  • 29
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    Report of the OECD/UNEP Workshop on the Use of Multimedia Models for Estimating Overall Environmental Persistence and Long Range Transport in the Context of PBTS/POPS Assessment (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078505
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (191 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.36
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document contains the report from the OECD/UNEP Workshop on the Use of Multimedia Models for Estimating Overall Persistence and Long-range Transport in the Context of PBTs/POPs Assessment, held on 29-31 October 2001 in Ottawa, Canada, together with background papers, presentation summaries, and reports from the three subgroups.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078505-en
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  • 30
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    Detailed Review Document on Classification Systems for Germ Cell Mutagenicity in OECD Member Countries (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078307
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.12
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Detailed Review Document (DRD) presents an overview of classification systems/guidelines used in OECD Member countries relating to the mutagenicity of chemicals, based on responses to a questionnaire. Several OECD Member countries have implemented legislation, including classification systems and lists of mutagens; these countries include Canada, Japan and EU Member States. The United States has implemented mutagenicity risk assessment guidelines for determination of potential human germ cell mutagens. Several countries, including the Czech Republic, Norway and Switzerland, intend to apply the EU legislation in the near future. New Zealand is moving towards harmonization with Australia, with respect to establishing guidelines for mutagenicity assessment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078307-en
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  • 31
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    School Works au Royaume-Uni : Une nouvelle façon de concevoir les constructions scolaires à l'échelon local (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2002/07
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. School Works in the United Kingdom: A New Approach to Local School Design
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: School Works, une entreprise britannique sans but lucratif, a mis au point un processus de conception d’école secondaire qui permet aux collectivités de créer des bâtiments scolaires exclusifs qui répondent à leurs besoins particuliers. Ce processus repose sur un principe fondamental : ce sont les personnes qui travaillent et qui s’instruisent chaque jour dans un bâtiment scolaire qui en comprennent l’esprit, les exigences, les points forts et les faiblesses ; c’est en mobilisant réellement l’adhésion de la communauté scolaire que l’on fait naître un sens profond de propriété et de respect vis-à-vis du bâtiment. School Works a mis en pratique son processus de participation dans une école du centre de Londres.
    DOI: 10.1787/736046087517
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  • 32
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    Choice of an Exchange-Rate Arrangement, Institutional Setting and Inflation : Empirical Evidence From Latin America (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.198
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The debate about whether fixed or flexible exchange-rate regimes are better suited to guaranteeing stability has received added stimulus from the macroeconomic crisis in Argentina. This paper argues that it is misleading solely to concentrate on exchange-rate policy to assess the preconditions for stability in an international surrounding. Instead, the exchange-rate regime and the institutional setting have to be compatible to increase the former’s credibility and to contribute to stability. This hypothesis is empirically tested for Latin American countries. The exchange-rate regime and the institutional setting are linked to form an ex ante proxy for the credibility of the exchange-rate arrangement. We specify the exchange-rate regimes and institutions in Latin America from 1975 to the late 1990s prior to an empirical assessment of the hypothesis. Finally, the Argentine case is discussed specifically. Policy conclusions round off the paper ...
    DOI: 10.1787/543752128648
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    Labour Market Institutions, Product Market Regulation, and Innovation : Cross-Country Evidence (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.316
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In this paper we present comparative evidence from OECD countries concerning the impact of product and labour market regulations on innovation. While product and labour market policies usually aim at objectives other than innovation, they may have important consequences for the profitability of firms’ innovative strategies. Our regression analysis provides some cross-country evidence that enhancing competition in the product market -- while guaranteeing intellectual property rights -- seems to have a positive impact on the innovation performance of a country. Conversely, the relationship between innovation and job protection does not seem to be univocal. The sign and magnitude of the effect of the latter crucially depends on the systems of industrial relations and the specific characteristics of each industry. Indeed, the larger the scope for resorting to internal labour markets, the lower the adjustment costs imposed by labour market regulation. Moreover, in industries with a ...
    DOI: 10.1787/002243151077
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  • 34
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    Will Basel II Affect International Capital Flows to Emerging Markets? (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.199
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper investigates the consequences of Basel II for international capital flows to emerging markets. The paper shows that the magnitude of effects critically depends on a number of assumptions, including: the mapping of risk weights to ratings, assumptions about required return on capital, assumptions about competition and diversion effects and the assumption that minimum capital requirements are binding constraints. The paper provides evidence on each of these assumptions and estimates their effect on interest margins and bank flows. Overall the results suggest that Basel II — taking into account the “Potential Modifications” of November 2001 — will have only a moderate impact on international capital flows ...
    DOI: 10.1787/731072600818
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  • 35
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    La gestion des catastrophes naturelles et les équipements éducatifs (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: French
    Pages: 6 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2002/09
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Disaster Management and Educational Facilities
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Plus de 80 personnes – des sismologues, des architectes, des ingénieurs et des fonctionnaires – originaires d’une douzaine de pays se sont réunis pour examiner les différentes relations qui peuvent s’établir entre les équipements éducatifs et les catastrophes naturelles ; deux aspects ont été privilégiés : les effets et les conséquences des tremblements de terre et la bonne conception et utilisation des bâtiments éducatifs, que leur fonction soit de protéger leurs usagers chaque jour ou de servir d’abri de secours aux éventuels survivants d’un séisme. L’article suivant synthétise les conclusions qui se sont dégagées sur les thèmes suivants : les bâtiments éducatifs ; les partenariats ; la formation ; les normes, les réglementations et les procédures ; le financement et la législation ; enfin la recherche et le soutien.
    DOI: 10.1787/734670141258
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  • 36
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    Prospects for Emerging-Market Flows Amid Investor Concerns about Corporate Governance (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.201
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Concerns about corporate governance standards have often centred on emerging markets, notably after the 1997-98 Asian crisis. A series of corporate scandals have now raised investor concerns over the quality of earnings and opaque balance sheet structures in the US and other developed countries. The paper assesses the impact of higher risk on developed-country corporate assets on the prospects for private capital flows and their composition to emerging-market economies. While investors have been paying a higher premium (in terms of higher price/earning ratios and lower interest rates) for US assets partly because of the perceived superiority in the quality of their earnings reporting, one could expect a shift away from asset classes with rising risk to assets where risks were already high — emerging-market debt and equity, for example. Higher flows to emerging markets, however, can be impeded by the negative repercussion of lower asset prices in the developed markets on the real ...
    DOI: 10.1787/583766854760
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  • 37
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    Ongoing Changes in the Business Cycle : Evidence and Causes (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.315
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper first reviews a number of stylised facts concerning OECD country business cycles over the past four decades. In general, the amplitude of business cycles has fallen, driven mainly by declining fluctuations of domestic demand. As a result, international divergencies of cyclical positions have diminished but, outside the euro area, there is little evidence of increased synchronisation of cycles. The paper then reviews a number of influences on business cycles. The evidence suggests that, on balance, features of macroeconomic policies may have tended to reduce cyclical volatility and structural changes, notably the increased share of the service sector in the economies, have also tended to dampen the cycle. More recently, there are signs that financial market prices have increasingly moved in sympathy across countries, and the final section of the paper illustrates how this could affect the international transmission of cyclical shocks and the associated need for policy ...
    DOI: 10.1787/480377612415
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  • 38
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    Policies and Institutions for E-Commerce Readiness : What Can Developing Countries Learn From OECD Experience? (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.189
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: E-commerce policy priorities evolve with a country’s transition through phases of “e-commerce readiness”. For most developing countries, getting the basic telecommunications infrastructure, competitive environment, and regulatory framework in place to support widespread and affordable Internet access remains the highest priority. Telecoms privatisation needs to be accompanied by expanded competition, not excessively generous exclusivity agreements. In important middle-income developing countries, governments must address a further challenge: ensuring an e-commerceconducive business environment. Some issues, like consumer protection, are familiar even if cross-jurisdictional, remote and anonymous transactions in a virtual environment complicate dispute resolution. Other issues are unique to or especially acute in a virtual environment, like protection of privacy, security of transactions, and authentication of electronic signatures. The OECD has devised a number of guidelines ...
    DOI: 10.1787/604626755535
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  • 39
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    Test No. 405: Acute Eye Irritation/Corrosion (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070646
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 405; Effet irritant/corrosif aigu sur les yeux
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 405: Effet irritant/corrosif aigu sur les yeux
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from exposure to test substance (liquids, solids and aerosols) by application on the eye. This Test Guideline is intended preferably for use with albino rabbit. The test substance is applied in a single dose in the conjunctival sac of one eye of each animal. The other eye, which remains untreated, serves as a control. The initial test uses an animal; the dose level depends on the test substance nature. A confirmatory test should be made if a corrosive effect is not observed in the initial test, the irritant or negative response should be confirmed using up to two additional animals. It is recommended that it be conducted in a sequential manner in one animal at a time, rather than exposing the two additional animals simultaneously. The duration of the observation period should be sufficient to evaluate fully the magnitude and reversibility of the effects observed. The eyes should be examined at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours after test substance application. The ocular irritation scores should be evaluated in conjunction with the nature and severity of lesions, and their reversibility or lack of reversibility. The individual scores do not represent an absolute standard for the irritant properties of a material, as other effects of the test material are also evaluated.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070646-en
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  • 40
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    Report on Consumer Protections for Payment Cardholders (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.64
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This document reports on a CCP survey of legal and other consumer protections for payment cardholders in OECD Member countries. It also incorporates information gained during the CCP Roundtable on Consumer Protection for Payment Cardholders held in March 2001 in Berlin, Germany. The Roundtable brought together experts from academia, business, consumer groups and governments to discuss the issue of payment protections and what the OECD should be doing in this policy area. The report begins with an overview of past OECD work in the field of consumer protection for payment cardholders. It then discusses the current state of affairs with regard to cross-border e-commerce, payment security and consumer confidence, and reviews the consumer protection issues arising from the use of payment cards. A synopsis of the consumer protection regimes currently in place for payment cardholders in OECD Member countries is presented in the second half of the report. The concluding section focuses on the importance of cardholder education. As a step towards addressing the educational issue, the Committee developed a consumer education piece, “Using Payment Cards Online: Frequently Asked Questions”, which is attached as an annex.
    DOI: 10.1787/233364634144
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  • 41
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    Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation au Danemark 2000 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264289383
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (396 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform; Regulatory Reform in Denmark 2000
    Keywords: Governance ; Denmark
    Abstract: Un État providence développé et une économie de marché ouverte ont permis au Danemark d'offrir un niveau de vie relativement élevé. La réforme de la réglementation s’y est concrétisée par de multiples mesures pragmatiques qui ont favorisé la vigueur de l’économie, la maîtrise de l’adaptation économique et sociale au changement, ainsi que l’efficacité des services publics. Cependant, les secteurs abrités, notamment le tertiaire, pâtissent encore de la coopération et de la fixation des prix, ce qui ne favorise guère la baisse des prix à la consommation. Le régime de la concurrence, ainsi que certains régimes réglementaires sectoriels, par exemple celui de l’énergie, sont plus faibles que dans de nombreux autres pays. La poursuite des réformes de l’offre et des marchés pourrait contribuer à pérenniser les performances économiques, tandis qu’un effort d’ouverture à la concurrence dans les services publics permettrait d'accroître le volume et la qualité des prestations. Le Danemark, comme plusieurs pays Membres, a demandé à l'OCDE de procéder à un examen général de ses pratiques réglementaires nationales et de ses réformes internes de la réglementation. Cet ouvrage présente une évaluation approfondie de la réforme de la réglementation dans des domaines cadres comme la qualité du secteur public, la politique de la concurrence et sa mise en œuvre et l’ouverture des marchés. Il comprend aussi des chapitres sectoriels, portant par exemple sur l’électricité et sur les télécommunications, ainsi qu’une évaluation du contexte macroéconomique de la réforme. Les politiques recommandées offrent un plan d'action équilibré à court et à long terme, fondé sur les meilleures pratiques réglementaires à l’échelon international. Dans la même série : La réforme de la réglementation au Japon La réforme de la réglementation aux Pays-Bas La réforme de la réglementation au Mexique La réforme de la réglementation aux États-Unis La réforme de la réglementation en Corée La réforme de la réglementation en Espagne La réforme de la réglementation en Hongrie L’analyse générale sur laquelle se fondent les examens par pays est exposée dans le Rapport de l’OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation - Synthèse, et le document d’appui en deux volumes Rapport de l’OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation - Études sectorielles - Études thématiques, publiés en 1997.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264289383-fr
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    Emerging Africa (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195745
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'Afrique émergente
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Emerging Africa is based on the fundamental conviction that, unless growth resumes, poverty cannot be reduced in the least developed countries. This study analyses the factors underlying the renewed dynamism of certain African economies in the 1990s. Several countries are, indeed, trying to meet the challenge of building the three pillars of sustainable growth -- capital accumulation, productivity gains and institutional reforms -- in order to combat long-term poverty. The authors identify the countries that are on the way to sustained growth and, on the basis of case studies, the policies they have put in place to further the reform process. These policies are presented with a view to advising both emerging African economies and those seeking to join them.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195745-en
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  • 43
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    Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies : Final Report (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112892
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transports urbains durables; la mise en oeuvre des politiques ; Rapport final
    RVK:
    QR 860
    Keywords: Transport ; Stadtverkehr ; Verkehrspolitik ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Stadtverkehr ; Verkehrsplanung ; Umweltverträglichkeit
    Abstract: There is widespread agreement that in order to bring about sustainable travel in urban areas, flexible, integrated policy packages are needed that send the right signals to urban land use and transport markets. The project on Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies conducted by the ECMT has shown that actually implementing integrated policy packages for sustainable urban travel is easier said than done for a great number of cities in ECMT and OECD countries. While in most countries, urban land use and travel policies are defined and implemented at the local or regional levels, there is growing recognition that national governments can improve chances for implementation of integrated policy packages by providing for a flexible, sectorally integrated policy framework that sends the right messages to regions and cities via policy incentives and project financing. This report examines the ways in which national governments can act as catalysts for sustainable travel practices on a local level.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112892-en
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  • 44
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    Handbook of Biodiversity Valuation : A Guide for Policy Makers (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264175792
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel d'évaluation de la biodiversité ; Guide à l'intention des décideurs
    RVK:
    ZG 8640
    RVK:
    WK 7450
    RVK:
    QT 000
    Keywords: Environment ; Biodiversität ; Wirtschaftspolitik
    Abstract: All societies depend on biodiversity and biological resources, and policy-makers are increasingly aware that development pressures are today generating unprecedented rates of biodiversity loss. The fact that biodiversity issues often receive low priority in policy decisions is at least in part due to problems involved in assessing its contribution to society -- these values defy easy description and quantification. What cannot be quantified, or is difficult to monitor and evaluate, is easy to disregard. The result is that biodiversity fails to compete on a level playing field in policy decisions with the forces driving their decline. This Handbook describes the types of values usually associated with biodiversity. While there are exceptions to the need to prioritise economic values over other cultural, traditional and spiritual values, economic valuation has a sound theoretical foundation that can help clarify the tradeoffs implicit in public policy decisions. On the other hand, the Handbook recognises the limitations of the economic approach, and considers how economic and non-economic values can eventually be reconciled. The Handbook also reviews the various methodological approaches often used to quantify these values. Data requirements and limitations are discussed. These methodologies are then applied to a series of concrete policy contexts, ranging from land use planning to the determination of legal damages for environmental degradation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264175792-en
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  • 45
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    Agriculture and Trade Liberalisation : Extending the Uruguay Round Agreement (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264196292
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'agriculture et la libéralisation des échanges ; Élargir la portée des Accords d'Uruguay
    RVK:
    QS 200
    RVK:
    ZB 87400
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Uruguay
    Abstract: This report provides information on the average tariff levels and on the use of tariff-rate quotas, export subsidies and export credits by selected OECD countries for temperate-zone agricultural products. The implications of further liberalisation of the various instruments over the medium term are examined. The effects of further trade liberalisation of agricultural markets over the medium-term depend significantly on the modalities and prevailing market conditions against which the liberalisation scenarios are compared. On market access, although the largest impact on world prices is from tariff reductions, each of the current trade policy instruments (i.e. out-of-quota tariffs, in-quota tariffs, and tariff rate quotas) would have to be liberalised to obtain the greatest impact. On export subsidies, their current use is already at levels much lower than Uruguay Round commitments, and elimination would have modest effects for most commodities (except dairy products). This situation could change and further discipline on their use would prevent back-tracking. Export credits used by certain countries are also found to distort trade, although the effects on world markets and average prices remain relatively small, due to the small share of trade facilitated by these programmes and their small per-unit effect. Disciplines are necessary, however, to avoid even greater use of all forms of export competition policies. Countries have embarked on a new round of multilateral trade negotiations on agriculture. The challenge facing policy makers is to build upon the foundations of the URAA to further reduce trade distortions. This requires strengthening the disciplines already established and addressing weaknesses of the current agreement, such as those that have been identified in this report.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264196292-en
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  • 46
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    FDI from Developing Countries : A Vector for Trade and Development (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264176027
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'IDE des pays en développement ; Un vecteur d'échanges et de croissance
    DDC: 338.8/891724
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Korea, Republic of ; Entwicklungsländer ; Direktinvestition ; Multinationales Unternehmen
    Abstract: This book illustrates Korea's experience with outward foreign direct investment (FDI) and shows that the ancillary benefits of such investment -- knowledge and management transfer, market acquisition and skills enhancement -- can be substantial for individual firms. Moreover, the resulting increased robustness of these enterprises contributes to the strength and stability of the economy as a whole. While it is true that inward FDI carries similar benefits, outward FDI -- driven by the prerogatives of the domestic company -- is integrated into existing business plans and strategies, and therefore constitutes a more active policy. No experience is directly transferable, but the Korean case shows that there is a large potential for other emerging economies to gain from FDI flows and that the initial costs from lost internal investment are largely outweighed by the medium-term benefits.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264176027-en
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  • 47
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    Coal in the Energy Supply of India (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264175945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 338.27240954
    Keywords: Energy ; India ; Statistik 1975-2000 ; Indien ; Kohlenbergbau ; Lagerstätte ; Bergwerk ; Energiewirtschaft ; Rohstoffversorgung ; Indien ; Steinkohle ; Braunkohle ; Vorrat ; Produktion ; Indien ; Energieträger ; Kohle ; Transport ; Rohstoffpreis ; Rohstoffmarkt
    Abstract: Indian coal reserves are the third largest in the world, after the United States and China. India is the third largest coal producer in the world and the eighth largest importer. With annual production of 310 million tonnes and imports of almost 25 million tonnes, coal provides one-third of energy supply in India. The Indian government forecasts huge increases in electricity capacity based on coal. Massive increases in coal supply would be required if these plans are realised, although it is not clear if they are feasible. The principal objective of Indian coal policy should be to improve the financial performance of the industry by creating a freely competitive coal industry. A financially viable electricity industry will be necessary to support reforms in the coal industry. This report describes the Indian coal sector, and comments on government policies and the performance of India’s largely state-owned coal companies. There is a substantial need for reforms in India’s coal sector to improve efficiency and competitiveness.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264175945-en
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  • 48
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    Responding to Student Expectations (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264176225
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Répondre aux attentes des étudiants
    DDC: 370
    RVK:
    DM 2009
    Keywords: Education ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Student ; Erwartung ; Universität
    Abstract: Today’s university students are drawn from a highly diverse set of backgrounds. Students appear in various guises as citizens, consumers, and clients. They are fitting university study around increasingly busy lives, often alongside paid employment. In many countries students are paying more for their university education, and expect high levels of standards and service. Universities are institutions with multiple roles, and must balance the needs and demands of their students with the expectations placed upon them by government, industry and the wider community. Such a balance must be struck in the face of increasing pressure on university budgets. Effective action to meet student expectations therefore poses major management challenges for universities. This volume arises from two seminars, held in Brisbane and Paris respectively, to examine some of the key issues facing universities as they confront these challenges. It offers perspectives and experience drawn from contributors from Australia, Europe and Canada, including the views of student leaders.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264176225-en
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  • 49
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    Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Champagne-Ardenne, France 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264275959
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Champagne-Ardenne, France 2002
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; France
    Abstract: La Champagne-Ardenne, située dans le nord-est, est la 5ème région française en matière de PIB/tête. Elle dispose d’avantages comparatifs dans certains secteurs industriels comme la mécanique, le travail des métaux et l’emballage et aussi dans l’agriculture et bien évidemment dans les activités liées au Champagne. La région a néanmoins perdu du terrain lors de la récession du début des années 1990. Si la reprise fait maintenant sentir ses effets, des incertitudes demeurent quant à l’avenir de la région. Ce rapport analyse les résultats de la stratégie mise en place par le Conseil Régional pour renforcer le processus de rattrapage et favoriser la diversification de l’économie régionale. Il met l’accent sur les deux moteurs principaux de la croissance : l’entrepreneuriat et les investissements directs étrangers. Il souligne la nécessité d’accélérer la transition vers une économie davantage fondée sur les activités dépendantes du savoir. Ceci implique de stimuler plus activement la recherche et d’encourager les PME à s’intégrer dans des réseaux et à innover. La région doit aussi trouver un meilleur équilibre entre politique agricole et politique rurale. Enfin, il est important que le Conseil régional s’investisse plus dans la lutte contre le déclin des villes. En effet, la Champagne-Ardenne est une des régions dont la part de la population vivant dans les zones urbaines sensibles est une des plus importantes en France. Cet ouvrage suggère que la coopération entre les villes et la constitution de réseaux urbains ont un grand rôle à jouer dans le développement de la région. L’Examen territorial de Champagne-Ardenne s’inscrit dans un programme plus vaste d’Examens territoriaux, aux niveaux national et régional, menés par le Comité des Politiques de Développement Territorial de l’OCDE. L’objectif général des Examens territoriaux est de fournir des recommandations pratiques aux gouvernements. Les Examens territoriaux portent sur trois types de régions (urbain, intermédiaire, rural). Ils permettent de mieux comprendre les défis auxquels ces régions sont confrontées et identifient des solutions concrètes pour y faire face.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264275959-fr
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  • 50
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    Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Sienne, Italie 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264294370
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Siena, Italy 2002
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Italy
    Abstract: Sienne est une province essentiellement rurale située dans le centre de l’Italie. Elle a connu une croissance économique stable tout au long de la période de l’après-guerre. Cette réussite est due à une économie variée fondée sur l’industrie manufacturière, les services, une agriculture à forte valeur ajoutée et un secteur du tourisme dynamique. Néanmoins, c’est dans ces deux derniers domaines que Sienne détient un réel avantage concurrentiel, dans la mesure où ils dépendent tous deux de la concentration exceptionnelle en ressources environnementales et culturelles qu'offre la région. C’est la nécessité d’assurer à la fois la pleine mise en valeur et la préservation de cet atout qui a justifié le soutien aux différentes initiatives de développement durable. Un effort a notamment été fait pour que le développement de la région ne soit pas mis en péril par l’impact du tourisme de masse et le manque de coordination de l’offre. Le paysage agraire est également confronté à des incertitudes, dans la mesure où la majorité des terres cultivées dépend toujours des subventions de l’Union européenne, malgré la réussite commerciale de plusieurs producteurs agricoles. Afin de répondre aux défis du développement durable, Sienne doit faire cadrer ses objectifs de développement avec les moyens les plus appropriés de les atteindre, tout en assurant la coordination et la planification de l'ensemble à long terme. L’Examen territorial de Sienne s’inscrit dans un programme plus vaste d’Examens territoriaux, aux niveaux national et régional, menés par le Comité des Politiques de Développement Territorial de l’OCDE. L’objectif général des Examens territoriaux est de fournir des recommandations pratiques aux gouvernements. Les Examens territoriaux portent sur trois types de régions (urbain, intermédiaire, rural). Ils permettent de mieux comprendre les défis auxquels ces régions sont confrontées et identifient des solutions concrètes pour y faire face.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264294370-fr
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    Measuring Up : Improving Health System Performance in OECD Countries (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195950
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Etre à la hauteur ; Mesurer et améliorer la performance des systèmes de santé dans les pays de l'OCDE
    DDC: 362.1/094
    RVK:
    QX 700
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Konferenzschrift 2001 ; OECD ; Gesundheitswesen ; OECD ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Medizinische Versorgung ; Leistungsmessung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: How can we measure the performance of different health systems, and how can we use such information to support on-going health systems improvement? Those are the central questions addressed in this volume. Health policy makers have a growing interest in finding ways of encouraging health systems to improve their performance, where performance is measured against quality, efficiency or equity goals. Improving performance has the potential to reduce the tensions between rising demands and limited resources. There is also a growing demand for accountability among funders and providers of health services. This book highlights the core elements of a possible performance measurement framework to assess health systems at the international and national levels. It also addresses further challenges which remain: how do we overcome the lack of health outcome measures? How do we better align performance information and incentives with policy objectives? And how do we reconcile the traditional professional self-regulation approach with greater public accountability for health care quality?
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195950-en
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  • 52
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : République Slovaque 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264274969
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Slovak Republic 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Performance Environmental Reviews (Slovak version); Slovak Republic
    Keywords: Environment ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: Ce rapport consacré à la République Slovaque évalue les progrès accomplis ou à faire dans la réduction de la charge polluante, la gestion des ressources naturelles, l'intégration des politiques économique et environnementale et le renforcement de la coopération internationale. Les analyses s'appuient sur un large ensemble de données économiques et environnementales.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264274969-fr
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  • 53
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    Education and Health Expenditure, and Development : The Cases of Indonesia and Peru (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194281
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Dépenses d'éducation et de santé, et développement ; Les cas de l'Indonésie et du Pérou
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Indonesia ; Peru
    Abstract: When setting spending priorities in education and health, countries all too often target expensive schemes which can be shown only to benefit specific sections of the population, often the non-poor. The building of certain urban hospitals and universities may fall into this category. Wherever expenditure is directed to universal schemes, such as establishing rural and urban clinics, kindergartens and primary schools, however, the poor can be shown to benefit more. This book pleads for a series of policy orientations leading towards pro-poor health and education spending.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194281-en
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  • 54
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    Decentralisation and the Financing of Educational Facilities : = Financement des équipements éducatifs et décentralisation (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264096486
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Who finances educational facilities? What are the criteria used and how are they applied? Each country has its own system; however, the general trends are towards diversification of funding sources and decentralisation of responsibility. This publication examines the links between decentralisation and new means of financing. Although local control can guarantee greater effectiveness and responsiveness to local needs, central government remains responsible for ensuring access to equity and equality of educational opportunity. The greatest challenge in education funding consists of achieving compatibility between these objectives and technological development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264096486-en-fr
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  • 55
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    Debt Management and Government Securities Markets in the 21st Century (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264176003
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gestion de la dette publique et les marchés des valeurs d'État au 21e siècle
    DDC: 336.3/435/09177
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Debt Management and Government Securities Markets in the 21st Century reviews recent trends in the structure of OECD government securities markets and public debt management operations, and highlights the generic structural policy issues in emerging debt markets. Over the years, OECD debt managers have developed best practices for raising, managing and retiring debt at the lowest possible price and acceptable risk, largely in the presence of persistent large deficits. New techniques have been developed to cope with the adverse consequences of running surpluses (pricing anomalies and lower liquidity in traditional benchmark markets). This report analyses the impact of advanced electronic systems on primary and secondary markets. In the future, sophisticated electronic auction systems will enable institutional investors to bid directly in auctions, thereby by-passing primary dealers. Electronic trading systems will inevitably reshape secondary fixed-income markets. Underlying these challenges is the growing number of OECD sovereign issuers granting greater independence to debt management operations, accompanied by an increased emphasis on risk assessment and risk management. The report also addresses the introduction of new instruments (index-linked bonds and derivatives), as well as policies related to investor relations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264176003-en
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  • 56
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    Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : Pologne 2002 : De la transition aux nouveaux défis de la réglementation (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264276031
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform; Poland 2002; From Transition to New Regulatory Challenges
    Keywords: Governance ; Poland
    Abstract: A l’instar des autres pays d’Europe centrale et orientale, la Pologne a connu une profonde mutation dans les années 90 en effectuant la transition d’une économie planifiée à une économie de marché. La libéralisation de l’activité économique et la démocratisation des institutions publiques ont été vigoureuses et d’une grande ampleur. Aujourd’hui, la Pologne a une économie de marché qui fonctionne et elle a donné un cadre démocratique à ses institutions. Le processus d’adhésion à l’Union européenne stimule davantage encore l’effort de libéralisation et de modernisation. Cependant, ce n’est que la « fin du commencement ». Il faut consolider les acquis, notamment au niveau des performances économiques, et mettre en oeuvre une nouvelle législation avec efficacité. La Pologne doit relever des défis majeurs afin d’améliorer les capacités de réglementation de l’État. Il s’agit d’améliorer la qualité des ressources humaines dans le secteur public et l’efficacité de la réglementation à tous les niveaux d’administration. La libéralisation des monopoles d’État restants appelle une démarche plus courageuse et fait ressortir le besoin d’une réforme de la réglementation pour accompagner les changements structurels qui s’imposent dans ces secteurs. Il est pareillement souhaitable de créer un environnement professionnel plus propice à l'esprit d'entreprise. Le message essentiel de cette étude est qu’il faut poursuivre la réforme. La Pologne est l’un des nombreux pays de l’OCDE à avoir demandé à l'OCDE d’examiner ses pratiques réglementaires et ses réformes. Tout en décrivant le contexte macroéconomique, cet ouvrage présente un panorama des résultats et des enjeux de la réforme de la réglementation dans des domaines comme la qualité du secteur public, la politique de la concurrence et l’ouverture des marchés. Il met tout particulièrement l’accent sur les progrès de la réglementation dans les secteurs de la poste, de l’énergie et des télécommunications. Dans la même série : La réforme de la réglementation au Canada La réforme de la réglementation en Corée La réforme de la réglementation au Danemark La réforme de la réglementation en Espagne La réforme de la réglementation aux États-Unis La réforme de la réglementation en Grèce La réforme de la réglementation en Hongrie La réforme de la réglementation en Irlande La réforme de la réglementation en Italie La réforme de la réglementation au Japon La réforme de la réglementation au Mexique La réforme de la réglementation aux Pays-Bas La réforme de la réglementation en République tchèque La réforme de la réglementation au Royaume-Uni La réforme de la réglementation en Turquie Ces examens s’inscrivent dans la continuité du Rapport de l’OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation - Synthèse, et du document d’appui en deux volumes Rapport de l’OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation - Études sectorielles - Études thématiques qui ont été publiés en 1997.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264276031-fr
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    Environmental Remediation of Uranium Production Facilities (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194809
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (328 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réaménagement de l'environnement des sites de production d'uranium
    Keywords: Environment ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Environmental remediation activities in uranium mines and mills have become increasingly important in the last few decades due to the large number of facilities which have been taken out of operation, the growing interest in remediating previously abandoned sites and the increasingly strict environmental regulations that are being put in place. Remediation programmes are being implemented to ensure the return of affected areas to previously existing environmental conditions or to a land use that will be sustainable in the long term and acceptable to all stakeholders. This report provides a summary of the most relevant issues and practices in remediation programmes of uranium production facilities and an overview of activities and plans in reporting countries. It covers the areas of site characterisation, dismantling and decommissioning, waste management facilities, water remediation, long-term stewardship and monitoring, policies and regulations, and costs. The country profiles of remediation activities and plans include information considered to be important by the country and are based on survey responses provided by 22 countries (12 OECD and 10 non-OECD countries).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194809-en
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    Advanced Nuclear Reactor Safety Issues and Research Needs : Workshop Proceedings, Paris, France, 18-20 February 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194441
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (344 p)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Safety
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Advanced nuclear reactor safety issues and research needs
    Keywords: Nukleare Sicherheit ; Welt ; OECD-Staaten ; Nuclear Energy ; France ; Kernreaktorsicherheit
    Abstract: New nuclear reactor designs are expected to have a higher level of safety than current designs. As part of the efforts to achieve this, important safety issues related to the new designs need to be identified at an early stage, and research required for problem resolution defined. These proceedings bring together the papers presented at the OECD/NEA Workshop on Advanced Nuclear Reactor Safety Issues and Research Needs. Conclusions of the workshop discussions are offered at the end of the book, which will be of particular interest to all those involved in planning and designing the next generation of nuclear reactors.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194441-en
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    Report of the Final Ring Test of the Daphnia magna Reproduction Test (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077997
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (190 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.6
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document is the report of the Ring Test of the February 1994 OECD draft Guideline 202, part II on Daphnia magna Reproduction Test, which was conducted in 1994. It also includes the report of the OECD Workshop on the Final Ring Test of the Daphnia magna Reproduction Test, which was held at Sheffield University on 27-28 March 1995 (Appendix E).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077997-en
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  • 60
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    Bridging the Innovation Gap in Russia (Russian Version) (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9785209017042
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (97 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bridging the Innovation Gap in Russia
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: Despite substantial achievements in the recent past, the innovation climate in Russia is in need of major improvements. Comprehensive institutional and policy reforms are required, including in areas outside the remit of policy makers in technology and innovation. In this context, the Helsinki Seminar on "Innovation Policy and the Valorisation of Science and Technology in Russia" gathered government officials, scientists and businessmen from Russia and several OECD Member and observer countries -- Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Italy, Korea, the United States and Israel -- as well as from countries of the Newly Independent States (NIS). Participants examined the climate for innovation in Russia and discussed the lessons that can be drawn from the institutional reforms and recent policy initiatives in OECD countries to enhance the contribution of science and technology to innovation and growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/9785209017042-ru
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    Essai n 308: Transformation aérobie et anaérobie dans les sédiments aquatiques (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070530
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 308; Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformation in Aquatic Sediment Systems
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 308: Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformation in Aquatic Sediment Systems
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit une méthode d'essai ayant pour objet d’évaluer en laboratoire la transformation aérobie et anaérobie des substances organiques dans les sédiments aquatiques. La méthode permet la mesure de (i) la vitesse de transformation de la substance d’essai dans le système eau-sédiment et dans le sédiment ; (ii) la vitesse de minéralisation de la substance d’essai et/ou de ses produits de transformation ; (iii) la répartition de la substance d’essai et de ses produits de transformation entre l’eau et les sédiments à l’issu de la période d’incubation dans l’obscurité à température constante; et (iv) l’identification et la quantification les produits de transformation dans l’eau et dans les sédiments, notamment par un bilan massique. Au moins deux sédiments différents quant à leur teneur de carbone organique et à leur texture sont utilisés. Dans le meilleur des cas, la substance d'essai (une concentration) devrait être appliquée comme soluté dans la phase aqueuse. L'essai ne doit normalement pas dépasser 100 jours et doit se poursuivre jusqu'à ce que la voie de dégradation et le mode de répartition dans l'eau et les sédiments aient été mis en évidence, ou jusqu'à la dissipation de 90 pour cent de la substance d'essai par transformation et/ou volatilisation. Il doit y avoir au moins six moments de prélèvement. L'étude inclut la concentration de la substance d'essai et de ses produits de transformation dans l'eau et les sédiments pour chaque prélèvement, les résultats obtenus lors de chaque prélèvement sur les pièges à gaz et à substances volatiles, le taux de minéralisation et les résidus non extractibles dans les sédiments de chaque prélèvement. On calculera les demi-vies, le TD50, le TD75 et le TD90 lorsque les résultats le permettent.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070530-fr
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    Detailed Review Document on Classification Systems for Substances which Pose an Aspiration Hazard (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078512
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.37
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This detailed review document examines member country classifications systems for substances which pose an aspiration hazard.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078512-en
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    Le nouveau régionalisme en Afrique subsaharienne : L'arbre cache-t-il une forêt ? (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.20
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The New Regionalism in Sub-Saharan Africa: More than Meets the Eye?
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • En renforçant la confiance, l’intégration régionale en Afrique subsaharienne devient un instrument de promotion de l’investissement privé. Atteindre ces objectifs politiques exige des priorités claires et faciles à suivre. • Une harmonisation régionale des politiques, des projets d’infrastructures conjoints permettront d’ouvrir plus largement l’accès aux marchés mondiaux, ’accroître les flux de capitaux et de stimuler les échanges entre pays africains. Dans tous ces domaines, des réformes politiques intérieures sont nécessaires pour attirer les investissements régionaux. • Les acteurs politiques les plus menacés par l’intégration régionale risquent de s’y opposer. La communauté internationale doit soutenir les efforts de réforme des dirigeants africains et les aider à vaincre les résistances et le scepticisme. • La suppression des obstacles commerciaux restants — agriculture et obstacles non tarifaires compris — est de loin le geste le plus important que les pays de l’OCDE peuvent faire pour soutenir le redressement du continent africain.
    DOI: 10.1787/721701526023
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    Automatic Stabilisers and Market Flexibility in EMU : Is There A Trade-Off? (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.335
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: It is often claimed that tax and welfare reforms that aim at enhancing efficiency may come at the cost of cyclical stabilisation. Reducing the generosity of welfare systems and lowering taxes may boost efficiency and output, and improve market adjustment to shocks. But, by reducing the size of automatic stabilisers, it may also imply less cyclical smoothing. This would be unwelcome in EMU given the loss of national monetary autonomy and the well-known pitfalls of active fiscal management. This paper argues that the alleged trade-off between efficiency/flexibility and stabilisation may not exist. We show that, if the initial level of the tax burden is high, reducing it may lead to higher output stabilisation in the event of a supply shock and higher inflation stabilisation in the event of a demand shock. The threshold level of taxation depends on the preferences of the central bank over inflation and output. Econometric and numerical simulations show that European countries — ...
    DOI: 10.1787/642866215738
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    Strengthening Participation in Public Expenditure Management : Policy Recommendations for Key Stakeholders (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.22
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renforcer la participation à la gestion des dépenses publiques : Recommandations à l'intention des principaux acteurs
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Participation by civil society in public expenditure management promises to improve social and economic outcomes while increasing confidence in public institutions. • Participatory budgeting (PB) programmes depend on the effective engagement of three key domestic stakeholders: governments, civil society and legislatures. Participatory budgeting cannot be imposed. • The successful execution of participatory programmes is hampered by serious capacity gaps among key domestic stakeholders. The introduction of PB programmes should be sequenced to reflect different national conditions and policy settings. • Citizen-led participation in budget policy has the potential to improve the effectiveness of nationally driven development strategies such as Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). • Donors should focus their efforts on investing in increased capacity among all stakeholders, while encouraging political engagement among governments in particular.
    DOI: 10.1787/640564834060
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    Public Expenditure Management in Poland (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.346
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: This paper assesses the public expenditure system in Poland and the scope for its reform. Though a number of important steps to control the future evolution of spending, such as pension reform and healthcare reform, have already made in Poland, much more needs to be done. Indeed budget consolidation and the government’s goal of increasing the economy’s potential rate of growth can best be achieved by a far ranging re-evaluation and reorientation of spending away from personal transfers that contribute to inactivity traps. In this regard, it is important to expand the scope of the State Budget to include much more of general government spending, abolishing the extrabudgetary funds, and improving the co-ordination of the budget planning process among different levels of government. Moreover, the authorities need to increasingly move towards a multi-year budgeting framework. Not only will this allow for better management of investment projects, but it will also help policymakers to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/836146648523
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    Improving the Performance of Health Care Systems : From Measures to Action (A Review of Experiences in Four OECD Countries) (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.57
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: There is growing interest in improving the performance of health systems in OECD countries. Many countries are developing initiatives to measure performance to guide and inform the improvement process. Indeed, measurement and improvement are increasingly linked, as is indicated by familiar phrases such as ‘evidence-based medicine’ and ‘evidence-based policy’. This paper summarises the findings of an investigation of recent initiatives to better measure and improve health performance in four OECD countries: France, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Sweden. It highlights a number of case studies in these countries, which have been chosen to illustrate initiatives to improve performance, which paid greater or lesser attention to measurement issues. An attempt has also been made to describe the role of institutional arrangements as well as various policy and management “levers” which are used to bring about change. The case studies and discussion presented in this paper draw upon a more ...
    DOI: 10.1787/742876710365
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    Why are Some Countries so Poor? : Another Look at the Evidence and a Message of Hope (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.197
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The paper attempts to explain why single factor explanations of the poverty of nations are usually found to be unsatisfactory. Middle- and low-income countries excluding sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, have an income per head which stands at about one third of the rich countries’ income per head. Yet each of the three items of the Solow model, namely human capital, physical capital (appropriated weighted) and total factor productivity, are each equal to about 70 per cent of the corresponding levels of rich countries. But 70 per cent to the power of three is 35 per cent! Multiplying small or relatively benign handicaps can yield dramatic effects on a country’s income. The paper then moves on to explain each of the three items. It argues that the Lucas paradox on why capital is scarce can readily be solved, once market prices rather than PPP prices are used to assess the return to capital mobility, and on the same ground it argues that PPP calculations bias downwards the TFP of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/205835882383
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    Convergence and Divergence of Sovereign Bond Spreads : Lessons From Latin America (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.200
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Latin American sovereign bonds represent a significant share of the emerging debt class (50 per cent by early 2001) and so have considerably shaped the dynamics of this market. Recent financial turmoil, contagion episodes and investors’ renewed concerns with debt default call for a better understanding of sovereign bond pricing (spreads) and its determinants, either macro fundamentals, contagion or other external variables. This paper addresses two important questions not fully tackled in the existing literature: i) to what extent do permanent or transitory changes in fundamentals affect sovereign risk perception, i.e. default risk, once contagion is controlled for? ii) how can a relatively high and volatile spread be the cause of unsustainable public debt accumulation? In order to answer these questions, we estimate long-term structural equations to pin down country risk determinants for Argentina, Chile and Mexico, using a time series framework spanning 1994-2000. Unlike former ...
    DOI: 10.1787/822657710540
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    Reviews of National Policies for Education: Lifelong Learning in Norway 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264196421
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Reviews of National Policies for Education
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens des politiques nationales d'éducation ; La formation tout au long de la vie en Norvège 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens des politiques nationales d'éducation : La formation tout au long de la vie en Norvège 2002
    Keywords: Education ; Norway
    Abstract: Norway is a test-bed for the implementation of a bold vision of lifelong learning. There is broad and strong political support within Norway for lifelong learning as a next logical step for a highly developed country with a highly educated population, confronted with challenges ranging from economic re-structuring, to an ageing workforce, the contradictions of labour shortages and increased leisure time, and an increasingly diverse society. But even in Norway the institutional arrangements and policies fall short of a systemic approach to lifelong learning. The most obvious shortcomings concern adults where there are daunting issues regarding the governance and finance of adult learning. Leadership is a vexed issue insofar as successful implementation depends on concerted action by several ministries as well as the social partners. Choice, equity and quality are in many cases conflicting objectives and difficult trade-offs have to be resolved. Norway is advanced, relative to other countries, in the development of new politics regarding the knowledge society. Indeed, it can be argued that if lifelong learning is to succeed anywhere, Norway is one of the most likely places in view of its history of reforms, co-operation among bodies, high educational standards and outcomes. Lessons from the experience with this approach can be usefully applied in other settings. This study is divided into two parts: the background report (which was prepared by the Norwegian authorities) and the OECD Examiners' report.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264196421-en
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    Plant Turnover and Productivity Growth in Canadian Manufacturing (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2002/02
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Canada
    Abstract: Entry is important because new firms and new plants provide an important source of competition to incumbents. They are a source of new products and technologies. In this paper, we outline the size of the turnover in plants that have entered and exited the Canadian manufacturing sector over each of the last three decades – 1973-79, 1979-88 and 1988-97. We also examine the contribution of plant turnover to labour productivity growth in the manufacturing sector over the three periods. Plant turnover makes a significant contribution to productivity growth as more productive entrants replace exiting plants that are less productive. We also find that a disproportionately large fraction of the contribution of plant turnover to productivity growth is due to multi-plant or foreign-controlled firms closing down and opening up new plants. The plants opened up by multi-plant or foreign-controlled firms are typically much more productive than those opened by single-plant or domestic-controlled ...
    DOI: 10.1787/745662258480
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    The handling of timescales in assessing post-closure safety of deep geological repositories : workshop proceedings, Paris, France 16-18 April 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264099123
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Series Statement: Radioactive waste management
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. The handling of timescales in assessing post-closure safety of deep geological repositories
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264099128-en
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    The Evolving Retirement Income Package : Trends in Adequacy and Equality in Nine OECD Countries (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.63
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: In 1998, the OECD issued a report, Maintaining Prosperity in an Ageing Society, on the widespread policy implications of ageing. This study is a background paper for one of the follow-up studies, Ageing and Income: Financial Resources and Retirement in Nine OECD countries, which was published by OECD in 2001. Canada, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States participated in this activity. Japan played a major role in initiating and funding the project. This paper explores various questions related to the income situation of persons at retirement-age It is based on the most comprehensive data available for the nine participating countries (including, for the first time, Japanese data) in a consistent and comparative way. Recently developed techniques were employed to examine the interactions between the evolution of the retirement income package, and trends in income adequacy and equality. There are four main ...
    DOI: 10.1787/767702557126
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    Detailed Review Document on Hazard Classification Systems for Specific Target Organ Systemic Toxicity Following Single or Repeated Exposure in OECD Member Countries (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078420
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.25
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This detailed review document examines member country hazard classification systems for specific target organ systemic toxicity following single or repeated exposure.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078420-en
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    Enhancing the Effectiveness of Public Expenditure in Sweden (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.345
    Keywords: Economics ; Sweden
    Abstract: This paper analyses the main features of Sweden’s public expenditure and addresses some key policy issues. Public spending is high relative to GDP, reflecting the wide support for the Swedish welfare state. The institutional framework within which spending decisions are made has both strengths and weaknesses: the expenditure ceilings need to be reinforced, more prioritisation of expenditure is needed, and state agencies need to become more accountable for their performance. Outlays and outcomes are examined for childcare and education, health, caring for the elderly, and social insurance, where some aspects function very well and others need considerable improvement. Some tools and techniques for getting better results from public spending are also considered, including contracting out and user charges. More could be done to clearly set out the costs as well as the benefits of social choices ...
    DOI: 10.1787/706857274877
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    L' économie locale de Sikasso, Mali - Résumé (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062986
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: Écoloc, Gérer l'économie localement en Afrique
    Series Statement: Évaluation et prospective
    Series Statement: Écoloc, Gérer l'économie localement en Afrique : Évaluation et prospective
    Keywords: Development ; Mali
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062986-fr
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  • 77
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    L' économie locale de Saint Louis et du delta du fleuve Sénégal - Comptes économiques (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264063037
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 p)
    Series Statement: Écoloc, Gérer l'économie localement en Afrique
    Series Statement: Évaluation et prospective
    Series Statement: Écoloc, Gérer l'économie localement en Afrique : Évaluation et prospective
    Keywords: Development ; Senegal
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264063037-fr
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  • 78
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    Tertiary Education Infrastructure in the United Kingdom (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 12 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2002/14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les infrastructures de l'enseignement supérieur au Royaume-Uni
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Infrastructure for tertiary education is currently the object of attention in the United Kingdom. Presented here are four articles that describe recent planning and research regarding facilities for UK universities and colleges of higher education. They cover a case study in planning a sustainable business school building, research on the impact facilities play when students choose a university, a report on the cost and need to modernise teaching and learning infrastructure, and finally a project on effective space management to improve use of space and resources.
    DOI: 10.1787/726666087038
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  • 79
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    FDI and Human Capital : A Research Agenda (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.195
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: After a review of the literature, this paper concludes that there is potential for significant “spillover effects” from FDI into host countries. However, it identifies some limitations of this potential to do with the stock of human capital, the interest in local firms of promoting skills transfer and the competition environment. The authors suggest comparing conditions and effects between regions, particularly between East Asia and Latin America where transfer in the former has been more consistent than in the latter. They propose, further, that an analysis of the type of FDI flowing to different regions and countries could provide clues to the potential for maximising the gains to local skills accumulation. Finally, studies are needed which examine the nature of skills provided by FDI, and ways in which training institutions, business schools, for example, can complement in-service training by firms in FDI host countries ...
    DOI: 10.1787/658557635021
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  • 80
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    Guidance Document for the Conduct of Studies of Occupational Exposure to Pesticides During Agricultural Application (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.9
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Guidance Document presents an internationally harmonized approach to the conduct of studies of occupational exposure to pesticides during agricultural application.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078079-en
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  • 81
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    Virtuous Circles? Human Capital Formation, Economic Development and the Multinational Enterprise (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.191
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In recent years, academics and policy makers have emphasised the role of human capital formation in economic development. By creating human capital, countries become more attractive to private investment, both domestic and foreign. And through such investment, countries grow and prosper. Yet the empirical evidence in support of this theory remains elusive. While foreign direct investment (FDI) has multiplied in many countries around the world since the 1980s, its effects on growth are uncertain. Why is that the case? In this paper I argue that political economy pathways exist that may lead countries away from sustained growth. In countries that lack well-developed capital and education markets, many otherwise qualified citizens may be denied the basic skills they need in order to contribute fully to the nation’s economic development. As societies become divided, they become more conflicted, and this conflict dampens growth, irrespective of the level of foreign direct investment ...
    DOI: 10.1787/231858424154
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  • 82
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    Sectoral Shifts in Europe and the United States : How They Affect Aggregate Labour Shares and the Properties of Wage Equations (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.326
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: This paper sheds light on the importance of aggregation bias in the analysis of wage shares developments over time and across countries. We focus on five European countries and the United States and show that the trend decline in the aggregate wage share observed in these countries over much of the 1980s and 1990s partly reflects changes in the sectoral composition of the economy. The application of a fixed-weight aggregation method changes the profile of the observed wage share in a significant way: in particular there is no longer sign of an overshooting of the wage share levels of the early-1970s. Error-correction wage equations based on the adjusted wage shares generally have a better regression fit and show long-run elasticities of real wages to unemployment that vary less across countries and are substantially lower than those obtained with observed shares. These results are broadly confirmed by wage regressions using sectoral data and the Pooled Mean Group estimator ...
    DOI: 10.1787/763626062738
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  • 83
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    Next Steps for Public Spending in New Zealand : The Pursuit of Effectiveness (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.337
    Keywords: Economics ; New Zealand
    Abstract: This paper reviews public expenditure in New Zealand and the scope for further progress. Since the mid-1980s, New Zealand has been a world leader in public management reforms. Government agencies have been transformed by delegating managerial responsibility to them and replacing input controls with an output-based budgeting and management approach. The adoption of a medium-term top-down fiscal management framework contributed to a large reduction in public debt. But while the system is good at producing outputs cheaply and often in innovative, responsive, and customer-driven ways, it is not as good at choosing what to produce in the first place (i.e. technical versus allocative efficiency). This reflects insufficient evaluation of programmes, not enough focus on managing for outcomes, and a budget that is excessively fragmented. The quality of spending could also be improved by a greater willingness to extend the use of market-based mechanisms, including usercharges, competition ...
    DOI: 10.1787/338071481346
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  • 84
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    Competition and Efficiency in Publicly Funded Services (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 69 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.331
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews the extent to which OECD countries have opened the provision of publicly funded services to competition among public and private suppliers. The paper lays out an analytical framework identifying the inherent incentive and efficiency issues associated with the provision of publicly funded services and outlines how they may be addressed via performance-related funding, benchmarking, contracting-out by public agencies and voucher schemes which allow users to choose among suppliers while maintaining public funding. Also, the empirical literature on contracting-out of technical and support services and on school choice is reviewed. In compulsory education, the provision mode is relatively uniform across OECD countries with most students by far attending public schools. However, the involvement of private institutions increase with education level and orientation towards occupational skills, and in many countries funding arrangements for public institutions are being ...
    DOI: 10.1787/282126010667
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  • 85
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    Multinational Enterprises in Situations of Violent Conflict and Widespread Human Rights Abuses (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2002/01
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les entreprises multinationales dans des situations de conflits violents et de violations généralisées des droits de l'homme
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: In response to enquiries about foreign investment in Myanmar, the Committee for International Investment and Multinational Enterprises (CIME) asked the Secretariat to prepare a paper, under the responsibility of the latter, that would provide background information to interested parties. This paper was not only to shed light on business activity in Myanmar, but also to consider the broader challenges of conducting business responsibly in countries characterised by civil strife and extensive human rights violations. The present paper responds to this request and focuses on issues that are of particular relevance to extractive industries. This sector’s share of global investment is quite small, but its significance for particular host societies is large and the underlying issues for corporate responsibility affect the welfare of millions of people. While not ignoring the problems that have arisen in connection with multinational enterprise activity in troubled host countries, this ...
    DOI: 10.1787/410036718701
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  • 86
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    Legal Provisions Related to Business-to-Consumer Alternative Dispute Resolution in Relation to Privacy and Consumer Protection (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.65
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Dispositions juridiques liées au règlement alternatif des litiges entre entreprises et consommateurs relatifs à la vie privée et à la protection des consommateurs
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This document addresses the extent to which existing legal provisions in OECD countries impact recourse to alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in relation to disputes arising out of business-to-consumer electronic commerce.
    DOI: 10.1787/233318385765
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  • 87
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    The Importance of Entry to Canadian Manufacuring, with an Appendix on Measurement Issues (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2002/03
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Canada
    Abstract: Understanding the importance of the dynamic entry process in the Canadian economy involves measuring size of entry. The main purpose of this paper is to summarise the information that we have on the amount of entry in Canada. The paper also fulfils another purpose. Some studies have focused on cross-country comparisons (Geroski and Schwalbach, 1991: OECD, 2001). Interpretation of the results of these studies is difficult unless methodological issues regarding how entry is measured are addressed. Without an understanding of the extent to which different databases produce different results, international comparisons are difficult to evaluate. Cross-country comparisons that are derived from extremely different data sources may be misleading because of the lack of comparability. Since there is more than one reliable database that can be used to estimate entry in Canada, this paper asks how measured entry rates vary across different Canadian databases. By examining the difference in entry ...
    DOI: 10.1787/515653287372
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  • 88
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    L' économie locale de Bondoukou - Comptes, acteurs et dynamisme de l'économie locale - Volume 1 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062771
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p)
    Series Statement: Écoloc, Gérer l'économie localement en Afrique
    Series Statement: Évaluation et prospective
    Series Statement: Écoloc, Gérer l'économie localement en Afrique : Évaluation et prospective
    Keywords: Development
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062771-fr
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  • 89
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    Le projet des écoles bolivariennes au Venezuela (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2002/08
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Venezuela's Bolivarian Schools Project
    Keywords: Education ; Venezuela
    Abstract: Le Projet des écoles bolivariennes a pour objet de résoudre des problèmes tels que les abandons en cours de scolarité, l’exclusion dans l’enseignement, le redoublement, la malnutrition et la perte de l’identité locale, régionale et nationale, et de rechercher les citoyens intéressés par la transformation économique et sociale.
    DOI: 10.1787/735358486686
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  • 90
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    Teacher education and the teaching career in an era of lifelong learning (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 Seiten) , Illustration , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.2
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper attempts to position the teaching career within the context of the changing policy paradigm of lifelong learning. The paper locates the emergence of this policy within some of the fundamental social and economic changes which are re-shaping contemporary society. It emphasises that society’s requirement of a highly educated, well trained, committed and effective teaching force was never more urgent. While the demands being made of teachers have been increasing greatly, there are disturbing indications that in some countries key factors needed to underpin a qualitative teaching profession are under stress. The paper reviews problems, trends and developments in key areas affecting teacher education and the teaching career, from recruitment to conditions of work. The final section of the paper proposes guidelines for action to ensure that a systematic and coherent policy prevails to support the teaching career into the future. The paper concludes that a robust and comprehensive policy for the teaching career needs to be a priority for governments, and that the teaching profession should be consulted on policy formulation and implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/226408628504
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  • 91
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    Towards Sustainable Household Consumption? : Trends and Policies in OECD Countries (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264175068
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vers un mode de consommation durable des ménages ? ; Tendances et politiques dans les pays de l'OCDE
    DDC: 339.4/7
    RVK:
    QW 300
    RVK:
    WK 8500
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This book provides a comprehensive analysis of household consumption patterns in five key areas: food, tourism-related travel, energy, water and waste generation. It brings together the various elements of household consumption that are necessary to better understand consumption trends and to identify the best policy options towards sustainable consumption. These include data on household consumption trends and drivers, environmental impacts, policy responses and policy recommendations. The analysis shows that environmental impacts from household activities have worsened over the last three decades and are expected to intensify even more over the next twenty years, particularly in the areas of energy, transport and waste if strong and comprehensive policies are not implemented. The book provides a framework and outlines the objectives of policies to promote sustainable consumption. It analyses the effectiveness of different types of policy instruments (regulatory, economic, social) in influencing consumer decision-making, and identifies combinations of instruments for promoting more sustainable consumption.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264175068-en
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  • 92
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    Fighting Hard-core Cartels : Harm, Effective Sanctions and Leniency Programmes (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174993
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (85 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lutte contre les ententes injustifiables ; Effets dommageables, sanctions efficaces et programmes de clémence
    DDC: 338.8/7
    RVK:
    QR 300
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Kartell ; Bekämpfung ; Wettbewerbspolitik
    Abstract: Hard-core cartels are the most egregious violations of competition law. What are the most appropriate tools to fight them? In this book, the OECD identifies an increasingly successful "carrot-and-stick" approach – applying stiffer punishment for cartel operators and enhancing programmes aimed at rewarding cartel members who decide to defect and co-operate with the authorities. This book contributes to the existing knowledge about the extent of cartels' overcharges and other harm to businesses and consumers worldwide, and sheds light on new and effective "leniency programmes", as well as on optimal sanctions in cartel cases.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174993-en
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  • 93
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    Russia Energy Survey 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193413
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: This survey, the first since 1995, describes the energy-security issues affecting Russian oil, gas, coal and nuclear power after decades of inadequate investment and maintenance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193413-en
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  • 94
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    Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Tzoumerka, Grèce 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264295964
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Tzoumerka, Greece 2002
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Greece
    Abstract: Tzoumerka est une région montagneuse située au nord-ouest de la Grèce. Cette région est confrontée à des défis majeurs en termes de développement, de croissance, de cohésion sociale et de gouvernance. Son économie est fortement dépendante d’activités agricoles traditionnelles dont la survie n’est assurée que par le soutien financier considérable de la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC). Or, ce soutien est malheureusement appelé à disparaître. Les incitations mises en place pour moderniser les activités agricoles et promouvoir d’autres types d’activités économiques se sont avérées inefficaces. La politique de développement local doit à présent prendre un nouvel élan. Il s’agit de modifier les anciennes habitudes de la population locale et de l’inciter à développer ses compétences à travers de nouveaux projets économiques. Les politiques susceptibles d’être les plus efficaces et de générer un nouvel état d’esprit sont celles qui s’appuient sur l’identification et l’essaimage d’un petit nombre d’initiatives heureuses dont les résultats ont été visibles. La transformation des produits agricoles de base en produits à valeur ajoutée est une des stratégies à prendre en compte pour suivre la tendance actuelle de la demande. Il faudrait également exploiter les importantes ressources touristiques de la région afin d’attirer des touristes en quête d’authenticité. L’Examen territorial de Tzoumerka s’inscrit dans un programme plus vaste d’Examens territoriaux, aux niveaux national et régional, menés par le Comité des Politiques de Développement Territorial de l’OCDE. L’objectif général des Examens territoriaux est de fournir des recommandations pratiques aux gouvernements. Les Examens territoriaux portent sur trois types de régions (urbain, intermédiaire, rural). Ils permettent de mieux comprendre les défis auxquels ces régions sont confrontées et identifient des solutions concrètes pour y faire face.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264295964-fr
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  • 95
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    Development is back (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264158528
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (584 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Retour sur le développement
    RVK:
    MK 9000
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Achieving the economic development of poor countries remains, even in the third millennium, a formidable challenge which increasingly preoccupies OECD countries. The Organisation's Development Centre was founded in 1962 as one means to study and to try to confront the problems of comparative development and to relate them to experiences in the more advanced economies. This book provides a compendium of that experience and looks forward to future policies and strategies which might provide some solutions to the problems facing developing countries. Some reflections are also included on a remarkable institution which has evolved and been transformed better to synchronise with the OECD's overall efforts in favour of the poorer countries, regions and peoples.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264158528-en
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  • 96
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    Examens des politiques nationales d'éducation : La formation tout au long de la vie en Norvège 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264296428
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens des politiques nationales d'éducation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Reviews of National Policies for Education; Lifelong Learning in Norway 2002
    Keywords: Education ; Norway
    Abstract: Norvège 2002: L’édition 2002 de l'Étude économique consacrée à la Norvège examine les développements récents, la politique et les perspectives économiques de ce pays. Elle comporte des chapitres consacrés à l’amélioration de l'efficacité des dépenses publiques et aux politiques pour stimuler le potentiel de croissance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264296428-fr
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  • 97
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    Radiological Protection of the Environment: The Path forward to a New Policy? : Workshop Proceedings, Taormina, Sicily, Italy 12-14 February 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264099708
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Radiation Protection
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Italy
    Abstract: The international system of radiological protection is being revised to make it more coherent and concise. During the revision process, particular attention is given to the development of an explicit system for the radiological protection of the environment in addition to that of human beings. These proceedings comprise the views of a broad range of invited speakers, including policy makers, regulators, radiation protection and environmental protection professionals, industry, social scientists and representatives of both non-governmental and intergovernmental organisations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264099708-en
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  • 98
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    Basic Studies in the Field of High-temperature Engineering : Second Information Exchange Meeting: Paris, France 10-12 October 2001 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264175891
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (360 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Science
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Nuclear Energy Agency Basic studies in the field of high-temperature engineering
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; France
    Abstract: In response to increasing interest in high-temperature, gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) in many countries and the need for improved materials for nuclear applications in high-temperature environments, the NEA organised a Second Information Exchange Meeting on Basic Studies in the Field of High-temperature Engineering. These proceedings provide an overview of the activities being carried out in eight countries, the improvement of material properties for HTGR application, in-core monitoring methods and properties of irradiated graphite, and HTGR fuel fabrication and performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264175891-en
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  • 99
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    New Horizons for Foreign Direct Investment (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264196476
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (372 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Global Forum on International Investment
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: The global economic slowdown and the significant decline in foreign direct investment (FDI) have made it even more imperative to attract international investment in order to achieve sustainable development and poverty reduction. The need to maximise the benefits of FDI compels host and home governments to move beyond the traditional policy of liberalising FDI. A broader set of policies for an enabling environment for investment must be embraced: competition, taxation, financial markets, trade, corporate governance, public administration, respect for workers and environmental rights, and other public policy goals. Developing policy frameworks to ensure that multinational enterprises contribute to development goals and capacity building also remain a priority issue on the international agenda. The OECD Global Forum on International Investment, at its inaugural meeting in Mexico City in November 2001, provided a unique platform for participants originating from OECD and non-OECD economies, representing academia, business and labour, and civil society to address the challenges posed by FDI. These selected conference papers add to the existing literature on FDI. They highlight the principal conclusions, include analyses of recent FDI trends and prospects, and discuss ways of maximising the benefits of FDI for development. The papers also examine lessons learned in OECD and non-OECD economies, governments’ responsibilities in FDI policies, corporate responsibility initiatives and the role of multilateral organisations in capacity building for FDI in host countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264196476-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 100
    Online Resource
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    Stepwise Decision Making in Finland for the Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel : Workshop Proceedings - Turku, Finland - 15-16 November 2001 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264199422
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Finland
    Abstract: These workshop proceedings present the history leading up to the Decision in Principle of Finland on the final disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel and examine future perspectives with an emphasis on stakeholder involvement. The workshop was highly interactive and focused on three main topics: the stepwise decision-making process, stakeholder involvement and confidence building. All relevant stakeholder voices were heard and their viewpoints debated. An account of the individual presentations and the discussions that took place are provided in these proceedings.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264199422-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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