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  • Wai-Poi, Matthew  (5)
  • Wieser, Christina  (5)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (10)
  • Social Protections and Labor  (8)
  • Social Development
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gender and Fiscal Policy : A Methodological Proposal and its Application to Jordan and Armenia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jellema, Jon Gender and Fiscal Policy: A Methodological Proposal and its Application to Jordan and Armenia
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Social Development ; Incidence Analysis ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Taxes ; Transfers
    Abstract: Fiscal policies affect households and individuals in a variety of ways. Even though these effects are likely to be different for men and women, conventional tools of fiscal incidence analysis are typically unable to capture these gender differences. Using a particular type of incidence analysis known in the literature as the Commitment to Equity framework, this paper proposes a methodology to overcome this challenge. A particular novelty the paper introduces is the explicit incorporation of social reproduction into the fiscal incidence analysis framework, enabling the implicit valuation of unpaid work that is typically undertaken by women on activities such as cooking, cleaning, and caring for children and the elderly. Applying this methodology to the cases of Jordan and Armenia -- two countries with very different approaches to fiscal policy and cultural norms around the economic and social roles of men and women -- the paper also highlights some of the insights that this engendered perspective could add to standard fiscal incidence analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10733
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fiscal Policy and Equity : Vietnam 2018 Fiscal Incidence Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez, Laura Fiscal Policy and Equity: Vietnam 2018 Fiscal Incidence Analysis
    Keywords: Equity and Development ; Fiscal Incidende ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Spending ; Taxation ; Transfers
    Abstract: This paper examines the distributive and poverty reducing effects of Vietnam's fiscal system in 2018. The paper looks at the incidence across the distribution and the effect of (direct and indirect) taxes, subsidies, and social spending (in cash and in-kind) on inequality and poverty in Vietnam using the Commitment to Equity methodology. The overall pattern of taxes and transfers in Vietnam is moderately progressive, but most households pay more in taxes and co-payments than what they receive in cash benefits, and the fiscal system results in a small increase in poverty. The progressivity of the fiscal system and its inequality-reduction impact mostly comes from in-kind health and education spending. This reduction in inequality is about average for lower-middle-income countries, but Vietnam could do more to increase the progressivity of its fiscal system
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10538
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bridging the Targeting Gap : Assessing Humanitarian Beneficiaries' Likely Eligibility for Social Protection in Iraq (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Phadera, Lokendra Bridging the Targeting Gap: Assessing Humanitarian Beneficiaries' Likely Eligibility for Social Protection in Iraq
    Keywords: Aid Transition ; Cash Transfer ; Conflict Impact ; Economic Assistance ; Equity and Development ; Humanitarian Assistance ; Internally Displaced Persons ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Means Test For Social Assistance ; Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance Program ; Poverty Reduction ; Proxy Means Test ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protection and Growth ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Safety Net ; Targeting In Social Protection ; Vulnerable Households
    Abstract: In Iraq, the Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance programs have been instrumental in reaching the households most affected by the conflict with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in areas where the coverage of the government's social safety net (SSN) programs remain limited. In the evolving context, however, short-term Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance programs will require eventual integration in some form with the government's social safety net programs to continue reaching vulnerable households affected by the conflict. As an initial step, this paper proposes an analytical pseudo-proxy-means test (PPMT) tool to bridge the targeting differences between the government's cash transfer program and the humanitarian Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance programs. Using the common proxies between the cash transfer targeting formulas of the humanitarian agencies and the government, the pseudo-proxy-means test provides each Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance beneficiary's probability of being eligible for the government's cash transfer program under different expansion scenarios. When applied to the existing humanitarian beneficiary database, the results of the pseudo-proxy-means test tool suggest the potential for both significant referral numbers and a sequenced referral strategy
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10093
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Voluntary Migration in Ethiopia : In Search for Work and Better Opportunities (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; International Migration ; Labor Market ; Labor Policies ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: People migrate both within and between countries to improve their lives and the lives of families left back home. Evidence is growing on the significant returns to voluntary internal and international migration. Wage differentials incentivize people to cross borders and work abroad. Despite positive welfare effects, internal migration can also strain destination communities, particularly urban areas, which can contribute to negative social externalities. The benefits of internal and international labor migration, especially increasing household incomes and reducing poverty, are likely to outweigh costs. Policies in Ethiopia have focused on the negative aspects of migration, but perceptions are changing. This report expands the understanding of voluntary economic migration in Ethiopia. This report presents a comprehensive picture on migration in Ethiopia by synthesizing previous research and complementing existing evidence with new analysis using more recent data, including the latest available 2021 labor force and migration survey (LMS). This report is structured around two broad sections, which aim to provide a comprehensive picture of voluntary internal and international migration in Ethiopia, as well as a section highlighting broad policy implications. Chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two provides an overview of migration in Ethiopia and the latest trends on migration. Chapter three discusses migration motives and effects. Chapter four highlights policy directions to maximize the benefit of migration while minimizing the costs
    DOI: 10.1596/37929
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How can Vulnerable Internally Displaced Persons be Transitioned from Humanitarian Assistance to Social Protection? : Evidence from Iraq (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Obi, Chinedu Temple How can Vulnerable Internally Displaced Persons be Transitioned from Humanitarian Assistance to Social Protection? Evidence from Iraq
    Keywords: Benefit Alignment ; Cash Assistance To Displaced People ; Cash Transfer ; Cash Transfer Program Review ; Government Assistance ; Humanitarian Assistance ; Internally Displaced Persons ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Law and Development ; Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance ; Poverty Reduction ; Proxy-Means Tests ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Development ; Social Protection ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: Aligning the short-term humanitarian assistance system with the government social protection system as a possible long-term solution for the displaced population is well discussed in the literature. However, there is limited evidence on how this alignment is applied in a real-world setting. Using field-test data, this paper documents the eligibility of the humanitarian Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance beneficiaries for the government's poverty-targeted cash transfer program in Iraq. It does so by using two possible approaches -a probabilistic pseudo-proxy-means test, which is based on a limited number of overlapping variables between the targeting models of the humanitarian and government support systems and is designed to be applied on the existing database, and a new data collection with complete sets of variables from the targeting models of the two systems. The paper finds that a significant number of households that qualify for the humanitarian Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance program are eligible for the government's cash transfer program. While the referral accuracy of the pseudo-proxy-means tests model is high, it is likely to leave out some eligible households. In additions to identifying the cross-eligibility with certainty, collecting new data may elicit important insight related to willingness to be referred. The choice between electing to collect new data or relying on the pseudo-proxy-means tests and using existing data comes with important trade-offs and will depend on the capacity, budget, and appetite for the uncertainty of eligibility
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10095
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spatial Heterogeneity of COVID-19 Impacts on Urban Household Incomes : Between- and Within-City Evidence from Two African Countries (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Batana, Yele Maweki Spatial Heterogeneity of COVID-19 Impacts on Urban Household Incomes: Between- and Within-City Evidence from Two African Countries
    Keywords: Accessibility ; Connectivity ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Employment and Unemployment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Mobility ; Mobility ; Pandemic Impact ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development ; Urban Labor Market
    Abstract: This paper examines spatial heterogeneity in the impacts of the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic on urban household incomes in Ethiopia and Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Combining new panel household surveys with spatial data, the fixed-effects regression analysis for Ethiopia finds that households in large and densely populated towns were more likely to lose their labor incomes in the early phase of the pandemic, and their recovery was slower than other households. Disadvantaged groups, such as female, low-skilled, self-employed, and poor, particularly suffered in those towns. In Kinshasa, labor income-mobility elasticities are higher among workers-particularly female and/or low-skilled workers-who live in areas that are located farther from the city core area or highly dense and precarious neighborhoods. The between- and within-city evidence from two Sub-Saharan African countries points to the spatial heterogeneity of COVID-19 impacts, implying the critical role of mobility and accessibility in urban agglomerations
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9762
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What Explains Wage Differentials for Urban Wage Earners? : Returns to Education for Ethiopia's Urban Wage Employed (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nath, Shanjukta What Explains Wage Differentials for Urban Wage Earners? Returns to Education for Ethiopia's Urban Wage Employed
    Keywords: Economics of Education ; Education ; Employment and Unemployment ; Human Capital ; Labor Market ; Primary Education ; Returns To Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Employment ; Urban Wage ; Wage Differential ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: The Ethiopian labor market is facing the dual challenge of creating new employment opportunities for the rapidly expanding labor force and improving the quality of existing jobs in the labor market. This paper estimates an earnings function for the urban wage-employed to understand how investment in human capital shapes labor market outcomes and to what extent human capital returns have been realized. The key findings show that there are significant gains associated with acquiring higher levels of education in the urban labor market. Interestingly, the analysis also finds that the margin of completed primary compared to incomplete primary education is critical in explaining earning gains. This finding has important implications for education policies in Ethiopia, a country in which about 5 percent of gross domestic product is invested in education annually, with nearly half of the budget earmarked for tertiary-level education. Understanding the returns from various levels of education, in different sectors, regions, as well as gender gaps in earnings is critical for thinking about public investment choices and labor market policies that can support nudging market inclusiveness, equity, and efficiency. Investments by the government aimed at incentivizing completion of primary education can go a long way in ensuing higher wages and improving standards of living in Ethiopia
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9879
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What Explains Wage Differentials for the Urban Wage Earners? : Returns to Education for Ethiopia's Urban Wage Employed (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Economics of Education ; Education ; Labor Markets ; Returns To Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Labor Market
    Abstract: The Ethiopian labor market is facing the dual challenge of creating new employment opportunities for the rapidly expanding labor force and improving the quality of existing jobs in the labor market. In this paper, the authors estimate an earnings function for the urban wage-employed to understand how investment in human capital shapes labor market outcomes and to what extent human capital returns have been realized. Their key findings show that there are significant gains associated with acquiring higher levels of education in the urban labor market. Interestingly, the authors also find that the margin of completed primary compared to incomplete primary education is critical in explaining earning gains. This finding has important implications for education policies in Ethiopia, a country in which about five percent of gross domestic product (GDP) is invested on education annually with nearly half of the budget ear-marked for tertiary level education. Understanding the returns from various levels of education, in different sectors, regions, as well as gender gaps in earning are critical to think about public investment choices and labor market policies that can support nudging market inclusiveness, equity, and efficiency. Investments by the government aimed at incentivizing completion of primary education can go a long way in ensuing higher wages and improving standards of living in Ethiopia
    DOI: 10.1596/36398
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Have Firms Fared in Times of COVID-19 in Addis Ababa? : Evidence from Eight Rounds of High-Frequency Phone Surveys (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Well-Being ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Layoffs ; Microenterprises ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic and its negative economic effects create a need for timely data and evidence to help monitor and mitigate the social and economic impacts of the crisis. To monitor the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures on formal firms in Ethiopia and inform the policy response, the World Bank, in collaboration with the government, is implementing a high-frequency phone survey of firms (HFPS-F). The HFPS-F interviews a sample of firms in Addis Ababa every three weeks for a total of eight survey rounds. This high-frequency follow-up allows for a better understanding of the effects of and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic on firm operations, hiring and firing, and expectations of future operations and labor demand in order to better tailor and implement interventions and policy responses and monitor their effects
    DOI: 10.1596/36664
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade Liberalization, Employment Flows, And Wage Inequality In Brazil (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H.G Trade Liberalization, Employment Flows, And Wage Inequality In Brazil
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Capital Incomes ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Distribution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Finance ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Industry ; Inequality Measures ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theory ; Total Factor Production ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Agriculture ; Capital Incomes ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Distribution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Finance ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Industry ; Inequality Measures ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theory ; Total Factor Production ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Agriculture ; Capital Incomes ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Distribution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Finance ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Industry ; Inequality Measures ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theory ; Total Factor Production ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: Using nationally representative, economywide data, this paper investigates the relative importance of trade-mandated effects on industry wage premia; industry and economywide skill premia; and employment flows in accounting for changes in the wage distribution in Brazil during the 1988-95 trade liberalization. Unlike in other Latin American countries, trade liberalization appears to have made a significant contribution toward a reduction in wage inequality. These effects have not occurred through changes in industry-specific (wage or skill) premia. Instead, they appear to have been channeled through substantial employment flows across sectors and formality categories. Changes in the economywide skill premium are also important
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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