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  • Independent Evaluation Group  (115)
  • McKenzie, David  (72)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (187)
  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Conflict ; CPE ; Development Challenges ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) will assess the performance of the World Bank Group's support to Nepal in achieving its development objectives between 2014 and 2023. The evaluation will focus on the Bank Group's support to Nepal as it tackled its long-term development challenges while undertaking political and institutional reforms relating to the shift to federalism and responding to multiple shocks and disasters. This period covered by this evaluation spans the last two country strategies--the FY14-18 Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) and the FY19-23 Country Partnership Framework (CPF). The CPE will assess the adaptive relevance and coherence of the Bank Group-supported program by examining how the Bank Group has adapted its support over time in response to changing conditions and priorities. This will include an examination of the Bank Group's response to the 2015 earthquakes and the COVID-19 pandemic. The evaluation will assess the Bank Group's work in three important thematic areas--resilience to natural disasters, federalism, and jobs and private sector development--in greater depth
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Conflict and Fragility ; CPE ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Drought and Climate Shocks ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mavroeconomic Vulnerabilities ; Unsustainable Development ; Weak Business Environment
    Abstract: The objective of this Country Program Evaluation (CPE) is to assess how well the World Bank Group supported Ethiopia in addressing key challenges that constrained its development and how that support adapted over time to respond to changing circumstances, an evolving relationship, and lessons from experience. The evaluation will cover fiscal years (FY)13-23. The time period is selected to include the last two Bank Group strategies to support Ethiopia and coincides with the period of theprevious two political administrations. The evaluation aims to inform the next Bank Group-supported Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Ethiopia expected in FY25
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: IDA ; International Development Association ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Window ; PSW
    Abstract: Attracting private capital and developing the private sector in low-income countries are challenging. The challenges involved in mobilizing private capital and developing the private sector in many IDA countries, especially those that are fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS), are substantial (World Bank 2016). In many of these countries, the domestic private sector is small, informal, and constrained by a weak macroeconomic and regulatory environment, infrastructure bottlenecks, and a limited skilled labor force. High country risks and capital flight concerns make domestic and international investors reluctant to engage, particularly in FCS, which also experience security risks. As a result, IDA countries' ability to attract private investment and grow the local private sector remains limited. The assessment will update a previous IEG evaluation of the Private Sector Window (PSW) and complement a concurrent paper by the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). This focused assessment (the PSW evaluation update) responds to a request by the Committee on Development Effectiveness and World Bank Group management for IEG to prepare an update to The World Bank Group's Experience with the IDA Private Sector Window: An Early-Stage Assessment (World Bank 2021), which was completed by IEG in July 2021 and covered the PSW implementation experience under the 18th Replenishment of IDA (IDA18) for fiscal years 2018-20. The PSW evaluation update will add IDA19 and early IDA20 PSW projects. Concurrently, IDA, IFC, and MIGA are jointly preparing a paper on the PSW as an input to the IDA20 Mid-Term Review, focused on implementation progress and early results of the PSW (the IDA PSW paper). The IEG and IDA-IFC-MIGA teams working on the two assessments have agreed to conduct complementary analyses to inform the Mid-Term Review
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Assessment of World Bank Effectiveness ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Inclusion Policy ; Financial Reform ; Financial Services ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Institutional Reform ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This evaluation explores how and with what effect the World Bank Group has supported financial inclusion for the microenterprises, poor households, women, and other excluded groups. Financial inclusion is defined as the use of financial services by individuals and firms. It encompasses financial access-owning an account-and the use of financial services. There has been an impressive growth in account ownership globally, from 55% of adults in 2014 to 71% in 2021, although usage is more limited as some accounts are inactive. Critically, both financial access and the use of financial services remain major challenges for microenterprises, poor households, women, and other excluded groups. The objective of the evaluation is to assess whether the Bank Group has been doing the right things and whether it has been doing things right on financial inclusion. The evaluation captures lessons from the World Bank's experience supporting financial inclusion for microenterprises, poor households, women, and other excluded groups and updates a 2015 financial inclusion evaluation. The evaluation includes a retrospective look at the drive for universal financial access and examines progress and challenges in women's access to financial services. The evaluation also assesses the Bank Group's support for digital financial services as vehicles for financial inclusion. Finally, the report examines the World Bank's response to COVID-19 as it relates to financial inclusion. The evaluation proposes three recommendations: (i) The World Bank and IFC should further encourage account use by underserved groups, including women and rural poor people, and emphasize this more in their strategies and projects. (ii) The World Bank and IFC should design and implement more comprehensive approaches that address constraints in the enabling environment for DFS to reach underserved and excluded groups. (iii) To enhance learning on what works to increase the beneficial use of financial services at the MPWEG, the World Bank and IFC should collect outcome data across different underserved and excluded groups, initially on a pilot basis
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: 2018 Capital Increase Results ; Accountability ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Final Report Commitment ; Governance ; Independent Evaluation ; International Governmental Organizations ; International Organizations ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty, Environment and Development ; Transparency ; World Bank Results
    Abstract: This report presents the Independent Evaluation Group's validation of the World Bank Group's 2018 capital increase package (CIP). It assesses the World Bank Group's progress in implementing the CIP's policy measures and achieving its targets, as well as the quality of management's CIP reporting. The 2018 CIP boosted the Bank Group's financial firepower with a USD 7.5 billion paid-in capital increase for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), USD 5.5 billion paid-in capital increase for the International Finance Corporation (IFC), USD 52.6 billion callable capital increase for IBRD, and internal savings measures. The CIP also included a policy package that committed Bank Group management to policy actions linked to the Bank Group's 2016 Forward Look strategy. The CIP committed to reporting annually on its implementation and an independent assessment after five years. This report fulfills the commitment to an independent assessment. This validation builds on management's own reporting and other complementary evidence to assess the World Bank Group's progress in implementing the CIP's policy measures and achieving its targets. The report also assesses the quality of management's CIP reporting. The report points to lessons on developing, implementing, and reporting corporate initiatives and commitments, such as the importance of having clear strategies or action plans, explicit buy-in from senior management, and accurate reporting with meaningful indicators and realistic targets
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: r02
    Keywords: Gender ; IEG Recommendation Implementation ; Independent Evaluation ; Management Action Record 2023 ; Monitoring and Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The report provides the Independent Evaluation Group's (IEGs) validation of World Bank Group management's report Learning and Adapting for Outcomes through the Management Action Record 2023: A World Bank Group Management Report on Implementation of IEG Recommendations for the period July 2022 to June 2023. The purpose of the Management Action Record (MAR) assessment system is to support accountability, learning, and adaptation for the Bank Group's implementation of recommendations from IEG evaluations. This validation document presents IEG's assessment of progress toward achieving the intended outcomes of evaluations and the evidence in management's MAR report. The Bank Group made steady progress in implementing IEG recommendations through delivering internal products and adapting processes; in some cases, it has achieved meaningful change of direction that shows that the outcomes of recommendations are being achieved. The validation assessed the evidence for all 22 IEG evaluations included in the MAR, that is, all evaluations reviewed by the Board Committee on Development Effectiveness (CODE) between FY19 and FY22. These 22 evaluations contain 59 recommendations
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Climate Change Impact ; Coastal and Marine Environment ; Coastal and Marine Resources ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Fisheries ; Global Protein Supply ; Maritime Industries ; Ocean Freight ; Risk To Ocean Economies ; Sustainable Oceans ; Water Resources
    Abstract: Marine and coastal resources are critical for human survival. The economies of many coastal developing countries and small island developing states rely heavily on maritime industries, associated trade, and tourism. In coastal and island developing countries, small-scale fisheries and other ocean sectors support a significant number of jobs and livelihood opportunities. Marine and coastal resources also provide critical ecosystem services on which the ocean economy relies. Yet historically, ocean-based sectors have expanded without sufficient consideration for sustainability, negatively impacting marine and coastal environments. Moreover, the negative impacts of climate change are exacerbating the serious threats posed to ocean economies. Coastal developing countries and small island developing state economies that heavily rely on tourism were negatively affected by COVID-19, and while there were some positive environmental effects, these have been short lived. Critical knowledge and skills gaps undermine the ability of many countries to sustainably manage their marine and coastal resources. Addressing the threats posed to marine and coastal resources is politically challenging since coastal areas attract many competing uses and diverging interests. The purpose of this evaluation is to assess how well the World Bank is supporting the sustainable and inclusive development of ocean and coastal economies to inform the future development of the blue economy approach
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Domestic Revenue Mobilization ; DRM ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financing ; Inflation ; Lending ; World Bank Support
    Abstract: Domestic revenue mobilization (DRM) has become an increasingly important part of international and country-level policy agendas. Since the 2015 International Conference on Financing for Development in Addis Ababa, DRM has risen in importance in the international policy agenda, figuring prominently in successive International Development Association (IDA) replenishments and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development capital package commitments. This evaluation assess the World Bank's support to support client countries in improving domestic revenue mobilization between FY16 and FY19
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Judicial Sector Reform ; Law and Development ; Public Administration ; Public Finances
    Abstract: This report assesses the relevance and effectiveness of the World Bank's engagement in the Kyrgyz Republic between fiscal years 2014 and 2021. The Kyrgyz Republic is a landlocked, lower-middle-income country that is highly dependent on remittances and natural resources. Poverty levels declined from 37% in 2013 to 20% in 2019. However, the country's population remains vulnerable, and broad-based economic growth was elusive over the evaluation period. The Kyrgyz Republic faces major development challenges including weak governance, barriers to private sector development, and low quality of essential local public services. This Country Program Evaluation assesses the relevance and effectiveness of the World Bank's engagement in the Kyrgyz Republic between fiscal years 2014 and 2021. It evaluates the Bank's contributions to the country's development in priority areas, focusing on support for governance, private sector development, and essential local public services. The evaluation distills lessons from Bank Group experience to inform future Bank Group engagement in the Kyrgyz Republic
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Iacovone, Leonardo Bayesian Impact Evaluation with Informative Priors: An Application to a Colombian Management and Export Improvement Program
    Keywords: Bayesian Impact Evaluation ; Competition Policy ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Competitiveness ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Management ; Prior Elicitation ; Private Sector Development ; Randomized Experiment ; Social Policy Evaluation Method
    Abstract: Policymakers often test expensive new programs on relatively small samples. Formally incorporating informative Bayesian priors into impact evaluation offers the promise to learn more from these experiments. A Colombian government program which aimed to increase exporting was trialed experimentally on 200 firms with this goal in mind. Priors were elicited from academics, policymakers, and firms. Contrary to these priors, frequentist estimation can not reject 0 effects in 2019, and finds some negative impacts in 2020. For binary outcomes like whether firms export, frequentist estimates are relatively precise, and Bayesian credible posterior intervals update to overlap almost completely with standard confidence intervals. For outcomes like increasing export variety, where the priors align with the data, the value of these priors is seen in posterior intervals that are considerably narrower than frequentist confidence intervals. Finally, for noisy outcomes like export value, posterior intervals show almost no updating from the priors, highlighting how uninformative the data are about such outcomes
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Development Effectiveness ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Economics and Trade ; Procurement Capacity Building ; Procurement Of Goods ; Procurement Of Services ; Procurement Reform ; Public Procurement ; Public Procurement Of Works
    Abstract: In 2015, the World Bank approved a new procurement framework, which aimed to reform its approach to procurement. The World Bank's reform was intended to reform its procurement systems and the way procurement is supported in client countries. The procurement reform emphasized seven core principles of value for money for decision-making, efficiency, economy, integrity, fairness, transparency, and fit for purpose. Anchoring the reform in a set of principles was intended to promote greater flexibility and more effective operational procurement. The procurement reform is a continuous change management process. The objective of the evaluation is to assess the results, successes, and challenges of the World Bank's procurement since the reforms made in 2016 and thus help inform its continuation
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Constraints ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Coherence ; Policy Implementation ; SOES
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation assesses the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group's support to Morocco between fiscal year FY11 and FY21. The report evaluates the World Bank Group's contribution in solving four systemic constraints to Morocco's development: (i) lack of policy coherence with the country's development aspirations; (ii) an uneven economic playing field that favors some firms and stateowned enterprises (SOEs), creates rent-seeking behaviors, and discourages new entrants; (iii) weak policy implementation caused by the limited public sector capacity to carry out reforms; and (iv) weak citizen, labor force, and subnational participation in the country's development. This evaluation identifies lessons to guide future World Bank engagement in Morocco, including: (a) at times, it is possible for the World Bank to gain traction in Morocco's policy reforms by trading recognition for influence; (b) global benchmarking data can be effectively utilized to motivate reforms; (c) IFC can significantly impact the business environment and financial architecture reforms by effectively deploying its advisory work to influence major companies, including SOEs, in making institutional changes; (d) the experience of PforR operations in Morocco suggests that to maximize their effectiveness, the World Bank needs to proactively involve the full range of stakeholders and ensure resources are deployed for technical assistance gaps; and (e) engagement at the subnational level requires the ability and willingness to take new risks and experiment with new approaches
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Development Challenges ; Economic Growth ; Growth and Job Creation ; Inclusion and Equity ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Resilience ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sustainability
    Abstract: The Country Program Evaluation (CPE) will seek to assess how well the Bank Group-supported strategy was aligned with Georgia's main development challenges and how effective the Bank Group's support was in addressing these challenges. The evaluation seeks to identify lessons that support the further adaptation and refinement of Bank Group engagement in support of the country's development priorities
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Conflict ; Fragility ; GBV ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender and Violence ; Sexual and Reproductive Health ; Social Services
    Abstract: Conflict and fragility increase the exposure of women and girls to gender-based violence (GBV) and make it more difficult for them to access social services, including sexual and reproductive health services. Fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV) also exacerbate their vulnerability to poverty and increase their unpaid work burden from their caregiving role. The increase of situations of fragility and conflict in recent years has called the World Bank Group to step up its engagement in these contexts and to adapt its approach to address gender inequalities in FCV countries. The Bank Group recognizes in many corporate and strategic documents, such as the 2020-2025 FCV strategy, that for Bank Group support to produce meaningful and lasting results toward greater gender equality in FCV countries, it needs to have five specific elements. These elements include relevance, depth, sustainability, scale, and inclusive ownership. The evaluation uses these elements to assess the Bank Group's country support for women's and girls' economic empowerment (WGEE) and GBV prevention and response. The evaluation analyzes in depth the experiences of six countries (Burkina Faso, Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lebanon, the Solomon Islands, and the Republic of Yemen) where the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) provided support to advance WGEE and address GBV during the past 10 years. The report draws on a combination of in-depth desk review of documents, more than 200 interviews of World Bank and IFC staff, government partners, and national and international stakeholders, and field visits, focus group discussions, and face-to-face interviews inches The evaluation analyzes the factors that enable and constrain meaningful and lasting results in addressing gender inequalities in FCV contexts and offers four recommendations to inform future Bank Group support
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: r02
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender Equality Performance ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gender Strategy Results ; Governance ; Independent Gender Evaluation ; International Finance Corporation Results ; International Governmental Organizations ; World Bank Results
    Abstract: This Approach Paper proposes an independent evaluation of the results achieved by the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in supporting countries (understood as governments, private sector, civil society, and citizens at large) to address gender inequalities and the contribution of the gender strategy for fiscal years (FY)16-23
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McKenzie, David Is there Still a Role for Direct Government Support to Firms in Developing Countries?
    Keywords: Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Firm Support ; Green Growth Agenda ; Impact Evaluation ; Industrial Economics ; Industrial Policy ; Industry ; Macroeconomic Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Subsidized Loans
    Abstract: Should governments in developing countries directly support firms with policies such as grants, subsidized loans, and training and consulting programs, or should they instead just aim to enact sensible regulatory and macroeconomic policies and not attempt to engage in industrial policy While industrial policy has gained renewed attention in developed economies, it faces considerable skepticism in developing countries scarred by previous experiences and facing limited fiscal space. This paper discusses the rationale for government involvement, and then lessons from a recent research agenda in development economics on how to target these programs, on whether they induce firms to undertake additional activities, on avoiding political capture, and on how these interact with competition. This work shows that these policies can deliver some of their promised benefits, but that there is still much to learn and the need for systematic and serious attempts at prospective impact evaluation as new policies are launched
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bertoli, Simone Migration, Families, and Counterfactual Families
    Keywords: Counterfactual Reasoning ; Family Formation ; Human Rights ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant Policy ; Migrants Families ; Migration ; Remittances ; Status Quo Bias
    Abstract: Migration changes how families form and dissolve, and how one should conceptualize the family. This has implications for thinking about how the migration decision is modelled when individuals are unable to picture the counterfactual families they may have. Differences in marital status can induce two otherwise identical individuals to make different migration decisions. It also has implications for attempts to causally estimate impacts of migration, when the family composition changes with the migration decision itself. This paper shows empirically that changing marital status after migration is widespread, and that the traditional model of a fixed family sending off a migrant who remains part of that same family only describes a minority of migrants moving from developing countries to the U.S. The authors draw out lessons from thinking about counterfactual families for empirical research and for migration policy
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Assistance ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Insecurity ; Foreign AID ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty
    Abstract: The Country Program Evaluation (CPE) for Tanzania assesses the World Bank Group's effectiveness and relevance in its work to help Tanzania address its key development challenges. The CPE will encompass two Bank Group strategy periods covering fiscal years (FY)12-16 and FY18-22. The evaluation aims to inform the next Bank Group Country Partnership Framework for Tanzania
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Natural Disasters ; Urban Development ; Vulnerable Groups
    Abstract: Disasters caused by natural hazards are increasingly threatening the lives and livelihoods of the world's poor and disaster-vulnerable populations. Climate change is further exacerbating the negative impacts of disasters caused by natural hazards. Investing in disaster risk reduction (DRR) has strong economic and social benefits and is essential for achieving climate change adaptation. IEG's evaluation shows that the World Bank is successfully supporting clients to increasingly take up DRR actions through strategic and comprehensive country engagement. The World Bank has developed an extensive portfolio of DRR activities, tripling its support over FY10-20. It focuses its DRR work on countries with the most serious natural hazards, uses synergistic pillars of DRR engagement, and increasingly mainstreams DRR into sector operations. Support for DRR in IDA, small island developing states, and IDA-FCV countries has been comprehensive. The Bank has also shifted from post-disaster response toward pre-disaster risk reduction. The Bank has shown that it is able to overcome political and financial constraints to DRR client uptake by engaging the right decision makers using rigorous evidence and by building on disaster reconstruction efforts. Analytical work that quantified risks, assessed costs and benefits and communicates impacts has highly influenced DRR uptake. However, there are gaps in coverage for some regions, sectors, and hazards that require attention. There are DRR coverage gaps in Europe and Central Asia and the Middle East and North Africa for all serious hazards. Also, while the World Bank is conducting analytical work on the needs of disaster vulnerable groups, there has been slow progress on incorporating their needs into operations. There are also missed opportunities to use conflict-sensitive approaches to mitigate conflict risks and pursue peace-building. Also, the Bank's frequent inability to demonstrate the effects of its DRR activities on reduced exposure and vulnerability has consequences on its ability to make a development case for risk reduction. Most DRR operations are not providing sufficient information to establish the level of DRR being achieved, inhibiting an understanding of how DRR contributes to development impacts, such as reduced economic loss and mortality. IEG offers the World Bank four recommendations to improve their performance on disaster risk reduction: (i) Incorporate DRR activities in regions and sectors and for hazards that exhibit significant coverage gaps. (ii) Identify and measure the effects of DRR activities on exposure and vulnerability to strengthen the development case for clients facing serious disaster risks. (iii) Integrate the needs of populations disproportionately vulnerable to disasters caused by natural hazards into DRR project targeting and design, implementation, and results reporting. (iv) In countries affected by serious natural hazards and fragility and conflict risks, identify and assess the ways in which hazards and conflict interrelate and use this to inform country engagement and project design
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ana P., Cusolito Capacity Building as a Route to Export Market Expansion: A Six-Country Experiment in the Western Balkans
    Keywords: Broadcast and Media ; Consulting ; Customer Acquisition ; Digital Presence ; Export Competitiveness ; Export Market Expansion ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics and Trade ; Marketing Training ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Training
    Abstract: The limited market size of many small emerging economies is a key constraint to the growth of innovative small and medium enterprises. Exporting offers a potential solution, but firms may struggle to locate and appeal to foreign buyers. A six-country randomized experiment was conducted with 225 firms in the Western Balkans to test the effectiveness of 30 hours of live group-based training and 5 hours of one-on-one remote consulting in overcoming these constraints. Treated firms used techniques such as search engine optimization and improved Facebook content to increase their digital presence and better reach foreign customers. A year later, positive and significant impacts are found on the number of customers, and a significant intensive margin increase in export sales. Qualitative interviews suggest this improvement came from a combination of sector-specific advice on market expansion, and through an encouragement effect which gave entrepreneurs the confidence to try new sales strategies
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The Results and Performance of the World Bank Group (RAP) report 2022 presents an annual review of evidence from IEG evaluations and validation work on the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group. This year's RAP will focus on the country level. The Bank Group's outcome orientation agenda emphasizes high-level outcomes, and, by focusing on the country level, the 2022 RAP aligns with that agenda. This focus also responds to the interest of members of the Bank Group's Board of Executive Directors for reporting on country level performance. In this context, the RAP will conduct an in-depth analysis of country level evidence contained in IEG's Country Program Evaluations (CPEs) and Completion and Learning Report Reviews (CLR Reviews) through two types of analyses. First, overall country program performance will be assessed by tracking country program ratings over time. Second, the country program will be used as the entry point to examine the extent to which the Bank Group's support (i.e., project portfolio and Advisory Services and Analytics) contributed to the achievement of the objectives of the Country Partnership Framework (CPF) and the intended development outcome. Furthermore, the extent to which there was a line of sight between the development outcome and high-level outcomes will also be examined
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McKenzie, David Field and Natural Experiments in Migration
    Keywords: Difference-In-Differences ; Economic Growth ; Experimental Methods ; Instrumental Variables ; Migration Experiments ; Natural Experiment ; Regression Discontinuity ; Social Protection and Labor
    Abstract: Many research and policy questions surrounding migration are causal questions. What causes people to migrate? What are the consequences of migration for the migrants, their families, and their communities? Answering these questions requires dealing with the self-selection inherent in migration choices. Field and natural experiments offer methodological approaches that enable answering these causal questions. This paper discusses the key conceptual and logistical issues that face applied researchers when applying these methods to the study of migration, as well as providing guidance for practitioners and policymakers in assessing the credibility of causal claims. For randomized experiments, this includes providing a framework for thinking through what can be randomized; discussing key measurement and design issues that arise from issues such as migration being a rare event, and in measuring welfare changes when people change locations; as well as discussing ethical issues that can arise. The paper then outlines what makes for a good natural experiment in the context of migration, and discusses the implications of recent econometric work for the use of difference-indifferences, instrumental variables (and especially shift-share instruments), and regression discontinuity methods in migration research. A key lesson from this recent work is that it is not meaningful to talk about ?the? impact of migration, but rather impacts are likely to be heterogeneous, affecting both the validity and interpretation of causal estimates
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Health Care Services Industry ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Industry ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: IEG's meta-evaluation serves as an input for the upcoming independent external review of its evaluations. The report focuses on aspects of credibility related to the rationale, focus, use of innovative methods, and various research design attributes as formulated in evaluation reports and their respective approach papers. Drawing on a set of 28 evaluations published from fiscal year 2015 to 2019, the meta-evaluation offers six major conclusions and suggestions based on a systematic review of evaluation scope, reliability, validity (including construct, internal, external, and data analysis validity), consistency, and the integration of innovative methods
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Education ; Education Finance
    Abstract: In March 2020, President Malpass announced a freeze on IFC's direct investments and advisory services support to private for-profit K-12 schools and requested IEG "undertake an evaluation of IFC investments in K-12 private education provision, including impacts on educational outcomes, poverty, and inequality." This evaluation follows this request and is designed to help the World Bank Group's Board of Executive Directors and IFC's management consider the circumstances that favor K-12 private education. The evaluation assesses IFC's investments in K-12 private or nonstate schools during the fiscal years 2001 to 2020 in terms of access and equity of access, education quality, relevance, and financial sustainability. It focuses on IFC investment instruments and considers IFC advisory services only as part of the Risk Sharing Facility (RSF), which integrates advisory services with an investment component. Evaluation findings support a single conclusion: resumption of IFC investments in K-12 private schools is not advisable without making substantial changes to IFC's approach. In their response to the evaluation, IFC noted their agreement with IEG's findings and announced that IFC will not resume investments, which it halted in 2017, in fee-charging K-12 private schools. The evaluation includes lessons stemming from IFC's 20-year experience that are relevant for future support for private investments in private K-12 education. It analyses the complexities of the financial viability of these investments and constraints on their impact on access to quality education for underserved groups
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Low-Income Countries
    Abstract: Interest is high on the World Bank's role in and use of the Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework (LIC-DSF) in light of the sharp rise in debt stress among low-income countries and a changing global risk landscape in the years leading up to and resulting from the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Since 2015, the number of IDA-eligible countries at high risk of or in debt distress has more than doubled. As the key instrument to assess the debt sustainability of IDA eligible countries, the LIC-DSF is intended to guide the World Bank's advice and support to these countries. This evaluation seeks to assess how the World Bank contributes to the LIC-DSF, how it uses LIC-DSF output in various corporate and country-level decisions, and how it can better leverage the LIC-DSF to address debt vulnerabilities in LICs. In doing so, it will seek to identify opportunities for the World Bank to strengthen its role in the preparation and use of the LIC-DSF in a changing global context and to highlight potentially important questions that may need to be addressed in the upcoming joint review, including the extent to which the LIC-DSF meets IDA's needs in serving its clients. Recommendations from this evaluation will focus on aspects of the LIC-DSF that are within the World Bank's ability to change or influence
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Capital Flows ; Developing Countries ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics
    Abstract: In December 2016, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) introduced its latest strategy, IFC 3.0, which aimed to enhance IFC's development impact by creating "new and stronger markets for private sector solutions" (IFC 2019) and "mobilizing private capital at significant scale" (IFC 2021) where it is needed the most. To achieve IFC 3.0's aims of market creation and private capital mobilization at scale, IFC recognized it would need new tools and analytical capabilities to: (i) Develop a deeper understanding of the constraints limiting private sector solutions and opportunities in each country's economy, including in key enabling and productive sectors; and (ii) Allow for a more strategic selection, sequencing, and implementation of its activities and stronger coordination across the World Bank Group. At the country level, IFC 3.0's tools included a new diagnostic instrument, the Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD), and a new strategy instrument, the IFC Country Strategy. The objective of the evaluation is to assess whether IFC Country Strategies and CPSDs have enhanced IFC's ability to create markets and mobilize capital at scale and have informed Bank Group collaboration on private sector development. The evaluation will focus on IFC Country Strategies and CPSDs completed since their inception in fiscal year (FY)18. The evaluation will cover all 50 IFC Country Strategies and the 31 CPSDs completed between FY18 and December 31, 2021
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle-Income Countries
    Abstract: Accounting for almost half of global gross domestic product and 70 percent of the world's population, middle-income countries (MICs) face multiple development challenges limiting achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including poverty and inclusion, climate change, financial access, and economic diversification and market development. The International Finance Corporation's (IFC) portfolio is focused heavily on MICs. Additionality is the unique support that IFC brings to a private client or client country that is not typically offered by commercial sources of finance (IFC 2019). This evaluation assesses the unique support and value addition (additionality) that the International Finance Corporation (IFC) provides to middle-income countries (MICs). It will cover IFC's support of MICs through investment and advisory projects, and through its platforms and partnerships. The primary audience is the World Bank Group Board and IFC management and staff, however some findings of the evaluation will be relevant to a broader audience including multilateral and bilateral financing private sector activities, investors, and government officials and practitioners in client countries
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Equity ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Governance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Mineral Wealth ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Resources ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) will assess the World Bank Group's engagement in Papua New Guinea between FY08 and FY22. The Papua New Guinea has an abundant resource endowment of oil and mineral wealth, but this wealth has not translated into significant welfare gains for most citizens. Papua New Guinea's fragmented geography and frequent exposure to disasters caused by natural hazards present significant challenges for delivering services to citizens. The evaluation is designed to derive lessons from Bank Group engagement in Papua New Guinea to inform the next Country Partnership Framework (CPF). The CPE will also provide lessons on the implementation of the International Development Association special themes of climate change, gender, and fragility, conflict, and violence and of the cross-cutting issues of debt sustainability and governance and institutions. Lessons may also be of relevance to other resource-rich countries
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Clean Energy ; Employment and Unemployment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) assesses the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group's engagement with Bangladesh during the past decade (fiscal year [FY]11-20) and provides lessons to inform the next Bank Group supported strategy with Bangladesh and to countries facing similar challenges. The Bank Group made important contributions over the past decade to help Bangladesh address several of its development challenges. Most notable include increasing power generation capacity, improving access to clean energy, all season roads, primary and secondary education, reducing child and maternal mortality and improving financial inclusion. However, achievements fell short in several areas, including insufficient investment in data and measurement particularly on learning outcomes and limited progress on regional connectivity. In other areas, domestic vested interests prevailed resulting in little progress in improving the business environment, natural resource management, banking reform and tariff reform. Bank Group support adapted in response to changing circumstances following the Padma Bridge cancellation by reallocating resources to sectors in which the Bank Group had more traction and a long-standing history of effective engagement. However, rising fiscal vulnerabilities received insufficient attention. Despite a deteriorating trend in institutional quality and economic management and declining core IDA allocation, the Bank Group significantly increased financing to Bangladesh, including through IDA's Scale Up Facility. Key lessons include: (i) Rebalancing the portfolio in the face of a difficult political economy helped the Bank Group remain relevant in Bangladesh; (ii) Where reform is deemed critical to sustain development progress but government commitment is weak or absent, continued targeted analysis of key development constraints can help prepare the ground for future action when a window of opportunity presents itself; (iii) Measuring improvements in the quality of education requires deliberate and ongoing investment in data collection; (iv) Increasing overall IDA financing in the context of deteriorating CPIA rating raises a question about the significance that IDA assigns to measures of institutional quality and governance; (v) Given underlying concerns with data quality and coverage, the World Bank might have been more qualified in its public statements about the quality of the macroeconomic framework; and (vi) Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) arrangements between the World Bank and the IMF constrain the ability of the World Bank to provide comprehensive and timely assessments of financial sector vulnerabilities in nonsystematically important economies
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Education ; Education Indicators and Statistics ; Low-Income Countries ; Social Development
    Abstract: The achievement of learning outcomes has been a long-standing challenge for education systems across the developing world and has significant consequences for economic development. To realize the development aims of education investments, students need to learn, but too many have not, especially in low-income countries. The World Bank has sought to address this learning crisis for more than a decade through the pursuit of quality education that enhances learning outcomes. The Independent Evaluation Group's (IEG) proposed evaluation will assess the extent to which the World Bank's Education Global Practice (GP) and its predecessor, the Education sector unit, have supported efforts to improve learning outcomes over the past decade (fiscal years [FY]12-22). Based on that experience, the evaluation will assess the effectiveness, relevance, and adequacy of World Bank support to address the learning crisis. It will identify lessons and recommendations to inform the next education sector strategy and further development of the World Bank's approach to this persistent development challenge and the exacerbation of learning deficits during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Covid-19 ; Environment ; Fiscal Sustainability ; Gender ; Gender and Governance ; Governance ; Poverty
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) assesses the World Bank Group's development effectiveness in Chad over the past decade within a context of high fragility and extreme poverty. The report covers the implementation of the Interim Strategy Note (2010-12) and the Country Partnership Framework (16-20). This CPE draws lessons to inform the design and implementation of the next partnership strategy with Chad. IEG finds that World Bank Group's support to Chad was aligned with government priorities and World Bank diagnostics. Bank Group support helped advance several human development objectives. It especially increased access to health services, primary and secondary education, and social protection in targeted areas as well as gender equality. Notwithstanding the challenges inherent in working in a fragile and conflict-affected situation, the performance of the Bank Group portfolio in Chad was weak. Timely budget support helped stave off an imminent fiscal crisis but did not achieve sustained reform. Few results were achieved in agriculture, infrastructure, and public resource management. Overall, performance was undermined by procurement delays, high turnover of government counterparts, and a lack of continuity in World Bank staff working on Chad. The following three lessons are offered for consideration. First, timely and targeted analytical work is necessary to inform priority setting, policy dialogue, and the design of reforms. Given the prevalence of capacity and absorptive constraints, it is essential to strategically prioritize analytical work to help identify and understand the most binding constraints to development gains and inform efforts to address them. Second, procurement challenges warrant greater attention to address the underlying political and bureaucratic obstacles, which will require a higher-level dialogue with the government. Lastly, although working in Chad is challenging, it is critical to strengthen incentives to attract and retain talent. This is needed to improve continuity of engagement with country authorities and compensate for weak client capacity, including the high turnover of government officials
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McKenzie, David Fears and Tears: Should More People be Moving within and from Developing Countries, and what Stops this Movement?
    Keywords: Attachment To Home ; Benefits of Urbanization ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Constraints That Limit Movement ; Economics of Migration ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Internal Relocation ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Mental Health ; Migration Policy ; Psychological Uncertainty of Relocation ; Wealth and Wellbeing
    Abstract: Only one in seven of the world's population has ever migrated, despite the enormous gains in income possible through international and internal movement. This paper examines the evidence for different explanations given in the economics literature for this lack of movement and their implications for policy. Incorrect information about the gains to migrating, liquidity constraints that prevent poor people paying the costs of moving, and high costs of movement arising from both physical transportation costs and policy barriers all inhibit movement and offer scope for policy efforts to inform, provide credit, and lower moving costs. However, the economics literature has paid less attention to the fears people have when faced with the uncertainty of moving to a new place, and to the reasons behind the tears they shed when moving. While these tears reveal the attachment people have to particular places, this attachment is not fixed, but itself changes with migration experiences. Psychological factors such as a bias toward the status quo and the inability to picture what one is giving up by not migrating can result in people not moving, even when they would benefit from movement and are not constrained by finances or policy barriers from doing so. This suggests new avenues for policy interventions that can help individuals better visualize the opportunity costs of not moving, alleviate their uncertainties, and help shift their default behavior from not migrating
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Structures ; Findings ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
    Abstract: The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) introduced its Non-Honoring (NH) products - the Non-Honoring of Sovereign and Sub-Sovereign Financial Obligations and the Non-Honoring of Financial Obligations by a State-Owned Enterprise - in 2009. The objective of these products was to crowd-in private insurance capacity to support investments in International Development Association and Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situation countries, and to encourage state-owned enterprises to adopt good corporate governance, environmental and social sustainability practices. These products were expected to benefit guaranteed lenders through lower cost of financing and public sector borrowers through increased and more diversified funding sources. Since their introduction, the NH products have gained a substantial share of MIGA's overall business. This report provides the first independent evaluation of MIGA's experience with its NH products and aims to offer feedback and lessons to inform future strategies. The report reviewed all 34 NH projects implemented by MIGA between 2009 and 2019 to assess the extent to which they met their objectives and contributed to enhancing MIGA's development effectiveness and additionality. The report invites MIGA to address questions related to the suitability of these products for IDA and FCS countries and on the methodology for evaluating their development impact
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Early Child and Children's Health ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Environment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Primary Education ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: The annual report looks back at the past fiscal year and explores how IEG's reports increasingly inform policy and decision making
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Economic Adjustment and Lending ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Gender ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Strategy and Policy
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation assesses the development effectiveness of the Bank Group's engagement in Madagascar between fiscal years 2007 and 2021 and surfaces lessons to inform the design and implementation of the next Bank Group-supported partnership strategy with Madagascar. The evaluation reviews the evolution of the Bank Group's engagement strategy and its implementation over and lessons from experience. It contains a more in depth assessment of Bank Group support in two areas that represent core development challenges: (i) elite capture and (ii) development of rural areas. Bank Group support was increasingly relevant to Madagascar's core development constraints and contributed to significant progress in several areas. World Bank support contributed to modernizing the country's tax and customs revenue administrations, improving revenue collection, and generating local revenues, as well as to improved subnational public financial management and decentralized management of natural resources and land certificates. In terms of rural development, Bank Group support contributed to short-term increases in agricultural production and greater food security, the development of value chains, and the government's increased ability to mitigate the impacts of shocks on Madagascar's most vulnerable populations to preserve critical human capital. Overall progress was hampered by limited success in designing interventions to avoid misuse by a few high-status individuals. In rural areas, overall progress in increasing small farmers productivity fell short because the adoption of technology to increase agricultural productivity did not adequately target smallholder production systems and did not provide sufficient incentives for farmers in the forest frontier to change their land use practices
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Sound public financial management and public debt management are critical to informing and implementing fiscal policy and to achieving the World Bank Group's twin goals. When support for these two areas is complementary, public finance and debt management (PFDM) ensures that scarce public resources are used efficiently and for their intended purposes, including to finance growth-enabling spending and investment, and that debt burdens are sustainable and managed within acceptable cost and risk parameters. The importance of PFDM has increased significantly in International Development Association (IDA)-eligible countries in the face of rising debt vulnerabilities coupled with the heightened needs and reduced revenue associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. This evaluation provides an assessment of World Bank support to IDA-eligible countries for PFDM between FY08-17
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The World Bank Group's Gender Strategy (fiscal year [2016-23) presents gender equality as integral to smart development policy and posits that successful implementation of the strategy will help achieve the Bank Group's twin goals and the Sustainable Development Goals. The strategy focuses on four objectives: human endowments, jobs, asset control and ownership, and voice and agency. To implement the strategy, the World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC) established a new methodology and targets for measuring progress via gender tags for World Bank operations and gender flags for IFC advisory and investment services. At the midpoint in the eight-year strategic cycle, this review provides a rapid assessment of the implementation of the strategy in the World Bank and IFC. The purpose of the review is to provide evidence and reveal opportunities to maximize organizational efforts over the final four years of implementation. It reflects on what is working well and less well to support continuous monitoring and learning in the World Bank and IFC in terms of strategy implementation. The review identified the connections and coordination among four essential institutional elements for an enhanced country-driven approach-knowledge management, staff designated to support work on gender, the IFC Gender Business Group and World Bank Gender Group, and monitoring and evaluation-and identifies four opportunities to enhance implementation
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Disruptive and transformative technologies (DTT) have far-reaching implications for development. Traditional development models are being disrupted by the accelerating pace of technological change and the convergence of multiple technologies, among other things. Recognizing the implications of DTT for development, the World Bank Group adopted a new approach to DTT in 2018, later merging it with its 2019 DTT Mainstreaming approach, and further developing it through the 2020 Mainstreaming Digital and Disruptive Technologies (MDDT) Initiative. The Bank Group's approach encompasses five DTT corporate priorities (country diagnostics, agile regulations, digital connectivity, digital government, and skills and capabilities for the new economy and the role of education), the Bali Fintech Agenda (financial technology and digital entrepreneurship), and sectoral and regional programs (for example, Digital Economy for Africa Moonshot/Accelerate and Middle East and North Africa Tech). The Bank Group aims to help clients harness the opportunities and mitigate the risks of DTT to accelerate progress toward achieving the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity. This evaluation sought to answer the question, How well prepared is the Bank Group to help clients harness the opportunities and mitigate the risks posed by DTT?
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Bah, Tijan L How has COVID-19 Affected the Intention to Migrate via the Backway to Europe and to a Neighboring African Country? Survey Evidence and a Salience Experiment in the Gambia
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in border closures in many countries and a sharp reduction in overall international mobility. However, this disruption of legal pathways to migration has raised concerns that potential migrants may turn to irregular migration routes as a substitute. This paper examines how the pandemic has changed intentions to migrate from The Gambia, the country with the highest pre-pandemic per-capita irregular migration rates in Africa. A large-scale panel survey conducted in 2019 and 2020 is used to compare changes in intentions to migrate to Europe and to neighboring Senegal. The data show that the pandemic has reduced the intention to migrate to both destinations, with approximately one-third of young males expressing less intention to migrate. The largest reductions in migration intentions are for individuals who were unsure of their intent pre-pandemic, and for poorer individuals who are no longer able to afford the costs of migrating at a time when these costs have increased and their remittance income has fallen. This paper also introduces the methodology of priming experiments to the study of migration intentions, by randomly varying the salience of the COVID-19 pandemic before eliciting intentions to migrate. There is no impact of this added salience, which appears to be because knowledge of the virus, while imperfect, was already enough to inform migration decisions. Nevertheless, despite these decreases in intentions, the overall desire to migrate the backway to Europe remains high, highlighting the need for legal migration pathways to support migrants and divert them from the risks of backway migration
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Batista, Catia Testing Classic Theories of Migration in the Lab
    Keywords: Destination Choice ; Employment and Unemployment ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Lab Experiment ; Migrant Selection ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: The predictions of different classic migration theories are tested by using incentivized laboratory experiments to investigate how potential migrants decide between working in different destinations. First, the authors test theories of income maximization, migrant skill-selection, and multi-destination choice as they vary migration costs, liquidity constraints, risk, social benefits, and incomplete information. The standard income maximization model of migration with selection on observed and unobserved skills leads to a much higher migration rate and more negative skill-selection than is obtained when migration decisions take place under more realistic assumptions. Second, these lab experiments are used to investigate whether the independence of irrelevant alternatives assumption holds. The results show that it holds for most people when decisions just involve wages, costs, and liquidity constraints. However, once the risk of unemployment and incomplete information is added, independence of irrelevant alternatives no longer holds for about 20 percent of the sample
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: More than a decade has passed since the global economic and financial crisis rocked the world. A clear lesson that emerged from it was the importance of identifying and addressing country-specific vulnerabilities ex ante to build resilience when a shock occurs. The 2020 global economic and health crisis caused by COVID-19 serves as a yet another stark reminder of the importance of proactively managing vulnerabilities to shocks. The purpose of this evaluation is to assess World Bank Group support to client countries to build resilience to exogenous shocks through the systematic identification of fiscal and financial sector vulnerabilities and through efforts to support the reduction of these vulnerabilities. Given the importance of protecting the most vulnerable from shocks, this evaluation also looks at the extent to which the Bank Group has helped client countries adapt their social safety nets so that they can be effectively scaled up in a crisis. It aims to inform the design of future Bank Group strategies, operations, diagnostics, and knowledge products that can help reduce country-level fiscal and financial sector vulnerabilities. Its lessons may also help the effort to "build back better" after the COVID-19 pandemic through contributions to increasing resilience by strengthening fiscal and financial buffers and institutions
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Population aging-resulting from falling fertility rates, declining mortality, and increased longevity-shapes the profile and the needs of a growing number of countries. How effective has the World Bank been in tailoring its support to provide an adequate response to this evolving challenge? This evaluation is the first report from the Independent Evaluation Group to assess the World Bank's contribution to diagnosing client countries' demographic issues related to population aging; understanding the variance in policy needs and context specificities; and providing vision, tools, and resources to respond to challenges in countries at different stages of aging. This evaluation aims to inform the World Bank Group's Board of Executive Directors, management, and staff about the relevance, coherence, and operationalization of World Bank support to aging countries. The World Bank is increasingly called on to offer support to respond to the deep socioeconomic challenges its clients are facing because of population aging. Providing adequate responses to aging countries will become more of a priority as the phenomenon accelerates and becomes more prominent in World Bank client countries
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Cities will be home to 2 billion new residents by 2045, and the pressure to develop land in and around cities is growing. This will pose a great challenge to lower-income cities since they tend to grow through slums and other informal settlements. Slum residents have inadequate and inequitable access to public services and economic opportunities, and on account of the living conditions in these settlements, they are also more vulnerable to diseases, especially highly communicable ones, such as COVID-19. In 2014, an estimated 880 million urban residents lived in slum conditions, compared with 792 million in 2000 (UN 2019). This number is likely to keep growing unless urban spatial expansion is planned and managed well. To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, development institutions will need to support clients in managing urban spatial growth. An integrated approach towards land administration, land use planning, and land development - three major determinants of urban spatial growth - will be key. This evaluation offers IEG's first systematic assessment of the World Bank's support to the management of urban spatial growth. It answers the question: To what extent has World Bank engagement been relevant and effective towards supporting its clients in managing urban spatial growth through land administration, land-use planning, and land development?
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Debt Management ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Much as for the rest of the World Bank Group, the past year has required an unprecedented degree of adaptation and agility from all staff at the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG). For many, fiscal year (FY)21 may feel like a bridge between the old life and the new. At the beginning of FY21, we were just growing accustomed to the full-time remote work required by a worsening global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and realizing that the changes were semipermanent. At IEG, we settled in for the long haul, quickly adjusting our ways of sharing information and methods of evaluation to overcome these new challenges. By the end of the fiscal year, we had built confidence in our abilities to collect data, interview distant stakeholders, and devise new remote mission strategies. Evaluation too acts like a bridge, connecting hindsight and foresight through the objective analysis of past programs to find evidence that supports and informs positive change. Our job as evaluators is to share the insights and lessons derived from this evidence. In FY21, IEG focused on responding agilely to changing circumstances and innovating how we collected data and delivered our findings to those who needed them, when they needed them. We adapted our work program to align with the Bank Group's COVID-19 pandemic response while continuing to build a pipeline of relevant, timely, and robust evaluations focused on long-term development challenges
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Anderson, Stephen J What Prevents More Small Firms from Using Professional Business Services? An Information and Quality-Rating Experiment in Nigeria
    Abstract: Why do more small firms in developing countries not use the market for professional business services like accounting, marketing, and human resource specialists? Two key reasons may be that firms lack information about the availability of these services, and that they struggle to distinguish the quality of good versus bad providers. A brand recognition exercise finds that most small firms are unaware of most providers in this market, and a survey of service providers reveals that they largely rely on word-of-mouth and informal reputation mechanisms for acquiring customers. This study set up a business services marketplace that contains information about the different providers present in the market and used mystery shopper visits to develop a quality ratings system. A randomized experiment with more than 1,000 firms provided access to this marketplace to the treatment group and randomized whether firms received just information or also quality ratings. The provision of quality ratings information shifts small firms' preferences over which provider they would like to use, increasing the average quality rating of their preferred providers by 0.2 to 0.4 ratings points out of 5. However, neither the provision of information nor these quality ratings had any significant impact on the likelihood that small firms go on to hire a business service provider over the subsequent six months. The results suggest that alleviating information frictions alone is insufficient to increase usage of professional business services
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Many of the world's poor people depend on natural resources for their well-being. Four-fifths of the world's poor people live in rural areas, and most rural poor people depend on natural resources for their livelihoods. The renewable natural resources on which poor people depend are increasingly being degraded, posing significant risks to resource-dependent communities. The World Bank has committed to reducing the vulnerability of resource-dependent people. This evaluation assesses how well the World Bank has addressed natural resource degradation to reduce the vulnerabilities of resource-dependent people
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This evaluation assesses the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group's country engagement in Albania over the period Fiscal Years 11-19. The Bank Group made a substantial contribution to many reforms relevant to Albania's development priorities, including Albania's EU accession goals. Bank Group support was effective in improving fiscal management and social protection, strengthening the financial sector, and expanding waste management and irrigation. The program was responsive to opportunities, but it could have been more selective in its engagements. Findings suggested that analytical work should be used more extensively to build consensus and capacity for reforms and new lending should be more selective. Albania had transitioned to a market-oriented middle-income economy by year 2008. However, the economic slowdown in the wake of the global crisis led to a reversal in poverty reduction. The crisis led to several key economic reforms, not all of which have been sustained after the recovery
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: McKenzie, David Aspirations and Financial Decisions: Experimental Evidence from the Philippines
    Abstract: A randomized experiment among poor entrepreneurs tested the impact of exogenously inducing higher financial aspirations. In theory, raising aspirations could have positive effects by inducing higher effort, but could also reduce effort if unmet aspirations lead to frustration. Treatment resulted in more ambitious savings goals, but nearly all individuals fell far short of reaching these goals. Two years later, treated individuals had not saved more, and actually had lower borrowing and business investments. Treatment also reduced belief in the amount of control over one's life. Setting aspirations too high can lead to frustration, leading individuals to reduce their economic investments
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Development Policy Lending ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Governance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Governmental Organizations ; Risk Assessment
    Abstract: Globally, conflict is becoming more complex and intense. The World Bank's contributions to reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity increasingly rely on its ability to engage effectively in situations fraught by conflict. This report seeks to surface lessons to inform early implementation of the World Bank Group's Strategy for Fragility, Conflict, and Violence 2020-2025 (FCV Strategy). The evaluation analyzes how the World Bank works differently in conflict-affected situations by assessing four key aspects of engagement: (i) the extent to which the World Bank identified and addressed conflict drivers and risks at the strategy and country level, (ii) how these drivers and risks are integrated into operations, the ways in which the World Bank has adapted its engagement by working with clients and partners during situations of political instability, and how the World Bank has contributed to project-level results and higher-level outcomes related to peace and stability
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Advisory Services ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: IEG's Results and Performance of the World Bank Group 2021 report, also known as RAP 2021, assesses the World Bank Group's performance by analyzing the achievement of project and program objectives through validated ratings. The World Bank's outcome ratings steadily improved from FY10 onward and increased by an impressive 9 percentage points in FY20. The largest annual increase over the past five years. IFC's development outcome ratings increased for the first time in 10 years in all the industry groups and MIGA's continued to increase, as has been the case over the past decade. The RAP 2021 carries out an in-depth analysis of recent trends, for both the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation, to identify possible drivers behind the increase in project outcome ratings. The report also presents a novel analysis to measure the extent to which the World Bank either repeats project designs or introduces novelty to successor projects. This allowed IEG to detect when teams took informed risk and introduced new elements in projects and assess the effect of this behavior on outcome ratings. The report also analyzes the World Bank's selection of indicators and use of targets to understand how measurement practices affect ratings and performance. Results point to the need to complement project ratings data with associated evidence of outcomes achieved in client countries, which supports the centrality of the outcome orientation agenda
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Human Capital ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation aims to assess the World Bank Group's contribution to Morocco's development trajectory over the past decade (fiscal years 2011-21) and is timed to inform the next Country Partnership Framework and future Bank Group engagements in the country. The Country Program Evaluation will use a range of methods to assess how the Bank Group has supported Morocco's efforts to tackle major constraints to achieving its objective of reaching upper-middle-income-country status. The evaluation will focus on three outcome areas: (i) fostering private sector-led growth that absorbs a growing labor force; (ii) strengthening inclusive human capital formation and addressing the obstacles to women and youth labor force participation; and (iii) reducing climate risks and natural resource depletion and addressing their combined effects on the most vulnerable people, especially in rural areas
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Governance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector
    Abstract: The Country Program Evaluation (CPE) for the Kyrgyz Republic seeks to assess the World Bank Group's efforts to help the Kyrgyz Republic address its main development challenges. The evaluation will cover fiscal years (FY)14-21 and is timed to inform the next Country Partnership Framework (CPF) between the Kyrgyz Republic and the Bank Group. The evaluation will assess (i) how relevant was the Bank Group's strategy and how it evolved over time, given changes in the country context and lessons from experience; (ii) the extent to which Bank Group support helped the Kyrgyz Republic foster increased private sector-led growth to reduce economic vulnerability; (iii) the extent to which Bank Group support helped improve central government governance and institutional capacity; and (vi) the extent to which Bank Group support improved local governance and the quality of, and access to, local public services
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The World Bank Group's success rests on its ability to help its client countries achieve the development outcomes they desire. This demands a strong outcome orientation at the country-level, defined as the Bank Group's ability to generate feedback on what works, what does not, and why, use this feedback to adapt country programs, and boost contribution to development outcomes. This learning-focused evaluation provides a new vision of how to strengthen the Bank Group's outcome orientation in countries. IEG finds that the model of how the Bank Group aims for outcomes in its client countries is sound. However, the results system does not capture the Bank Group's contribution to country outcomes well, as its reliance on metrics, attribution, and short time-boundedness does not suit the nature of country programs. While country teams practice adaptive management, the country-level results system does not effectively support them in doing so. The report makes concrete proposals on how to rethink the country-level results systems, its tool kit; the accountability principles that underlies the system; and the incentives for staff to learn from experience and prioritize development results
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: For the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG), fiscal year (FY) 20 was a year of both internally and externally driven reform. IEG began the year with a mission to listen to the needs of our clients and stakeholders and improve our methods, relationships, and products to increase the relevance and value of our evaluative work. Thus, when the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) struck in the spring of 2020, IEG was already mobilized to respond to the World Bank Group's critical needs with agility, flexibility, and innovation. The regular work program included evaluations of Bank Group convening power, country programs in Albania and the Philippines, irrigation, and education. Though before the pandemic, IEG offered just-in-time learning and on-demand learning engagements, the pandemic pushed us to double our efforts by mining our rich data archives to provide important lessons on Bank Group responses to past public health crises and collect knowledge in an online COVID-19 library. FY21 will continue challenging IEG to respond to rapidly changing pandemic conditions, produce just-in-time insights to help decision-making, and evaluate projects and programs with the same rigor as ever. We are committed to finding new ways of sharing knowledge, learning, and evaluating what works in the World Bank Group
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The Management Action Record (MAR) is a key element of the World Bank Group's accountability framework. The MAR supports accountability in the follow-up of Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) evaluation recommendations by enabling meaningful tracking, dialogue, and self-assessment of World Bank Group management's implementation of IEG recommendations. This document: (i) describes a reform of the MAR which aims to address shortcomings in the previous MAR system through more focus on the outcomes sought by IEG recommendations. (ii) validates a self-evaluation done by Bank Group management of their implementation of past IEG recommendations, and (iii) served as IEG's input to a discussion by the World Bank Group Boards' Committee on Development Effectiveness. The Committee on Development Effectiveness endorsed the MAR reform at its meeting on September 25, 2020. Following the meeting's decisions, two evaluations for which IEG and management had not reached agreement will continue to be tracked under the MAR
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) play a major role in many developing and emerging economies, where governments use them to achieve economic, social, and political objectives. SOEs deliver and extend access to services, fill gaps in markets, develop key sectors or regions, and provide employment. However, SOEs' mixed institutional mandates and their political importance often pose performance, financial and governance challenges. This is IEG's first systematic assessment of the Bank Group's support for the reform of SOEs, looking at what works and the factors of success. It parallels Bank Group efforts to provide more integrated support to SOE reform in client countries and to empower staff with new tools. The evaluation focused on five major types of SOE reforms in the financial and energy sectors: (i) Corporate governance improvements; (ii) Business and operational reforms; (iii) Measures to strengthen competition and regulation in SOE markets; (iv) Privatization and other ownership reforms (including PPPs); (v) Macro, fiscal, and public financial management (PFM) reforms. The evaluation includes findings about the impact of competition on SEO performance; corruption control and its effect on SEO reform; the success of World Bank Group sequential and complementarity interventions; and about other factors that aid success such us client commitment, collaboration, strong design features, solid results frameworks and monitoring, and early risk identification. Based on the findings and lessons of experience drawn from this evaluation, IEG offers Management two recommendations to enhance the Bank Group's support to SOE reform: (i) The World Bank Group should apply a selectivity framework for SOE reform support that considers country governance conditions, control of corruption, and sector and enterprise-level competition; and (ii) The World Bank Group should apply the MFD and its embedded Cascade approach for SOE reform
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This report is an annual review of the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group. The report assesses the World Bank Group's performance by analyzing the achievement of project and program objectives through validated ratings and by classifying these objectives according to their outcome levels. To provide new perspectives on performance, RAP 2020 also analyzes outcomes and discusses ways in which the Bank Group can continue to enhance its outcome orientation. The report highlights that the Bank Group's results measurement systems collect evidence needed for ratings and for process and compliance monitoring with limited evidence on the Bank Group's contributions to higher-level outcomes. Performance trends are positive for almost all Regions and Global Practices in the World Bank. Project ratings in countries affected by fragility, conflict and violence show improvement but continue to lag those in other countries. Positive ratings trends can be linked to continued improvements in quality at entry, strong implementation support and M and E, and broadly conducive economic and institutional conditions in many larger countries before the pandemic. Ratings for MIGA projects continued to increase. IFC project ratings remain depressed overall, but with signs of a modest uptick in the most recent data. Less successful results are often linked to large shocks, internal work quality and issues with preparing for risks and their response when shocks occurred
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This first-of-its-kind evaluation assesses the scope of the World Bank Group's convening power and how effectively it is deployed. The report finds that the Bank Group's comparative advantages give it strong convening power that it uses on many development issues. In so doing, it meets the demands of shareholders and stays highly relevant as a global actor often making strong and relevant convening contributions. There are many examples of effective Bank Group convening efforts, such as the Scaling up Nutrition initiative, the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research, and initiatives in the areas of carbon finance, financial inclusion, development data, poverty measurement, river blindness, and several other global heath partnerships. The evaluation finds that the Bank Group is more likely to be effective when the external context is favorable, the Bank Group's internal capacities are strong, when initiatives have clear objectives and are put into effect in country programs, and when engagement is sustained over time. The Bank Group has room to become a more effective convener by more selectively scoping its convening contributions, improving processes to manage convening initiatives over their lifecycle, and by more closely aligning convening initiatives with country programs
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The Clean Energy Transition-the pathway for decarbonizing global energy-is essential to foster inclusive and sustainable growth while addressing climate change. Based on EIA forecasts, IEG estimates that annual global financing for RE needs to double, from USD 300 billion to USD 600 billion (2017 USD) to meet the SDGs and allow the Clean Energy Transition. The WBG's RE investment portfolio of USD 22 billion over the evaluation period, 2000-2017, included support across all major RE technologies. Based on 168 evaluated RE projects (101 WB, 60 IFC, 7 MIGA) during FY00-FY17, the WBG overall had a 66% success rate-varying across institutions (71% WB, 51% IFC, 86% MIGA)
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This evaluation provides lessons that could inform IFC's approach to the deployment of the blended finance instrument. Blended finance is a risk mitigation tool for investments that find it difficult to attract commercial funding. Blended finance refers to the combination of concessional and commercial funding in private sector-led projects. Its rationale is to support projects with potentially high social benefits, but that would not attract funding on strictly commercial terms due to their high risks. This note synthesizes evaluation findings from two sources: (i) IFC's early experience with blended finance as reflected in 14 project evaluations of projects approved over 2010-2014; and (ii) a cluster of five Project Performance Assessment Reports (PPARs) of recent projects, approved over 2012-2016. The emphasis is on findings from the more recent projects
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) assesses the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group program in the Philippines between 2009 and 2018. The report provides input to the next Country Partnership Framework for the Philippines and may offer lessons for Bank Group country programs in other lower-middle-income countries facing similar development challenges
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The international development community acknowledges that the SDGs will not be achieved without greater participation from the private sector. Estimates for investment needs in developing countries alone range from USD 3.3 trillion to USD 4.5 trillion per year. Up to 70 percent of the investment gap could come from the private sector, according to international estimates. Engaging the private sector as a financier, operator, service provider, or innovator in the pursuit of the SDGs requires efficiently functioning and competitive markets and effective governments. Such markets only emerge when there is a sufficiently conducive enabling environment that not only addresses market failures through policy reform but also improving underperforming markets through demonstration effects, enhancing competition, innovation, integration and enhancing skills through investments and advisory services. This evaluation was designed to shed light on several key aspects of the IFC's creating markets agenda and experience on the ground. Those key aspects include the following: (i) Identification of market creating opportunities; (ii) Channels through which IFC contributes to market creation; (iii) Results from IFC's market creating interventions; and (iv) Success factors driving the Bank Group's market creation results
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The evaluation examines the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group's support for trade facilitation and identifies lessons for future engagement. The World Bank Group has played a leading role in trade facilitation reform over the past 12 years, having identified lowering trade costs as a crucial means to promote its development agenda. Among its contributions, the Bank Group has been a leading technical partner to the WTO during the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) process throughout the evaluation period. Main findings of the report include: (i) Over the evaluation period, the World Bank Group has demonstrated leadership in facilitating trade through its broad scope of work: (893 interventions of all types) in addition to Advisory and Analytic work, generally targeting countries with the greatest bottlenecks, results, in its contribution to a substantial reduction of international trade costs, and its creation of global public goods through thought leadership, convening power, and its trade facilitation indicators - which contributed to a positive dynamic in reforms. (ii) Most World Bank Group projects supporting trade facilitation reforms achieved their development objective, and all three institutions exceeded their corporate scorecard targets. The World Bank's investment lending appears to be substantially more effective than its policy operations. At the trade facilitation intervention level, the overall success rate averaged 79 percent
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This evaluation examines the World Bank Group's evolving experience in building resilience in urban areas during the period 2007-17. The focus of this evaluation is the World Bank Group's support to clients in building urban resilience-to cope, recover, adapt and transform-in the face of shocks and chronic stresses
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This evaluation reviews how well the World Bank's operating model has enabled knowledge flow and enhanced collaboration to deliver integrated solutions. The evaluation also looks at the incentives and behaviors the model inculcates. Evidence comes from both sides of the matrix.The evaluation finds that certain aspects of the operating model have shown value, especially its enabling of global knowledge flow. This is the effect of setting up GPs that operate more globally than before and GTs that provide useful strategic directions and coherence to cross-cutting priorities. The World Bank is able to provide integrated solutions addressing clients' important development problems because of the leadership of Country Directors supported by Program Leaders.However, evidence from the early years of implementing the model indicates that its structure and processes tend to inhibit collaboration and cause inefficiency, fragmentation, and internal competition. The interface between GPs and Regions has weakened. Some GPs lack coherent and systematic approaches to managing and investing in knowledge. There are concerns with insufficient contestability in the quality assurance process for operations and ASA products. If left unaddressed, these issues pose risks to the World Bank's ability to deliver for clients.IEG acknowledges management's proactive course correction of the operating model. The evaluation finds that this could be enhanced by continuously collecting and reviewing data on organizational effectiveness.These findings have led to six recommendations: (1) Strengthen the approach to knowledge in the GPs and GTs with clear goals, roles, and mechanisms, budgets commensurate with mandates, and metrics for knowledge uptake, quality, and influence; (2) improve budgeting systems to better incentivize knowledge flow and collaboration; (3) better link the GPs and Regions to improve coordination and enhance responsiveness to clients; ( 4) ensure a stronger and more consistent use and role of the Program Leaders as a mechanism for cross-sectoral collaboration, integrated solutions, and complex client dialogue; (5) review the existing quality assurance arrangements to improve the quality of knowledge embedded in advisory and financing services; and (6) ensure there is ongoing monitoring of the operating model and more continuity in change management efforts to enhance the organization's ability to attain its knowledge flow and collaboration goals
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: In a year marked by change throughout the institution, the Independent Evaluation Group's commitment to rigorous analysis, innovative methodological approaches, and the sharing of knowledge and lessons remains its foundation. Though topics ranged from forced displacement to creating markets, the evaluations presented similar stories about what is and is not working at the World Bank Group, providing guidance on improving outcomes. Common themes included building resilience, monitoring who benefits, and increasing private sector engagement. A highlight of FY19 was the release of the World Bank Group Evaluation Principles, co-led by the IEG Methods Adviser in collaboration with IFC, MIGA, and the World Bank. The principles act to solidify a Bank Group evaluation approach based on the evaluation framework established in FY18. The document delineates core principles for evaluation and underlying principles for planning, conducting, and using evaluations at the Bank Group. In FY20, IEG will position itself to provide even greater impact by focusing on the development effectiveness questions that most concern the institution and its clients in terms of what is needed to influence country development outcomes and where the Bank Group can do more, differently, or better. IEG has aligned its work program with Bank Group strategic priorities, keeping in mind the Sustainable Development Goals, commitments made in the IBRD and IFC Capital Packages, and the themes of the IDA's last two replenishments (IDA18 and 19)
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This evaluation examines how the World Bank has supported two types of professional development to improve teacher capacity-preservice and in-service training-and identifies how these drivers of education quality can be better designed, implemented, and scaled up
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This evaluation seeks to inform the World Bank's efforts to support client countries to deliver sustainable irrigation and drainage services and achieve development impacts. The results of this evaluation can help the World Bank improve strategic approaches in an evolving context. Irrigation service delivery is increasingly challenged by multiple factors that are driving demand for agricultural production, water scarcity, and variability in water precipitation. These factors include population growth and urbanization leading to increasing demand for agricultural products, and greater competition for water resources from domestic and industrial users. Untreated urban wastewater released into water bodies affects irrigation water quality. Water availability is increasingly variable because of the effects of climate change
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The International Development Association (IDA) Regional Window Program was developed as a funding mechanism to provide additional financing resources to co-finance projects that help low-income countries achieve their regional integration objectives. The main objective of this synthesis report is to inform policy decisions on the International Development Association (IDA) Regional Window Program in the context of the IDA18 mid-term review and the IDA19 replenishment. The report contains information on (a) the achievements of the program, and (b) key findings and conclusions for the consideration of IDA Deputies. This synthesis is derived primarily from IEG's thematic evaluation, Two to Tango: An IEG Independent Evaluation of World Bank Group Support to Fostering Regional Integration and is complemented by findings from other existing thematic evaluations such as Grow with the flow: World Bank Group support to Trade Facilitation, project-level evaluations and validations, and project performance assessment reports
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: World Bank emphasizes the importance of social contracts to eliminate poverty and boost shared prosperity. In the 2014 World Bank Group Goals, the World Bank calls for social contracts that prioritize the poor while creating the conditions for equitable growth. This learning-oriented evaluation generates lessons from the World Bank's experience using social contract diagnostics to help countries reshape their social contracts. It does this by:(i) evaluating the quality and value added of social contract diagnostics; (ii) assessing how social contract diagnostics are translated into operations; (iii) identifying the risks and challenges of integrating social contract diagnostics into operations; and (iv) drawing lessons on how to overcome these challenges. At the country level, this evaluation identified 21 Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs) that use a social contract framing to diagnose and explain complex development challenges such as entrenched inequalities, poor service delivery, weak institutions, and why decades of policy and institutional reforms promoted by external development actors could not fundamentally alter countries' development paths
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Fragility, conflict and violence (FCV) pose a major challenge for development and for reaching the Bank Group's twin goals. Enabling appropriate private sector activities can be a means to break free of the fragility trap by supporting economic growth, promoting local employment and income earning opportunities, generating government revenues, and delivering goods and services. However, the private sector faces substantial constraints in fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS). This report takes stock of available evidence regarding the effectiveness of IFC's support in FCS. It aims to inform IFC's strategy in FCS as IFC seeks to scale up its activities in FCS as part of its commitments under the Capital Increase Package, and to provide inputs for the Bank Group's Fragility, Conflict and Violence (FCV) strategy currently being developed
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: World Bank Group strategy continues to position SMEs as key vehicles to promote employment, value chain development, economic and social inclusion, and resilience in the face of fragility and conflict. This note synthesizes findings regarding SMEs and SME support from recent IEG evaluations, independent evaluations by other MDBs, and relevant World Bank Group research
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This report provides a retrospective assessment of the Bank Group's results and performance acrossits project and program portfolio. This is relevant for understanding the stock of achievements to date and the foundations on which the Bank Group is delivering on the Forward Look and its ambitious capital package. The report synthesizes trends in Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) ratings and identifies explanatory factors behind portfolio performance. Each of the three Bank Group institutions assesses results differently because of their differing reporting periods, operating models, and clients. The supplementary file contains four appendixes and the remaining, more specialized topic appendixes of the Results and Performance of the World Bank Group (RAP) report. This report is IEG's annual review of the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group (WBG). The report synthesizes trends in ratings, and identifies explanatory factors behind portfolio performance. This report provides a retrospective assessment of the World Bank Group's results and performance across its project and program portfolio. This is relevant for understanding the stock of achievements to date and the foundations on which the Bank Group is delivering on the Forward Look and its ambitious capital package. The four key appendixes for Results and Performance of the World Bank Group 2018 are included with the main file
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The World Bank Group's positioning in relation to Rwanda's Vision 2020 goal of rapidly attaining Middle-Income Country (MIC) status reflected many of the elements that are critical to realizing the country's goal: (i) Under a first pillar of promoting economic transformation for sustained growth, it supported infrastructure (notably energy and transport); the business environment (including skills development); the financial sector (including rural finance); and in the latter years the urban sector. (ii) Under a second pillar of reducing social vulnerability and raising the productivity and incomes of the poor, it supported agriculture; health (initially); and social protection-including demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants. (iii) A third accountable governance pillar aimed to strengthen central and decentralized public financial management (PFM). This evaluation assesses the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group's country program in Rwanda over the period FY09-17. The report aims to inform future partnership frameworks between the World Bank Group and the Rwandan Government. The report is also of interest to individuals and organizations working with countries striving to consolidate economic progress after a successful transition from conflict, or countries striving to reach middle-income country (MIC) status
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: In 2016, the World Bank Group stepped up its engagement in situations of conflict-induced forced displacement at the global and country levels and adopted a new approach to its engagement that recognizes displacement as a development challenge that must be addressed to attain the World Bank Group's twin goals. Since fiscal year 2016, the Bank Group's analytical, financial, and operational support has become more aligned with its stated development approach building on lessons from past engagements. This is an important shift
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This evaluation assesses the Bank Group's effectiveness and comparative advantage in fostering regional integration during FY2003-17 and draws lessons that can be used to inform future regional integration operations. Client countries of the World Bank Group have turned to regional integration as one of the pathways toward faster economic development and peace, and to help overcome development challenges. Main findings of the report include: (i) Overall, the Bank Group's efforts to foster regional integration have led to mostly positive development outcomes in the Sub-Saharan Africa Region and in infrastructure sectors. (ii) Though the IDA Regional Window program has also contributed to regional integration (mainly in the Africa Region), the development outcomes of its interventions are not significantly different from similar projects co-financed outside the program
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The 18th replenishment of the International Development Association (IDA18), one of the world's major providers of financial resources to the poorest countries, was the largest in the institution's 56-year history. Together with significant changes in its policy and financing framework, IDA's enhanced commitment authority was expected to enable faster progress toward the international community's far-reaching and ambitious 2030 agenda,1 which aligns closely with the World Bank Group's twin goals of eradicating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. The objective of this synthesis report is to draw on findings and lessons from recent IEG evaluations (that is, those completed since FY16) and databases that are pertinent to IDA18 special themes and IDA support more generally to inform forthcoming IDA19 discussions. The synthesis report focuses on learning from IDA experience over the last 10 years in relation to areas covered by the IDA18 special themes, drawing on relevant IEG evaluations completed since FY16
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: From the 15th replenishment of the International Development Association (IDA15)through IDA18, the Crisis Response Window (CRW) evolved from a focus on economicshocks to include two other types of crises-natural disasters and public healthemergencies. The CRW was set up as a pilot under IDA15 to address repercussionsrelated to the global financial crisis on IDA countries. When established as a permanent part of IDA, it was amended to address the impact of natural disasters in addition to economic shocks. CRW coverage was expanded to include public health emergencies when the Ebola crisis erupted in 2014. This IEG synthesis paper takes stock of experience with IDA's CRW, making use of IEG evaluative evidence. The paper synthesizes findings from existing evaluations and information on CRW performance during its pilot stage under IDA15 and subsequent IDA cycles, to inform stakeholders and promote learning. The audience for this paper is primarily internal, including management, Executive Directors (including the Committee on Development Effectiveness), and IDA deputies
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: In recent years, the world has seen formidable manifestations of citizens' engagement. By taking to the streets to condemn corruption scandals, by rallying on social media to address growing inequalities, or by participating in global consultations to develop the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), ordinary citizens are increasingly eager and able to make their voices heard. At the same time, after several decades of progress, the space for citizens' voices is shrinking globally as several governments raise legal barriers to constrain actions by civil society organizations (CSOs) and to muzzle the media. In this context, the World Bank Group's commitment to citizen engagement can catalyze change. This is even more important because achieving the SDGs and the twin goals rests on the active involvement of citizens and local governments
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This evaluation assesses the development effectiveness of the Bank Group's country program in Mexico between 2008 and 2017 to inform the next CPF (FY19). The country program evaluation (CPE) will deepen knowledge on what has and has not worked and provide timely feedback on upcoming operational choices. The report will inform not only the Bank Group's Mexico Country Management Unit and Mexican government but also a wider Bank Group audience, focused on middle-income countries (MICs) and other development practitioners. The evaluation examines the relevance and effectiveness of the Bank Group program in Mexico in its core areas, and also, as a methodological innovation, examines four overarching areas: (i) the extent to which the Bank Group contributed to identifying Mexico's binding development constraints and to promoting sound policy choices; (ii) Bank Group contributions to Mexico's results in reducing poverty and promoting shared prosperity; (iii) the effectiveness of Bank Group use of lending, knowledge, and convening power services in shaping its role; and (iv) the extent to which Bank Group support to Mexico's development innovations was beneficial to the Bank Group's knowledge base and to other Bank Group member countries. Overall results reflect both program results in core areas and the answers to the overarching questions. The overview of this report is also available in Spanish
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: A large share of the world's population today has access to health services, but the health needs of a great segment of the global population remain unmet. In 2013, more than 400 million people worldwide were not receiving at least one of the seven essential health services identified as priority areas in the Millennium Development Goals. Demographic and epidemiological changes, the increasing importance of noncommunicable diseases, the effects of climate change and natural disasters, and the surge of pandemic threats compound an already challenging situation in many countries. Challenges to health services are exacerbated further in countries facing fragile and conflict-affected situations. This evaluation aims to assess the roles and contributions of the World Bank Group in supporting health services in client countries. It also seeks to provide lessons and recommendations for achieving greater development effectiveness in future support to health services. This evaluation aims to fill an evaluative evidence gap in the health sector. It is the first comprehensive health sector evaluation carried out by the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) since 2009. This evaluation also complements the 2014 IEG health financing evaluation, which examined how World Bank Group support to revenue collection for health, pooling of health funds and risks, and health financing reforms have improved equity in health financing and service use, financial protection, and efficiency
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Globally, although growth has lifted millions out of poverty, in many countries growth has existed in parallel with rising inequality and groups of people being left behind. Social discontent arising from the lack of inclusiveness of the growth process has sometimes led to conflicts and violence. Anchored on growth, inclusion, and sustainability, the 2013 World Bank Group Strategy promotes inclusive growth by pursuing the twin goals of eliminating absolute poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Reflecting strong concerns for equity, it embraces policies that enhance equality of opportunity and remove barriers against the often-excluded. The Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) has conducted many evaluations that have assessed World Bank Group interventions in various dimensions of growth, inclusion, and sustainability. This report extracts findings and distills lessons from all relevant IEG evaluations completed between FY09 and FY18 to shed light on the nature and results of the Bank Group's support in key areas of inclusive growth
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The Results and Performance of the World Bank Group (RAP) report is an annual review by the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) of the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group. The RAP covers the World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and International Development Association), the International Finance Corporation, and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (four of the five institutions of the World Bank Group). The report synthesizes existing evidence from IEG evaluations, validations, and engagements, complemented by analysis of relevant information from other sources (for example, World Bank Group documents). Results and performance are assessed separately for each of the institutions because of their differing time frames, operating models, and clients. The theme this year is environmental sustainability, focusing on selected questions related to the contribution of the World Bank Group to environmental sustainability (chapter 1). This RAP (i) assesses the extent to which the World Bank Group portfolio includes activities that support environmental sustainability (and changes over a 10-year period), (ii) takes stock of how the World Bank Group is measuring its contribution to environmental sustainability, and (iii) presents analysis on the World Bank Group's systems for managing environmental and social risks. The RAP does not seek to provide an overall assessment of the environmental effects of the World Bank Group's projects because data are available only for the subset of projects where environmental goals were the primary objective
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This evaluation is a corporate-level assessment of the role and effectiveness of IFC in its support to its clients' inclusive business models. It also identifies implications and options for IFC's future support to inclusive business. The evaluation uses a two-pronged approach based on: (i) a review of IFC's entire portfolio (comparing inclusive business projects with the rest of IFC's portfolio), integrating IEG's relevant evaluative evidence across different sectors and themes; and (ii) a focus on the agribusiness sector. Based on the findings of this evaluation, the report concludes with three options for IFC to consider: (i) Option 1: Keep the current approach, (ii) Option 2: Upgrade IFC's current approach to an "operational framework", and (iii) Option 3: Design a corporate strategy toward inclusive business
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Climate change is a threat to global development and to the core Mission of the World Bank Group. With the recognition that human activity drives global warming, the World Bank Group has pursued a long-term commitment to curb global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for more than 20 years. The purposes of this evaluation are to assess the role and contributions of the Bank Group in CF in relation to the needs and priorities of its client countries and its potential comparative advantages, and to draw lessons to inform the World Bank Group's future strategic direction in CF. The evaluation aims to answer thefollowing overarching question: What has been the strategic objective, nature of engagement, and contribution of the Bank Group in supporting CF? What lessons can be drawn from this to inform the Bank Group's strategic direction in supporting the next generation of marketbased carbon mitigation activities, given its potential comparative advantages?
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The World Bank Group began evaluating projects in 1970 when President Robert McNamara created an Operations Evaluation Unit in the World Bank's Programming and Budgeting Department. In 1973, the unit became the Operations Evaluation Department, which reported to the Board of Executive Directors and became the first independent evaluation function in an international financial institution. After evaluation offices were established in the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in 1984 and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) in 2002, the three evaluation functions were merged into the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) in July 2006. As the scope of World Bank Group operations and its portfolio of products grows, IEG continues to develop and adapt its approaches to evaluating development effectiveness. These approaches include assessing outcomes against stated objectives, benchmarks, standards, and expectations, or assessing what might have happened in the absence of the project, program, or policy. Across projects, IEG looks at the patterns of what works under what circumstances. IEG's evaluation approach reflects and is harmonized with internationally accepted evaluation norms and principles, such as the quality standards for development evaluation of the OECD Development Assistance Committee, the good practice standards of the Evaluation Cooperation Group, and the norms and standards of the United Nations Evaluation Group.IEG adheres to a multilayered quality assurance model, which includes in-depth review of intermediate and final evaluation products by internal (IEG) and external peers. A Methods Advisory Function was established in fiscal year (FY)16 to promote internal knowledge sharing on evaluation design issues and methodological innovation. This fiscal year, the Bank Group introduced a Bank Group-wide evaluation framework, which reiterated the independence of IEG and made explicit our dual mandate of promoting accountability and fostering learning. IEG's new Results Framework aligns with the World Bank Group's evaluation framework and the revised IEG mandate
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McKenzie, David Growing Markets through Business Training for Female Entrepreneurs: A Market-Level Randomized Experiment in Kenya
    Abstract: A common concern with efforts to directly help some small businesses to grow is that their growth comes at the expense of their unassisted competitors. This study tests this possibility using a two-stage randomized experiment in Kenya. The experiment randomizes business training at the market level, and then within markets to selected businesses. Three years after training, the treated businesses are selling more, earn higher profits, and their owners have higher well-being. There is no evidence of negative spillovers on the competing businesses, and the markets as a whole appear to have grown in terms of number of customers and sales volumes. This market growth appears to come from enhanced customer service and new product introduction, generating more customers and more sales from existing customers. As a result, business growth in underdeveloped markets is possible without taking sales away from nontreated businesses
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This evaluation's objecti ...
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Client engagement is essential for the IFC to support the private sector, maximize finance for development, and contribute to achieving the World Bank Group's twin goals. This IEG evaluation assesses how the IFC has implemented its strategic approach to client engagement since the early 2000s, and its effects on IFC's clients and the development impact of its operations
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The evaluation exercise f ...
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The mobilization of domestic resources through reforms in taxation is essential to ensuring sustainable financing of development. The World Bank Group is engaged in several international initiatives that focus attention on constraints to growth, particularly in low-income economies, where domestic taxes and foreign private and market-related borrowing do not expand enough to compensate for declining flows of official development assistance. This Learning Note reviews existing IEG evaluative evidence on World Bank Group support to tax policy and administration reform over FY2005-15. Over FY2005-15, the vast majority of World Bank support to tax policy and administration reform has been provided through programmatic DPOs. For most of the operations, the tax reform component was a minor part of the operation, predominantly in the 10-14 percent range. In terms of project numbers, the majority of the approved operations were in the Latin America and the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa Regions. IFC Advisory Services in business taxation are usually a small part of investment climate advisory services addressing other issues related to regulatory environment. Tax components in World Bank operations have been designed mostly to enhance revenue to enable fiscal consolidation or create/maintain fiscal space for priority expenditure and/or to improve investment climate or strengthen export competitiveness. With a few exceptions, reviewed DPOs did not specifically address the efficiency and equity of tax systems. The review draws lessons for both the design and implementation of operations and for country programs and World Bank Group strategic engagement in tax reform mobilization
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: During the past decade, the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) evaluated the World Bank Group's response to systemic shocks and its efforts to help build resilience in response to shocks such as the food crisis of 2007-08, the global financial crisis of 2008-09, natural disasters, climate change, and pandemics. These evaluations examined the response to each of these different shocks separately. This study examines the evaluations and learning products to draw general lessons from the experience that can help strengthen future support to countries' resilience-building efforts
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Community-driven development (CDD) interventions rest on the principle of empowering communities. Yet, the gender-specific impacts of CDD, especially on empowerment, have not received due attention in evaluation and, more generally, in the theoretical and empirical literature. This report explores evidence of how the CDD approach can create and enhance participation and decision making when women, as well as men, are to be included in the "community" voice and choice. It reviews the theoretical and empirical literature and analyzes World Bank-supported CDD projects. Its intent is to help practitioners who implement CDD interventions more explicitly define, discuss, and integrate gender-relevant elements in the design of CDD projects; be more effective in implementing and monitoring features that may affect men and women differently; and identify meaningful indicators and information to assess gender impacts. Findings of this report include: i) it is important to bring it out empowerment explicitly in the results chain of the project; ii) the design of CDD projects could benefit from being informed by gender-specific needs assessments to identify the constraints that women face in the rural space; iii) It is useful to think of empowerment along the three categories of economic, political, and social empowerment to identify the mechanisms CDD interventions can leverage, and to identify direct and indirect effects; iv) the importance of defining in CDD projects which dimensions can be affected, through which channels, and how these effects can be measured; v) participation needs to be measured in a comprehensive way by the use of multiple indicators; vi) CDD interventions should better frame what they can impact both in the short and the long term, and vii) the learning potential of what works to increase women's empowerment can be improved through more systematic assessment, reporting and evaluation
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McKenzie, David How Effective Are Active Labor Market Policies in Developing Countries? A Critical Review of Recent Evidence
    Abstract: Jobs are the number one policy concern of policy makers in many countries. The global financial crisis, rising demographic pressures, high unemployment rates, and concerns over automation all make it seem imperative that policy makers employ increasingly more active labor market policies. This paper critically examines recent evaluations of labor market policies that have provided vocational training, wage subsidies, job search assistance, and assistance moving to argue that many active labor market policies are much less effective than policymakers typically assume. Many of these evaluations find no significant impacts on either employment or earnings. One reason is that urban labor markets appear to work reasonably well in many cases, with fewer market failures than is often thought. As a result, there is less of a role for many traditional active labor market policies than is common practice. The review then discusses examples of job creation policies that do seem to offer promise, and concludes with lessons for impact evaluation and policy is this area
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The World Bank Group's twin goals have redefined the rationale for engagement across all sectors. Although the World Bank Group has never had an explicit strategy for higher education, institutional- and regional-level strategies and knowledge work anchor the World Bank's engagement in supporting and promoting (i) greater access and equity, (ii) relevant and quality teaching and research, (iii) improved management and financial systems, and (iv) institutional diversification and innovation.The International Finance Corporation (IFC) has aligned itself with the World Bank's approach and focuses on access and equity, relevance, and quality. Additionally, IFC has developed a specific education strategy that focuses on its investments in post-secondary education
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The Independent Evaluation Group's (IEG) Results and Performance of the World Bank Group (RAP) is a comprehensive assessment of World Bank Group performance, drawing on recent IEG evaluations. This year's report emphasizes the theme of managing for development results (M4R). The World Bank Group has a long history of Managing for Results and has made good progress on creating a structure and process for results measurement. It has also launched reforms and several initiatives throughout the years to enhance evidence-based management and learning. IEG evidence shows progress but also indicates that strengthening the foundations of results measurement and instilling a culture of evidence-based adaptive management and learning needs a stronger, more systematic, and holistic push. This report reviews the World Bank Group's status regarding M4R and summarizes the organization's approach to and degree of success with integrating M4R'skey principles-measurement of outcomes and use of evidence for adaptive management and learning-to drive results. The report draws on cumulative evidence from the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG)evaluations and learning products to highlight the World Bank Group progress and scope for improvement. The report also explores the World Bank Group's engagement on developing client M4R capacity
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Working as One World Bank Group is central to the WBG's strategy of helping countries end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity sustainably. Over the past 20 years (1995 to 2015), many initiatives have sought to boost WBG effectiveness by increasing the number of projects jointly financed by IFC, MIGA, and/or the World Bank. Yet the number of joint projects still amounts to a very modest share of the overall WBG project commitments. This first systematic stocktaking by IEG of joint or co-financed projects within the WBG offers insight on both benefits of, and challenges in, developing, structuring, supervising, monitoring and evaluating joint projects. It draws lessons from past experience, staff and client feedback, and highlights implications for WBG management regarding expectations of increased co-financed projects in the future
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ibarra, Gabriel Lara Learning the Impact of Financial Education When Take-Up Is Low
    Abstract: Financial education programs are increasingly offered by governments, nonprofits, and financial institutions. However, voluntary participation rates in such programs are often very low, posing a severe challenge for randomized experiments attempting to measure their impact. This study uses a large experiment on more than 100,000 credit card clients in Mexico. The study shows how the richness of financial data allows combining nonexperimental methods with the experiment to yield credible measures of impact, even with take-up rates below 1 percent. The findings show that a financial education workshop and personalized coaching result in a higher likelihood of paying credit cards on time, and of making more than the minimum payment, but do not reduce spending, resulting in higher profitability for the bank
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This evaluation assesses the World Bank Group's record on implementation of the shared prosperity goal since 2013 using the official definition of the goal of fostering income growth of the bottom 40 percent. It also analyzes institutional requirements for effective implementation of the goal, and assesses the extent to which the Bank Group was already incorporating distributional issues in its various activities during the period 2005-13, before the adoption of the goal.Principal conclusions are as follows. The World Bank Group has made a significant effort to incorporate the shared prosperity goal-since its introduction in 2013--into its various products and services, across regions, global practices and World Bank Group institutions. These efforts have been spearheaded by knowledge. And the World Bank Group has used its convening power and partnerships at global and country levels to boost shared prosperity. However, an increased focus on distributional issues in the World Bank's lending projects does not automatically lead to improved development outcomes. Greater efforts are needed in the following areas to translate the increased focus into strong development results. First, the World Bank Group strategies and projects should have well-defined theories of change that explain how and under what conditions its interventions are expected to lead to improved shared prosperity outcomes. Second, associated results frameworks should allow for adequately monitoring impacts on the bottom 40 percent, and more distributional data should become available for measuring World Bank contributions. Third, strong analytical underpinnings are critical to strengthening the design of shared prosperity-focused interventions. This requires ensuring adequate funding of knowledge work and rigorous analysis of distributional effects. Fourth, the report recommends that the World Bank Group monitors systematically spatial congruence of its projects with the geographic distribution of the bottom 40 percent populations.Finally, stronger efforts are needed to make sure that the World Bank Group staff are aware of what the shared prosperity goal entails for the institution and its clients, but also have the skills needed for effectively incorporating and monitoring distributional objectives in the result chains of World Bank Group strategies and projects
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: In line with IEG's long-term agenda, we have delivered timely, highly relevant evaluations that speak to the current issues. Likewise, we have influenced debates in our three strategic engagement areas: inclusive and sustainable economic growth, investing in people, and fostering resilience to global shocks and threats. We completed an important assessment of how wellthe World Bank Group is positioned to attain its goal of boosting shared prosperity. The results should help the World Bank Group institutions-the International Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)-adjust their programsto ensure ultimate success. We also completed two evaluations on delivering services to the poor and simultaneously stimulated discussions about the assessment of service delivery and behaviorchange. For our strategic engagement area on environmental sustainability, we put together a synthesis paper of all our findings on resilience to systemic shocks. During the year, we enhanced our investments in methodology. With the systematic involvement of our new methods advisor, we have seen a greater range of evaluation methods used in our major reports. These investments will further mature in the coming years and be the platform on which IEG can start testing new methods in the future
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