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  • Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques  (759)
  • McKenzie, David  (79)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (759)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (72)
  • [Washington, D.C] : World Bank  (7)
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  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (759)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (72)
  • [Washington, D.C] : World Bank  (7)
Keywords
  • 1
    Online Resource
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    Is there Still a Role for Direct Government Support to Firms in Developing Countries? (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McKenzie, David Is there Still a Role for Direct Government Support to Firms in Developing Countries?
    Keywords: Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Firm Support ; Green Growth Agenda ; Impact Evaluation ; Industrial Economics ; Industrial Policy ; Industry ; Macroeconomic Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Subsidized Loans
    Abstract: Should governments in developing countries directly support firms with policies such as grants, subsidized loans, and training and consulting programs, or should they instead just aim to enact sensible regulatory and macroeconomic policies and not attempt to engage in industrial policy While industrial policy has gained renewed attention in developed economies, it faces considerable skepticism in developing countries scarred by previous experiences and facing limited fiscal space. This paper discusses the rationale for government involvement, and then lessons from a recent research agenda in development economics on how to target these programs, on whether they induce firms to undertake additional activities, on avoiding political capture, and on how these interact with competition. This work shows that these policies can deliver some of their promised benefits, but that there is still much to learn and the need for systematic and serious attempts at prospective impact evaluation as new policies are launched
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10628
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  • 2
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    Migration, Families, and Counterfactual Families (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bertoli, Simone Migration, Families, and Counterfactual Families
    Keywords: Counterfactual Reasoning ; Family Formation ; Human Rights ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant Policy ; Migrants Families ; Migration ; Remittances ; Status Quo Bias
    Abstract: Migration changes how families form and dissolve, and how one should conceptualize the family. This has implications for thinking about how the migration decision is modelled when individuals are unable to picture the counterfactual families they may have. Differences in marital status can induce two otherwise identical individuals to make different migration decisions. It also has implications for attempts to causally estimate impacts of migration, when the family composition changes with the migration decision itself. This paper shows empirically that changing marital status after migration is widespread, and that the traditional model of a fixed family sending off a migrant who remains part of that same family only describes a minority of migrants moving from developing countries to the U.S. The authors draw out lessons from thinking about counterfactual families for empirical research and for migration policy
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10626
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
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    Bayesian Impact Evaluation with Informative Priors : An Application to a Colombian Management and Export Improvement Program (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Iacovone, Leonardo Bayesian Impact Evaluation with Informative Priors: An Application to a Colombian Management and Export Improvement Program
    Keywords: Bayesian Impact Evaluation ; Competition Policy ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Competitiveness ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Management ; Prior Elicitation ; Private Sector Development ; Randomized Experiment ; Social Policy Evaluation Method
    Abstract: Policymakers often test expensive new programs on relatively small samples. Formally incorporating informative Bayesian priors into impact evaluation offers the promise to learn more from these experiments. A Colombian government program which aimed to increase exporting was trialed experimentally on 200 firms with this goal in mind. Priors were elicited from academics, policymakers, and firms. Contrary to these priors, frequentist estimation can not reject 0 effects in 2019, and finds some negative impacts in 2020. For binary outcomes like whether firms export, frequentist estimates are relatively precise, and Bayesian credible posterior intervals update to overlap almost completely with standard confidence intervals. For outcomes like increasing export variety, where the priors align with the data, the value of these priors is seen in posterior intervals that are considerably narrower than frequentist confidence intervals. Finally, for noisy outcomes like export value, posterior intervals show almost no updating from the priors, highlighting how uninformative the data are about such outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10274
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  • 4
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    Capacity Building as a Route to Export Market Expansion : A Six-Country Experiment in the Western Balkans (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ana P., Cusolito Capacity Building as a Route to Export Market Expansion: A Six-Country Experiment in the Western Balkans
    Keywords: Broadcast and Media ; Consulting ; Customer Acquisition ; Digital Presence ; Export Competitiveness ; Export Market Expansion ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics and Trade ; Marketing Training ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Training
    Abstract: The limited market size of many small emerging economies is a key constraint to the growth of innovative small and medium enterprises. Exporting offers a potential solution, but firms may struggle to locate and appeal to foreign buyers. A six-country randomized experiment was conducted with 225 firms in the Western Balkans to test the effectiveness of 30 hours of live group-based training and 5 hours of one-on-one remote consulting in overcoming these constraints. Treated firms used techniques such as search engine optimization and improved Facebook content to increase their digital presence and better reach foreign customers. A year later, positive and significant impacts are found on the number of customers, and a significant intensive margin increase in export sales. Qualitative interviews suggest this improvement came from a combination of sector-specific advice on market expansion, and through an encouragement effect which gave entrepreneurs the confidence to try new sales strategies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10256
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  • 5
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    Field and Natural Experiments in Migration (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McKenzie, David Field and Natural Experiments in Migration
    Keywords: Difference-In-Differences ; Economic Growth ; Experimental Methods ; Instrumental Variables ; Migration Experiments ; Natural Experiment ; Regression Discontinuity ; Social Protection and Labor
    Abstract: Many research and policy questions surrounding migration are causal questions. What causes people to migrate? What are the consequences of migration for the migrants, their families, and their communities? Answering these questions requires dealing with the self-selection inherent in migration choices. Field and natural experiments offer methodological approaches that enable answering these causal questions. This paper discusses the key conceptual and logistical issues that face applied researchers when applying these methods to the study of migration, as well as providing guidance for practitioners and policymakers in assessing the credibility of causal claims. For randomized experiments, this includes providing a framework for thinking through what can be randomized; discussing key measurement and design issues that arise from issues such as migration being a rare event, and in measuring welfare changes when people change locations; as well as discussing ethical issues that can arise. The paper then outlines what makes for a good natural experiment in the context of migration, and discusses the implications of recent econometric work for the use of difference-indifferences, instrumental variables (and especially shift-share instruments), and regression discontinuity methods in migration research. A key lesson from this recent work is that it is not meaningful to talk about ?the? impact of migration, but rather impacts are likely to be heterogeneous, affecting both the validity and interpretation of causal estimates
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10250
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  • 6
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    Fears and Tears : Should More People be Moving within and from Developing Countries, and what Stops this Movement? (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McKenzie, David Fears and Tears: Should More People be Moving within and from Developing Countries, and what Stops this Movement?
    Keywords: Attachment To Home ; Benefits of Urbanization ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Constraints That Limit Movement ; Economics of Migration ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Internal Relocation ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Mental Health ; Migration Policy ; Psychological Uncertainty of Relocation ; Wealth and Wellbeing
    Abstract: Only one in seven of the world's population has ever migrated, despite the enormous gains in income possible through international and internal movement. This paper examines the evidence for different explanations given in the economics literature for this lack of movement and their implications for policy. Incorrect information about the gains to migrating, liquidity constraints that prevent poor people paying the costs of moving, and high costs of movement arising from both physical transportation costs and policy barriers all inhibit movement and offer scope for policy efforts to inform, provide credit, and lower moving costs. However, the economics literature has paid less attention to the fears people have when faced with the uncertainty of moving to a new place, and to the reasons behind the tears they shed when moving. While these tears reveal the attachment people have to particular places, this attachment is not fixed, but itself changes with migration experiences. Psychological factors such as a bias toward the status quo and the inability to picture what one is giving up by not migrating can result in people not moving, even when they would benefit from movement and are not constrained by finances or policy barriers from doing so. This suggests new avenues for policy interventions that can help individuals better visualize the opportunity costs of not moving, alleviate their uncertainties, and help shift their default behavior from not migrating
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10128
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  • 7
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    What Prevents More Small Firms from Using Professional Business Services? : An Information and Quality-Rating Experiment in Nigeria (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Anderson, Stephen J What Prevents More Small Firms from Using Professional Business Services? An Information and Quality-Rating Experiment in Nigeria
    Abstract: Why do more small firms in developing countries not use the market for professional business services like accounting, marketing, and human resource specialists? Two key reasons may be that firms lack information about the availability of these services, and that they struggle to distinguish the quality of good versus bad providers. A brand recognition exercise finds that most small firms are unaware of most providers in this market, and a survey of service providers reveals that they largely rely on word-of-mouth and informal reputation mechanisms for acquiring customers. This study set up a business services marketplace that contains information about the different providers present in the market and used mystery shopper visits to develop a quality ratings system. A randomized experiment with more than 1,000 firms provided access to this marketplace to the treatment group and randomized whether firms received just information or also quality ratings. The provision of quality ratings information shifts small firms' preferences over which provider they would like to use, increasing the average quality rating of their preferred providers by 0.2 to 0.4 ratings points out of 5. However, neither the provision of information nor these quality ratings had any significant impact on the likelihood that small firms go on to hire a business service provider over the subsequent six months. The results suggest that alleviating information frictions alone is insufficient to increase usage of professional business services
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9614
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  • 8
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    Aspirations and Financial Decisions : Experimental Evidence from the Philippines (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: McKenzie, David Aspirations and Financial Decisions: Experimental Evidence from the Philippines
    Abstract: A randomized experiment among poor entrepreneurs tested the impact of exogenously inducing higher financial aspirations. In theory, raising aspirations could have positive effects by inducing higher effort, but could also reduce effort if unmet aspirations lead to frustration. Treatment resulted in more ambitious savings goals, but nearly all individuals fell far short of reaching these goals. Two years later, treated individuals had not saved more, and actually had lower borrowing and business investments. Treatment also reduced belief in the amount of control over one's life. Setting aspirations too high can lead to frustration, leading individuals to reduce their economic investments
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9586
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  • 9
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    How has COVID-19 Affected the Intention to Migrate via the Backway to Europe and to a Neighboring African Country? : Survey Evidence and a Salience Experiment in the Gambia (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Bah, Tijan L How has COVID-19 Affected the Intention to Migrate via the Backway to Europe and to a Neighboring African Country? Survey Evidence and a Salience Experiment in the Gambia
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in border closures in many countries and a sharp reduction in overall international mobility. However, this disruption of legal pathways to migration has raised concerns that potential migrants may turn to irregular migration routes as a substitute. This paper examines how the pandemic has changed intentions to migrate from The Gambia, the country with the highest pre-pandemic per-capita irregular migration rates in Africa. A large-scale panel survey conducted in 2019 and 2020 is used to compare changes in intentions to migrate to Europe and to neighboring Senegal. The data show that the pandemic has reduced the intention to migrate to both destinations, with approximately one-third of young males expressing less intention to migrate. The largest reductions in migration intentions are for individuals who were unsure of their intent pre-pandemic, and for poorer individuals who are no longer able to afford the costs of migrating at a time when these costs have increased and their remittance income has fallen. This paper also introduces the methodology of priming experiments to the study of migration intentions, by randomly varying the salience of the COVID-19 pandemic before eliciting intentions to migrate. There is no impact of this added salience, which appears to be because knowledge of the virus, while imperfect, was already enough to inform migration decisions. Nevertheless, despite these decreases in intentions, the overall desire to migrate the backway to Europe remains high, highlighting the need for legal migration pathways to support migrants and divert them from the risks of backway migration
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9658
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  • 10
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    Testing Classic Theories of Migration in the Lab (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Batista, Catia Testing Classic Theories of Migration in the Lab
    Keywords: Destination Choice ; Employment and Unemployment ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Lab Experiment ; Migrant Selection ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: The predictions of different classic migration theories are tested by using incentivized laboratory experiments to investigate how potential migrants decide between working in different destinations. First, the authors test theories of income maximization, migrant skill-selection, and multi-destination choice as they vary migration costs, liquidity constraints, risk, social benefits, and incomplete information. The standard income maximization model of migration with selection on observed and unobserved skills leads to a much higher migration rate and more negative skill-selection than is obtained when migration decisions take place under more realistic assumptions. Second, these lab experiments are used to investigate whether the independence of irrelevant alternatives assumption holds. The results show that it holds for most people when decisions just involve wages, costs, and liquidity constraints. However, once the risk of unemployment and incomplete information is added, independence of irrelevant alternatives no longer holds for about 20 percent of the sample
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9751
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  • 11
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    Growing Markets through Business Training for Female Entrepreneurs : A Market-Level Randomized Experiment in Kenya (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McKenzie, David Growing Markets through Business Training for Female Entrepreneurs: A Market-Level Randomized Experiment in Kenya
    Abstract: A common concern with efforts to directly help some small businesses to grow is that their growth comes at the expense of their unassisted competitors. This study tests this possibility using a two-stage randomized experiment in Kenya. The experiment randomizes business training at the market level, and then within markets to selected businesses. Three years after training, the treated businesses are selling more, earn higher profits, and their owners have higher well-being. There is no evidence of negative spillovers on the competing businesses, and the markets as a whole appear to have grown in terms of number of customers and sales volumes. This market growth appears to come from enhanced customer service and new product introduction, generating more customers and more sales from existing customers. As a result, business growth in underdeveloped markets is possible without taking sales away from nontreated businesses
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7993
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  • 12
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    How Effective Are Active Labor Market Policies in Developing Countries? A Critical Review of Recent Evidence (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McKenzie, David How Effective Are Active Labor Market Policies in Developing Countries? A Critical Review of Recent Evidence
    Abstract: Jobs are the number one policy concern of policy makers in many countries. The global financial crisis, rising demographic pressures, high unemployment rates, and concerns over automation all make it seem imperative that policy makers employ increasingly more active labor market policies. This paper critically examines recent evaluations of labor market policies that have provided vocational training, wage subsidies, job search assistance, and assistance moving to argue that many active labor market policies are much less effective than policymakers typically assume. Many of these evaluations find no significant impacts on either employment or earnings. One reason is that urban labor markets appear to work reasonably well in many cases, with fewer market failures than is often thought. As a result, there is less of a role for many traditional active labor market policies than is common practice. The review then discusses examples of job creation policies that do seem to offer promise, and concludes with lessons for impact evaluation and policy is this area
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8011
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  • 13
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    Learning the Impact of Financial Education When Take-Up Is Low (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ibarra, Gabriel Lara Learning the Impact of Financial Education When Take-Up Is Low
    Abstract: Financial education programs are increasingly offered by governments, nonprofits, and financial institutions. However, voluntary participation rates in such programs are often very low, posing a severe challenge for randomized experiments attempting to measure their impact. This study uses a large experiment on more than 100,000 credit card clients in Mexico. The study shows how the richness of financial data allows combining nonexperimental methods with the experiment to yield credible measures of impact, even with take-up rates below 1 percent. The findings show that a financial education workshop and personalized coaching result in a higher likelihood of paying credit cards on time, and of making more than the minimum payment, but do not reduce spending, resulting in higher profitability for the bank
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8238
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  • 14
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    Can Enhancing the Benefits of Formalization Induce Informal Firms to Become Formal? Experimental Evidence from Benin (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Benhassine, Najy Can Enhancing the Benefits of Formalization Induce Informal Firms to Become Formal? Experimental Evidence from Benin
    Abstract: Governments around the world have introduced reforms to attempt to make it easier for informal firms to formalize. However, most informal firms have not gone on to become formal, especially when tax registration is involved. A randomized experiment based around the introduction of the entreprenant legal status in Benin is used to provide evidence from an African context on the willingness of informal firms to register after introducing a simple, free registration process, and to test the effectiveness of supplementary efforts to enhance the presumed benefits of formalization by facilitating its links to government training programs, support to open bank accounts, and tax mediation services. Few firms register when just given information about the new regime, but 9.6 percentage points more register when they were visited in person and the benefits were explained. The full package of supplementary efforts boosts the impact on the formalization rate to 16.3 percentage points, demonstrating that enhancing the benefits of formalization does induce more firms to formalize. Firms that are larger, and that look more like formal firms to begin with, are more likely to formalize, providing guidance for better targeting of such policies. However, formalization appears to offer limited benefits to the firms, and the costs of personalized assistance are high, suggesting that such enhanced formalization efforts are unlikely to pass cost-benefit tests
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7900
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  • 15
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    Labor Drops : Experimental Evidence on the Return to Additional Labor in Microenterprises (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als de Mel, Suresh Labor Drops: Experimental Evidence on the Return to Additional Labor in Microenterprises
    Abstract: The majority of enterprises in many developing countries have no paid workers. This paper reports on a field experiment conducted in Sri Lanka that provided wage subsidies to randomly chosen microenterprises to test whether hiring additional labor would benefit such firms. In the presence of labor market frictions, a short-term subsidy could have a lasting impact on firm employment. Using 12 rounds of surveys to track dynamics four years after the end of the subsidy, the study finds that firms increased employment during the subsidy period, but there was no lasting impact on employment, profitability, or sales. Two supplementary interventions and treatment heterogeneity suggest the lack of impact is not due to complementarities with capital or management skills, and detailed survey data help rule out a number of theoretical mechanisms that could result in sub-optimally low employment. The study concludes that the urban labor market facing microenterprises does not have large frictions that would prevent own-account workers from becoming employers
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7924
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  • 16
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    Can Business Owners Form Accurate Counterfactuals? : Eliciting Treatment and Control Beliefs about Their Outcomes in the Alternative Treatment Status (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McKenzie, David Can Business Owners Form Accurate Counterfactuals? : Eliciting Treatment and Control Beliefs about Their Outcomes in the Alternative Treatment Status
    Abstract: A survey of participants in a large-scale business plan competition experiment, in which winners received an average of US
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7668
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  • 17
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    The Demand for, and Impact of, Youth Internships : Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Yemen (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McKenzie, David The Demand for, and Impact of, Youth Internships: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Yemen
    Abstract: This paper evaluates a youth internship program in the Republic of Yemen that provided firms with a 50 percent subsidy to hire recent graduates of universities and vocational schools. The first round of the program took place in 2014 and required both firms and youth to apply for the program. The paper examines the demand for such a program, and finds that in the context of an economy facing substantial political and economic uncertainty, it appears there is an oversupply of graduates in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, and a relative undersupply of graduates in marketing and business. Conditional on the types of graduates firms were looking to hire as interns, applicants were then randomly chosen for the program. Receiving an internship resulted in an almost doubling of work experience in 2014, and a 73 percent increase in income during this period compared with the control group. A short-term follow-up survey conducted just as civil conflict was breaking out shows that internship recipients had better employment outcomes than the control group in the first five months after the program ended
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7463
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  • 18
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    Identifying and Spurring High-Growth Entrepreneurship : Experimental Evidence from a Business Plan Competition (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (74 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McKenzie, David Identifying and Spurring High-Growth Entrepreneurship: Experimental Evidence from a Business Plan Competition
    Abstract: Almost all firms in developing countries have fewer than 10 workers, with the modal firm consisting of just the owner. Are there potential high-growth entrepreneurs with the ability to grow their firms beyond this size? And, if so, can public policy help alleviate the constraints that prevent these entrepreneurs from doing so? A large-scale national business plan competition in Nigeria is used to help provide evidence on these two questions. The competition was launched with much fanfare, and attracted almost 24,000 entrants. Random assignment was used to select some of the winners from a pool of semi-finalists, with US
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7391
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  • 19
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    Short-Term Impacts of Formalization Assistance and a Bank Information Session on Business Registration and Access to Finance in Malawi (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Campos, Francisco Short-Term Impacts of Formalization Assistance and a Bank Information Session on Business Registration and Access to Finance in Malawi
    Abstract: Despite regulatory efforts designed to make it easier for firms to formalize, informality remains extremely high among firms in Sub-Saharan Africa. In most of the region, business registration in a national registry is separate from tax registration. This paper provides initial results from an experiment in Malawi that randomly allocated firms into a control group and three treatment groups: a) a group offered assistance for costless business registration; b) a group offered assistance with costless business registration and (separate) tax registration; and c) a group offered assistance for costless business registration along with an information session at a bank that ended with the offer of business bank accounts. The study finds that all three treatments had extremely large impacts on business registration, with 75 percent of those offered assistance receiving a business registration certificate. The findings offer a cost-effective way of getting firms to formalize in this dimension. However, in common with other studies, information and assistance has a limited impact on tax registration. The paper measures the short-term impacts of formalization on financial access and usage. Business registration alone has no impact for either men or women on bank account usage, savings, or credit. However, the combination of formalization assistance and the bank information session results in significant impacts on having a business bank account, financial practices, savings, and use of complementary financial products
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7183
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  • 20
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    The Long-Term Impacts of International Migration : Evidence from a Lottery (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gibson, John The Long-Term Impacts of International Migration: Evidence from a Lottery
    Abstract: This study examines the long-term impacts of international migration by comparing immigrants who had successful ballot entries in a migration lottery program, and first moved almost a decade ago, with people who had unsuccessful entries into those same ballots. The long-term gain in income is found to be similar in magnitude to the gain in the first year, despite migrants upgrading their education and changing their locations and occupations. This results in large, sustained benefits to the migrants' immediate family, who have substantially higher consumption, durable asset ownership, savings, and dietary diversity. In contrast, the study finds no measureable impact on extended family
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7495
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    The Additionality Impact of a Matching Grant Program for Small Firms : Experimental Evidence from Yemen (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McKenzie, David The Additionality Impact of a Matching Grant Program for Small Firms: Experimental Evidence from Yemen
    Abstract: Matching grants are one of the most common types of private sector development programs used in developing countries. But government subsidies to private firms can be controversial. A key question is that of additionality: do these programs get firms to undertake innovative activities that they would not otherwise do, or merely subsidize activities that would take place anyway? Randomized controlled trials can provide the counterfactual needed to answer this question, but efforts to experiment with matching grant programs have often failed. This paper uses a randomized controlled trial of a matching grant program for firms in the Republic of Yemen to demonstrate the feasibility of conducting experiments with well-designed programs, and to measure the additionality impact. In the first year, the matching grant is found to have led to more product innovation, firms upgrading their accounting systems, marketing more, making more capital investments, and being more likely to report their sales grew
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7462
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  • 22
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    Business Practices in Small Firms in Developing Countries (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McKenzie, David Business Practices in Small Firms in Developing Countries
    Abstract: Management has a large effect on the productivity of large firms. But does management matter in micro and small firms, where the majority of the labor force in developing countries works? This study developed 26 questions that measure business practices in marketing, stock-keeping, record-keeping, and financial planning. These questions have been administered in surveys in Bangladesh, Chile, Ghana, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, and Sri Lanka. This paper shows that variation in business practices explains as much of the variation in outcomes-sales, profits, and labor productivity and total factor productivity-in microenterprises as in larger enterprises. Panel data from three countries indicate that better business practices predict higher survival rates and faster sales growth. The effect of business practices is robust to including many measures of the owner's human capital. The analysis finds that owners with higher human capital, children of entrepreneurs, and firms with employees employ better business practices. Competition has less robust effects
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7405
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  • 23
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    Finding a Path to Formalization in Benin : Early Results after the Introduction of the Entreprenant Legal Status (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Benhassine, Najy Finding a Path to Formalization in Benin: Early Results after the Introduction of the Entreprenant Legal Status
    Abstract: In April 2014, the Government of Benin launched the entreprenant status, a simplified and free legal regime offered to small informal businesses to enter the formal economy. This paper presents the short-term results of a randomized impact evaluation testing three different versions of the entreprenant status on business registration decisions, each version including incremental incentives to registration: (i) information on the new legal status and its benefits, (ii) business training, counseling services, and support to open a bank account, (iii) tax mediation services. The study included 3,600 informal businesses operating with a fixed location in Cotonou, Benin, which were randomly allocated between three treatment groups and one control group. One year after the program launch, all versions of the program had significant impact on formalization rates. The impact was 9.1 percentage points in the first treatment group; 13 percentage points in the second group; and 15.8 percentage points in the last group. The program had a higher impact on male business owners, with more education, operating outside Dantokpa Market, in sectors other than trade, and that before being offered the incentives to formalization had characteristics similar to businesses that were already formal. Data from a second follow-up survey, which is expected to take place in March 2016, will explore the impacts on other outcomes, like business performances or access to banking
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7510
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  • 24
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    Directing Remittances to Education with Soft and Hard Commitments : Evidence from a Lab-in-the-Field Experiment and New Product Take-up among Filipino Migrants in Rome (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: De Arcangelis, Giuseppe Directing Remittances to Education with Soft and Hard Commitments
    Abstract: This paper tests how migrants' willingness to remit changes when given the ability to direct remittances to educational purposes using different forms of commitment. Variants of a dictator game in a lab-in-the-field experiment with Filipino migrants in Rome are used to examine remitting behavior under varying degrees of commitment. These range from the soft commitment of simply labeling remittances as being for education, to the hard commitment of having funds directly paid to a school and the student's educational performance monitored. The analysis finds that the introduction of simple labeling for education raises remittances by more than 15 percent. Adding the ability to directly send this funding to the school adds only a further 2.2 percent. The information asymmetry between migrants and their most closely connected household is randomly varied, but no significant change is found in the remittance response to these forms of commitment as information varies. Behavior in these games is shown to be predictive of take-up of a new financial product called EduPay, designed to allow migrants to pay remittances directly to schools in the Philippines. This take-up seems largely driven by a response to the ability to label remittances for education, rather than to the hard commitment feature of directly paying schools
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6896
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  • 25
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    Macroinsurance for Microenterprises : A Randomized Experiment in Post-Revolution Egypt (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Groh, Matthew Macroinsurance for Microenterprises
    Abstract: Firms in many developing countries cite macroeconomic instability and political uncertainty as major constraints to their growth. Economic theory suggests uncertainty can cause firms to delay investments until uncertainty is resolved. A randomized experiment was conducted in post-revolution Egypt to measure the impact of insuring microenterprises against macroeconomic and political uncertainty. Demand for macroeconomic shock insurance was high; 36.7 percent of microentrepreneurs in the treatment group purchased insurance. However, purchasing insurance does not change the likelihood that a business takes a new loan, the size of the loan, or how the loan is invested. This lack of effect is attributed to microenterprises largely investing in inventories and raw materials rather than irreversible investments like equipment. These results suggest that, contrary to what some firms profess, macroeconomic and political risk is not inhibiting the investment behavior of microenterprises. However, insurance may still be of value to help firms cope with shocks when they do occur, but the paper is unable to examine this dimension, because the insurance product did not pay out over the course of the pilot
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  • 26
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    Evidence on Policies to Increase the Development Impacts of International Migration (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: McKenzie, David Evidence on Policies to Increase the Development Impacts of International Migration
    Abstract: International migration offers individuals and their families the potential to experience immediate and large gains in their incomes, and offers a large number of other positive benefits to the sending communities and countries. However, there are also concerns about potential costs of migration, including concerns about trafficking and human rights, a desire for remittances to be used more effectively, and concerns about externalities from skilled workers being lost. As a result there is increasing interest in policies which can enhance the development benefits of international migration and mitigate these potential costs. This paper provides a critical review of recent research on the effectiveness of these policies at three stages of the migration process: pre-departure, during migration, and directed toward possible return. The existing evidence base suggests some areas of policy success: bilateral migration agreements for countries whose workers have few other migration options, developing new savings and remittance products that allow migrants more control over how their money is used, and some efforts to provide financial education to migrants and their families. Suggestive evidence together with theory offers support for a number of other policies, such as lowering the cost of remittances, reducing passport costs, offering dual citizenship, and removing exit barriers to migration. Research offers reasons to be cautious about some policies, such as enforcing strong rights for migrants like high minimum wages. Nevertheless, the paper finds the evidence base to be weak for many policies, with no reliable research on the impact of most return migration programs, nor for whether countries should be trying to induce communal remitting through matching funds
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  • 27
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    Development through Seasonal Worker Programs : The Case of New Zealand's RSE Program (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Gibson, John Development through Seasonal Worker Programs
    Abstract: Seasonal worker programs are increasingly seen as offering the potential to be part of international development policy. New Zealand's Recognised Seasonal Employer program is one of the first and most prominent of programs designed with this perspective. This paper provides a detailed examination of this policy through the first six seasons. This includes the important role of policy facilitation measures taken by governments and aid agencies. The evolution of the program in terms of worker numbers is discussed, along with new data on the (high) degree of circularity in worker movements, and new data on (very low) worker overstay rates. There appears to have been little displacement of New Zealand workers, and new data show Recognised Seasonal Employer workers to be more productive than local labor and that workers appear to gain productivity as they return for subsequent seasons. The program has also benefitted the migrants participating in the program, with increases in per capita incomes, expenditure, savings, and subjective well-being. Taken together, this evidence suggests that the program is largely living up to its promise of a "triple win" for migrants, their sending countries in the Pacific, and New Zealand
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6762
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  • 28
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    The Impact of Vocational Training for the Unemployed : Experimental Evidence from Turkey (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Hirshleifer, Sarojini The Impact of Vocational Training for the Unemployed
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Berufsbildung ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Türkei
    Abstract: A randomized experiment is used to evaluate a large-scale, active labor market policy: Turkey's vocational training programs for the unemployed. A detailed follow-up survey of a large sample with low attrition enables precise estimation of treatment impacts and their heterogeneity. The average impact of training on employment is positive, but close to zero and statistically insignificant, which is much lower than either program officials or applicants expected. Over the first year after training, the paper finds that training had statistically significant effects on the quality of employment and that the positive impacts are stronger when training is offered by private providers. However, longer-term administrative data show that after three years these effects have also dissipated
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6807
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  • 29
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    Do Poverty Traps Exist? (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kraay, Aart Do Poverty Traps Exist?
    Abstract: This paper reviews the empirical evidence on the existence of poverty traps, understood as self-reinforcing mechanisms through which poor individuals or countries remain poor. Poverty traps have captured the interest of many development policy makers, because poverty traps provide a theoretically coherent explanation for persistent poverty. They also suggest that temporary policy interventions may have long-term effects on poverty. However, a review of the reduced-form empirical evidence suggests that truly stagnant incomes of the sort predicted by standard models of poverty traps are in fact quite rare. Moreover, the empirical evidence regarding several canonical mechanisms underlying models of poverty traps is mixed
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6835
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  • 30
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    Why Don't Remittances Appear to Affect Growth? (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Clemens, Michael A Why Don't Remittances Appear to Affect Growth?
    Abstract: Although measured remittances by migrant workers have soared in recent years, macroeconomic studies have difficulty detecting their effect on economic growth. This paper reviews existing explanations for this puzzle and proposes three new ones. First, it offers evidence that a large majority of the recent rise in measured remittances may be illusory-arising from changes in measurement, not changes in real financial flows. Second, it shows that even if these increases were correctly measured, cross-country regressions would have too little power to detect their effects on growth. Third, it points out that the greatest driver of rising remittances is rising migration, which has an opportunity cost to economic product at the origin. Net of that cost, there is little reason to expect large growth effects of remittances in the origin economy. Migration and remittances clearly have first-order effects on poverty at the origin, on the welfare of migrants and their families, and on global gross domestic product; but detecting their effects on growth of the origin economy is likely to remain elusive
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6856
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  • 31
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    Testing the Importance of Search Frictions, Matching, and Reservation Prestige through Randomized Experiments in Jordan (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Groh, Matthew Testing the Importance of Search Frictions, Matching, and Reservation Prestige through Randomized Experiments in Jordan
    Abstract: Unemployment rates for tertiary-educated youth in Jordan are high, as is the duration of unemployment. Two randomized experiments in Jordan were used to test different theories that may explain this phenomenon. The first experiment tested the role of search and matching frictions by providing firms and job candidates with an intensive screening and matching service based on educational backgrounds and psychometric assessments. Although more than 1,000 matches were made, youth rejected the opportunity to even have an interview in 28 percent of cases, and when a job offer was received, they rejected this offer or quickly quit the job 83 percent of the time. A second experiment built on the first by examining the willingness of educated, unemployed youth to apply for jobs of varying levels of prestige. Youth applied to only a small proportion of the job openings they were told about, with application rates higher for higher prestige jobs than lower prestige jobs. Youth failed to show up for the majority of interviews scheduled for low prestige jobs. The results suggest that reservation prestige is an important factor underlying the unemployment of educated Jordanian youth
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7030
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  • 32
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    Radio Frequency (Un)Identification : Results from a Proof-of-Concept Trial of the Use of RFID Technology to Measure Microenterprise Turnover in Sri Lanka (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: de Mel, Suresh Radio Frequency (Un)Identification
    Keywords: Kleinstunternehmen ; Befragung ; Gewinn ; Absatz ; RFID
    Abstract: Accurate measurement of stock levels, turnover, and profitability in microenterprises in developing countries is difficult because the majority of these firms do not keep detailed records. This paper tests the use of radio frequency identification tags as a means of objectively measuring stock levels and stock flow in small retail firms in Sri Lanka. In principle, the tags offer the potential to track stock movements accurately. The paper compares the stock counts obtained from RFID reads to physical stock counts and to survey responses. There are three main findings. First, current RFID-technology is more difficult to use, and more time-consuming to employ, than had been envisaged. Second, the technology works reasonably well for paper products, but very poorly for most products sold by microenterprises: on average only about one-quarter of the products tagged could be read and there was considerable day-to-day variation in read-efficiency. Third, a comparison of survey responses and physical stock-takes shows much higher accuracy for survey measures. As a result, the study concludes that this technology is currently unsuitable for improving stock measurement in microenterprises, except perhaps for a few products
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  • 33
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    A Helping Hand or the Long Arm of the Law? : Experimental Evidence on What Governments Can Do to Formalize Firms (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: De Andrade, Gustavo Henrique A Helping Hand or the Long Arm of the Law?
    Abstract: Many governments have spent much of the past decade trying to extend a helping hand to informal businesses by making it easier and cheaper for them to formalize. Much less effort has been devoted to raising the costs of remaining informal, through increasing enforcement of existing regulations. This paper reports on a field experiment conducted in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in order to test which government actions work in getting informal firms to register. Firms were randomized to a control group or one of four treatment groups: the first received information about how to formalize; the second received this information and free registration costs along with the use of an accountant for a year; the third group was assigned to receive an enforcement visit from a municipal inspector; while the fourth group was assigned to have a neighboring firm receive an enforcement visit to see if enforcement has spillovers. The analysis finds zero or negative impacts of information and free cost treatments, and a significant but small increase in formalization from inspections. Estimates of the impact of actually receiving an inspection give a 21 to 27 percentage point increase in the likelihood of formalizing. The results show most informal firms will not formalize unless forced to do so, suggesting formality offers little private benefit to them. But the tax revenue benefits to the government of bringing firms of this size into the formal system more than offset the costs of inspections
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6435
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  • 34
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    Why is Voluntary Financial Education so Unpopular? : Experimental Evidence from Mexico (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Bruhn, Miriam Why is Voluntary Financial Education so Unpopular?
    Abstract: Take-up of voluntary financial education programs is typically extremely low. This paper reports on randomized experiments around a large financial literacy course offered in Mexico City to understand the reasons for low take-up, and to measure the impact of financial education. It documents that the general public displays little interest in such courses and that participation is low even among individuals who express interest in financial education. The paper experimentally investigates barriers to take-up, and finds no impact of relaxing reputational or logistical constraints and no evidence that time inconsistency is the reason for limited participation. Even relatively sizeable monetary incentives get less than 40 percent of interested individuals invited to training to attend. Using a randomized encouragement design, the authors measure the impact of the course on financial knowledge and behavior. Attending training results in a 9 percentage point increase in financial knowledge and a 9 percentage point increase in saving outcomes, but no impact on borrowing behavior. Administrative data indicate that the savings impact is relatively short-lived. The results suggest people are making optimal choices not to attend financial education courses, and point to the limits of using general purpose courses to improve financial behavior for the general population
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6439
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  • 35
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    Eliciting Illegal Migration Rates through List Randomization (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: McKenzie, David Eliciting Illegal Migration Rates through List Randomization
    Abstract: Most migration surveys do not ask about the legal status of migrants due to concerns about the sensitivity of this question. List randomization is a technique that has been used in a number of other social science applications to elicit sensitive information. This paper trials this technique by adding it to surveys conducted in Ethiopia, Mexico, Morocco, and the Philippines. It shows how, in principal, this can be used both to give an estimate of the overall rate of illegal migration in the population being surveyed, as well as to determine illegal migration rates for subgroups such as more or less educated households. The results suggest that there is some useful information in this method: higher rates of illegal migration in countries where illegal migration is thought to be more prevalent and households who say they have a migrant are more likely to report having an illegal migrant. Nevertheless, some of the other findings also suggest some possible inconsistencies or noise in the conclusions obtained using this method. The authors suggest directions for future attempts to implement this approach in migration surveys
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6426
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  • 36
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    Unilateral Facilitation Does Not Raise International Labor Migration from the Philippines (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Beam, Emily Unilateral Facilitation Does Not Raise International Labor Migration from the Philippines
    Keywords: 2010-2012 ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Migrationspolitik ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Schätzung ; Philippinen
    Abstract: Significant income gains from migrating from poorer to richer countries have motivated unilateral (source-country) policies facilitating labor emigration. However, their effectiveness is unknown. The authors conducted a large-scale randomized experiment in the Philippines testing the impact of unilaterally facilitating international labor migration. The most intensive treatment doubled the rate of job offers but had no identifiable effect on international labor migration. Even the highest overseas job-search rate that was induced (22 percent) falls far short of the share initially expressing interest in migrating (34 percent). The paper concludes that unilateral migration facilitation will at most induce a trickle, not a flood, of additional emigration
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6689
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  • 37
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    Using Administrative Data to Evaluate Municipal Reforms : An Evaluation of the Impact of Minas Fácil Expresso (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Bruhn, Miriam Using Administrative Data to Evaluate Municipal Reforms
    Abstract: Efforts to make it easier for firms to register formally are the most common form of business regulatory reform over the past decade. While there is evidence that large reforms have resulted in some increases in registration rates, recent experimental evidence suggests very few informal firms choose to register when given information about how to do so. This raises the question of whether it is productive for governments to continue to extend simplification efforts to all firms, especially those in more remote areas where many of the benefits of registering may be reduced. This study uses administrative data to evaluate the impact of Minas Fácil Expresso, a program in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, which attempted to expand a business start-up simplification program to more remote municipalities. Using difference-in-differences with 56 months of registration data for 822 municipalities, the analysis finds introducing these units actually led to a reduction in registration rates, and no change in tax revenues. The paper uses this evaluation to illustrate the design choices and issues involved in using administrative data to evaluate reforms, with the goal of also providing a template that can be used for evaluating similar reforms elsewhere
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6368
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  • 38
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    Entry Regulation and Formalization of Microenterprises in Developing Countries (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Bruhn, Miriam Entry Regulation and Formalization of Microenterprises in Developing Countries
    Abstract: The majority of microenterprises in most developing countries remain informal despite more than a decade of reforms aimed at making it easier and cheaper for them to formalize. This paper summarizes the evidence on the effects of entry reforms and related policy actions to promote firm formalization. Most of these policies result only in a modest increase in the number of formal firms, if at all. Less is known about the impact of other forms of business regulations on the performance of low-scale enterprises. Most informal firms appear not to benefit on net from formalizing, so ease of formalization alone will not lead to most of them formalizing. Increased enforcement of rules can increase formality. Although there is a fiscal benefit of doing this with larger informal firms, it is unclear whether there is a public rationale for trying to formalize subsistence enterprises
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6507
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  • 39
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    Vers une croissance verte : Suivre les progrès : Les indicateurs de l'OCDE (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264111363
    Language: French
    Pages: 144 p. , 21x28cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2011 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur la croissance verte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Green Growth: Monitoring Progress: OECD Indicators
    DDC: 363.7
    Keywords: Environmental policy Economic aspects ; Economic development Environmental aspects ; Sustainable development
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. pt. Suivre les progrès vers une croissance verte -- 2. pt. Les indicateurs.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264111370-fr
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  • 40
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    La gouvernance de l'eau dans les pays de l'OCDE : une approche pluri-niveaux (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264119291
    Language: French
    Pages: 310 p. , ill. , 21x28cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2011 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Water Governance in OECD Countries: A Multi-level Approach
    Keywords: Water-supply Government policy ; Water-supply Management
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264168244-fr
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  • 41
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    Politique réglementaire et gouvernance : Soutenir la croissance économique et servir l'intérêt général (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264117228
    Language: French
    Pages: 172 p. , 21x28cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2011 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulatory Policy and Governance: Supporting Economic Growth and Serving the Public Interest
    Keywords: Trade regulation ; Economic development Government policy ; Public administration
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264168220-fr
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  • 42
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Israe͏̈l 2011 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264168541
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (225 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Israel 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Israel 2011
    Keywords: Environment ; Israel
    Abstract: Depuis quelques années, Israël renforce sa politique d’environnement et devrait maintenant mettre au point un plan de croissance verte regroupant les politiques environnementale, économique et sociale. Telle est la principale recommandation formulée par l’Examen des performances environnementales de l’OCDE : Israël 2011. Ce rapport constitue le premier examen de l’OCDE consacré à la politique de l'environnement d’Israël depuis l’adhésion du pays à l’Organisation, l’année dernière. Compte tenu de sa superficie relativement petite, de ses faibles ressources en eau, de la densité de sa population et de son taux élevé d’urbanisation, Israël doit faire face à des défis environnementaux pressants. Le pays a réalisé des progrès appréciables en ce qui concerne la pollution atmosphérique et l’utilisation de l’eau notamment. Ce faisant, Israël a développé un secteur des « technologies propres » dynamique. Cependant, sa forte croissance économique et démographique fait peser sur l’environnement des pressions de plus en plus fortes, imputables à la production de déchets, à la dégradation des habitats et aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre. L’Examen présente 41 recommandations pour aider le pays à relever ces défis.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264168541-fr
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  • 43
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    Examens de l'OCDE sur la gouvernance publique: France : Une perspective internationale sur la Révision générale des politiques publiques (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264167605
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (282 p.)
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE sur la gouvernance publique
    Keywords: Governance ; France
    Abstract: Le programme de réformes appelé la « Révision générale des politiques publiques » (RGPP), commencé au niveau de l’État en France en 2007, est une démarche inédite au sein des pays de l’OCDE par son mode de gouvernance impliquant directement et continuellement les plus hauts responsables de l’État en France. Dans cette publication, les résultats du programme de réformes de la RGPP sont analysés au regard des objectifs de départ, mais aussi dans le nouveau contexte économique et budgétaire dans lequel se trouve actuellement la France. Les leçons qui en sont tirées en termes d’économies budgétaires, de mise en place d’une culture de l’innovation, et d’améliorations de services rendus aux citoyens sont importantes pour tous les pays de l’OCDE dans leurs démarches d’amélioration de leur gouvernance et des résultats des administrations publiques. Elles sont tout aussi essentielles pour les collectivités locales, qui, elles aussi, sont contraintes d’innover dans leurs pratiques afin de fournir de meilleurs services à un moindre coût.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264167605-fr
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  • 44
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : République slovaque 2011 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264121850
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Slovak Republic 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Slovak Republic 2011; (Slovak version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Slovak Republic 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Slovak Republic 2011: (Slovak version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: Le programme d’examens environnementaux de l'OCDE propose des évaluations indépendantes des progrès accomplis par les pays eu égard à leurs engagements nationaux et internationaux en matière d’environnement, ainsi que des recommandations orientées vers l’action des pouvoirs publics. Ces examens ont pour objectif de promouvoir l’apprentissage entre pairs, d’encourager les pays à rendre compte de leur action aux autres pays et à leur opinion publique, ainsi que d’améliorer les performances environnementales des gouvernements, individuellement et collectivement. Les analyses s’appuient sur un large éventail de données économiques et environnementales. Cet ouvrage est le deuxième examen effectué par l'OCDE des performances environnementales de la République slovaque. Le précédent examen a été publié en 2002.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264121850-fr
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  • 45
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    Argent rime-t-il avec bonne performance dans l'enquête PISA ? (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Does Money Buy Strong Performance in PISA?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Ce numéro montre que les pays les plus performants préfèrent investir les ressources limitées dont ils disposent dans la valorisation des salaires des enseignants plutôt que dans la réduction des effectifs en classe. Ce ne sont ni les pays qui réalisent les dépenses d'éducation les plus importantes, ni les pays les plus riches ; il s'agit plutôt des pays qui s'engagent à offrir à l'ensemble de leurs élèves une éducation de qualité, forts de la conviction que la réussite est à la portée de tous.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9fhmg382zt-fr
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  • 46
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    Garçons et filles sont-ils également prêts à affronter l'ère numérique ? (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.12
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Are Boys and Girls Ready for the Digital Age?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les technologies de l'information et de la communication révolutionnent non seulement la vitesse de transmission des informations, mais aussi les modalités de diffusion et de réception de ces dernières. Les innovations technologiques modifient en profondeur les types de compétences requises à l'heure actuelle sur le marché du travail et les catégories d'emplois offrant le meilleur potentiel de croissance. La plupart de ces emplois nécessitent désormais une certaine familiarité avec la navigation sur support électronique, voire la maîtrise de cette dernière qui demande aux lecteurs de déterminer eux-mêmes la structure de ce qu'ils lisent au lieu de suivre simplement l'ordre pré-établi du texte, comme dans un livre…
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9gw89lpj5k-fr
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  • 47
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    Le cadre d'évaluation de PISA 2009 : Les compétences clés en compréhension de l'écrit, en mathématiques et en sciences (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075474
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Assessment Framework; Key Competencies in Reading, Mathematics and Science
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Assessment Framework: Key Competencies in Reading, Mathematics and Science
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Cette publication présente le fondement théorique qui sous-tend l’élaboration de la dernière enquête PISA. Ce cadre retravaillé et étendu couvre non seulement l’évaluation des compétences en lecture et en compréhension de textes imprimés, mais aussi une composante innovante qui permet d’évaluer les compétences des élèves en lecture, navigation et compréhension de textes électroniques. Par ailleurs, cette publication fournit également la base d’évaluation des compétences en mathématiques et en sciences. Enfin, elle présente la théorie sur laquelle reposent les questionnaires utilisés pour rassembler des informations de la part des élèves, des établissements scolaires et des parents sur des sujets tels que le contexte familial et les approches des élèves vis-à-vis de l’apprentissage et des environnements scolaires.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075474-fr
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  • 48
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    Soft Skills or Hard Cash? : The Impact of Training and Wage Subsidy Programs on Female Youth Employment in Jordan (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Groh, Matthew Soft Skills or Hard Cash?
    Abstract: Throughout the Middle East, unemployment rates of educated youth have been persistently high and female labor force participation, low. This paper studies the impact of a randomized experiment in Jordan designed to assist female community college graduates find employment. One randomly chosen group of graduates was given a voucher that would pay an employer a subsidy equivalent to the minimum wage for up to 6 months if they hired the graduate; a second group was invited to attend 45 hours of employability skills training designed to provide them with the soft skills employers say graduates often lack; a third group was offered both interventions; and the fourth group forms the control group. The analysis finds that the job voucher led to a 40 percentage point increase in employment in the short-run, but that most of this employment is not formal, and that the average effect is much smaller and no longer statistically significant 4 months after the voucher period has ended. The voucher does appear to have persistent impacts outside the capital, where it almost doubles the employment rate of graduates, but this appears likely to largely reflect displacement effects. Soft-skills training has no average impact on employment, although again there is a weakly significant impact outside the capital. The authors elicit the expectations of academics and development professionals to demonstrate that these findings are novel and unexpected. The results suggest that wage subsidies can help increase employment in the short term, but are not a panacea for the problems of high urban female youth unemployment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6141
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  • 49
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    Who You Train Matters : Identifying Complementary Effects of Financial Education on Migrant Households (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Doi, Yoko Who You Train Matters?
    Abstract: There has long been a concern among policymakers that too much of remittances are consumed and too little saved, limiting the development impact of migration. Financial literacy programs have become an increasingly popular way to try and address this issue, but to date there is no evidence that they are effective in inducing savings among remittance-receiving households, nor is it clear whether such programs are best targeted at the migrant, the remittance receiver, or both. The authors conducted a randomized experiment in Indonesia which allocated migrants and their families to a control group, a migrant-only training group, a family member-only training group, and a training group in which both the migrant and a family member were trained. Three rounds of follow-up surveys are then used to measure impacts on the financial knowledge, behaviors, and remittance and savings outcomes of the remaining household. They find that training both the migrant and the family member together has large and significant impacts on knowledge, behaviors, and savings. Training the family member alone has some positive, but smaller effects, whilst training only the migrant leads to no impacts on the remaining family members. The results show that financial education can have large effects when provided at a teachable moment, but that this impact varies greatly with who receives training
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6157
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  • 50
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    What are we Learning from Business Training and Entrepreneurship Evaluations around the Developing World? (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: McKenzie, David What are we Learning from Business Training and Entrepreneurship Evaluations around the Developing World?
    Abstract: Business training programs are a popular policy option to try to improve the performance of enterprises around the world. The last few years have seen rapid growth in the number of evaluations of these programs in developing countries. This paper undertakes a critical review of these studies with the goal of synthesizing the emerging lessons and understanding the limitations of the existing research and the areas in which more work is needed. It finds that there is substantial heterogeneity in the length, content, and types of firms participating in the training programs evaluated. Many evaluations suffer from low statistical power, measure impacts only within a year of training, and experience problems with survey attrition and measurement of firm profits and revenues. Over these short time horizons, there are relatively modest impacts of training on survivorship of existing firms, but stronger evidence that training programs help prospective owners launch new businesses more quickly. Most studies find that existing firm owners implement some of the practices taught in training, but the magnitudes of these improvements in practices are often relatively modest. Few studies find significant impacts on profits or sales, although a couple of the studies with more statistical power have done so. Some studies have also found benefits to microfinance organizations of offering training. To date there is little evidence to help guide policymakers as to whether any impacts found come from trained firms competing away sales from other businesses versus through productivity improvements, and little evidence to guide the development of the provision of training at market prices. The paper concludes by summarizing some directions and key questions for future studies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6202
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  • 51
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    Learning from the Experiments That Never Happened : Lessons from Trying to Conduct Randomized Evaluations of Matching Grant Programs in Africa (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Campos, Francisco Learning from the Experiments That Never Happened
    Abstract: Matching grants are one of the most common policy instruments used by developing country governments to try to foster technological upgrading, innovation, exports, use of business development services and other activities leading to firm growth. However, since they involve subsidizing firms, the risk is that they could crowd out private investment, subsidizing activities that firms were planning to undertake anyway, or lead to pure private gains, rather than generating the public gains that justify government intervention. As a result, rigorous evaluation of the effects of such programs is important. The authors attempted to implement randomized experiments to evaluate the impact of seven matching grant programs offered in six African countries, but in each case were unable to complete an experimental evaluation. One critique of randomized experiments is publication bias, whereby only those experiments with "interesting" results get published. The hope is to mitigate this bias by learning from the experiments that never happened. This paper describes the three main proximate reasons for lack of implementation: continued project delays, politicians not willing to allow random assignment, and low program take-up; and then delves into the underlying causes of these occurring. Political economy, overly stringent eligibility criteria that do not take account of where value-added may be highest, a lack of attention to detail in "last mile" issues, incentives facing project implementation staff, and the way impact evaluations are funded, and all help explain the failure of randomization. Lessons are drawn from these experiences for both the implementation and the possible evaluation of future projects
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6296
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  • 52
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    The Demand for, and Consequences of, Formalization among Informal Firms in Sri Lanka (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: De Mel, Suresh The Demand for, and Consequences of, Formalization among Informal Firms in Sri Lanka
    Abstract: The majority of firms in most developing countries are informal. The authors of this paper conducted a field experiment in Sri Lanka that provided incentives for informal firms to formalize. Offering only information about the registration process and reimbursement for direct registration costs had no impact on formalization. Adding payments equivalent to one-half to one month's profits for the median firm led to registration of around one-fifth of firms. A larger payment equivalent to two months' median profits induced half the firms to register. The main reasons for not formalizing when offered incentives included issues related to ownership of land and concerns about facing labor taxes in the future. The degree of bureaucracy in the registration process also seems to matter for those with the incentive to register, with response to the incentives higher in Colombo, where the registration process was easier, than in Kandy. Three follow-up surveys, at 15 to 31 months after the intervention, measure the impact of formalizing on these firms. Although mean profits increased, this appears largely due to the experiences of a few firms that grew rapidly, with most firms experiencing no increase in income as a result of formalizing. The authors also find little evidence for most of the channels through which formalization is hypothesized to benefit firms, although formalized firms do advertise more and are more likely to use receipt books. In qualitative interviews owners of formalized firms also feel their businesses have more legitimacy. Finally, formalizing is found to result in a large increase in trust in the state. Their focus is largely on the private costs and benefits of existing firms formalizing. Within their sample they cannot measure broader impacts of formalization on other firms (who may prosper from not having to compete against informal firms not paying taxes), nor impacts of easier formalization on entry of new firms. Nevertheless, our results suggest that although most informal firms do not want to formalize, given the current private costs and benefits of formalizing, policy efforts that lead to relatively modest increases in the net benefits of formalizing would induce a sizeable share of informal firms to formalize
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5991
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  • 53
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    Distortions in the International Migrant Labor Market : Evidence from Filipino Migration and Wage Responses to Destination Country Economic Shocks (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: David McKenzie Distortions in the International Migrant Labor Market
    Abstract: The authors use an original panel dataset of migrant departures from the Philippines to identify the responsiveness of migrant numbers and wages to gross domestic product shocks in destination countries. They find a large significant elasticity of migrant numbers to gross domestic product shocks at destination, but no significant wage response. This is consistent with binding minimum wages for migrant labor. This result implies that labor market imperfections that make international migration attractive also make migrant flows more sensitive to global business cycles. Difference-in-differences analysis of a minimum wage change for maids confirms that minimum wages bind and demand is price sensitive without these distortions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6041
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  • 54
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    The Impact of Financial Literacy Training for Migrants (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: John Gibson The Impact of Financial Literacy Training for Migrants
    Abstract: Remittances are a major source of external finance for many developing countries but the cost of sending remittances remains high for many migration corridors. International efforts to lower costs by facilitating the entry of new financial products and new cost comparison information sources rely heavily on the financial literacy of migrants. This paper presents the results of a randomized experiment designed to measure the impact of providing financial literacy training to migrants. Training appears to increase financial knowledge and information seeking behavior and reduce the risk of switching to costlier remittance products. But it does not change either the frequency or level of remittances
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6073
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  • 55
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    Business Training and Female Enterprise Start-up, Growth, and Dynamics : Experimental Evidence from Sri Lanka (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: De Mel, Suresh Business Training and Female Enterprise Start-up, Growth, and Dynamics
    Abstract: The authors conduct a randomized experiment among women in urban Sri Lanka to measure the impact of the most commonly used business training course in developing countries, the Start-and-Improve Your Business program. They work with two representative groups of women: a random sample of women operating subsistence enterprises and a random sample of women who are out of the labor force but interested in starting a business. They track the impacts of two treatments - training only and training plus a cash grant - over two years with four follow-up surveys and find that the short and medium-term impacts differ. For women already in business, training alone leads to some changes in business practices but has no impact on business profits, sales or capital stock. In contrast, the combination of training and a grant leads to large and significant improvements in business profitability in the first eight months, but this impact dissipates in the second year. For women interested in starting enterprises, business training speeds up entry but leads to no increase in net business ownership by the final survey round. Both profitability and business practices of the new entrants are increased by training, suggesting training may be more effective for new owners than for existing businesses. The study also finds that the two treatments have selection effects, leading to entrants being less analytically skilled and poorer
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6145
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  • 56
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    Travaux réglementaires internationaux (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 83-84
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 2 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Regulatory Activities
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 83-84
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; European Union
    Abstract: Union européenne Directive du Conseil relative à la surveillance et au contrôle des transferts de déchets radioactifs et de combustible nucléaire usé (2006)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gvs5ldl26
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  • 57
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    Travaux Réglementaires Internationaux (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 115-124
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 10 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Regulatory Activities
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 115-124
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; European Union
    Abstract: Agence de l’OCDE pour l’Énergie Nucléaire Décision relative à l’exclusion de petites quantités de substances nucléaires du champ d’application de la Convention de Paris (2007) Union Européenne Décision du Conseil autorisant la République de Slovénie à ratifier la Convention de Paris (2007) Décision du Conseil portant approbation de l’adhésion de la Communauté européenne de l’énergie atomique à la Convention sur la protection physique des matières nucléaires (2007)Décision du Conseil instituant une entreprise commune pour ITER et le développement de l’énergie de fusion et lui conférant des avantages (2007) Agence Internationale de l’Énergie Nucléaire Convention internationale pour la répression des actes de terrorisme nucléaire (2007)Résolution relative à l’exclusion de petites quantités de matières nucléaires du champ d’application de la Convention de Vienne (2007) Groupe international d’experts en responsabilité nucléaire (2007) Code de conduite sur la sûreté et la sécurité des sources radioactives et Orientations pour l’importation et l’exportation de sources radioactives (2007) 51ème Conférence générale de l’AIEA
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gvsqwkvq1
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  • 58
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    Travaux Législatifs et Réglementaires Nationaux : (French version) (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 75-96
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 22 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. National Legislative and Regulatory Activities
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 75-96
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; France ; Italy ; Japan ; Lithuania ; Luxembourg ; Romania ; Russian Federation ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; Spain ; Sweden ; Turkey ; United States
    Abstract: Brésil Résolution du Conseil national de politique énergétique sur la reprise de la construction d’une centrale thermonucléaire (2007) République Populaire de Chine Règlement relatif à la gestion et au contrôle des équipements de sûreté nucléaire à usage civil (2007) Réponse officielle du Conseil des Affaires d’État aux questions relatives à la responsabilité civile pour les dommages résultant d’accidents nucléaires (2007) Espagne Amendement à la loi sur l’énergie nucléaire (2007) États-Unis Règle finale modifiant la réglementation applicable à la délivrance d’autorisations pour les centrales nucléaires (2007) Règle finale mettant en oeuvre le système national de suivi des sources (2006) Règle finale relative à la menace de référence (2007) France Décret relatif aux enquêtes techniques sur les accidents ou incidents concernant une activité nucléaire (2007)Arrêté relatif à l’organisation de la Direction générale des entreprises (DGE) du Ministère chargé de l’industrie (2007)Décret relatif à la nomenclature des installations nucléaires de base (2007)Décret relatif aux installations nucléaires de base et au contrôle, en matière de sûreté nucléaire, du transport de substances radioactives (2007) Italie Décret d’application de la Directive 2003/122/Euratom du Conseil du 22 décembre 2003 relative au contrôle des sources radioactives scellées de haute activité et des sources orphelines (2007) Modification du décret sur le droit de l’environnement (2007) Japon Amendement à la loi relative au stockage définitif des déchets de haute activité (2007) Lituanie Loi relative à la centrale nucléaire d’Ignalina (2007) Luxembourg Règlement grand-ducal concernant la protection de la population contre les dangers résultant des rayonnements ionisants (2006)Loi portant approbation de l’Accord entre le Luxembourg et la Belgique relatif aux échanges d’informations en cas d’incident ou d’accident (2006) Roumanie Décision du gouvernement relative à la surveillance sanitaire des travailleurs (2007) Arrêté relatif à la protection physique des matières nucléaires durant leur transport (2007) Arrêté relatif aux mesures préventives destinées à protéger les installations nucléaires (2007)Arrêté relatif au contrôle des systèmes de protection physique des installations nucléaires (2007)Ordonnance relative à la sûreté de la gestion des déchets radioactifs (2007)Décision du gouvernement relative aux ressources financières nécessaires à la sûreté de la gestion des déchets radioactifs (2007) Amendement à la loi sur la responsabilité civile pour les dommages nucléaires (2007) Fédération de Russie Réforme de l’industrie électronucléaire russe (2007) République Slovaque Amendement à la loi atomique relatif au financement de l’autorité de sûreté nucléaire (2007) Slovénie Décret relatif au contrôle de la contamination radioactive du chargement de ferraille (2007) Suède Décision relative à la fusion des autorités de contrôle (2007) Turquie Loi relative à la construction et à l’exploitation de centrales nucléaires et à la vente de l’énergie produite par ces centrales (2007)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gvsqx8f5f
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    Jurisprudence (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 69-73
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 5 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Case Law
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 69-73
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; France ; South Africa ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: Afrique du Sud Jugement de la Haute Cour du Cap dans l’affaire McDonald et autres c. Ministère de l’Énergie et des Ressources minières et autres (2007) États-Unis Jugement de la Cour d’appel des États-Unis relatif à la prise en compte des effets d’attentats terroristes sur l’environnement (2006) Annulation de la décision de la Court of Federal Claims des États-Unis concernant l’indemnisation en vertu de la Loi Price Anderson des frais de justice engagés dans une action en responsabilité civile (2007) France Arrêt de la Cour européenne des Droits de l’Homme, relatif au droit à un procès équitable, dans le contentieux opposant le Collectif stop Melox et Mox à la France (2007) Décision du Conseil d’État concernant l’annulation d’un décret relatif à l’installation nucléaire de la base de Brennilis, pour défaut d’information et de consultation du public (2007) Royaume-Uni Décision du tribunal d’instance de Wick condamnant l’Autorité de l’énergie atomique du Royaume-Uni pour exposition au plutonium (2007)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gvsqxb1f5
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  • 60
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    Décisions administratives (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 61-62
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 2 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Administrative Decisions
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 61-62
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Sweden
    Abstract: Suède Décision du Tribunal environnemental relatif aux mesures initiales pour le démantèlement de Barsebäck (2006)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gvs5lj3zv
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  • 61
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    Jurisprudence (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 61-61
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Case Law
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 61-61
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Germany
    Abstract: Allemagne Jugement du Tribunal fédéral administratif portant sur le projet de dépôt Konrad (2007)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gvs5llh35
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  • 62
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    Travaux législatifs et réglementaires nationaux (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 63-81
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 19 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. National Legislative and Regulatory Activities
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 63-81
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Argentina ; Australia ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Iceland ; Indonesia ; Ireland ; Italy ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Poland ; Romania ; Russian Federation ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; South Africa ; Sweden
    Abstract: Afrique du Sud Règlement sur le contenu du rapport public annuel (2006)Règlement sur la conservation de rapports (2006) Règlement sur les normes de sûreté et les pratiques réglementaires (2006) Allemagne Amendement à la Loi sur la protection préventive contre les radiations (2006) Dispositions administratives relatives à la surveillance de la radioactivité environnementale (2006) Décret relatif aux médicaments radioactifs (2007)Amendement au Décret sur le traitement des denrées alimentaires par radiation (2006)Accord européen relatif au transport international des marchandises dangereuses par route (ADR) (2006) Décret sur le transport des marchandises dangereuses par route ou par chemin de fer (2006)Décret d’amendement au Règlement RID (2006) Ordonnance sur le transport des marchandises dangereuses sur le Rhin et la Moselle (2006)Amendements à la Loi de 1961 sur le commerce extérieur et à l’Ordonnance de 1993 sur le commerce extérieur (2006) Argentine Amendement au Code Pénal (2004) Australie Loi d’amendement sur l’Organisation australienne de la science et de la technologie nucléaires (ANSTO) (2006) Loi d’amendement à la législation fédérale sur la gestion des déchets radioactifs (2006) Finlande Amendements de la Loi relative aux rayonnements et du Décret relatif aux rayonnements (2005) France Décret relatif à la sécurisation du financement des charges nucléaires (2007)Décret autorisant la création de l’installation nucléaire de base « Flamanville 3 », comportant un réacteur nucléaire de type EPR (2007) Indonésie Décret relatif à l’autorisation des réacteurs nucléaires (2006) Irlande Ordonnance de la Loi de 1998 relative au transport de marchandises dangereuses par route (désignation des autorités compétentes) (2006) Islande Règlements dans le domaine de la radioprotection (2003) Italie Décret sur les interventions en cas d’urgence concernant le transport de matières radioactives et fissiles (2006) Nouvelle-Zélande Édition consolidée de la Loi de 1965 sur la protection contre les radiations (2005) Pays-Bas Accord entre le gouvernement et l’exploitant de Borssele relatif au prolongement de la durée de vie de l’installation (2006) Pologne Règlement relatif aux sources de rayonnements ionisants (2006) République Slovaque Amendement de la Loi atomique (2007) Roumanie Décision approuvant la structure et l’organisation de l’Agence nucléaire roumaine (2007)Amendement à la Décision de 2003 approuvant les règles internes de la Commission nationale du contrôle des activités nucléaires (CNCAN) (2007) Amendement à l’Ordonnance de 2003 sur la gestion du combustible nucléaire usé et des déchets radioactifs, y compris leur évacuation définitive (2007) Fédération de Russie Loi sur la gestion administrative et immobilière du secteur de l’énergie nucléaire civile (2007) Slovénie Règlement relatif au contrôle de la radioactivité (2007) Suède Amendement à la Loi et à l’Ordonnance sur les activités nucléaires (2006)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gvs5lg8wf
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  • 63
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    Textes de lois (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 97-114
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Texts
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 97-114
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; China, People’s Republic ; Lithuania ; Turkey
    Abstract: Lituanie Loi relative à la centrale nucléaire d’Ignalina (2007) République Populaire de Chine Réponse officielle du Conseil des Affaires d’État aux questions relatives à la responsabilité civile pour les dommages résultant d’accidents nucléaires (2007) Turquie Traduction non officielle de la Loi relative à l’exploitation de centrales nucléaires et à la vente de l’énergie produite par ces centrales (2007)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gvsqx669w
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  • 64
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    Aide multilatérale 2010 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264048775
    Language: French
    Pages: 188 p. , 19x27cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2012 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Multilateral Aid 2010
    Keywords: United Nations Development Programme ; Economic assistance
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Avant-propos ""; ""Remerciements""; ""Table des mati�res""; ""Abréviations et sigles""; ""Résumé""; ""Tendances générales du syst�me multilatéral et conséquences pour les politiques à suivre""; ""Pourquoi l�aide multilatérale ?""; ""Principales tendances""; ""Aide totale transitant par le syst�me multilatéral""; ""Principales conclusions""; ""Questions méritant un examen plus approfondi""; ""Les contributions extrabudgétaires versées aux organisations multilatérales""; ""Synth�se sur les contributions extrabudgétaires des membres du CAD""
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Le niveau de préaffectation des contributions extrabudgétaires et l�acheminement del�aide au niveau des pays""""Principales conclusions""; ""Questions méritant un examen plus approfondi""; ""Les contributions extrabudgétaires versées à la Banque mondiale et au PNUD""; ""Questions méthodologiques""; ""Le Programme des Nations unies pour le développement (PNUD)""; ""Le Groupe de la Banque mondiale""; ""La collaboration des Nations unies et de la Banque mondiale dans le domaine des fonds d�affectation spéciale""; ""Principales conclusions""
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Perspectives sur l�architecture du financement climatique apr�s Copenhague""""L�Accord de Copenhague""; ""Atténuation et adaptation""; ""Sources de financement""; ""Intégration aux stratégies à l�échelon local""; ""Financements publics extérieurs actuellement alloués à la lutte contre le changement climatique""; ""Travaux futurs""; ""Principales conclusions""; ""Questions appelant un examen plus approfondi""; ""�volution du syst�me multilatéral en 2009-10""; ""Réformes en cours""; ""Comment les organismes multilatéraux ont-ils réagi à la crise économique mondiale ?""
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Mobilisation des ressources : augmentations de capital et reconstitutions des ressources""""Principales conclusions""; ""Aide multilatérale : stratégies et évaluation en 2009-10""; ""Stratégies des membres du CAD en mati�re d�aide multilatérale""; ""�valuation des organisations multilatérales""; ""Principales conclusions""; ""Questions de fond à considérer à l�avenir""; ""Bibliographie""; ""Annexe A""; ""Annexe B""; ""Annexe C""; ""Annexe D""; ""Annexe E""
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264048737-fr
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  • 65
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    Lignes directrices de l'OCDE sur la gouvernance des assureurs (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264166660
    Language: French
    Pages: 98 p. , 16x23cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2011 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidelines on Insurer Governance
    Keywords: Insurance State supervision ; Corporate governance ; Insurance companies
    Description / Table of Contents: pt. 1. Lignes directrices de l'OCDE sur la gouvernance des assureurs -- pt. 2. Notes.
    Note: Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264117488-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=574378
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  • 66
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    Les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264115422
    Language: French
    Pages: 104 p. , 16x23cm
    Edition: 2011
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2012 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, 2011 Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen
    Keywords: Entrepreneurship
    Description / Table of Contents: ptie. 1. Les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales recommandations pour une conduite responsable des entreprises dans le contexte international -- ptie. 2. Procédures de mise en oeuvre des principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264115439-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 67
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    Redoublement et transfert des élèves : Quel impact pour les systèmes d'éducation ? (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. When Students Repeat Grades or Are Transferred Out of School: What Does it Mean for Education Systems?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les systèmes d’éducation font face de différentes façons au défi de la diversité des effectifs scolarisés. Certains pays adoptent un système d’éducation global non sélectif qui vise à garantir l’égalité des chances dans l’apprentissage pour l’ensemble des élèves, laissant aux établissements et aux enseignants le soin de gérer la diversité des besoins des élèves. D’autres pays regroupent les élèves, que ce soit dans d’autres établissements ou d’autres classes au sein même des établissements, de façon à les prendre en charge selon leur potentiel académique, leurs intérêts et/ou leur comportement. Le redoublement des élèves peu performants ou le transfert vers un autre établissement des élèves présentant de faibles résultats ou des problèmes de discipline sont, à cet effet, deux pratiques courantes de regroupement...
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h2r5v0v0x-fr
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  • 68
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    Réussite scolaire : Comment les parents peuvent-ils aider leurs enfants ? (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. What Can Parents Do to Help Their Children Succeed in School?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: La plupart des parents savent d’instinct que le fait de passer plus de temps avec leur enfant et de s’engager activement dans son éducation lui permettra de prendre un bon départ dans la vie. Toutefois, comme la majorité d’entre eux doivent jongler entre impératifs professionnels et familiaux, le temps semble toujours manquer. Par ailleurs, les parents n’osent souvent pas aider leur enfant à faire ses devoirs car ils pensent ne pas avoir les compétences requises pour l’accompagner dans sa réussite scolaire...
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h2r5m33d4-fr
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  • 69
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    Evaluation des réformes de la politique agricole en Turquie (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264113244
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluation of Agricultural Policy Reforms in Turkey
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Turkey
    Abstract: La politique agricole en Turquie a considérablement évolué au fil du temps, et la nouvelle loi sur l’agriculture adoptée en 2006 vise à faire coïncider les mesures avec celles de l’Union européenne. Cette publication examine plusieurs questions et défis qui se posent pour les politiques agricoles de la Turquie.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264113244-fr
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  • 70
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    Essai n 235 : Chironomus sp., essai d'immobilisation immédiate (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264122390
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 235; Chironomus sp., Acute Immobilisation Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 235: Chironomus sp., Acute Immobilisation Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit un essai aigu d’immobilisation de chironomes, conçu pour compléter les les Lignes directrices pour des essais de toxicité chroniques sur chironomes (LD 218, 219 et 233). La méthode d’essai s’appuie sur la LD 202 : Daphnia sp., essai d’immobilisation immédiate. Des chironomes au premier stade larvaire sont exposés à une gamme de concentrations de la substance d’essai dans un récipient contenant uniquement de l’eau, pour une période de 48 heures. C. riparius est l’espèce préférrée, mais il est aussi possible d’utiliser C. dilutus ou C. yoshimatsui. Il convient d’utiliser, pour chaque concentration d’essai et pour les témoins, au moins 20 animaux, répartis de préférence en quatre groupes de cinq animaux. Au moins cinq concentrations sont utilisées pour l’essai définitif, avec un témoin pour l’eau de dilution et un pour le solvant (le cas échéant). L’immobilisation est enregistrée à 24 et 48 heures. La CE50 est calculée à 24 et 48 heures (si les données le permettent). Un essai limite à concentration unique peut être conduit à 100 mg/l de substance d’essai ou jusqu’à sa limite pratique de solubilité (Si cette valeur est la plus basse), de façon à démontrer que la CE50 est supérieure à cette concentration.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264122390-fr
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    Essai n 443 : Étude étendue de toxicité pour la reproduction sur une génération (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264122581
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 443; Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 443: Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice est élaborée en vue de permettre l’évaluation des effets pré- et postnataux d’une exposition aux produits chimiques, sur la reproduction et le développement, ainsi que l’examen de la toxicité systémique chez les femelles gravides et allaitantes ainsi que chez la descendance (petits et adultes). Dans cet essai, des groupes de rongeurs mâles et femelles sexuellement matures (génération parentale P) sont exposés en continu à une gradation de doses de la substance d’essai. L’exposition commence 2 semaines avant l’accouplement et se poursuit pendant la période d’accouplement, la gestation et jusqu’au sevrage des portées (génération F1). Au moment du sevrage, les petits F1 sont sélectionnés et affectés au hasard à une cohorte d’animaux pour effectuer des essais de toxicité pour la reproduction/le développement (cohorte 1), des essais de neurotoxicité pour le développement (cohorte 2) et des essais d’immunotoxicité pour le développement (cohorte 3). La descendance F1 reçoit encore la substance d’essai du sevrage jusqu’à l’âge adulte. Tous les animaux subissent un examen clinique et pathologique destiné à mettre en évidence des signes de toxicité ; cet examen s’attache particulièrement à l’intégrité et au fonctionnement des appareils reproducteurs mâles et femelles ainsi qu’à la santé, la croissance, le développement et la fonction reproductrice de la descendance. Une partie de la cohorte 1 (cohorte 1B) peut ensuite être étendue à des animaux de génération F2 ; dans ce cas, les protocoles pour les animaux F1 seront les mêmes que pour les animaux P.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264122581-fr
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    Programme d'action d'Accra (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264098114
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Accra Agenda for Action
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Destiné à consolider et approfondir la mise en œuvre de la Déclaration de Paris, le Programme d’action d’Accra établit un bilan des progrès accomplis et définit un programme d’action pour améliorer la qualité de l’aide et ses retombées. Il représente une alliance sans précédent de plus de 80 pays en développement, des donneurs membres du Comité d'aide au développement de l'OCDE, de quelque 3 000 organisations de la société civile, d’économies émergentes, d’institutions des Nations unies, d’institutions multilatérales et de fonds mondiaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264098114-fr
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  • 73
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    Essai n 456 : Essai de stéroi͏̈dogenèse H295R (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264122802
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 456; H295R Steroidogenesis Assay
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 456: H295R Steroidogenesis Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit un essai in vitro permettant de détecter les effets de produits chimiques sur la stéroïdogenèse, en particulier la production de 17β-œstradiol (E2) et de testostérone (T). La lignée cellulaire H295R de carcinome surrénalien humain, utilisée pour cet essai, exprime les gènes qui codent toutes les enzymes clés pour la stéroïdogenèse. Après une période d’acclimatation de 24 h dans les plaques de culture multi-puits, les cellules sont exposées pendant 48 h à sept concentrations du produit chimique d’essai, au moins en triplicat. Le solvant ainsi qu’un inhibiteur et un inducteur connus de la production des hormones sont employés à une concentration fixe comme témoins négatifs et positifs. À la fin de la période d’exposition, on analyse la viabilité des cellules de chaque puits. Plusieurs méthodes peuvent être utilisées pour mesurer la concentration des hormones dans le milieu, notamment les trousses commerciales de dosage des hormones ou des techniques instrumentales comme les systèmes combinés de chromatographie en phase liquide et spectrométrie de masse. Les données sont exprimées sous la forme d’un facteur multiplicatif de changement par rapport au témoin solvant et d’une concentration minimale avec effet observé. Si l’essai est négatif, la plus forte concentration testée est indiquée sous la dénomination de «concentration sans effet observé».
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264122802-fr
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  • 74
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    Améliorer la pratique de l'évaluation des projets de transport (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282103098
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.149
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving the Practice of Transport Project Appraisal
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: L’analyse coûts-bénéfices (ACB) est indispensable pour prendre de bonnes décisions en matière de projets de transports à financer. Elle vise essentiellement à établir quels projets délivrent les meilleurs résultats économiques. Toutefois, d’un point de vue pratique, la pertinence de l’ACB n’est pas toujours à la hauteur de ses vertus de principe ; en effet il y a parfois des désaccords sur ce que l’on doit inclure dans l’analyse, tant du côté des coûts que du côté des bénéfices. En conséquence, la rentabilité des projets n’est pas toujours transparente. Sur un plan plus politique, la rentabilité économique n’est qu’un critère partiel de décision, conduisant à des désaccords sur l’importance relative des résultats de l’analyse coûts-bénéfices par rapport à d’autres considérations propres à un processus décisionnel politique.Ce rapport examine la façon dont ces difficultés peuvent être abordées. En ce qui concerne ce qu’il y a lieu d’inclure dans l’analyse, la discussion porte sur les notions d’équité et de redistribution, les effets en terme de productivité, d’économies d’agglomération et de coûts externes. L’accent est alors mis sur la manière de guider au mieux les décideurs politiques en matière de sélection de projets. Le document comprend des rapports sur la pratique de l’analyse coûts-bénéfices dans trois pays, la France, le Mexique et le Royaume Uni et sur les évolutions dans ces pays en réponse à des priorités politiques qui changent.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282103098-fr
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  • 75
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    Améliorer la performance des soins de santé : Comment mesurer leur qualité (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264094840
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur les politiques de santé
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving Value in Health Care; Measuring Quality
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving Value in Health Care: Measuring Quality
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Le taux de survie au cancer du sein est-il plus élevé aux États-Unis qu’au Royaume-Uni et qu’en France ? Un patient risque-t-il moins de mourir dans un délai de 30 jours après son hospitalisation à la suite d’une crise cardiaque au Canada qu’en Corée ? Les chirurgiens de certains pays sont-ils plus susceptibles de laisser des « corps étrangers » dans le corps des opérés ou de provoquer accidentellement des perforations ou des lacérations lorsqu’ils accomplissent un acte chirurgical ? La nécessité de répondre à ce type de questions et l’intérêt d’évaluer la qualité des soins de santé figurent au nombre des aspects abordés dans la présente publication. Dans bien des cas, les politiques de santé dépendent de notre capacité d’évaluer précisément la qualité des soins. Les pouvoirs publics veulent appliquer une approche davantage « axée sur le patient », améliorer la coordination des soins et assurer une rémunération plus élevée aux prestataires qui offrent une meilleure qualité de soins. Cela étant, mesurer la qualité des soins de santé n’est pas sans poser de difficultés. Certains problèmes ont pu être surmontés grâce au projet de l’OCDE sur les indicateurs de qualité des soins de santé mais un grand nombre subsistent. Si les décideurs veulent véritablement disposer de meilleures données sur la qualité des soins, ils doivent améliorer leurs systèmes d’information sur la santé. La présente publication décrit les indicateurs de qualité comparables au plan international qui sont actuellement disponibles et la façon d’établir un lien entre ces indicateurs et l’application de mesures en faveur de la qualité telles que l’agrément, la formulation de recommandations de bonnes pratiques médicales, la rémunération selon la performance, et la mise en œuvre de programmes nationaux de sécurité et de systèmes d’information sur la qualité.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264094840-fr
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  • 76
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    Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement : Viet Nam 2009 : Evaluation du Cadre d'action pour l'investissement (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264050945
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Investment Policy Reviews; Viet Nam 2009; Policy Framework for Investment Assessment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Viet Nam 2009: Policy Framework for Investment Assessment
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Viet Nam
    Abstract: Présente les résultats d’un examen complet des politiques à l’égard de l’investissement au Vietnam en fonction des critères du Cadre d’action pour l’investissement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264050945-fr
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  • 77
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    Résultats du PISA 2009 : Tendances dans l'apprentissage : L'évolution de la performance des élèves depuis 2000 (Volume V) (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264091603
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Results; Learning Trends; Changes in Student Performance Since 2000 (Volume V)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Ergebnisse; Lernfortschritte im globalen Wettbewerb; Veränderungen bei den Schülerleistungen seit 2000 (Band 5)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Results: Learning Trends: Changes in Student Performance Since 2000 (Volume V)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Ergebnisse: Lernfortschritte im globalen Wettbewerb: Veränderungen bei den Schülerleistungen seit 2000 (Band 5)
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Le volume VI des Résultats du PISA 2009, Élèves en ligne : Savoir lire et utiliser les contenus électroniques, explore l’utilisation des technologies de l’information par les élèves dans l’apprentissage.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264091603-fr
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  • 78
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    Résultats du PISA 2009 : Les clés de la réussite des établissements d'enseignement : Ressources, politiques et pratiques (Volume IV) (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264091573
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Results; What Makes a School Successful?; Resources, Policies and Practices (Volume IV)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Ergebnisse; Was macht eine Schule erfolgreich? Lernumfeld und schulische Organisation in PISA (Band 4)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Results: What Makes a School Successful?: Resources, Policies and Practices (Volume IV)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Ergebnisse: Was macht eine Schule erfolgreich? Lernumfeld und schulische Organisation in PISA (Band 4)
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Le volume IV du Résultats du PISA 2009, Les clés de la réussite des établissements d’enseignement : Ressources, politiques et pratiques, examine dans quelle mesure les ressources matérielles, financières et humaines, et les politiques et pratiques des systèmes d’éducation influent sur le rendement de l’éducation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264091573-fr
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  • 79
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    La discipline en classe s'est-elle détériorée ? (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Has Discipline in School Deteriorated?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les classes et les établissements d’enseignement qui déplorent davantage de problèmes de discipline sont moins propices à l’apprentissage, puisque les enseignants doivent passer plus de temps à faire régner le calme avant de pouvoir commencer la classe. Les interruptions de cours perturbent la concentration des élèves et leur engagement en classe. Les résultats du P ISA 2009 montrent que le climat de discipline est fortement corrélé à la performance des élèves ; ceux qui déclarent que leurs cours dans la langue d’instruction sont souvent interrompus obtiennent de moins bons résultats que ceux qui ne signalent que peu d’interruptions des cours, voire aucune...
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h2r5zpj33-fr
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  • 80
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    Les élèves d'aujourd'hui lisent-ils par plaisir ? (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Do Students Today Read for Pleasure?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les élèves fortement engagés dans un large éventail d’activés de lecture sont davantage susceptibles que les autres d’être des apprenants efficaces et d’obtenir de bons résultats scolaires. Les études menées sur ce sujet font également état d’un lien fort entre les pratiques de lecture, la motivation et les compétences chez les adultes. Les compétences en compréhension de l’écrit sont déterminantes pour comprendre le monde qui nous entoure et continuer à apprendre tout au long de la vie...
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h2r5q4hs2-fr
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  • 81
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    Quelle est la réponse des systèmes d'éducation face à l'effectif croissant d'élèves issus de l'immigration ? (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. How Are School Systems Adapting to Increasing Numbers of Immigrant Students?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Qu’il s’agisse de fuir des conflits, de concrétiser des espoirs d’une vie meilleure ou encore de profiter de possibilités sociales et économiques plus nombreuses, les hommes ont toujours traversé les frontières depuis que celles-ci existent. Au cours des prochaines décennies, la modernisation des moyens de transport et de communication, la mondialisation des marchés de l’emploi et le vieillissement des populations des pays de l’OCDE constitueront autant de facteurs déclencheurs de migrations. Le maintien de la cohésion sociale face à ces movements migratoires passera par l’intégration des immigrés et de leurs familles dans le pays d’adoption. À cet égard, l’éducation constitue un puissant moteur d’assimilation...
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h2r5krh0r-fr
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  • 82
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    Enseignement privé : Quels avantages ? Et pour qui ? (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.7
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Private schools: Who Benefits?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Il arrive souvent un moment dans l’éducation de leur enfant où de nombreux parents se demandent si sa scolarisation dans l’enseignement privé serait un investissement rentable. Aux yeux des parents, les établissements privés sont susceptibles d’offrir un type d’enseignement que les établissements publics ne proposeraient pas. En outre, si les établissements privés attirent également de meilleurs élèves et enseignants que les établissements publics, les parents ont le sentiment qu’ils offrent ainsi la meilleure éducation possible à leur enfant...
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h2r5s1434-fr
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  • 83
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    Amélioration des performances : Et si la réussite venait d'en bas ? (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving Performance: Leading from the Bottom
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les cycles d’enquête PISA 2000 et PISA 2009 ayant tous deux pour domaine majeur d’évaluation la compréhension de l’écrit, il est possible de suivre de façon détaillée les évolutions de la performance des élèves dans ce domaine sur cette période. Sur les 26 pays présentant des résultats comparables aux deux évaluations, l’Allemagne, le Chili, la Corée, la Hongrie, Israël, le Pologne et le Portugal, et dans les pays partenaires, l’Albanie, le Brésil, l’Indonésie, la Lettonie, le Liechtenstein et le Pérou, ont tous enregistré une progression globale de leurs résultats en compréhension de l’écrit. Le caractère hétérogène de ce groupe de pays montre bien que les améliorations sont possibles, quel que soit le contexte culturel du pays ou le niveau initial de ses élèves. La Corée, par exemple, faisait déjà partie des pays les plus performants en 2000 et a poursuivi sa progression en 2009 ; la Pologne a évolué d’un niveau inférieur à un niveau supérieur à la moyenne de l’OCDE, tandis que le Chili est passé d’un rang de classement relativement bas à un rang beaucoup plus proche de celui des autres pays de l’OCDE...
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h2r64hb7l-fr
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  • 84
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    Document d'orientation pour les études d'impact sur la durabilité (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264086920
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidance on Sustainability Impact Assessment
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Le présent document constitue une introduction générale aux études d'impact sur la durabilité (EID). Cette méthode permet d'évaluer les incidences économiques, environnementales et sociales combinées d'un éventail de politiques, programmes, stratégies et plans d'action. Ces évaluations peuvent aussi faciliter la prise de décision et la planification stratégique tout au long du cycle des politiques publiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264086920-fr
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  • 85
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    Essai n 234 : Essai de développement sexuel des poissons (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264122376
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 234; Fish Sexual Development Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 234: Fish Sexual Development Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne Directrice décrit un essai permettant d’évaluer les effets sur les premiers stades de vie et les conséquences néfastes possibles de produits chimiques potentiellement perturbateurs endocriniens (ex. oestrogènes, androgènes et inhibiteurs de la stéroïdogenèse) sur le développement sexuel des poissons. Dans l’essai, les poissons sont exposés, de l'œuf nouvellement fécondé à l'achèvement de la différenciation sexuelle vers 60 jours après la ponte, à au moins trois concentrations de la substance d'essai dissoute dans de l'eau. A chaque niveau de traitement et dans le(s) témoin(s), il est recommandé d’utiliser au moins quatre réplicats. A la fin de l’essai, deux effets principaux sont mesurés sur chaque poisson: la concentration de vitellogénine à partir d’échantillons biologiques de tête et de queue ou à partir du sang, et la proportion de mâles, femelles, hermaphrodites et de poissons non sexuellement différenciés, à partir de l’examen histologique des gonades. Pour les espèces de poissons possédant un marqueur génétique sexuel, le sexe génétique est identifié chez chaque individu pour déterminer si une réversion sexuelle a eu lieu. La combinaison des deux effets endocriniens principaux, la concentration de vitellogénine et le ratio phénotypique mâles/femelles (et éventuellement le sexe génotypique) permet à l’essai d’indiquer le mode d’action de la substance testée.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264122376-fr
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    Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement : Inde 2009 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076990
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Investment Policy Reviews; India 2009
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Investment Policy Reviews: India 2009
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; India
    Abstract: L’Inde a réalisé des avancées considérables sur la voie de l’instauration d’un environnement propice à l’investissement. De ce fait, le pays a vu sa croissance accélérer et les flux d’investissement direct étranger entrants progresser de façon impressionnante. Toutefois, l’investissement n’est pas encore à la hauteur des besoins du pays, en particulier dans le domaine des infrastructures. Il est nécessaire d’intensifier les efforts déjà déployés pour renforcer et libéraliser le cadre réglementaire de l’investissement et d’accélérer l’application de la législation relativement avancée de l’Inde en matière économique à l’échelon national ainsi que dans les États et les territoires de l’Union. L’Examen des politiques de l’investissement de l’Inde réalisé par l’OCDE décrit les progrès accomplis par l’Inde en termes d’instauration d’un cadre d’action destiné à promouvoir l’investissement et à le mobiliser au service du développement, en particulier depuis l’accélération des réformes qui s’est amorcée à partir de 1991. Il porte principalement sur les politiques conduites dans les domaines de l’investissement, des échanges commerciaux, de la concurrence et dans d’autres domaines de l’environnement des affaires. Enfin, il décrit certaines des difficultés auxquelles se heurte la mise en œuvre, au niveau des États indiens fédérés, de réformes adoptées à l’échelon fédéral.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076990-fr
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  • 87
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    Statistiques bancaires de l'OCDE : Notes méthodologiques par pays 2010 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264089921
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Banking Statistics; Methodological Country Notes 2010
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Banking Statistics: Methodological Country Notes 2010
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Austria ; Belgium ; Canada ; Chile ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Hungary ; Ireland ; Italy ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Luxembourg ; Mexico ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Norway ; Poland ; Portugal ; Slovak Republic ; Spain ; Sweden ; Switzerland ; Turkey ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: Les tendances de la rentabilité des banques et les facteurs agissant sur elle sont des indicateurs importants de l’état de santé des systèmes bancaires nationaux. Le présent ouvrage complète la publication Statistiques bancaires de l'OCDE: Comptes des banques 2010, fournissent aux spécialistes un instrument sans équivalent pour analyser l’évolution de la rentabilité des banques dans les pays membres de l'OCDE. Outre des informations sur les comptes des banques des pays membres de l'OCDE, elles comprennent des données sur le nombre de banques, leurs filiales et leur personnel, des informations structurelles sur l’ensemble du secteur financier et des ratios visant à faciliter l'analyse de la rentabilité des banques des pays de l'OCDE. Les notes méthodologiques par pays, incluses dans ce volume, ont été préparées afin de faciliter la compréhension et l'interprétation des statistiques ainsi que dans le but de fournir une description succincte des activités des banques dans chacun des pays.
    DOI: 10.1787/bank_country-200-fr
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  • 88
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    Systèmes de santé : efficacité et politiques (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264094925
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Health Care Systems; Efficiency and Policy Settings
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Health Care Systems: Efficiency and Policy Settings
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: L’état de santé de la population des pays de l’OCDE n’a cessé de s’améliorer comme l’indiquent l’allongement de l’espérance de vie et la hausse des taux de survie pour certaines maladies comme le cancer. Néanmoins, les dépenses de santé s’élèvent à présent à plus de 9 % du PIB en moyenne dans l’OCDE. Dès lors, améliorer l’efficacité-coût dans le secteur de la santé est un objectif important pour tous les pays de l’OCDE. Ce livre offre une vision approfondie des systèmes de santé dans les pays de l’OCDE. Quel est l’état de santé de la population ? Comment évaluer la contribution des dépenses de santé ? Comment mesurer l’efficacité des systèmes de santé ? Comment les politiques et institutions de la santé affectent-elles la performance des dépenses de santé ? Ce livre offre des réponses à ces questions. Les chapitres décrivent : l’évolution récente des résultats et des dépenses ; les approches pour mesurer l’efficacité ; les nouveaux indicateurs de politiques et institutions de la santé ; les caractéristiques et performances des systèmes de santé.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264094925-fr
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  • 89
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    Résultats du PISA 2009 : Apprendre à apprendre : Les pratiques, les stratégies et l'engagement des élèves (Volume III) (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264091542
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Results; Learning to Learn; Student Engagement, Strategies and Practices (Volume III)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Results: Learning to Learn: Student Engagement, Strategies and Practices (Volume III)
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Ce volume III du Résultats du PISA 2009 analyse la motivation des élèves de 15 ans, leur engagement envers la lecture et leur utilisation de stratégies d’apprentissage efficaces.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264091542-fr
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  • 90
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    Résultats du PISA 2009 : Savoirs et savoir-faire des élèves : Performance des élèves en compréhension de l'écrit, en mathématiques et en sciences (Volume I) (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264097643
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Results; What Students Know and Can Do; Student Performance in Reading, Mathematics and Science (Volume I)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Ergebnisse; Was Schülerinnen und Schüler wissen und können; Schülerleistungen in Lesekompetenz, Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften (Band 1)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Informe PISA 2009; Lo que los estudiantes saben y pueden hacer ; Rendimiento de los estudiantes en lectura, matemáticas y ciencias
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Results: What Students Know and Can Do: Student Performance in Reading, Mathematics and Science (Volume I)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Ergebnisse: Was Schülerinnen und Schüler wissen und können: Schülerleistungen in Lesekompetenz, Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften (Band 1)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Informe PISA 2009: Lo que los estudiantes saben y pueden hacer : Rendimiento de los estudiantes en lectura, matemáticas y ciencias
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les élèves sont-ils bien préparés à relever les défis que l’avenir leur réserve ? Sont-ils capables d’analyser, de raisonner et de communiquer leurs idées de manière probante ? Ont-ils découvert la nature des objectifs qu’ils poursuivront leur vie durant en tant que membres productifs de l’économie et de la société ? Le Programme international de l’OCDE pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (PISA) cherche à répondre à ces questions au travers de l’évaluation internationale la plus complète et la plus rigoureuse des connaissances et compétences des élèves. Pris ensemble, les pays et économies participant au PISA représentent près de 90 % de l’économie mondiale. Les Résultats du PISA 2009 présentent les conclusions du dernier cycle d’évaluation PISA, dont le domaine principal d’évaluation était la compréhension de l’écrit, mais qui s’est également attaché aux compétences des élèves en mathématiques et en sciences. Ce rapport est publié en six volumes. Le volume I, Savoirs et savoir-faire des élèves : Performance des élèves en compréhension de l’écrit, en mathématiques et en sciences, compare le profil de connaissances et de compétences des élèves entre les différents pays et économies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264097643-fr
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  • 91
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    Impacts Environnementaux de la Navigation : Le Rôle des Ports (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264097353
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmental Impacts of International Shipping; The Role of Ports
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmental Impacts of International Shipping: The Role of Ports
    Keywords: Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: Il est essentiel que les ports fonctionnent de façon efficiente pour le développement économique de la vaste zone qui les entoure, mais le trafic maritime qui les dessert, la manutention des marchandises dans les installations portuaires et les activités de distribution dans l’arrière-pays peuvent avoir des impacts négatifs sur l’environnement. La présente étude passe en revue un certain nombre d’impacts environnementaux des ports, et elle examine les impacts environnementaux et économiques de divers instruments d’action qui sont ou peuvent être utilisés pour remédier à ces impacts. Elle s’appuie essentiellement sur les résultats d’études de cas consacrées à cinq des plus grands ports de la zone OCDE, – à savoir ceux de Los Angeles et Long Beach aux États-Unis, Rotterdam aux Pays-Bas, Vancouver au Canada et Busan en Corée. On trouvera dans cette étude des exemples de problèmes environnementaux liés aux activités portuaires (tels que pollution atmosphérique et émissions de gaz à effet de serre, pollution des eaux, bruit, prolifération d’espèces envahissantes, etc.) et la présentation d’un certain nombre d’instruments d’action différents pouvant être utilisés pour limiter les impacts négatifs. A ce titre, ce livre permettra aux décideurs et aux chercheurs de tirer des enseignements des expériences d’autres pays.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264097353-fr
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  • 92
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    L' accès à l'enseignement préprimaire permet-il d'améliorer les résultats scolaires ? (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Does Participation in Pre-Primary Education Translate into Better Learning Outcomes at School?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: C’est une évidence : l’enseignement préprimaire est bénéfique pour les élèves. Les résultats de l’enquête PISA 2009 montrent que, dans la quasi-totalité des pays de l’OCDE, les élèves de 15 ans ayant suivi un enseignement préprimaire obtiennent de meilleurs résultats que les autres. Ainsi, l’écart de score entre les élèves ayant suivi un enseignement préprimaire pendant plus d’un an et ceux n’ayant pas du tout suivi ce type d’enseignement s’élève à 54 points sur l’échelle PISA de compréhension de l’écrit – soit plus d’une année d’études (qui équivaut à 39 points). Si la plupart des élèves ayant suivi un enseignement préprimaire sont issus de milieux favorisés, l’écart de performance persiste même lorsque l’on compare des élèves issus de milieux similaires. Après contrôle du milieu socio-économique, les élèves ayant suivi un enseignement préprimaire obtiennent un score supérieur de 33 points, en moyenne, à celui des élèves n’ayant pas suivi ce type d’enseignement...
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h2r65tz47-fr
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  • 93
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    Essai n 488 : Essais de mutations génétiques des cellules somatiques et germinales de rongeurs transgéniques (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264122826
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 488; Transgenic Rodent Somatic and Germ Cell Gene Mutation Assays
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 488: Transgenic Rodent Somatic and Germ Cell Gene Mutation Assays
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit un test in vivo qui détecte les produits chimiques qui peuvent induire des mutations génétiques. Pour ces essais, on utilise des rats ou des souris transgéniques qui comportent de multiples copies de vecteurs navettes de plasmides ou de phages intégrés dans leurs chromosomes. Les transgènes contiennent des gènes rapporteurs pour la détection de différents types de mutations induites par les substances d’essai. Des animaux transgéniques répartis en un groupe témoin négatif et un minimum de 3 niveaux de dose sont traités pendant 28 jours consécutifs. L'administration est généralement suivie d'une période de 3 jours, antérieure au sacrifice, au cours de laquelle la substance n'est pas administrée et au cours de laquelle les lésions d'ADN non réparées se fixent sous forme de mutations stables. A la fin de cette période de 3 jours, les animaux sont sacrifiés et l'ADN génomique est isolé du/des tissus(s) d'intérêt puis purifié. On score les mutations qui se sont produites chez les rongeurs en retrouvant le transgène et en analysant le phénotype du gène rapporteur chez un hôte bactérien démuni du gène rapporteur. On obtient la fréquence des mutants, qui est le paramètre observé dans cet essai, en divisant le nombre de plages/plasmides contenant les mutations qui se produisent dans le transgène par le nombre total de plages/plasmides retrouvés dans un même échantillon d'ADN.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264122826-fr
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  • 94
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    Examens de l'OCDE des systèmes de santé: Suisse 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264120938
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE des systèmes de santé
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Health Systems; Switzerland 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Health Systems: Switzerland 2011
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Cinq ans après le premier examen du système de santé suisse, l’OCDE et l’OMS ont de nouveau associé leur expertise afin de faire un rapport sur les progrès réalisés et sur l'état d'avancement de la mise en œuvre des réformes du système de santé suisse. En plus de faire le bilan du bon fonctionnement global du système de santé suisse, les deux organisations proposent des mesures concrètes pour aider le système à améliorer son efficacité et à se préparer pour les besoins futurs en soins de santé de la population suisse. Ce rapport se focalise sur trois points principaux : le marché des assurances santé, la planification du personnel de santé et la gestion et la gouvernance du système de santé.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264120938-fr
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  • 95
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    Etudes économiques de l'OCDE : Fédération de Russie 1995 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264167063
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (205 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; The Russian Federation 1995
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: The Russian Federation 1995
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264167063-fr
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  • 96
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    Essai n 201: Algues d'eau douce et cyanobactéries, essai d'inhibition de la croissance (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069930
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 201; Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 201: Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Le but de cet essai est de déterminer les effets d'une substance sur la croissance d'algues microscopiques dulcicoles et/ou de cyanobactéries. Les organismes d'essai en phase de croissance exponentielle sont exposés à la substance d'essai dans des cultures en lots normalement sur une période de 72 heures. L’effet observé est la réduction de croissance dans une série de cultures d'algues exposées à, au moins, cinq concentrations d'une substance d'essai. Trois réplicats pour chaque concentration d'essai doivent être employées. L’effet est évalué en fonction de la concentration d'exposition, en comparaison avec la croissance moyenne des cultures témoins. On permet la croissance exponentielle sans restriction des cultures dans des conditions suffisamment nutritives (deux milieux de croissance alternatifs: l'OCDE et l'AAP) et un éclairage continu fluorescent. La croissance et l'inhibition de croissance sont quantifiées à partir des mesures de la biomasse des algues en fonction du temps. L'essai limite correspond à un niveau de dose de 100 mg/l. Cette étude inclut la détermination, au moins quotidienne, de la biomasse des algues, la mesure du pH (au début et à la fin) et une observation microscopique. Cette Ligne directrice décrit deux variables : le taux de croissance spécifique moyen, et le rendement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069930-fr
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  • 97
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    Faut-il investir dans les cours de soutien après la classe ? (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Does Investing in After-School Classes Pay Off?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Dans un contexte de concurrence féroce pour rentrer dans les bonnes universités et décrocher les bons emplois, les élèves de l’enseignement secondaire sont souvent encouragés à suivre des cours supplémentaires après la classe dans les matières déjà enseignées dans leur établissement afin d’améliorer leurs performances – même si cela suppose de renoncer à d’autres façons amusantes et intéressantes d’occuper leur temps libre après la classe, comme de faire du sport, de prendre des cours de musique ou de travailler bénévolement dans un centre ou hôpital de la communauté. Dans les pays de l’OCDE, les élèves passent, en moyenne, près de deux heures et demie par semaine dans des cours supplémentaires après la classe. En Corée, en Grèce, en Israël et en Turquie, et dans les pays partenaires, en Azerbaïdjan, au Kirghizistan, au Qatar et en Tunisie, ils y passent même plus de quatre heures et demie. Cet investissement dans les cours de soutien est-il rentable ? ...
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h2r62k9lt-fr
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  • 98
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    Principes de l'OCDE pour renforcer l'intégrité dans les marchés publics (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056626
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles for Integrity in Public Procurement
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Les Principes de l’OCDE pour renforcer l’intégrité dans les marchés publics constituent un instrument novateur qui favorise la bonne gouvernance à toutes les étapes de la passation des marchés publics, depuis l’évaluation des besoins jusqu’à la gestion des marchés. S’inspirant de bonnes pratiques reconnues dans les pays membres et non membres de l’OCDE, ils représentent un réel progrès. Ils fournissent des orientations sur la mise en œuvre des instruments juridiques internationaux élaborés dans le cadre de l’OCDE, ainsi que par d’autres organisations comme les Nations Unies, l’Organisation mondiale du commerce et l’Union européenne. Outre les Principes, cette publication très complète inclut une Liste de vérification pour la mise en œuvre du cadre à toutes les étapes du cycle de passation des marchés publics. Par ailleurs, elle établit une cartographie détaillée des risques afin d’aider les auditeurs à prévenir et à détecter la fraude et la corruption. Enfin, elle comprend une étude de cas utile sur le Maroc, qui a fait l’objet d’une application pilote des Principes. « La Liste de vérification aidera les États et les autorités publiques à élaborer des systèmes de passation de marchés plus transparents et plus efficients » -Nicolas Raigorodsky, Sous-secrétaire chargé des stratégies de transparence, Bureau de lutte contre la corruption, Argentine « Dans le domaine de la gouvernance publique, la passation des marchés publics est une des questions les plus importantes. C’est en s’attaquant aux pots de vin et à la corruption qu’on pourra promouvoir l’intégrité. » -Comité consultatif économique et industriel auprès de l'OCDE « Il faut saluer l’orientation générale et le contenu de ce document. Ils s’inspirent très étroitement de la Convention des Nations Unies contre la corruption et de la Loi type de la Commission des Nations Unies pour le droit commercial international » -Stuart Gilman, Chef du Programme mondial de lutte contre la corruption et du Groupe de lutte contre la corruption, Office des Nations Unies contre la drogue et le crime
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056626-fr
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  • 99
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    Résultats du PISA 2009 : Surmonter le milieu social : L'égalité des chances et l'équité du rendement de l'apprentissage (Volume II) (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264091528
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Results; Overcoming Social Background; Equity in Learning Opportunities and Outcomes (Volume II)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009; Potenziale nutzen und Chancengerechtigkeit sichern
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009 Results: Overcoming Social Background: Equity in Learning Opportunities and Outcomes (Volume II)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2009: Potenziale nutzen und Chancengerechtigkeit sichern
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Resultats du PISA 2009, Volume II: Surmonter le milieu social : L’égalité des chances et l’équité du rendement de l’apprentissage, analyse comment les systèmes d’éducation performants parviennent à atténuer l’impact du milieu socio-économique et de l’ascendance allochtone sur la performance des élèves et des établissements.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264091528-fr
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  • 100
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    Forum mondial sur la transparence et l'échange de renseignements à des fins fiscales Rapport d'examen par les pairs : Belgique 2011 : Phase 1: cadre légal et réglementaire (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264110427
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p.)
    Series Statement: Forum mondial sur la transparence et l'échange de renseignements à des fins fiscales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews; Belgium 2011; Phase 1; Legal and Regulatory Framework
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews: Belgium 2011: Phase 1: Legal and Regulatory Framework
    Keywords: Taxation ; Belgium
    Abstract: Le Forum mondial sur la transparence et l’échange de renseignements à des fins fiscales est l’enceinte multilatérale au sein de laquelle le travail en matière de transparence fiscale et d’échange de renseignements est mené par plus de 90 juridictions participant, sur un pied d’égalité, aux travaux du Forum mondial. Le Forum mondial est chargé de la surveillance approfondie et de l’examen par les pairs de la mise en œuvre des standards en matière de transparence et d’échange de renseignements en matière fiscale. Ces standards sont essentiellement reflétés dans le Modèle d’accord d’échange de renseignements en matière fiscale et ses commentaires publiés en 2002 par l’OCDE et dans l’article 26 du Modèle de convention fiscale concernant le revenu et la fortune de l’OCDE et ses commentaires, tels que mis à jour en 2004. Ces standards ont aussi été repris dans le Modèle de convention fiscale des Nations-Unies Les standards prévoient l’échange de renseignements sur demande des informations vraisemblablement pertinentes pour l’administration et l’application de la législation fiscale interne de la partie requérante. La pêche aux renseignements n’est pas autorisée mais tous les renseignements vraisemblablement pertinents doivent être fournis, y compris les renseignements bancaires et les renseignements détenus par des agents fiduciaires, sans tenir compte de l’existence d’un intérêt fiscal national. Tous les membres du Forum Mondial, ainsi que les juridictions identifiées par le Forum Mondial comme pertinentes pour ses travaux, seront examinés. Ce processus est réalisé en deux phases. L’examen de phase 1 évalue la qualité du cadre juridique et réglementaire des juridictions en matière d’échange de renseignements alors que l’examen de phase 2 se concentre sur la mise en œuvre pratique de ce cadre. Certains membres du Forum mondial font l’objet d’un examen combiné - phase 1 et phase 2 -. Le but final vise à aider les juridictions à mettre effectivement en œuvre les standards internationaux en matière de transparence et d’échange de renseignements en matière de fiscale.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264110427-fr
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