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  • 2015-2019  (435)
  • 1930-1934
  • 2018  (435)
  • World Bank Group  (422)
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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: ill , 30 cm
    DDC: 304.6/32/0962
    Keywords: Fertility ; Egypt ; Egypt ; Population ; Birth control ; Egypt
    Note: World Fertility Survey, International Statistical Institute , This project was conducted as part of the World Fertility Survey and with the collaboration of the World Bank"--T.p. verso , Includes bibliographical references
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Geneva 27 : World Health Organization
    ISBN: 9789264300309
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (96 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La qualité des services de santé : Un impératif mondial en vue de la couverture santé universelle
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Universal health coverage (UHC) aims to provide health security and universal access to essential care services without financial hardship to individuals, families and communities. UHC enables a transition to more productive and equitable societies and economies and is enshrined in the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). But UHC should not be implemented without considering the quality of the care provided. Quality means care that is effective, safe, people-centered, timely, equitable, integrated and efficient. High-quality care improves health outcomes and reduces waste. It is integral to a high-value, sustainable health system. Universal access to high-quality health care is not a luxury only rich countries can afford. It can be achieved in all settings with strong leadership, planning and implementation. The returns are worth the investment. While significant progress has been made to improve care quality has been made, more effort is needed in both developing and developed countries. This report describes the current situation with regard to UHC and global quality of care, and outlines the steps governments, health services and their workers, together with citizens and patients need to urgently take.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Western Balkan countries face significant labor market challenges. Fostering job creation (more generally), increasing skills, and expanding access to formal jobs, especially for socially vulnerable groups, is of critical importance for the Western Balkans. The objectives of public employment services (PES) are to assist adults in looking for jobs and improving their employability, thereby facilitating theirtransition to work. As part of the World Bank's analytical and technical support to help build the capacity of Public Employment Services in the region, a set of functional vertical reviews of the PES have been prepared for five countries. This note summarizes key results from the functional reviews of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: Gender equality is a core development objective, and it is also a smart development policy. Gender equality is also a key pathway to ensure lasting poverty reduction and shared prosperity. Identifying the main gender gaps a country faces across different domains, contributes to better inform policy design. To that effect, this report seeks to identify where progress has been achieved regarding increasing opportunities for women and men in Turkey and where further policy action is required. It focuses on three areas that are critical for gender-equal access to opportunities, namely endowments such as health and education; economic opportunities, such as access to labor, land and financial markets; and agency, including norms, representation, and freedom from violence (World Bank 2016). The report takes advantage of different sources of publicly available data for the country, including the World Bank's World Development Indicators (WDI), the Global Financial Inclusion (FINDEX) Database, the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS), the World Health Organization (WHO) Statistics, as well as data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and others. National surveys by the Turkish Statistical Institute include the Income and Living Conditions Survey (SILC) 2015, the Turkish Labor Force Survey (LFS) 2016 and the Household Budget Survey (HBS). In addition, the Ministry of Family and Social Policies (MoFSP) and Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies conducted the National Research on Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey. The Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) collected by the Ministry of Development (MoD) and Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies, and the Research on Family Structure in Turkey (TAYA) by MoFSP were also used. The report aims to provide a panorama of the prevailing gender gaps and areas for work to close those gaps in the country, covering a wide range of outcomes. As such, it seeks to serve as a guiding document for policy action and dialogue, further research, and public discussion
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: This report is part of the World Bank's Malaysia development experience series that strives to document the country's approach to improving public sector performance. The report builds on the previous installment in the same series that focused on Malaysia's experience with driving performance from the center of government through the Prime Minister's Management Delivery Unit (PEMANDU). The more drastic overhaul of the sector was envisioned to come from the application of the DU approach to transforming sector performance. This report describes how the DU method worked in both the design and implementation stages of literacy and numeracy screening (LINUS). This includes the interface between Ministry of Education (MOE) and PEMANDU, as well as PEMANDU and Education Performance and Delivery Unit (PADU). The core of the document focuses on implementation details: the institutions, leadership, and incentives that contributed to the program's success. It also describes how the implementation agencies worked together to implement LINUS
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This assessment of the implementation of the BCP in India has been completed as part of the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP), which has been undertaken by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) in 2017, at the request of the Indian authorities. The scope of the assessment is the scheduled commercial banks, and the assessment reflects the regulatory and supervisory framework in place as of the completion of the assessment. It is not intended to analyze the state of the banking sector or crisis management framework, which are addressed by other assessments conducted in this FSAP
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Evidence from across the world shows that raising taxes sharply on tobacco products, and then adjusting for inflation and increased affordability due to growing incomes, is the single most cost-effective measure to reduce tobacco consumption. A scaled-up and stronger tobacco control effort is required in Trinidad and Tobago to achieve the WHO-recommended target of at least 30 percent reduction in smoking prevalence by 2030, which would avoid ill health, premature mortality, and disability among current and future smokers by the end of the 21st century. The benefits of tobacco taxation go beyond public health. As documented in a recent report by researchers at the International Monetary Fund in many countries, raising tobacco taxes can offer a "win-win": higher revenue and positive health outcomes. While countries' circumstances and governments weighting of revenue, health, and other objectives vary, and hence the desirable level of tobacco tax rates, in many cases, current tax rates are far below what is feasible in terms of revenue potential. In the case of Trinidad and Tobago, increasing tobacco taxes as assessed in this report, could serve revenue purposes as well as health and other objectives. And if the government decides to put more weight on health objectives, it could raise taxes even further
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) reaffirmed the country's commitment to eliminating poverty and promoting shared prosperity and inclusive growth. In this regard, the China systematic country diagnostic (SCD) is supportive of the priorities of the Party Congress. China's historic rapid growth resulted in a poverty decline unprecedented in its speed and scale. Rapid growth was made possible by a wide range of reforms, which transformed a state-dominated, planned, rural, and closed economy to a more market-based, urbanized, and open economy. China is on its way to eliminating extreme poverty, but the population vulnerable to poverty will remain relatively large. China is expected to continue to make strong progress toward eliminating extreme poverty despite the slowdown of economic growth. The World Bank projects extreme poverty, based on the international public private partnership (PPP) United States (U.S.) 1.90 dollars per day poverty line, to decline to 0.5 percent by 2018. According to this higher poverty line, China is projected to have a poverty rate of 3.9 percent or 54.6 million people below this higher poverty line by 2018
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: India has achieved much in the last 25 years. Since the early 1990s, when reforms began, growthrates have been higher and more stable, the economy has become more modern and globally integrated,macroeconomic stability has improved, and the average citizen is better educated and lives longer. In addition, the business environment and governance standards have improved, there is political stability, and the geopolitical environment is relatively stable. Yet an economic deceleration in the last few quarters has generated worried commentaries about India's growth potential. The questions being raised are: Is the deceleration in economic growth structural or cyclical? Is the Indian growth story over? What is the "new normal" for India's growth potential? What sets of policies, structural or cyclical, might be needed to revive growth? In this report, we take a long-term perspective on India's growth outlook. Looking back at the last 50 years, we note that India's average growth has accelerated slowly but steadily across sectors--agriculture, industry and services ---and become more stable. This is reflected in increasing labor productivity and total factor productivity
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: The Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) has reached an unprecedented scale, in part due to increasing demand from consumers. It is widely recognized that this criminality threatens peace, security, livelihoods, and biodiversity. The illegal trafficking in protected fauna and flora generates significant profits. IWT occurs globally and involves a multitude of species both iconic and lesser known. The response to IWT is multifaceted. It involves multiple national actors and agencies, numerous intergovernmental organizations (IGO) and national and international nongovernmental organizations (NGO), across borders and jurisdictions. This report provides an overview of the key types of tools and resources available to officials in the criminal justice system for combating IWT, and provides examples of prominent tools and resources, where appropriate. It describes both publicly-available and restricted tools
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: The Myanmar Pay, Compensa ...
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Abstract: All high-performing education systems fulfil these eight teacher policy goals to a certain extent in order to ensure that every classroom has a motivated, supported and competent teacher. These goals were identified through a review of research studies on teacher policies, as well as an analysis of policies of top-performing and rapidly improving education systems. Three criteria were used to identify the teacher policy goals, which had to be: (1) linked to student performance through empirical evidence; (2) a priority for resource allocation; and (3) actionable, meaning they identify actions that governments can take to improve the education policy. The eight teacher policy goals exclude other objectives that countries might wish to pursue to increase the effectiveness of their teachers, but on which there is too little empirical evidence at present to allow for specific policy recommendations
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: To better assess the water-energy nexus challenge in China, the Thirsty Energy initiative engaged the China Institute for Water Resources (IWHR) and Hydropower Research under the auspices of the Ministry of Water Resources and the Institute of Energy, Environment, and Economy of Tsinghua University (TU) to establish a new multiregional, water-smart energy system planning model: TIMES-ChinaW (described in chapter 6). Chapter 2 of this report provides an overview of the water-energy nexus in China, and the current water and energy picture in China are described in chapters 3 and 4. Chapter 5 describes the methodology and approach for preparing the water supply cost curves and integrating that information into the TIMES-ChinaW model. Chapter 7 explores China's future water-energy nexus using the abovementioned model and summarizes the main findings for specific water, energy, economic, and environmental impacts that resulted from the examined energy and environmental policies. Chapter 8 explains the limitation of the methodology and the analysis and Chapter 9 draws conclusions on main findings in China and mentions next steps for consideration to continue advancing this increasingly critical aspect of sustainable planning
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: Vietnam has achieved remarkable success in reducing poverty while controlling inequality. The country's broad-based growth reflects the government's focus on developing labor-intensive export sectors while investing heavily in human capital that saw the country exceed its peers. However, gains have been concentrated among the Kinh and Hoa ethnic majority, while minority groups have not only continued to experience poverty rates far above the national average, but have seen slower progress too. This report analyzes recent trends in poverty and shared prosperity. It presents the findings of the 2016 Vietnam household and living standards survey (VHLSS), highlighting important progress and identifying new challenges. The report is organized into two main sections. The first section reviews Vietnam's progress in reducing poverty and promoting share prosperity. It describes updated poverty and shared prosperity trends, the nature of economic mobility, and the drivers of poverty reduction. The second section - titled leaving no one behind is more forward-looking, starting by identifying major constraints faced by the poor, then proceeding to lay out challenges for moving the poverty and shared prosperity agenda going forward
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This report explores community-focused change initiatives in the financing, organization, and delivery of mental health services in Peru from 2013 to 2016. It examines the national dimension of reforms but focuses above all on implementation and results in the economically fragile district of Carabayllo, in northern Lima
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: Moldova's public expenditures on education as a share of GDP and total public sector spending are higher than in most countries in the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Moldova's challenges to improve the quality and efficiency of education provision need to be addressed in a context of declining student numbers, and persistent inequities between population groups. This report identifies key challenges to the adequate delivery of pre-school and general education related to the decentralized governance mechanism. They relate both to the (de jure) regulatory framework that spells out the mandates of national and local level administrations and school management, and to (de facto) weaknesses in the implementation of these mandates. These challenges are summarized. The remainder of this section further describes the key challenges, and recommends policy directions and areas for further analysis to support evidence-based decision-making in the future. These recommendations are also summarized at the end of this chapter
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Education Sector Review
    Abstract: This report reviews selected issues in public expenditures for education in Moldova. It is the product not of a comprehensive analysis that would comprise a full-fledged Public Expenditure Review (PER), but from a review of key elements related to financing of the education sector as a whole, and to important sub-segments of the education and training system. In particular, after providing an overview of the governance and financing arrangements of the education system (chapter 1), and of recent general trends in education expenditures (chapter 2), the report focuses on trends in capital investment for pre-primary education, driven largely by the strong increases in the recent period (chapter 3). It then proceeds with a broad first assessment of the impact of ongoing optimization reforms in general education on efficiency, quality, and equity (chapter 4). The report also looks at the external efficiency of vocational education and training (VET) and higher education (HE), particularly on the extent to which financing mechanisms are applied to promote the demand-responsiveness of education and training provision
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: Indonesia is one of the main agriculture producers globally and largely relies on domestic staples for its growing population. Projections of climate change models for Indonesia point towards increasing temperatures and more extreme distributions of precipitation with more frequent dry and wet periods. The Government of Indonesia (GoI) has been focusing on modernizing rice production through improved irrigation infrastructure and early warning systems to better cope with developing droughts and support schemes for rice farmers. While governments use risk transfer solutions mostly for infrastructure, parametric insurance covers have become increasingly available for agriculture assets including crops, livestock, and forestry. This study investigates the development of a parametric insurance product as an ex ante risk management instrument that relies on regional drought indices and provides province-level payouts to the GoI in case of severe droughts. As a case study, the province of Central Java has been chosen given its importance in rice production and a recent request of the Central Java Government to transfer drought risk. This study uses over 50 years of historical gridded precipitation and temperature data to develop standard precipitation indices (SPI) and standard precipitation evapotranspiration indices (SPEI) to quantify drought extents at a resolution of 50 x 50 km. Preliminary results of this study have been shown and discussed with the Ministry of Agriculture of Central Java, the National Weather Service of Indonesia (BMKG), the Office of the Insurance Regulator, the Ministry of Finance, and leading Indonesian insurers in the form of workshops undertaken in Indonesia (Semarang and Jakarta) in July 2017. The availability of longer seasonal rice production data will improve the validation of the developed indices
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Abstract: In an effort to help the Montenegrin Government in its efforts to implement reforms andmodernization of the judiciary, the World Bank conducted a survey dealing with the perception of the judiciary through five basic dimensions - efficiency, quality, fairness, accessibility, and integrity (independence of the judiciary and the presence of corruption). The survey also deals with comparison of perceptions of the work of the judiciary by various stakeholders: users of court services (general population and business sector), providers of court services (judges, prosecutors, and court administration) and lawyers as intermediaries between users and providers of court services
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: Indonesia has experienced strong economic growth and steady poverty reduction over the past decade,but the end of the commodity boom, accompanied by slowing poverty reduction and rising inequality, has put pressure on the country's overall economic development. Indonesia's average annual growth rate was 5.6 percent in the period 2001-12, equivalent to a GDP per capita of about US 3,500 dollars. The national poverty rate was halved to 11.2 percent in the period from 1999 to 2015, largely through sustained growth and job creation. However, the decline in commodity prices and demand slowed growth to 4.8 percent in 2015 and 5.1 percent in 2016. The pace of poverty reduction also began to stagnate around this time, with a near zero decline in 2015, accompanied by rising inequality, from 30 points in 2000 to 41 points by 2014, as measured by the Gini coefficient
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Indonesia has one of the highest rates of cigarette consumption in the world. Tobacco use heavily burdens population health, undermines the quest for universal health coverage, and inflicts heavy direct and indirect economic costs. Higher tobacco taxes to increase cigarette prices contribute to reducing tobacco consumption and hence tobacco-related disease and death, while increasing public resources for development. The Indonesian government has recently raised tobacco tax rates. This strategy has brought initial gains and should be aggressively ramped up. By raising tobacco taxes toward WHO-recommended levels (at least 70 percent of retail price) and streamlining its tobacco excise tax structure, Indonesia can rapidly cut smoking rates, save many lives, and boost government revenue. Such policies would contribute to realizing Indonesia's demographic dividend by keeping people healthy
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: The fate of future generations of Georgians will be decided to start now. A girl born in Georgia today can expect to live for more than 86 years, to 2104. This girl, and her peers, will shape Georgia in the 21st century, but her future will also depend on the path that the country chooses today. What will her life look like when she becomes an adult? What will it take for her to be able to realize her dreams in Georgia, rather than abroad? What job prospects will the country offer? How can Georgia become a leading emerging-market economy and middle-class society, in which her children will have even greater opportunities? This Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) highlights the country's core development challenges and opportunities. It takes stock of Georgia's development progress since its 'rebirth' a quarter of a century ago. It also takes a forward look at the social and economic landscape, and possible futures that this Georgian girl and her peers will need to navigate. The SCD focuses on the twin goals of ending extreme poverty, which Georgia can achieve in the next decade, and boosting the incomes of households, specifically for those at the bottom of the income distribution, to create shared prosperity. The SCD also lays out the elements of a strategic vision to overcome obstacles and leverage opportunities in sustaining high growth, improving equity, and creating a sustainable future
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper presents the main findings of the 2017 survey on national development banks that the World Bank conducted in collaboration with the World Federation of Development Financing Institutions. Sixty-four development banks from different parts of the world, mainly from middle-income countries, participated in the survey
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The World Bank Economic Update provides an overview of recent economic and social developments and policies in China. Economic activity in China remains resilient, with GDP growing by 6.9 percent in 2017 and 6.8 percent year on year (yoy) in the first quarter of 2018. Consumption continues to drive growth, while net exports, which led the growth acceleration in 2017, were not a source of growth in Q1 2018. From the production perspective, 'new economy' sectors are becoming a more prominent source of growth. Despite their small GDP share, software and IT services are rising at double-digit rates and contributed 1.1 percentage points to growth in Q1 2018
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Recent policy measures have contributed to macroeconomic stability. However, with significant risks stemming from both domestic and external fronts, the balance of risks is tilted towards downside. To sustain growth, create more and better jobs and reduce poverty Sri Lanka needs to implement and sustain structural reforms to improve competitiveness. This Special Focus section looks at the state of jobs and the job creation challenge in Sri Lanka compared to the South Asian Region and zooms in on labor force participation of women and in Sri Lanka's post-conflict areas
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: This first systematic country diagnostic (SCD) for Timor-Leste identifies key priorities to sustainably achieve the World Bank Group (WBG) twin goals of eradicating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity in Timor-Leste. The Timor-Leste SCD presents a key set of priorities towards achieving the twin goals along three pathways: i) continuing to invest in human capital and improved service delivery; ii) sustained economic growth and private sector job creation; and iii) sustainable management of both the natural environment and public finances. The WBG will use the SCD as an input towards the preparation of its Country partnership framework (CPF) for Timor-Leste, which will aim to bring to bear the full resources of the WBG to support key development objectives in Timor-Leste
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Solomon Islands is a small, remote archipelago in the South Pacific that faces a fairly unique set of development challenges. Solomon Islands is now at a critical juncture in its development trajectory. Neither the economic geography nor the present political economy of Solomon Islands is particularly conducive to the establishment of state institutions capable of managing upcoming socioeconomic change. Because of the weaknesses of state institutions, and consistent with Solom on Islands' historical experience, a variety of non-state and international actors will need to play important roles in managing upcoming and potentially risky socioeconomic change. This Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) for Solomon Islands identifies key challenges and opportunities for achieving inclusive and sustainable growth, to accelerate progress toward the World Bank Group's twin goals of reducing extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Landlocked and mountainous, Tajikistan has a young-and mostly rural-population of about 8.7 million and GNI per capita of USD 1,100 in 2016, making it a lower middle-income country. In 2016, Tajikistan launched the National Development Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan for the Period Up To 2030 ('NDS 2030') laying out its master plan of the country's future economic development. This systematic country diagnostic ('SCD') identifies the most critical challenges and opportunities facing Tajikistan as its strives to raise the population's living standards through the implementation of NDS 2030. Specifically, the SCD will answer the following three questions: (i) what are the key constraints to achieving inclusive and sustainable growth as envisaged in the NDS 2030; (ii) what are the main risks; and (iii) what priority areas can Tajikistan focus on to have the largest impact on sustainable economic and social development?
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: Poland has reached high-income status over a relatively short period of time, an experience with potential lessons for other countries. However, Poland's development path still faces vulnerabilities and to consolidate gains and address the complex challenges of the future will require strong institutions. The recent Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) assesses Poland's most critical institutional constraints and identifies priorities where targeted support could further boost shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. Given Poland's achievements, but also its remaining institutional challenges, this Country Partnership Framework (CPF) makes a marked departure from previous World Bank Group (WBG) engagements. The design of the CPF results framework is based on the SCD's institutional assessment and is fully consistent with the government's strategy for responsible development that places people at the center of its development agenda. This CPF program has six specific objectives in three focus areas: i) Human capital investments and entrepreneurship for the twenty first century; ii) strong institutions for shared prosperity; and iii) resilience to environmental and global risks. The CPF will cover a six-year period (FY19-24) with Progress and Learning Reviews (PLR) planned for every two to three years
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: The objective of this study is to provide an updated overview on the performance of cereal markets in Ethiopia. Specifically, the study seeks to inform and guide project operations for the Government of Ethiopia (GoE) and the World Bank. First, it aims to inform the government about incentives concerning grain storage before the GoE makes more public investments in storage facilities at the cooperative and union levels. Second, both the GoE and the World Bank need a better understanding of cereal market performance, including the constraints for private sector investment in storage facilities. Further, to respond to increasing demand from the government for more food-based (nonmarket) interventions to provide access to food to the poor instead of market-based (cash or voucher transfers), the PSNP program will need to be better informed about the level and extent of cereal market integration. The report is organized as follows: section two provides an overview of the maize and wheat subsectors. It also summarizes key observations about maize and wheat value chain performance based on a field survey. Section three details the conceptual framework and the empirical strategy to assess the maize and wheat markets performance. Section three presents the empirical model. Section four discusses data and section five presents the empirical results. Finally, the conclusions and policy implications are discussed in section six
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: The report emphasizes the importance of breaking the cycle of inequitable investment in human capital and lack of well-paying job opportunities that trap the poor in poverty, generation after generation. Children from poor households start life at a disadvantage. Malnourished and stunted, with poor access to quality health care, they are less likely to learn the skills they need and fulfill their potential. As adults, therefore, they earn low incomes and cannot afford to invest in their own children. They have little to meet their basic needs and nothing to save against emergencies. Frequent natural disasters buffet the poor, whose limited means to cope and disproportionate suffering push them deeper into poverty. Poverty is a threat to peace. In the parts of the country affected by conflict, where physical assets have been destroyed, families displaced, and human capital eroded, people are trapped in a cycle of conflict and poverty. In addition to the challenges of addressing poverty, the Philippines is hindered by the limited expansion of its middle class. In the East Asia region over 2002-2015, the share of population that is economically secure and middle class increased from just over one fifth to nearly two-thirds, but the share in the Philippines increased from 37 percent to just 44 percent. The lack of well-paying jobs limited the gains for labor from structural transformation. Every year, 1 percent of the employment shifted out of agriculture, but most of those workers end up in low-end services jobs. Such limited gains for labor could negatively affect the country's long-term competitiveness. The report concludes that making the pattern of growth more inclusive and providing more well-paying jobs will be crucial to helping people achieve higher and more stable incomes. It claims that steps to accelerate poverty reduction include creating more well-paying jobs; improving productivity in all sectors, including agriculture; reducing income and wealth inequality through more investments in people and skills development, enhancing the ability of the poor to participate in growth; rebuilding conflict-affected areas; and better management of risks and protection of the vulnerable
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This report identifies critical opportunities and constraints faced by Solomon Islands health system as it makes progress towards Universal Health Coverage. Protecting the achievements that have been made over recent years, while continuing to improve a broader range of health outcomes, requires effective management of changes in financial and other institutional arrangements in the health sector. Solomon Islands has made some impressive gains in health outcomes over the last two decades. Continued improvements will require more effective governance to manage finite resources at all health service levels. Now more than ever, with decreasing real per capita health expenditure, greater focus is needed on spending health dollars better. More efficiency. More quality of service delivery. More targeted interventions for vulnerable groups to improve equity
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: The Western Congo Basin (WCB) defined here as comprising Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Gabon, and the Republic of Congo is being rapidly emptied of its wild animals, with alarming rates of poaching in all four countries. High levels of poaching have numerous deleterious effects for sustainable development. In the WCB, efforts to protect wildlife have focused heavily on the establishment and management of protected areas, often within the context of a landscape-based approach that attempts to engage nearby communities and other land users. The low perceived value of forest wildlife resources for local communities is partially attributable to a lack of economic opportunities currently derivable from the sustainable management of wildlife assets. In a bid to help the WCB countries address this downward spiral, this study identifies approaches that can enhance the economic value of wildlife resources for local communities and governments as a contribution to poverty reduction, economic development, and conservation. It aims to do so at the regional and national levels as a single country cannot address this crisis given the fluidity of both borders and wildlife in the region. Naturally, the set and sequence of solutions most appropriate in any given setting will depend on a number of country-specific conditions. Nevertheless, the majority of the recommendations in this report apply to all four WCB countries. In that spirit, the study first provides an overview of the poaching crisis, using elephants as a case study to illustrate the scale of the problem (chapter 2). It then proceeds to analyze who the poachers are (chapter 3) to better understand drivers of poaching, while Chapter 4 analyzes the policy framework. Chapter 5 proposes approaches for creating economic value from wildlife, sharing it with communities, and creating the necessary underlying governance conditions, providing best-practice examples from other parts of the world. Chapter 6 presents conclusions
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Albania's labor markets improved between 2014 and 2016 where more people than before found jobs and unemployment rates fell. However, many challenges remain to channel the jobless into jobs. Efficient and effective public employment services aimed at fostering successful job matching can make a significant difference in reducing unemployment rates. Certain types of job matching might be especially valuable for the poor and vulnerable, who tend to be less connected with economic opportunities. The role of Albania's National Employment Service (NES) is to assist jobseekers in job search and increase their employability or capacity for entrepreneurship, through skills training and other active labor market programs (ALMPs). The services offered by the NES include registration of jobseekers, job intermediation, counseling services and guidance for jobseekers, preparation of and checking eligibility documents for unemployment benefits, vocational training, and employment promotion. A core part of Albania's current reform program is to increase the capacity of public institutions to provide effective public services, including modern performance management of the NES. This overview note provides a summary of the main findings of the analysis, with a focus on providing policy-relevant insights. This note provides a brief description of the labor market challenges and constraints facing the NES (Section 2), an overview of the methodology (Section 3), and a summary of key findings (Section 4). Section 5 concludes
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Institutional and Governance Review
    Abstract: The European Union's Cohesion Policy is its biggest investment instrument. It supports the Europe 2020 strategy of smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth. With a budget of EUROS 351.8 billion for 2014-2020, the Cohesion Policy accounts for around one-third of the EU budget. The Cohesion Policy is primarily implemented through investments in EU regions and cities. Local and regional governments in the EU are responsible for more than half of all public investment. There is a growing focus on the importance of good governance to ensure effective implementation. The European Commission's 6th Cohesion Policy report notes that governance problems not only delay the implementation of Cohesion Policy programs but also reduce the impact of these investments. The report states: 'a lower standard of governance can affect the impact of Cohesion Policy both directly and indirectly. In the first place, it can reduce expenditure if programs fail to invest all the funding available. Secondly, it can lead to a less coherent or appropriate strategy for a country or region. Thirdly, it may lead to lower quality projects being selected for funding or to the best projects not applying for support at all. Fourthly, it may result in a lower leverage effect because the private sector is less willing to co-finance investment.' The purpose of this report is to develop and test a set of actionable indicators for the regulatory frameworks of EU regions. Deregulatory measures focusing on 'fixing broken regulations' are a necessary and important element of investment climate reforms. However, gains from one-off initiatives aimed at cutting costs and procedures are often reversed if the responsible institutions, tools, and incentives are not changed
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Worldwide, approximately 781 million adults are unable to read or write in any language. While adult literacy rates have increased significantly over the past several decades, recent progress largely reflects a more-educated younger generation replacing a less-education older generation. The Philippines has made remarkable progress in improving its public basic education system over the past decade, yet half of Filipino students fail to complete the full cycle of basic education. While lowering the dropout rate is a top priority of the Philippine Department of Education (DepEd), much can be done to improve the educational and employment prospects of those who have already dropped out. For the past five decades, DepEd has operated parallel education systems for youth and adults who did not complete basic formal education. The current incarnation of the Alternative Learning System (ALS) includes two core components, the Basic Literacy Program and the Accreditation and Equivalency (A and E) Programs. Obtaining this credential enables ALS participants to apply to higher education and training institutions or to jobs that require a high school education. In partnership with DepEd, the World Bank conducted a series of assessments of the ALS designed to shed light on the obstacles it faces and assist the government in developing a strategy to address them.This policy note summarizes the empirical evidence obtained from these assessments and other program data and presents policy options to increase the effectiveness of the ALS. This policy note is divided into six sections. Following the introduction,the second section describes the ALS and its target population. The third section examines demand-side challenges and identifies strategies for supporting ALS participants. The fourth section considers supply-side challenges and outlines priorities for strengthening the implementation of the ALS. The fifth section evaluates the returns generated by the ALS, and the sixth section recommends policies to expand its scope and enhance its impact
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: The most cost-effective way to reduce both particulate and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is to couple switching from noncompliant solid fuel boilers to gas boilers, heat pumps, renewable energy (RE) heating systems such as biomass, wherever possible, and compliant solid fuel boilers, as mandated in the anti-smog resolutions, with thermal retrofits of the single family building (SFB). Anti-smog resolutions and enforcement are key to create market demand for boiler replacement and fuel switching, and solid fuel quality standards are essential to reduce air pollution. For the eligible poor SFBs, the government can provide 90-100 percent of subsidies for boiler replacement, fuel switching, and thermal retrofits, channeled through municipalities. For the non-poor SFBs, the government can provide 20 percent subsidy for fuel switching to gas, heat pumps, and RE systems and thermal retrofit, together with tax incentives, channeled through commercial banks who will provide loans for the remaining investment. The anti-smog and energy efficiency are long-term efforts, and the required subsidies can be programmed over a 10-year time period. It is essential to coordinate the use of public funds from the government and European Union (EU) at both the national and regional levels, and it is recommended that a national fund for anti-smog and energy efficiency be established to pool various funding resources. Finally, technical assistance, capacity building, and public education and awareness campaigns are critical to the success of the anti-smog and energy efficiency program
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Russia's spatial disparities stem largely from its economic geography, which is unique and has no parallels even when compared to seemingly similar countries such as Australia and Canada. While Australia and Canada also have large land masses and even lower population densities than Russia, a large share of their populations live near the border or the sea. In contrast, Russia's people are more dispersed inland. Moreover, the populations of Australia and Canada are concentrated in major cities: more than two-thirds of their populations live in the three largest urban centers. On the other hand, Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Nizhny Novgorod are home to only one-eighth of Russia's population. Combined with its population decline, an aging workforce, and having to constantly adapt to a sequence of economic shocks, Russia's unique economic geography has therefore led to a spatial pattern of development counter to what is observed in other large countries. What explains Russia's unique economic geography and its spatial disparities? A cocktail of three factors is useful for answering this question: (i) a persistent Soviet legacy; (ii) a diverse physical geography laced with harsh climactic conditions; and (iii) a dominance of natural resources (mostly oil/gas) in peripheral regions. The Soviet legacy of a planned economy remains a burden for regions. One indicator of this persistent legacy can be seen in the ongoing socio-economic challenges facing Soviet-era industrial monotowns. Today, 319 settlements in Russia are legally identified as monotowns, with 94 classified as monotowns with a high level of socio-economic deprivation. This is despite them remaining a target of many support programs implemented by the federal government. Geography and climactic conditions do not help the situation. Russia accounts for 42 percent of the world's land mass but its population is less than 1.9 percent of the world's population. In addition, its extreme winter weather greatly impairs transportation services (built on continuous permafrost, Yakutsk is the coldest major city in the world, recording temperatures as low as minus 64.4 Degree Celsius). A sequence of shocks that hit the country over the last 25 years and the boom in the oil industry created rapid growth in peripheral, oil-rich regions. But other regions have been stymied by the persistence of structural constraints: an industrial legacy, population decline, and an aging population
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: The rapid review confirms that Pacific Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are socially, culturally, and environmentally diverse, with some features in common, and which collectively make them unique to other regions of the world: Small island countries have uniquely fragile water resources due to their small size, lack of natural storage, competing land use, and vulnerability to natural and anthropogenic hazards, including drought, cyclones, and urban pollution (with between 0.5 percent to 6.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) being lost annually to disasters). Rurally dominated populations are widely dispersed geographically as many small communities, while most capital cities include significant informal settlement populations and are subject to rapid urbanization (a more than 3 percent yearly increase in urban population growth in most Melanesian countries is projected between 2015 and 2020) (Mycoo and Donovan 2017)
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Abstract: The Rwanda Investor Perceptions Survey is a publication of the World Bank Group and the Rwanda Development Board, in partnership with the United Kingdom's Department for International Development. The survey, published in June 2018, identifies investor perceptions of Rwanda as an investment destination with a focus on export-oriented companies in the tea, horticulture, agro-processing, minerals, manufacturing, tourism, ICT, and healthcare sectors. The survey highlights opportunities in the Rwandan market and draws attention to areas for potential improvement of Rwanda as an investment destination
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Key elements for effective policy and regulatory framework on land that should be developed are:Ensuring proper human and financial resources are dedicated to implementation of the NationalLand Use Policy and functioning of the National Land Use Council, Developing an effective land governance system based on the current legal framework while drafting of new laws tocover: (i) protections for customary user'' tenure rights; (ii) the promotion of diverse agricultural practices such as livestock breeding and aquaculture; (iii) directing land allocation policies to improve land access for marginal farmers and landless households; and (iv) establishing programs such as a model land administration offices with enhanced service delivery. Amendment of current land laws to expand the roles of farmers and community members in land use decision making. The promotion of the revised community forest instruction, which broadly reinterpreted the forest law to remove restrictions on shifting cultivation to protect customary land rights and to protect in community decision making on land use, allocation and possible conversion to commercial use; including promotion of community forests and commercialization for inclusive economic growth at the grassroots level
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Bangladesh has set up an ambitious target of attaining middle-income status by 2021. To achieve this objective, the economy needs to grow at a sustained rate of 7.5-8 percent annually and this would in turn require an increase in private investment to at least 26.6 percent of GDP from 22 percent in 2016-17. Despite the fact that the government has implemented several policy reforms since 2008, investors still face a number of challenges in establishing and operating a business in Bangladesh. This is reflected in the World Bank Group's Doing Business report, which finds that Bangladesh ranks 177th amongst 190 countries, making it one of the lowest-ranked economies in the South Asia region. Businesses seeking to operate in Bangladesh have to cope with multiple approvals from several institutions and agencies. A potential private investor has to navigate more than 150 government services to obtain the necessary approvals to start and operate a business in Bangladesh. The processes are regulated by over 36 agencies such as the Bangladesh Investment Development Authority (BIDA), Office of the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies and Firms (RJSC) and the Department of Environment (DoE), with little inter-agency coordination. Navigating the uncoordinated, non-transparent and cumbersome workings of the agencies imposes a high cost on domestic and foreign investors. In addition, the uncertainty and unpredictability of service delivery hampers business activities and operational planning. These challenges affect Bangladesh's competitiveness and reputation as an investment destination
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Benefits and rules of bon ...
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The current regulatory environment in Bangladesh discourages the entry of innovative businesses.Entrepreneurs face a myriad of regulatory barriers including an absence of laws and regulations that clarify the rules of the game for new activities (regulatory gaps), and conflicting definitions and interpretations (regulatory ambiguity).Typically, rules and regulations are announced without prior notice, consultation or impact assessment. As a result, they do not benefit from the practical knowledge that businesses have. Even welldesigned rules and regulations cause problems if announced suddenly and with immediate effect.There are inconsistencies and gaps in rules and regulations.Government agencies often impose their own rules and procedures without considering possible conflicts with rules and procedures imposed by other government agencies.Businesses find it difficult to find information on existing rules and regulations.Regulatory officials use undue discretion in dealing with businesses.Many regulatory areas lack an effective grievance redressal system.Insecure property rights also dis-incentivize businesses from making investments.Regulatory unpredictability hampers business entry and day to day business operations; however, the degree depends on the size of the business
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: By 2050, two-thirds of the planet's population will live in urban centers, and nearly 90 percentof the 2.5 billion new urban dwellers will live in Africa and Asia. The world's urban areas wereresponsible for around 70 percent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2013, and that numbercould grow by 50 percent by 2050 if current trends continue. In 2015, world leaders committed to limiting the global temperature increase to well below 2 degrees Centigrade and to pursuing efforts to reach a 1.5 degrees Centigrade limit in the context of the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Paris Agreement invitescities to scale up climate action, and over two-thirds of participating countries' Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) mention urban action. More than 70 percent of the global low emissions and climate-resilient infrastructure will be built in urban areas, at an estimated cost of 4.5 to 5.4 trillion USD per year. As highlighted by the Cities Climate Finance Leadership Alliance (CCFLA), scarce climate finance resources must be used strategically to both increase the amount of funding available and as part of a process of enabling and levering existing and new financing to flow from a broad range of sources, most importantly from the private sector. It is essential for cities to diversify and blend their sources of finance and tap the full spectrum of resources available to raise funds for climate action. However, successful funding for climate action-notably in developing countries-needs to overcome barriers such as the lack of creditworthiness of subnational governments, insufficient access to capital markets and international mechanisms, and lack of financial and technical skills and human resources
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Philippines' economic growth outlook remains positive, yet downside risks have increased. An expected slowdown in global trade in the medium term is likely to further dampen Philippine exports. Nevertheless, baseline economic growth is projected at 6.5 percent in 2018, 6.7 percent in 2019, and 6.6 percent in 2020. The baseline investment growth outlook is positive and planned senatorial and local elections in May 2019 are expected to lead to higher public spending and higher private consumption. However, persistent high domestic inflation could have a dampening effect on consumption and investment growth. Also, a faster normalization of monetary policy in the United States and an increase in global uncertainty, including trade tensions, could not only worsen external financing conditions for emerging market economies like the Philippines but also elicit additional domestic interest rate hikes that could raise domestic borrowing costs for businesses and households
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Health financing in Indonesia is marked by low public health expenditures (PHE), high out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures and a complex and fragmented intergovernmental fiscal transfer system. Indonesia has a mixed model of public-private provision of health care services. Despite this large network of primary health care facilities, health service delivery is challenging. This report brings out key findings from a Quantitative Service Delivery Study (2016) of public and private primary health care providers in Indonesia. The report analyzes primary health care supply-side readiness across public and private facilities, rural and urban facilities, private facilities empaneled by the national social health insurance agency (Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial - BPJS) versus those who have not, amongst others. It also compares temporal changes in public-sector primary health care supply-side readiness since the last facility census, the Rifaskes (2011). The primary aim of the report is to present findings from the survey that can inform policy choices to improve primary health care service readiness as part of Indonesia's path towards achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This report presents results of the modelling exercise in terms of excise tax increases for the period 2018-2021, including average excise tax and revenue mobilization options; it also compares the tobacco excise tax already included in the country's current tax code with that necessary to achieve proposed EU minimum rates by 2021 (Minimum EU excise tax rates scenario)
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Nepal Development Update is produced twice a year with the following two main aims: to report on key economic developments over the preceding months, placing them in a longer-term and global perspective; and to examine (in the Special Focus section) topics of particular policy significance. The Update is intended for a wide audience including policy makers, business leaders, the community of analysts and professionals engaged in economic debates, and the general public
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The Angolan economy is at a juncture. The current growth model based on oil wealth is nearly exhausted,and has not delivered inclusive growth and shared prosperity. The challenge for the administration is to restore macroeconomic stability and lay the foundations for a new, more inclusive growth model that can support a young and growing population.Oil and mineral wealth allowed Angola to sustain a long civil conflict and to pay for post-conflict reconstruction, but it will not allow Angola to reach higher stages on the development ladder.Angola faces two broad policy challenges that need to be addressed urgently: The growing internal and external imbalances following the adjustment to lower oil prices pose an immediate challenge of macro stabilization. Prospects of persistently low oil prices and diminishing oil reserves call for a new sustainable and inclusive growth model that promotes economic diversification. The first priority is to restore macroeconomic stability.Restoring macroeconomic balance is essential to providing a foundation for long-term sustainable growth.The second priority calls for a new and more inclusive economic growth model to achieve sustained growth and to further improvements in human development and poverty outcomes.Sustainable inclusive growth and economic diversification require strong institutions and a more conducive environment for greater private sector participation.The new Administration is well aware of these challenges and has started to carry-out much needed adjustment.The objective of these Angola Policy Notes, written from the perspective of the World Bank, are to support the government in its reform agenda. The 15 concise policy notes range from consideration of short-term macro stability to policies in support of economic diversification and long-term inclusive growth. The policy notes reflect the World Bank's past and current engagement in Angola in several sectors, and provide a short diagnostic of the current situation and present policy options for reforms. Recommendations are assessed according to technical and political feasibility of delivering results within a time horizon of three to five-years
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Despite a substantial decline in poverty, an increase in access to water and sanitation and a large decline in open defecation, diarrhea and stunting rates in Pakistan show few signs of a decline. This report provides evidence that the policy focus on eliminating open defecation rather than the safe management of fecal waste has been largely responsible for this. Water tests reveal shockingly high rates of E. coli contamination in both surface and ground water. To make matters worse, few households practice water treatment and untreated waste water is routinely mixed with surface and ground water for use in crop irrigation. This multiplies the channels through which the oral transmission of fecal bacteria can occur and creates strong downstream effects through food supplies headed to urban centers. Unsurprisingly, rates of diarrhea have remained stubbornly high even among the wealthiest households in metropolitan cities like Karachi. While the impact of of E. coli on diarrhea is well known, new research is showing the far more damaging impact of environmental enteropathy, a process by which fecal pathogens like E. coli can permanently damage the intestinal villi of young children making it difficult to absorb nutrients, even during periods when the child shows no signs of diarrhea. The report urges urgent action on safe sanitation and the treatment of water to combat this health crisis
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: Urbanization in Cambodia offers the potential for inclusive growth and poverty reduction. The proportion of people living in cities is on the rise, and many of the drivers of growth for the country are urban based industries such as manufacturing, tourism, and trade. This creates an important opportunity for the country, as the decisions made today will affect the urbanization process in significant ways for decades to come. This report aims to help inform urbanization policy in Cambodia, understand the economic potential of cities, key constraints to realizing that potential, and develop a strategic approach for improving urban growth and resilience in those cities. The report includes three sections, i) an introduction to patterns of urbanization and the economic potential of cities in Urbanization; ii) analysis of key challenges; and iii) policy and program options for achieving the full potential of urbanization
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This report is an inaugural issue in a new series that aims to offer a fresh look at how developing countries are overcoming persistent problems in public sector management. Significant improvements in public sector performance are being evidenced across the developing world today, as government officials and political leaders find new and innovative ways to tackle long-standing challenges. Part I of this report demonstrates that public sector performance is being pursued diligently and successfully across a variety of country contexts, including in low-income environments. Through surveying its governance specialists from around the globe, the World Bank has assembled a collection of 15 cases that showcase how lessons from global experience are being adapted and applied in practice. The report also explores common success drivers that appear in each of the cases. Part II focuses on a special, cross-cutting topic that is critical to public sector performance -- policy and inter-agency coordination. As the responsibilities of government have grown in volume and complexity, policy and program coordination has become ever more challenging, and the stakes have never been higher. Enhancing coordination will depend not only on the adopted formal institutional mechanisms, but also on their interplay with the broader institutional environment and with other processes that influence coordination
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This paper documents the best practices and practical lessons learned from Malaysia's largest mandatory public provident fund, the Employees Provident Fund (EPF). The objective of this paper is to increase the knowledge base of efficient pension funds for developing countries, drawing from Malaysia's experiences. Findings include key critical factors that contributed to the successof the EPF, from a small pension fund set up in 1949, to become one of the largest pension fund among developing countries and the 15th largest in the world. This paper summarizes the EPF's key strategies in corporate governance, investment, and operational strategies, as well as policies deployed by the EPF in managing its assets. The lessons from the EPF come from three main factors. Firstly, the EPF has developed a strong governance structure which discourages external politicalmeddling and encourages transparency and accountability. Secondly, the EPF's investments strategy, guided by its Strategic Asset Allocation, including diversifying to foreign markets and new asset classes, has enabled the Fund to produce enhanced returns. Thirdly, the EPF's operational effectiveness which is driven by the professionalism of their employees and their continuous improvement for members' benefit. Nonetheless, several challenges remain in the present and in the future. The first challenge involves demographic changes as Malaysia is ageing more rapidlythan other countries and even now a sizable number of workers do not have the recommended minimum savings level needed for retirement. A revamp of the current model is needed to ensure that members will be financially independent post-retirement. The second challenge is lack of coverage: only half of those in the labour force are contributing to the EPF, which leaves the other half without oldage pension coverage. A reform agenda needs to expand coverage particularly for the self-employed. The final challenges are maintaining public trust and staying relevant, especially in the age of the fourth industrial revolution and the emerging gig economy that has different needs and demands. This case study will hopefully be of benefit to both policy makers andpractitioners, particularly in the developing world. It could help play an important part in designing a successful provident fund to contribute to a comprehensive social safety net for citizens
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Malaysia Economic Monitor consists of two parts. Part 1 presents a review of recent economic developments and a macroeconomic outlook. Part 2 focuses on a selected special topic that is key to Malaysia's medium-term development prospects. In this edition, the focus of the special topic is on realizing human potential
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Investment Review
    Abstract: Faced with a prolonged economic downturn and resulting fiscal constraints, the Government of Belarus is looking to increase the efficiency of public funds spent on public investment. As the total envelope on public capital spending is likely to stagnate or even decrease further in the coming years, it becomes important to increase the output for each ruble spent on infrastructure and other public investment. Several international studies point to a significant payoff from improving Public Investment Management (PIM) - the institutions, systems, and processes guidingdecisions on how to prepare and implement public investment projects. The InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF) estimates - based on a survey of the efficiency of PIM systems in a range of countries having gone through PIM assessments - suggest that an average country obtains 30 percent less output in terms of physical infrastructure for a given expenditure than the most efficient countries. Up to two-thirds of this efficiency gap could be clawed back through improved PIM institutions (IMF, 2015). At the same time, alternative modalities have developed for procuring andimplementing public investment projects through the involvement of private partners. Such Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) can in some cases increase the efficiency of project implementation and likelihood of achieving project outcomes, although attention must be devoted to properly identifying and managing significant fiscal and other project-related risks. Against this background, the Government of the Republic of Belarus (GoB) has requested the World Bank to provide technical assistance to strengthen PIM and PPPs. As a first step, this report assesses the current systems and procedures for public investment against good international practice using a diagnostic methodology developed by the World Bank and tested in a large number of countries worldwide. The analysis identifies gaps in the current system, and options for improvement are provided as a basis for further discussion and prioritization by the GoB
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: The cost of transport in Lao PDR is said to be higher than in neighboring countries, affectingthe competitiveness of producers and shippers alike. However, the picture appears to be morenuanced. Since there has not been much hard evidence to support this claim, this paper fills thegap by empirically investigating transport costs and prices for domestic routes in Lao PDR andidentifies the key drivers behind transport costs. The transport sector in Lao PDR can be describedas thin, consisting of a dozen large players (defined as having a fleet size of more than 50 trucks) and many small firms (companies with less than 5 trucks or owner-operators). Many of the micro firms work in the informal sector. Productivity levels in the Lao transport sector are generally very low. Across the study sample, the average annual distance driven per truck is only 55,000 km which is very low, though comparable to other landlocked, developing countries. Transport costs are on average LAK 489 per ton-km (equivalent to USD 0.06 per ton-km). A large majority of transport companies operate within a band of LAK 230 (USD 0.028) and LAK 575 (USD 0.07), of which variable costs make up 62 percent. Smaller firms tend to be less efficient than larger ones in spite of their much smaller overhead costs. The 25 percent cost advantage per ton-km of informal firms is offset by the economies of scale of larger firms that operate newer and larger trucks
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: In 2016 the Government of Egypt (GoE) has embarked on an ambitious and much needed transition towards a better economic policy. While the macroeconomic stability and market confidence have been largely restored, the overall fiscal situation remains challenging. With limited fiscal space, solely relying on public resources to fund infrastructure investments, will no longer be a viable strategy to meet the countryandapos;s needs. Building on the success of attracting private investment in renewables and natural gas sector, there is significant potential for replicating the success across other infrastructure sectors. Egypt has recognized that in order to raise competitiveness, increase investments in human capital, and sustain the benefits of the homegrown reform; it will need to continuously shift its development model towards creating an enabling environment for the private sector to invest more, export more and generate more jobs. Starting with Energy, Transport, Water and Sanitation and Agriculture, this report highlights the tremendous potential and opportunities available in each of these sectors. Additionally, it also presents a roadmap for sectoral transformation, whilst highlighting the cross-cutting enabling and functional activities required to facilitate this transition
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The external environment has become less sanguine and more uncertain. Global real GDP growth is forecast to moderate from a projected 3 percent in 2018 to 2.9 percent in 2019 and 2.8 percent in 2020, as economic slack dissipates, central banks unwind policy accommodation, and global trade and investment growth weaken with deepening trade war tensions among major economies. Following a recent peak of 6.6 percent in 2017, GDP growth in emerging East Asia and the Pacific is forecast to ease from a projected 6.3 percent in 2018 to 6.0 percent in both 2019 and 2020, largely tied to a falloff in exports amid rising trade tensions and a structural slowdown in China
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Myanmar's economy is navigating significant uncertainty and risks at home and abroad. A year after violent upheaval in Rakhine State led to the forced displacement of over seven hundred thousand refugees to Bangladesh, limited progress has been made in resolving fundamental issues relating to rights, repatriation and recovery. Global economic and trade prospects have also become more uncertain. Myanmar's economic growth is expected to slow from 6.8 percent in 2017/18 to 6.2 percent in 2018/19, which is still robust by regional and global standards. Macroeconomic volatility has intensified since the May 2018 Myanmar Economic Monitor, with inflation breaching two-year highs in August 2018, and the kyat depreciating by 18 percent against the U.S. dollar since April. Growth is projected to recover to 6.6 percent by 2020/21, helped by recent policy changes such as the adoption of the Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan, liberalization of wholesale and retail trade, implementation of the Myanmar Companies Law and large investments in infrastructure projects including those related to the Belt and Road Initiative. Risks to the outlook are tilted to the downside due to the possibility of a global slowdown in trade, domestic macroeconomic imbalances, and the loss of trade-related preferences to the European Union
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Water supply and sanitation (WSS) utilities are expected to become increasingly susceptible to the expected impacts of climate change. WSS utility planners and engineers have dealt with natural climate variances and disaster planning as part of the design process for many years. However, the traditional methods for these plans have not considered the deep uncertainty surrounding many future conditions, which are further exacerbated by climate change. To help utilities incorporate resilience and robustness in their choices, this road map proposes a process in three phases that can inform the design of strategies necessary to WSS services provision. The road map builds on the understanding that climate change is most often an amplifier of existing uncertainties (many of which are threats), and, as such, should not be evaluated as a stand-alone impact. The approach reveals the strengths and vulnerabilities of investment plans concisely and helps utilities invest robustly by identifying near-term, no-regret projects that can be undertaken now, while maintaining flexibility in pursuing additional actions adaptively as future conditions evolve. These results can be achieved both with a qualitative exploration and a quantitative assessment, depending on the context and the resources available
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: This Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) identifies the main constraints and opportunities that Papua New Guinea faces in achieving the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity. In line with the World Bank Group's new country engagement model, the findings of the SCD will provide inputs for the preparation of the Country Partnership Framework, which will outline the WBG's engagement with Papua New Guinea to achieve the twin goals. This SCD is divided into three parts: setting the scene: the SCD sets the scene by outlining past trends in economic structure and performance, providing a snapshot on the state of service delivery, highlighting key issues of particular relevance for youth and women, and analyzing poverty incidence and inequality; identifying pathways for poverty reduction: second, the SCD looks at the most potent pathways for eradicating poverty and boosting shared prosperity, drawing attention to untapped opportunities and key constraints that must be overcome; and summarizing reform priorities: finally, the SCD identifies priorities for policy and reform to accelerate progress toward the twin goals. This diagnostic exercise was conducted in consultation with national authorities and other stakeholders in Papua New Guinea and is based on the current available body of knowledge
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This paper is a collaboration between the World Bank's Transport Global Practice, the World Bank's Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) and the International Association of Public Transport (UITP) to assemble evidence, viewpoints, and analysis on eMobility programs. The objective is to contribute towards helping governments design and implement electric mobility programs that are effective at achieving their intended development aims across climate, economic, fiscal, technical, institutional, and policy dimensions. There is a clear global interest in electric mobility and demand for sharing experiences between countries of all income levels
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: To build the human capital of the adult population with less formal education and to have them earn income at the same time is a central question for many policy makers. This question is especially burning for women and men living in rural or marginalized locations. In parallel, large retailers are asking themselves how they can create more inclusive value chains while maintaining efficiency. In this report five case study firms (aggregator firms) from Kenya, Morocco, Sri Lanka, Peru, and Cambodia working each with networks of artisan entrepreneurs ranging in numbers from 150 to 2,500, provide evidence that the artisan-based fashion and home accessories industry has the potential to be a large job-generator and a valuable supplier. Three out of five aggregator firms have one or more women founders and female participation among artisans is 80 percent many of which with little formal education and from marginalized groups. "Managing for Growth and Inclusion" analyzes on how each of the aggregator firms has worked on four levels of capabilities for growth and inclusion. The results show that the aggregator firms have achieved growth and even high growth by using capabilities at four levels: a) by blending traditional skills with modern, market-oriented design and selling in global markets, b) by fulfilling management functions in a participatory way and using socially and environmentally sustainable production processes, c) by offering financial solutions to the artisans, and d) by taking advantage of some favorable aspects of the business and digital environment and the innovation ecosystem. A 12-steps program could be implemented to spur growth for similar firms
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: New sources of data, as well as new ways of processing such data, have contributed to an ongoing expansion in the availability of digital financial services (DFS) to served, underserved, and unserved consumers. Such data is being used to design and market customer-centric digital financial services, create credit scores for consumers with limited credit histories, meet and facilitate know-your-customer requirements, and minimize the risk of fraud. Yet a great variety of personal information may be used and processed in this context. This discussion note provides an overview of consumer-related benefits and risks arising from the usage of new types of data, beyond traditional credit-reporting frameworks. The note also identifies areas for further research
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Hydrological and meteorological (hydromet) data collection and analysis in Afghanistan started in the late 1940s and mid-1950s, respectively. The hydrometric network expanded rapidly in the 1960s and 1970s, reaching a peak of 150 in 1980, and the meteorological network had a similar trajectory. Two decades of war, however, brought instability and insecurity that reduced public resources, capacities, collaboration, and coordination. The institutional framework governing weather, climate and hydrological (hydromet) services as well as early warning (EW) and disaster risk management (DRM) services did not escape these setbacks. In 1996, Taliban forces sacked the meteorology office, ruining equipment and destroying over 100 years of weather records. Hydroelectric production nearly ceased as turbines were destroyed, floodgates blown open, and transmission lines brought down. The civil war and its aftermath led to the degradation of traditional observation networks, prevalence of outdated and inefficient technologies, and lack of modern instruments and information and communication technology (ICT). The absence of forecasts and weather information reversed years of development gains in farming and civil aviation operations. In 1998, an Ariana Afghan Airlines flight in route from Kandahar to Kabul in bad weather crashed into a mountaintop, killing 45 people. From 1998 to 2004, a major drought forced nearly 1 million Afghans from their farms and herds into metropolitan areas, impacting half the agriculture land, killing 3 million livestock, and seriously depleting groundwater resources in Kabul and the Kabul Water Basin
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: This review of wastewater management in Danube region under EU water policies shows that, despite several challenges, the UWWTD has indeed delivered results for the people and environment in Danube region. The share of wastewater treated according to the UWWTD requirements is showing a major improvement since 2004, demonstrating impact of massive investment efforts undertaken, and resulting in significant emission reduction in the recent past. This has resulted in a noticeable water quality improvement over the last 20 years for both organic pollutants and nutrients. At the same time, the review points out to several challenges. Implementation capacity is often neglected and insufficiently prepared. The necessary tariff increases, a consequence of investment in new infrastructure and related Oandamp;M cost increases, trigger affordability issues for the bottom 40 percent of population. A lack of the necessary sectoral institutional reforms, has resulted in lower than planned absorption of available funds and delays in UWWTD compliance. These challenges also represent opportunities in the implementation of the current Directive within and beyond the Member States, and its potential review. The current implementation of the Directive could be made more efficient using sound economic appraisal to prioritize investments according to their cost-effectiveness while maintaining public health and environmental benefits and achievement of WFD objectives
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: The Republic of Moldova was among the first countries in the world to implement Mobile eID, whichhas been implemented through the innovative Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model. In recognitionof Moldova embracing mobile technologies as an opportunity to tap the potential of mobile phones toimprove government initiatives, the government of Moldova was awarded the Best mGovernment Awardby the GSMA during the 2013 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona. The concept of Mobile eID, also known as mobile signature, works as an ID in the virtual world, allowing users to authenticate themselves in cyberspace, with the aim to prove their identity with the help of a cell phone or electronically sign a legally-binding transaction or document. For the regular users, the advantage of mobile eID lies in its simplicity, since no separate card reader or drivers areneeded, as the phone itself already performs these functions. Implementation of Mobile eID in Moldova was part of a larger digital transformation initiative supported by a 20 million US Dollars World Bank-funded loan as part of Governance eTransformation Project (GeT), and assuch, it benefited from increased political support. Moreover, the approval by the government of Moldova of the strategic e-Transformation program further paved the way for eID implementation, by expressly stating that mobile electronic identity is "a means to ensure data integrity and security in eservice delivery and financial transactions"
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Cairo, the biggest mega city in African continent and entire Arab world, has suffered from wide range of city issues including healthcare, public security, environment, transportation, education, information technology (IT) infrastructure, et cetera Smart city solutions and services can be an effective tool to alleviate the problems of cities and increase the welfare of Cairo citizens. The current policy note includes the quick-win projects with budgets and actions for smart Cairo, strategy framework and key success factors for the actions with milestones, questionnaire survey results with smart city focus, action plans categorized by quick-win, midterm, long-term projects reflecting human resources, business, technology, process, information, governance, social, demographical, city specific, and cultural aspects. With more details, action plans of top 10 quick-win projects for smart Cairo are as follows; (1) capacity building for healthcare services with hospital information system (HIS), (2) integrated smart closed-circuit television (CCTV) system design and pilot implementation, (3) solid waste management design and pilot project, (4) emission test system and database for vehicles, (5) redesign Cairo traffic flow and public transportation, (6) T-money card (transportation payment card), (7) call taxi service for disabled people, (8) e-learning systems against illiteracy in local areas, (9) cloud based software defined data center (SDDC) for smart city services, and (10) citizen service center innovation (one-stop service)
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: These Policy Notes seek to distill key findings from a broad range of World Bank Group engagements in Bhutan, including policy dialogue, analytical work, strategic documents, project lending and trust funded activities. They build on discussions with government counterparts, development partners, non-governmental organizations, representatives of the private sector, and other stakeholders. These Policy Notes are selective in their coverage, and include synopses on each topic, highlighting key issues and challenges, and concluding with actionable policy recommendations. They cover a broad range of policy issues but are not intended to be comprehensive or exhaustive. This effort seeks to make these findings readily available to the incoming government of Bhutan and support them in achieving their objective of 'Narrowing the Gap'. The Policy Notes start with an overview section which brings together the key issues and is followed by sector-specific notes which have been compiled under four broad thematic groupings
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: The Women Economic Empowerment report outlines the factors contributing to the persistently low economic participation of Egyptian women and to identify "gender smart" policies and solutions to boost economic growth while at the same time, narrowing relevant gender gaps. The study provides the context of women's share of the public space as reflected in their access to education, health, social protection, and decent work opportunities. It provides qualitative insights into women's perceptions regarding working conditions and challenges, including the reconciliation between work and marriage, and the relation between household responsibilities, earnings, and the dynamics of decision making in the household. It also discusses the various gender conscious and unconscious biases affecting women's work in the private sector while providing recommendations to promote gender diversity in the workplace, and boosting the inclusion of women, particularly in leadership positions. Lastly, it identifies the top 12 industries where women's work is concentrated and/or promising by providing an analysis of the characteristics of the female labor force in these industries
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Angola is endowed with significant natural wealth, but it will need to better manage these resources and reinvest them into other forms of capital to establish a sustainable development path. Before independence, the country was a relatively advanced economy with diverse exports, although its population suffered under exploitative colonial rule. Decades of conflict, during the fight for independence and the civil war that followed, exacted a heavy toll on the population, infrastructure, and the economy. The end of the war in 2002 and a booming oil industry resulted in strong economic growth, but the poor saw very little benefit from this economic prosperity. The dependence on oil exports has created macroeconomic instability, and Angola has suffered periods of fiscal contraction due to fluctuations in commodity prices. Although the country has enjoyed strong gross domestic product (GDP) growth, this has been achieved by depleting natural capital for consumption, rather than reinvestment in other types of capital to generate sustainable growth. The recent change in leadership represents a window of opportunity for political and economic reform that will allow Angola to put itself on a path toward sustainable development.The Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) for Angola identifies pathways and priorities to eradicate poverty and boost shared prosperity by 2030. After providing the historical context of Angola, the SCD applies the concept of the "Changing Wealth of Nations" and identifies four binding constraints for Angola to reach the World Bank's twin goals. Oil dependency in conjunction with a low global oil price creates macroeconomic and fiscal imbalances, constraining sustainable growth and poverty reduction in Angola. A weak private sector is unable to provide a sustained growth momentum, further constraining growth and poverty reduction. The poor remain excluded from growth, limiting realized growth, but more importantly, manifesting high poverty levels. Finally, weak governance is a cross-sectoral binding constraint contributing to unsatisfactory policy outcomes. The SCD ranks areas of intervention for each binding constraint and selects the top 10 priorities to overcome the binding constraints. With a new government in place, Angola is at a critical juncture to pursue a sustainable development path to reach poverty eradication and shared prosperity
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to identify existing regulatory restraints to competition in key sectors and the economy as a whole and use them to design an effective competition policy for the Philippines. The report builds on Product Market Regulation (PMR) indicators and the WBG's Markets and Competition Policy Assessment Tool (MCPAT) applied to the Philippine markets to (i) develop the main aspects of the advocacy role of the Philippine Competition Commission (PCC) against current market features; (ii) map regulatory restrictions to competition and classify them according to their effects; (iv) contextualize competition restraints within each sector to offer a set of policy recommendations; and (v) quantify the potential impact of a more pro-competitive regulatory environment for the Philippines' economy. As the country did not have a competition law until 2015, the recently created PCC faces a challenging environment in which to implement its mandate. The two-year transitory period to start enforcement, as well as the potential to grant broad exemptions from the law under the forbearance clause, have hindered the ability of the PCC to prevent anticompetitive conduct of market players, either public or private. In this context, the advocacy role of the PCC offers a critical mechanism to address those regulatory conditions that may be enabling anticompetitive behavior. Limited market competition can stem from restrictive regulations or discretionary application of the regulatory framework that render entry and operation of new firms difficult. Ensuring government policies and regulations do not generate barriers to entry or distort the level playing field is necessary to enhance private sector participation and unlock investment opportunities
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Commodities Study
    Abstract: Medicinal and aromatic pl ...
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Accounting and Auditing Assessment
    Abstract: A wave of accounting scandals beginning about fifteen years ago, including Enron, WorldCom, and Parmalat, created a consensus among policymakers across the globe that independent auditors were not adequately challenging the financial reporting by their clients and could not be trusted to regulate themselves. Beginning with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the U.S., there has been a global movement away from self-regulation of the auditing profession and towards independent oversight. Perhaps the most important milestone in this movement was the 2006 Audit Directive of the European Union, which required all EU members and accession candidates to implement independent oversight. A key goal of independent oversight is to provide relevant and reliable information to investors, lenders, audit committees, regulators, other stakeholders, and the general public about auditors and the audit market, among other matters. This paper aims to provide a brief synopsis on the topic of reporting by audit oversight bodies (AOBs) through their annual and inspection reports. It outlines international principles and legislative requirements, highlights certain good practices and shares results from a focused survey across EU-REPARIS and STAREP countries
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This report focuses on the Beninese financial sector by identifying the scope and penetration of specific activities such as banking, microfinance, retail payments, and agriculture finance and the challenges of effectively regulating and supervising such activities, with recommendations aimed at ensuring their financial soundness and achieving regulatory sustainability. The report is organized as follows: chapter one provides a brief overview of the activities of the banking sector, with an emphasis on the level of its contribution in financing the economy, the financial situation and impact on financial stability. Chapter two provides a current state of the microfinance sector, the challenges, and threats that may limit its growth and contribution to the development of the real economy, with recommendations to go forward. Chapter three consists of a diagnosis of the retail payment ecosystem and identifies several recommendations to help increase financial inclusion in Benin. Chapter four provides an overview of the current government interventions to facilitate access to credit in the agriculture sector, the enduring constraints which limit access to and the attractiveness of the private sector, and suggestions to crowd in further private sector financing
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: This report aims to suppo ...
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This paper describes a framework of supply and demand factors that could affect birth registration coverage rates, particularly in the context of social transfers. Within this framework, a review of the empirical literature (academic and grey) was conducted on incentives that have been demonstrated to increase birth registration coverage. More than two hundred articles were reviewed, and forty-two (twenty-three academic and nineteen grey) were selected for this study based on relevance. The literature encompassed evidence from Asia, Africa, and Latin America on linking birth registration with social transfer programs, such as cash transfers, which have resulted in increased birth registration rates. The methods in the literature on incentives for countries to increase birth registration coverage vary. There is a lack of scholarly research on incentives to address both supply and demand barriers for birth registration and a need for more robust literature on the topic
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Robust, inclusive, and re ...
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Identification systems are a core component of sustainable development policies in countries with diverse economic, demographic, and political contexts. The role of digital identification systems in the private sector is equally large. The efficient, accurate, and secure use of personal identity data is at the heart of most transactions, regardless of the industry in which they take place. The implementation of robust and inclusive identification systems at the national level offers the potential for large financial gains for private sector companies. As a companion piece to the World Bank's identification for development (ID4D) work on fiscal savings for government agencies, this paper provides a first step toward developing a greater understanding of the financial benefits of identification systems for the private sector. By developing a framework for cost savings and revenue generation opportunities and aggregating existing case studies, it provides a preliminary assessment of expected benefits of government-backed identification systems for firms across a variety of industries. This paper is therefore intended to serve as a resource for governments and donors looking to gauge the potential impacts of implementing an identification system and for private sector leaders and industry groups to fruitfully engage on identity-related issues
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Abstract: This report describes the key policies for Mali to succeed leveraging growth with export diversification. For many decades, Mali has been a commodity-dependent country, mainly relying on gold and, to a lesser extent, cotton. However, the experience of other countries, in Africa and other parts of the world, shows that large scale production of minerals and oil resources offers great opportunities, but also presents major shortcomings. These are: tendency to growth beyond potential in cycles of booming prices; high GDP growth volatility that translates into a fragile fiscal stance; a resource curse that favors production of non-tradable goods; and a growth pattern biased toward rent-seeking activities, which prevents expansion of competitive activities creation of abundant and better jobs. Mali is no exception to this. Mali needs to structurally transform itself to accelerate growth and reach its vision, Mali 2025. The Government of Mali does not have a choice: without adequate jobs by 2025, Mali's burgeoning youth population will foment more violence in an already fragile economy and keep investors away. Hence, it has outlined a strategy to achieve this vision centered on the diversification of its economy (and exports) away from natural resource-based commodities
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: Around the world, countries use a wide variety of poverty measurement methodologies. A common method used to measure poverty is based on levels of consumption - a person is considered poor if his or her consumption level falls below some minimum level necessary to meet basic needs. This note therefore aims at briefly laying out the methodological framework of measuring poverty in the Maldives using a relative poverty line and presents findings of applying the poverty concepts in the context of the Maldives. For the purpose of this note, poverty is the pronounced deprivation in well-being defined as whether households or individuals have enough resources or abilities to meet their needs. Poverty is also multidimensional in nature and can include low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity but also low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one's life
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Abstract: The Angolan economy is at a significant juncture. The current growth model based on oil wealth is nearly exhausted and has not delivered inclusive growth and shared prosperity. Angola faces two broad policy challenges that need to be addressed urgently: macroeconomic stabilization and a more inclusive economic growth. The internal and external imbalances following the adjustment to lower oil prices pose a challenge to macro-stabilization. The prospect of volatile oil prices and potentially diminishing oil reserves over the medium and long-term call for a new sustainable and inclusive growth model that promotes economic diversification, a model that is less dependent on natural resource exports. The new administration is aware of these challenges and has started to implement much needed reforms. Angola is right to focus on reforms that lay the foundation for long-term macroeconomic stability and economic diversification. Analyses conducted as part of this report indicate that there are significant gains to be had from such reforms. The objective of this report on Angola is to support policy makers in their reform efforts. The report is organized as follows: Chapter 1 takes stock of recent trends and determinants of growth in Angola, highlighting the importance of natural resource wealth and volatility for growth outcomes. Chapter 2 presents the findings of a growth diagnostic for Angola, and highlights low human capital, access to finance, weak institutions and macroeconomic instability as critical and binding constraints for the non-oil economy. Chapter 3 uses product space analysis to evaluate Angola's current and future potential for economic and export diversification, drawing attention to products and services sectors in which there is potential for export upgrading and/or product innovation. Chapter 4 provides an overview of the agriculture sector and assesses its potential for economic diversification. Chapter 5 sets out the way forward, identifying: critical reforms for macroeconomic stability; a fiscal framework for natural-resource wealth management; and macro-financial stability
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Lake Toba is a unique natural asset of global significance located in the North Sumatra Province of Indonesia. The long-term economic and environmental value of Lake Toba's water is central to achieving multi-sector objectives as well as sustaining the livelihoods and well-being of communities in the catchment. Addressing the deterioration of Lake Toba's water quality requires consensus and enforcement of the carrying capacity for fish production and catchment management measures, including the control of emissions from livestock manure and wastewater. Enabling adaptive management of the lake is dependent on timely and accurate data on lake dynamics and creating a cooperative, interagency platform for water quality monitoring. This is especially important as Lake Toba is not a homogenous water body but consists of discrete compartments that are not uniformly affected by pollution. The success of any interventions relies on the establishment of functioning and financially viable institutional arrangements that can facilitate cross-sectoral collaboration and bridge national-regional-district divides. Furthermore, the recommendations and the roadmap for improving water quality are relevant and transferable to the management of lakes and reservoirs across Indonesia and throughout the region
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: By improving their skills, health, knowledge, and resilience-their human capital-people can be more productive, flexible, and innovative. Human capital is a central driver of sustainable growth and poverty reduction. Investments in human capital have become more important as the nature of work has evolved. Yet despite substantial progress, significant gaps in human capital investments are leaving the world poorly prepared for what lies ahead. The World Bank Group has launched the Human Capital Project (HCP) to mobilize efforts to address these gaps. The project is intended to raise awareness of the costs of inaction and make the case for investing in people through country engagement and analytical work. The goal of the HCP is a world in which all children arrive at school ready to learn, the time spent in school translates into better learning, and they can grow up to live and work as healthy, skilled, and productive adults. The main text of this volume-which also appears as chapter 3 in the 2019 World Development Report: The Changing Nature of Work -describes the evidence supporting the importance of human capital for people, economies, and societies and lays out the rationale and context for the HCP's theory of change. The Human Capital Index methodology is detailed in the appendix
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: The subnational Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessment seeks to ascertain the performance of the public financial management (PFM) system of county governments using the PEFA methodology. So far, the Government of Kenya has gained experience in the application of the PEFA methodology by undertaking four national PEFA assessments over the years, the latest of which was carried out in 2017 and the report is due for completion in 2018. However, this is the first subnational assessment to be carried out in Kenya following the adoption of a devolved system of government. It is notable that the national and subnational PEFA assessments are being done almost concurrently, and this is important because both levels of government share the same PFM system, implying that evidence-based reform agenda can be implemented simultaneously after areas of improvements are identified. The subnational assessments, which covered 6 out of 47 counties, have been jointly financed by the World Bank and International Development Research Centre (IDRC) through the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA)
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: The subnational Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessment seeks to ascertain the performance of the public financial management (PFM) system of county governments using the PEFA methodology. So far, the Government of Kenya has gained experience in the application of the PEFA methodology by undertaking four national PEFA assessments over the years, the latest carried out in 2017 and the report due for completion in 2018. However, this is the first subnational assessment to be carried out in Kenya following the adoption of a devolved system of government. It is notable that the national and subnational PEFA assessments are almost being done concurrently and this is important because both levels of government share the same PFM system implying that an evidence-based reform agenda can be implemented simultaneously after areas that require improvements are identified. The subnational assessments, which covered 6 out of 47 counties, have been jointly financed by the World Bank and International Development Research Centre (IDRC) through the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA)
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Keywords: Corporate Data and Reporting ; Disclosure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Legal Framework ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Public-Private Partnerships ; Transparency
    Abstract: Based on research and analysis over the past few years, the World Bank Group Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) Cross-Cutting Solution Area has worked on creating a Framework for Disclosure in Public-Private Partnerships, which suggests a systematic structure for disclosing information proactively at different phases of the PPP process. Two documents, Jurisdictional Studies and Good Practice Cases, have been developed to provide relevant background and resources complementing the goals of the framework. The framework suggests the initiation of work with a PPP Disclosure Diagnostic in countries. The objective of the Diagnostic is to help PPP policy makers and practitioners to assess the status of PPP disclosure in the jurisdiction and identify customized PPP disclosure solutions for all PPP types to enable better disclosure. Under each of the areas identified, the Diagnostic provides the key questions policy makers and practitioners should ask, analysis and techniques for assessing gaps, resources for learning more, and tools for establishing customized PPP disclosure guidelines for the jurisdiction. The relevance of each of the above areas varies based on the unique circumstances within the country. This diagnostic report is structured around the key themes that are relevant to Kenya's disclosure environment
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Palestinian living standards continue to decline, with aid flows no longer providing the impetus for growth, amidst increasing uncertainty. The on-going restrictions in the West Bank along with the decade long blockade in Gaza have continued to hollow out the productive sector and prevented the economy from achieving its potential. After two years of stronger growth driven by post war reconstruction, the most recent data revealed growth of 2.4 percent in 2017 led by the West Bank - while in Gaza it was a mere 0.5 percent. Unemployment rates continued to be high - reaching 44 percent in Gaza - even with low labor force participation. A range of additional challenges emerged in 2017 and the economic outlook is highly uncertain. We forecast growth of only 2.5 percent in 2018 - declining in per capita terms. There are significant downside risks to this forecast with doubts surrounding donor flows and the potential for increased tensions to spill over into unrest
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: South Africa has come a long way since the advent of democracy, but its transition remains incomplete. The first three clauses of the Freedom Charter-the historic 1955 document setting out the central objectives of the democratic movement-were (i) the people shall govern; (ii) all national groups shall have equal rights; and (iii) the people shall share in the country's wealth. While the first two objectives have largely been achieved since the first democratic elections of 1994, historical disadvantage remains a determinant of income, wealth, and opportunity, notwithstanding some progress. As such, the economic transition from a system of exclusion under segregation and apartheid remains incomplete. This SCD identifies five key constraints. These are (i) insufficient skills; (ii) the skewed distribution of land and productive assets, and weak property rights; (iii) low competition and low integration in global and regional value chains; (iv) limited or expensive spatial connectivity and under-serviced historically disadvantaged settlements; and (v) climate shocks: the transition to a low-carbon economy and water insecurity
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: Banking financial intermediation relative to the economy is low and declining. The depthof the Romanian banking sector is lagging both in terms of deposit and loan penetration. Cross-cutting factors such as poverty, rurality and informality form a set of constraints that still persist affecting both financial inclusion and intermediation. On the demand side, credit needs remain limited due to low enterprise density, poor health of enterprises, especially micro-enterprises, relatively high number of foreign owned firms, and increasing use of other forms of financing. Furthermore, while economic growth had a positive spillover, this did not translate into a commensurate increase in corporate investment activity. On the supply side, banks have been adversely affected by high Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) and deleveraging pressures. Gaps in access to finance persist, especially for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), start-ups, and in rural areas. The emergence of banks with niche market positioning could reverse the disintermediation trend, but should be aided by measures to improve the health, performance, and skills of enterprises. Macroprudential measures to protect against excessive sovereign exposures could also, at the margin, support financial intermediation
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: The purpose of this PEFA assessment is to provide an objective analysis of the present performance of the PFM system in the City of Batumi against the PEFA indicators. This PEFA provides an assessment of PFM in the municipality and establishes a PEFA baseline using the 2016 PEFA methodology. The assessment covered expenditures by subnational government budgetary units. Revenues are collected by the Georgia Revenue Services on behalf of the municipality and this was considered not applicable. There are no extra-budgetary units and no local government below the municipality level. The assessment team visited the municipality from June 5 to 9, 2018 (fieldwork for the assessment). The financial years covered for indicators that required assessing over three years are 2015 to 2017. Overall, the results of the PEFA show that public financial management systems in the City of Batumi are strong and improved as the PFM Reform Action Plan has been implemented. The aggregate expenditure side of the budget performs largely according to plan. The Georgian Treasury consolidates cash balances in the treasury single account on a daily basis. A cash flow forecast is prepared annually for the year to come and is updated quarterly on the basis of actual inflows and outflows often due to relatively frequent supplementary budget. Budgetary units are able to plan and commit expenditure for one year in advance on the basis of quarterly ceilings, in accordance with the budgeted appropriations and commitment releases. An overriding feature of PFM in the Georgia both at the Central and Subnational levels of government has been the development and good use of Information Technology in budget preparation, budget execution (accounts, commitment control, and cash management), personnel and payroll, revenue services, and procurement. The application of the IT has been developed in-country based on business processes in each of the subject areas (redefined as necessary) and not on the reconfiguration of business practices to suit software. This adoption of IT solutions combined with the internet as a vehicle for its implementation by competent and trained personnel (with appropriate control) has been fundamental to the development of strengths in PFM. The integration of IT, internet and personnel has resulted in PFM's positive effectiveness and efficiency
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Digital identification systems, integrated with civil registration, can play a transformational role across many development areas, such as financial inclusion, expanding access to services and social safety nets, and effective humanitarian response. But while the opportunity is great, so are the risks. One set of risks results from collecting, using, and managing personal data, which creates serious privacy challenges. Risks also include: (1) Incorrect or inaccurate data collection, leading to mistaken identity or unjust treatment; (2) Data collected for one purpose being used for another purpose without the user's consent; and (3) Unauthorized or inappropriate transfer of data between government agencies, governments, and even with third non-governmental parties. The importance of data privacy in building digital ID systems is highlighted in the Principles on Identification developed by the World Bank in 2017. These principles have been signed onto by more than 20 international organizations and development partners as being fundamental to maximizing the benefits of identification systems for sustainable development
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The objective of labor pr ...
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The development of Brazil's modern social safety net is quite recent, and social assistance programs claim a relatively small share of resources of the broader social sector. A key feature of the Brazilian social protection system is the duality between formal sector workers, who gained social insurance and labor benefits as early as the 1930s, and the large number of mostly poor informal workers and their families who were historically excluded. The objective of social assistance programs in Brazil is to provide support to people living in poverty and other vulnerable groups. These programs primarily include social pensions for the poor elderly and disabled, conditional cash transfers for poor families, unconditional cash transfers, housing assistance for low-income households, school feeding, food programs, social services, and a variety of other small benefits and services. They are usually targeted to the poor or low-income groups via means-testing, or provide eligibility to specific vulnerable groups. Within the broader system of social protection, social assistance programs complement social insurance pensions, which are contributory by design but have been significantly subsidized from general taxation, and labor market programs, which are largely contributory and include a mix of active and passive benefits and services. The current note focuses on Social Assistance Programs while a second background chapter focuses on Labor market programs. This document is a Background Chapter for the report A fair adjustment : efficiency and equity of public spending in Brazil : Volume 1 - Overview (report No.121480)
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 1464811628 , 9781464811623
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxxiv, 299 pages) , color illustrations, color maps , 27 cm
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 327.2
    Keywords: International cooperation ; Security, International ; Political violence ; Security, International ; Sustainable development
    Abstract: Introduction. Prevention of violent conflict works and is cost-effective ; Why, then, is there so little belief in the prevention of violent conflict? ; What is the prevention of violent conflict? ; Can prevention of violent conflict be done differently? ; The importance of agency to prevention -- A surge and expansion of violent conflict. Violent conflict in the twenty-first century ; Understanding trends in violent conflict ; The unacceptable costs of violent conflict ; How violent conflicts end -- The need for prevention in an interdependent world. An international system in search of a new equilibrium ; Risk and opportunity in an increasingly connected world -- Pathways for peace. A framework for peaceful pathways ; Path dependency of violence ; The centrality of actors ; Understanding risk and opportunity ; Prevention and sustaining peace : building peaceful pathways ; Scenarios for pathways to peace or violence -- Why people fight : inequality, exclusion, and a sense of injustice. Inequality and violent conflict ; The multiple and intersecting dimensions of exclusion ; Exclusion, identity, grievances, and mobilization to violence -- What people fight over : arenas of contestation. Risk and opportunity in the arenas of contestation ; The arena of power and governance ; The arena of land and natural resources ; The arena of service delivery ; The arena of security and justice -- Country approaches to preventing violent conflict. Navigating transition moments ; Changing actors' incentives ; Addressing institutional weaknesses ; Investing in structural factors -- The international architecture for prevention. Systemic prevention ; Regional action ; International tools for prevention ; International development assistance ; Areas of convergence between diplomatic, security, and development instruments -- Pursuing pathways for peace : recommendations for building inclusive approaches for prevention. Principles for prevention ; An agenda for action : prevention in practice ; Organizing for prevention ; A call for action -- Appendix A: Thematic papers and case studies.
    Abstract: "The case for prevention of violent conflict has never been stronger. After declining steadily for decades, violent conflict has increased dramatically since 2010. Battle-related deaths, refugee numbers, and terrorist incidents have all reached historic highs, resulting in ever increasing peacekeeping budgets. This escalation in violent conflict has renewed the commitment to addressing the risk of violence early on, and in a coordinated way. More countries are affected by violent conflict today than at any time in the past 30 years. This includes middle-income countries, where over 70 percent of conflicts take place today. In 2016, 80 percent of battle-related deaths were due to 7 to 8 conflicts. However, lower intensity violence taking place in several countries also took a huge toll on societies and economies. By 2030, more than half of the world's poor will be in countries affected by high levels of violence. [This book] reaffirms that prevention is universal, takes time to accomplish, and is part and parcel of economic and social development. Prevention fosters inclusive societies where people have opportunity and can live without the fear of long-term violence. This report is a first step in working jointly to address the immense challenge of preventing violent conflict. It also explores concrete ways that countries and the international community can combine tools and approaches to reduce violent conflict. This in turn will contribute to reduce the immense suffering and devastating long-term impacts that violent conflict inflicts on societies."--
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Solar photovoltaic water pumping (SWP) uses energy from solar photovoltaic (PV) panels to power an electric water pump. The entire process, from sunlight to stored energy, is elegant and simple. Over last seven years, the technology and price of solar pumping have evolved dramatically and hence the opportunities it presents. Solar pumping is most competitive in regions with high solar insolation, which include most of Africa, South America, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. This book focuses on the basics of Solar pumping
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The country benefited from the improved external demand in 2017. Global growth is estimated to have picked up in 2017 to 3.0 percent from 2.4 percent in 2016, reflecting gradual recovery in the euro area, China, emerging Europe, and Russia as commodity prices and financial markets continued to stabilize. With growth outcomes in 2017 generally stronger than expected, Georgia's annual growth estimate was revised to 4.2 percent, compared to an earlier projection of 3.5 percent. Higher growth is likely to have improved population incomes, following adverse social outcomes in 2016 (figure 1). In 2016, poverty indicators deteriorated to 25.6 percent from 25.3 percent in 2015 (at 3.2 US dollars a day in 2011 PPP terms)
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The European Union (EU) Regular Economic Report (RER), is an annual publication of the World Bank Group and covers economic developments, prospects, and economic policies in the European Union. The report finds that while growth is back on track, the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution is lagging behind in the EU's recovery. This is likely caused by the interaction between involuntary increases in part-time work, technological change, a decline in the bargaining power of labor, an ageing population and weak overall productivity growth. However, absolute poverty (estimated using a poverty line defined specifically for this report) should continue to fall in Europe, driven by strong poverty reduction in central Europe. The special section of this Regular Economic Report assesses the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy on inclusive growth - past and present. The report argues that the process of structural transformation in the EU is largely on track, with the decoupled and non-market distorting components of the CAP playing a positive role in the reduction of poverty and the creation of better jobs for farmers. The gap between agricultural incomes and incomes in other sectors is also closing, while across the EU agricultural incomes are converging with each other. The successful transformers, about half of the Member States, have turned agriculture into a key sector for shared prosperity in rural areas: agriculture is no longer associated with poverty. The other half-the incomplete transformers-still have some way to go, which includes ensuring that the basic conditions for agriculture to thrive are in place: roads, advisory services, secure property rights, and access to health and education. This will ensure a more efficient use of CAP resources
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: This systematic country diagnostic (SCD) examines the key constraints to and opportunities for accelerating poverty reduction and enhancing shared prosperity in Nepal. The SCD builds on a broad body of analytical work conducted in Nepal, but particularly on three World Bank reports published in 2017: moving up the ladder: poverty reduction in Nepal, climbing higher: toward a middle-income Nepal, and the Nepal risk and resilience assessment. It also builds on evidence compiled in six working groups and consultations and surveys in all seven Nepalese provinces with civil society organizations, the private sector, government, development partners, and citizens. The SCD highlighted key knowledge gaps. The key knowledge gaps include: (a) poverty trends since the earthquake, blockade, and slowdown of remittances; (b) how best to increase the accountability and strengthen the capacity of local governments; (c) the impact of lack of competition in specific sectors on job creation, prices, and welfare; (d) the potential for reducing environmental vulnerability through investments and of what type; (e) the political economy of multiple ministries in natural resource management and how to encourage consolidation; (f) which interventions are most effective to reduce malnutrition in different parts of the country; and (g) how to make the cost of migration more affordable for poor households
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