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  • Nuclear Energy Agency  (471)
  • Internationale Energieagentur  (246)
  • Wise, Michael
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (747)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264664883
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: This report compiles and shares some of the lessons learnt from implementing post-Fukushima actions related to human and organisational factors (HOF), including at nuclear facility operating companies, technical support organisations, research institutions, and regulatory authorities. It summarises a two-phase information-gathering exercise, overseen by the NEA Working Group on Human and Organisational Factors, about the requirements and guidelines that countries and nuclear licensees have adopted since the accident. The report discusses the central role of human and organisational performance in mitigating extreme external events and the management of severe accidents. It addresses the importance of validating the ability to perform these actions, and the challenges associated with performing such validations with fidelity to the conditions likely to be present during such events. The report concludes by providing four key recommendations that seek to promote greater sharing of information and the identification of best practices.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264445222
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (213 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Energy Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Australien ; Energiepolitik ; Energy ; Australia
    Abstract: Since the IEA’s last review in 2018, Australia has significantly raised its climate ambitions, with the 2022 Climate Change Act doubling the target for emissions reductions by 2030 and setting the goal of reaching net zero emissions by 2050. To match these increased ambitions, Australia is seeking to update its existing strategies, starting with the preparation of a new emissions reduction plan for 2050. Emission reductions and energy efficiency improvement rates need to double by 2030, and further steps will be required to achieve the government’s clean electricity target. Such efforts would support both climate and energy security goals. To support its clean energy transition, Australia needs to strengthen its resilience to supply disruptions across all fuels, whether from climate change impacts or global energy price shocks. Flexibility, fuel availability and resilient infrastructure will become even more vital as Australia’s energy system incorporates very high shares of variable renewables and is likely to face more frequent and more extreme weather events. Gas market reforms can help ensure energy security during the transition. In this report, the IEA provides energy policy recommendations to help Australia effectively manage the transformation of its energy sector in line with its goals.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264898271
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The disposal of long-lived radioactive waste in a deep geological repository (DGR) is a scientifically and technically credible solution that meets the need for long-term safety without reliance on active monitoring and management. Nevertheless, it is important to assess the potential risks that may be associated with such a nuclear installation and to ensure that an appropriate regime is in place to adequately compensate third parties in case they suffer nuclear damage caused by a DGR. Therefore, countries developing or intending to develop DGRs must take into account nuclear third party liability regime(s) as long as they apply to the disposal facilities. Those regimes establish a specific legal system that deviates from general tort law principles, including strict and exclusive liability of the operator of a nuclear installation, which will have to maintain a compulsory financial security to cover its liability. Given the unusually long life cycles of such installations, this report discusses issues that concern future generations against the background of the currently applicable legal frameworks for the operation of nuclear installations, and existing technical knowledge, conscious that both will evolve. Nevertheless, it is important to identify and address potential issues regarding nuclear liability with the currently applicable legal frameworks and to set a clear framework for the applicable nuclear liability regime(s) during the different phases of operation of the DGR.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264844414
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (147 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: This report aims to highlight the needs of integral experiments in the field of nuclear criticality safety, and to identify the available experimental facilities where such experiments could be performed. In order to identify existing experimental needs, the NEA surveyed international nuclear criticality safety (NCS) practitioners and members of the Working Party on Nuclear Criticality Safety (WPNCS). Responses were received from eight organisations and five countries (Canada, the Czech Republic, France, Japan and the United States); additional responses were also sent by four organisations in two countries (Switzerland and the United Kingdom). The survey results were examined by the WPNCS Subgroup on Experimental Needs for Criticality Safety Purposes (SG-5), which ranked the 25 identified needs in terms of priority as well as describing these needs in detail. A dedicated section of the report describes the existing proprietary experiments that might be used to meet some of the identified needs. Another section highlights some of the many facilities available to perform some of the prioritised criticality experiments.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789264654860
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (178 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The radiation dose rate emitted by spent fuel assemblies is a crucial parameter within the framework of proliferation resistance, and its accurate determination is hence of paramount importance. Recent calculations have shown some discrepancies with historical results for pressurised water reactor spent fuel assemblies. To verify these discrepancies and help define a reference calculation, an international benchmark was carried out under the framework of the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) Expert Group on Advanced Fuel Cycle Scenarios (EGAFCS). The benchmark aimed to verify updated dose rate calculation procedures (new modelling approaches, new nuclear data, new versions of calculation codes) and share the benchmark results at the international level. The benchmark, including code-to-code verification and validation against experimental data, has shown and validated a methodology for the adequate estimation of the radiation dose rate from pressurised water reactor spent fuel assemblies (UOX and MOX) after certain periods of decay, confirming also the self-resistance of the simulated assemblies. This report outlines the exercise, its results and a series of recommendations for calculations.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789264723450
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (435 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Knowledge of basic nuclear physics data is essential for the modelling and safe operation of all types of nuclear facilities. The de facto international standard format, Evaluated Nuclear Data File 6 (ENDF-6) format, was designed originally for 1960s era punch-card readers. The replacement of the system of codes built off this format has been recognised as an important initiative. The ability to use increasingly high-fidelity nuclear physics, coupled to accurate uncertainties, is crucial for advanced simulations. This in turn requires more detailed and accurate data, then requiring improvements to the data storage standards, simultaneously enabling robust Quality Assurance and transfer of knowledge to the next generation. In 2013, the NEA Working Party on International Nuclear Data Evaluation Co-operation (WPEC) launched a project to review the requirements for an international replacement for ENDF-6. The recommendations prompted the creation of a new Expert Group on a Generalised Nuclear Data Structure (GNDS) in 2016 that has used these requirements as the framework for a new format specification. Following rigorous international review, version 1.9 was unanimously approved as the first official published format in 2020. Since then, some 149 formal change requests were made to add new features and clarifications to the specifications, which were unanimously approved for publication in this release as version 2.0.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789264422315
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.)
    Keywords: Wasserstofftechnologie ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Oman ; Energy ; Oman
    Abstract: The production of hydrocarbons has a dominant role in Oman's economy with oil and gas representing around 60% of total export income in recent years. In 2022, Oman announced a target to become net zero by 2050 and an aim to significantly ramp up the domestic production of hydrogen from renewable electricity. The country is well placed to produce large quantities of renewable hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels like ammonia thanks to its high-quality renewable resources. Oman has also vast amounts of land for large-scale project development, and existing fossil fuel infrastructure that can be used or repurposed for low-emission fuels. Oman can become a competitive producer and exporter of renewable hydrogen and ammonia already by the end of this decade, while simultaneously increasing the share of renewables in its power mix. This new IEA report – the first of its kind analysing the potential of renewable hydrogen in a producer economy – indicates that renewable hydrogen is set to bring multiple benefits in terms of investment, natural gas savings and avoided CO₂ emissions as Oman transitions towards a net zero economy.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264754362
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (179 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The Breakthrough Agenda Report 2023 is an annual collaboration between the International Energy Agency (IEA), the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and the United Nations Climate Change High-Level Champions, focused on supporting stronger international collaboration to drive faster reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions. This year's report shows that current efforts on clean energy and sustainable solutions, while improving, are not yet delivering the levels of investment and deployment required to meet international climate goals. In response, it calls on governments to strengthen collaboration in key areas – such as standards and regulation, financial and technical assistance and market creation – to turbocharge the transition. The second annual report assesses progress made since 2022 in priority areas for international collaboration, and sets out a series of recommendations for countries to work together in each sector to help reduce emissions over the next decade and stave off the worst effects of climate change. The report shows how the transition to clean energy and sustainable solutions is accelerating across many sectors, with unprecedented expansion in technologies such as electric vehicles and solar PV. It highlights that electric passenger cars are set to account for 18% of total car sales in 2023, while investment in clean energy technologies is significantly outpacing spending on fossil fuels. But other high emissions and hard-to-abate sectors such as steel, hydrogen and agriculture are not transitioning quickly enough despite encouraging progress in some areas. The report found that in the past year, only modest progress has been made in strengthening international collaboration in the areas where it is most needed. Progress has been made in expanding financial assistance to developing countries in some sectors, and in joint research and development initiatives. But much more progress is needed in aligning policies to create demand for clean technologies, and in establishing dialogue on trade in sectors where this is likely to be critical to the transition. In most sectors, participation in the leading initiatives for practical cooperation still falls short of a majority of the global market. The report argues that greater political commitment is needed to progress from softer forms of collaboration, such as sharing best practice, to harder forms such as alignment of standards and policies, which are more difficult but can yield greater gains in mobilising investment and accelerating deployment.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264646056
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.)
    Keywords: Dekarbonisierung ; Energiepolitik ; Industriepolitik ; Uganda ; Energy ; Uganda
    Abstract: Uganda’s Energy Transition Plan (ETP) is a strategic roadmap for the development and modernisation of Uganda’s energy sector. It charts an ambitious, yet feasible pathway to achieve universal access to modern energy and power the country’s economic transformation in a sustainable and secure way. The plan was developed by Uganda’s Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, with support from the International Energy Agency, and provides the groundwork for the government’s upcoming Integrated Energy Resource Master Plan. The analysis does not just look at Uganda in isolation but considers how global trends are influencing and opening up new opportunities, notably driven by rapidly evolving clean technology costs and shifts in energy and climate finance. Particular focus is paid to making use of the country’s considerable energy and mineral resources, and parlaying this into economic development for Uganda, a core pillar to ensure the pathway in the ETP is a just and inclusive one. The report provides detailed sector-by-sector analysis, including key targets and milestones, estimates of investment needs, and includes high-level recommendations for its implementation. While the focus of the report is from now to 2050, the ETP also highlights key steps to further the energy sector’s decarbonisation beyond 2050 and estimates at what point the energy sector is poised to reach net zero.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789264702967
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (130 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Energy
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264939745
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (157 p.)
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Dänemark ; Energy ; Denmark
    Abstract: Government action plays a pivotal role in ensuring secure and sustainable energy transitions and combatting the climate crisis. Energy policy is critical not just for the energy sector but also for meeting environmental, economic and social goals. Governments need to respond to their country’s specific needs, adapt to regional contexts and help address global challenges. In this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies. This Energy Policy Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Denmark and the IEA. It draws on the IEA's extensive knowledge and the inputs of expert peers from IEA member countries to assess Denmark’s most pressing energy sector challenges and provide recommendations on how to address them, backed by international best practices. The report also highlights areas where Denmark’s leadership can serve as an example in promoting secure clean energy transitions. It also promotes the exchange of best practices among countries to foster learning, build consensus and strengthen political will for a sustainable and affordable clean energy future.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264455955
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (83 p.)
    Keywords: Kritische Metalle ; Mineral ; Rohstoffvorkommen ; Welt ; Energy ; Statistik
    Abstract: The inaugural edition of the Critical Minerals Market Review provides a major update on the investment, market, technology and policy trends of the critical minerals sector in 2022 and an initial reading of the emerging picture for 2023. Through in-depth analyses of clean energy and mineral market trends, this report assesses the progress made by countries and businesses in scaling up future supplies, diversifying sources of supply, and improving sustainable and responsible practices. It also examines major trends for individual minerals and discusses key policy implications. The report will be followed by a forthcoming analysis that will feature comprehensive demand and supply projections for key materials and a number of deep-dives on key issues. It also makes available an online tool, the Critical Minerals Data Explorer, which allow users to explore interactively the latest IEA projections.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264886247
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (98 p.)
    Keywords: Energiewirtschaft ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Beschäftigungsstruktur ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: The second edition of the World Energy Employment (WEE) report tracks the evolutions of the energy workforce from before the pandemic, through the global energy crisis, to today. The report provides a comprehensive stock-take of energy employment with estimates of the size and distribution of the labour force across regions, sectors, and technologies. The dataset provides granularity on workers along the entire energy value chain, covering fossil fuel supply, bioenergy, nuclear, low-emissions hydrogen, power generation, transmission, distribution, and storage; and key energy-related end uses, including vehicle manufacturing and energy efficiency for buildings and industry, among other segments. Additionally, WEE 2023 includes for the first time employment data for the extraction of selected critical minerals, including copper, cobalt, nickel and lithium. This year’s report also benchmarks energy employment needs against an outlook to 2030 across IEA scenarios, outlining key policies that could help countries cultivate and maintain a skilled energy workforce throughout the energy transition. WEE 2023 explores in depth the risks of skilled labour shortages and how this may influence the outlook for the industry and includes new analysis on skills, certifications, wages, and job postings. The findings signal that the ongoing shifts in energy employment will continue and can present both opportunities and risks. With the right enabling measures in place, policy makers, energy companies, labour representatives, educational and vocational training institutions, and other key stakeholders can work in concert to avoid labour transition risks while ensuring the transition to cleaner sources of energy remains people-centred.
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789264718067
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (74 p.)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) Forum on Stakeholder Confidence (FSC) acts as a centre for informed exchange of knowledge and experience regarding stakeholder interaction and public participation in radioactive waste management. It promotes an open discussion among members and stakeholders, across institutional boundaries, and between technical and non-technical actors, in an atmosphere of trust and mutual respect. As such, the FSC is, first and foremost, a learning organisation. FSC members seek to improve their own practice and institutions by uncovering practical knowledge, validating it with those most concerned and with academic feedback, consolidating knowledge and transferring lessons learnt. Since its foundation in 2000, the FSC has used and developed a set of terminology and concepts. Fostering a Durable Relationship between a Waste Management Facility and its Host Community: Adding Value through Design and Process (NEA, 2007a) included a five-page glossary of terms that appeared central to understanding the innovative concepts put forward in that major report. Then, at the 11th Regular Meeting of the FSC in 2010, it was determined that a new, extensive review of concepts and definitions would be useful in order to inform new FSC members or to elaborate future texts on decision making in radioactive waste management. The annotated glossary was prepared on the basis of a review of the full range of FSC publications across the past decade, and discussions with the NEA Secretariat and the FSC Bureau. The glossary was reviewed at the FSC-12 meeting (2011), where the FSC re-examined its key concepts, reaffirming or refining past understanding. In each entry, the key characteristics of the concept are explained and its symbolic dimension described. In some cases, references to other literature are provided. In 2018, the FSC membership decided to update the Glossary and include a new entry on added value. The concept of added value was first discussed in the report Fostering a Durable Relationship between a Waste Management Facility and its Host Community: Adding Value through Design and Process (NEA, 2015). It was recognised that although the concept has many facets and continues to evolve, a shared understanding of this concept was necessary. It is to be expected that within the coming years and through continuing dialogue, the understanding of certain concepts will evolve further and other terms will come to the fore. The FSC will continue to discuss and update its glossary to maintain it as a living document.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264647060
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Realising the contribution of nuclear energy to achieving net zero carbon emission in 2050 will require raising significant amounts of capital at competitive rates. On the basis of work under the aegis of the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) – International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation (IFNEC) Initiative on Nuclear Financing, this report explores a new framework for analysing the cost of capital for nuclear new build projects. Its key insight is that capital costs can be substantially lowered if the different risks pertaining to such projects such as construction risk, price risk or political risk are properly understood, optimally managed and fairly allocated. In a carbon-constrained world, the true capital costs of nuclear energy and other low-carbon generators will also be lower than customarily assumed due to their ability to offset systemic financial risk. The findings of this report apply equally to private and public investments. Governments nevertheless have important roles to play in ensuring credible net zero commitments, implementing frameworks for optimal risk management and by becoming involved as project participants, in cases where they judge that private actors do not realise the full value of a nuclear power project. This report is the first in the collection New perspectives on financing nuclear new build, highlighting complementary aspects of financing nuclear new build. Other volumes in the series address the financing frameworks and risk allocation strategies proposed or adopted for recent or ongoing nuclear new build projects, environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria and the electricity market design, project management and incentive structures necessary for nuclear new build projects to succeed.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789264836013
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (136 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy ; Switzerland
    Abstract: With an electricity system defined by high shares of hydropower, large capacity for interconnection with its neighbours and low carbon intensity, Switzerland is well positioned to attain its objective of net zero carbon emissions by 2050. However, the exact pathway remains the subject of discussion. First, what should the shares of nuclear energy and variable renewable energies such as solar PV and wind be in the energy mix? Second, what degree of electricity trade should Switzerland have with its European neighbours? New system modelling of different energy policy choices with the Nuclear Energy Agency’s POSY model shows that all considered scenarios are technically feasible. However, relying on variable renewables alone or decoupling Switzerland from neighbouring countries could increase total system costs by up to 250%. Instead, continuing to operate Switzerland’s newest nuclear power plants alongside existing hydropower resources, while maintaining interconnection capacity at current levels, emerges as the most cost-effective option to achieve net zero emissions in 2050. Ample data and technical documentation of a least-cost mixed integer (MILP) modelling with hourly resolution are also provided in order to allow replication, extension and discussion of this study’s findings
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789264708648
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (92 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Wasserstofftechnologie ; Kernenergie ; Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Hydrogen is expected to play important roles in decarbonised energy systems, as an energy source for otherwise hard-to-electrify sectors as well as a storage vector to enhance power system flexibility. However, hydrogen is not a primary energy resource and has to be produced using different chemical processes. Water electrolysis, which uses electricity to split water molecules to extract hydrogen, is expected to become a leading solution in this context. Electrolysis will, however, only be a feasible solution if the electricity used as feedstock comes from low-carbon sources. A significant number of countries are therefore considering a role for nuclear energy in their hydrogen strategies. This report provides an assessment of the costs and competitiveness of nuclear-produced hydrogen across the hydrogen value chain and explores the impacts of hydrogen production on the overall costs of integrated electricity and energy systems. It shows, in particular, that nuclear energy can be a competitive source to produce and deliver low-carbon hydrogen for centralised industrial demand. The large scale and dispatchability of nuclear power can also improve the cost-efficiency of hydrogen transport and storage infrastructures, and reduce the overall costs of the energy system.
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789264412040
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 Seiten)
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Energie ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Energiemarkt ; Welt ; Energy ; Statistik
    Abstract: Renewable electricity capacity additions broke another record in 2021 and biofuels demand almost recovered to pre-Covid levels, despite the continuation of logistical challenges and increasing prices. However, the Russian Federation’s (hereafter, “Russia”) invasion of Ukraine is sending shock waves through energy and agriculture markets, resulting in an unprecedented global energy crisis. In many countries, governments are trying to shelter consumers from higher energy prices, reduce dependence on Russian supplies and are proposing policies to accelerate the transition to clean energy technologies. Renewable energy has great potential to reduce prices and dependence on fossil fuels in short and long term. Although costs for new solar PV and wind installations have increased, reversing a decade-long cost reduction trend, natural gas, oil and coal prices have risen much faster, therefore actually further improving the competitiveness of renewable electricity. However, how rapidly renewables can substitute fossil fuels hinges on several uncertainties and will depend on many factors. Will renewable electricity sources defy this global energy crisis and continue to expand quickly despite emerging political and macroeconomic challenges? At the same time, growth in biofuels demand faces significant headwinds from both lower transport demand growth and high biofuel prices. Will demand growth resume at historical rates? In exploring the most recent market and policy developments as of April 2022, our Renewable Energy Market Update forecasts new global renewable power capacity additions and biofuel demand for 2022 and 2023. It also discusses key uncertainties and policy-related implications that may affect projections for 2023 and beyond.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264885783
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (147 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Energy Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Norwegen ; Energy ; Norway
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences. Since the last IEA review in 2017, Norway has remained a global pillar of energy security, providing the world with stable supplies of oil and gas produced in an environmentally conscious manner. Norway has updated its already ambitious targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with plans to achieve 90-95% reductions (excluding sinks) from 1990 levels by 2050. Norway has considerable work ahead to meet these ambitious targets. Since its electricity generation produces nearly zero emissions already and the country has substantially electrified its energy demand, many of the easy wins for reducing emissions have already been achieved. The remaining reductions will be more complex, challenging and costly, notably in transport and industry. Norway has many natural advantages to facilitate a successful energy and climate transition. In particular, it can be well-positioned to lead the world on new technologies for decarbonising hard-to-abate sectors, such as electric vehicles, carbon capture and storage, and hydrogen, if the right policies and incentives are put in place. In this report, the IEA provides energy policy recommendations to help Norway effectively manage the transformation of its energy sector in line with its goals.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789264910591
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (126 p.)
    Keywords: Photovoltaik ; Sonnenenergie ; Lieferkette ; Globalisierung ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: Solar PV is a crucial pillar of clean energy transitions worldwide, underpinning efforts to reach international energy and climate goals. Over the last decade, the amount of solar PV deployed around the world has increased massively while its costs have declined drastically. Putting the world on a path to reaching net zero emissions requires solar PV to expand globally on an even greater scale, raising concerns about security of manufacturing supply for achieving such rapid growth rates – but also offering new opportunities for diversification. This special report examines solar PV supply chains from raw materials all the way to the finished product, spanning the five main segments of the manufacturing process: polysilicon, ingots, wafers, cells and modules. The analysis covers supply, demand, production, energy consumption, emissions, employment, production costs, investment, trade and financial performance, highlighting key vulnerabilities and risks at each stage. Because diversification is one of the key strategies for reducing supply chain risks, the report assesses the opportunities and challenges of developing solar PV supply chains in terms of job creation, investment requirements, manufacturing costs, emissions and recycling. Finally, the report summarises policy approaches that governments have taken to support domestic solar PV manufacturing and provides recommendations based on those.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264318199
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Nuclear Safety
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: This report from the NEA Working Group on Human and Organisational Performance establishes a common understanding around the terms human performance (HP), organisational performance (OP), and human and organisational factors (HOF) through a simple model. The model presented illustrates the strong inter-relationship between the terms. It shows that HP includes both human activities and the results of these activities. HOF are the factors which have influence on HP in a positive or adverse manner in a given situation. They can be categorised as human-, technology- and organisation-related factors which are themselves under continuous interaction with each other. The report highlights the need for all managers to develop an understanding that the continuous application of a systemic approach is required to establish and sustain an effective management system and to foster safety culture.
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9789264348868
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (89 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The number of corporations announcing clean electricity pledges has increased substantially in recent years, with many companies setting specific goals to meet some or all of their electricity demand with clean supply. These goals can support new capacity in clean generation, helping to boost overall shares in power systems. Increasingly, clean electricity goals can be specified in different ways; this can have implications for the clean technologies procured, the amount and location of procurement, and the resulting emissions reduction. In some regions, corporates have a range of options to choose from when purchasing clean electricity; in other regions, legal and regulatory barriers still constrain engagement in corporate procurement. This report examines the options available and the ways in which they contribute to decarbonisation and, ultimately, net zero electricity goals. Using the IEA’s regional power system models for India and Indonesia, the report applies quantitative analysis to examine the implications of different procurement strategies for emissions reduction, procurement costs and technology deployment. A key finding is that when companies set more granular goals – such as matching their electricity demand hourly (rather than annually as has been the dominant practice) – it can stimulate deployment of the wider portfolio of flexible technologies needed for net zero transitions in the power sector. The report aims to guide corporates in choosing impactful ways to procure clean electricity. It also highlights the roles of policy makers, regulators, system operators and network owners and operators in increasing the availability and impact of corporate procurement options. The final chapter offers targeted recommendations for different stakeholder groups.
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Series Statement: CSNI Technical Opinion Papers no.18
    Keywords: Nukleare Sicherheit ; Erdbeben ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Seismic probabilistic safety assessment (SPSA) is a systematic method for examining and evaluating the risk from earthquake-initiated accidents. The significant advances in the area of SPSA since the initial publication in 2002 of Technical Opinion Paper No. 2: Seismic Probabilistic Safety Assessment for Nuclear Facilities by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency have prompted its revision. The objective of this report is to provide the up-to-date international view on the state of the SPSA as it is currently being applied, including a description of the main elements of SPSA. While the uncertainties associated with seismic hazard and the determination of seismic failure probabilities are typically large, the inclusion of SPSA in a risk assessment results in a more complete risk picture, and thus enables more meaningful PSA applications.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789264629479
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (520 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Principles and Practice of International Nuclear Law examines the various interrelated legal issues for the safe, efficient and secure use of nuclear energy. It provides an overview of the complex body of laws and legal regimes in international nuclear law, as well as the many developments that have unfolded in recent years impacting all aspects of nuclear safety, security, safeguards and liability. It also gives a concise overview of the main international institutions, and addresses such issues as radiological protection, nuclear safety, environmental protection, nuclear transport, nuclear security, safeguards, nuclear third party liability and compensation for nuclear damage, insurance, nuclear trade and project development.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264687844
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (159 p.)
    Keywords: Gründungsförderung ; Energietechnik ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: This report highlights recent initiatives to inspire policy action at a time when innovation leadership by the public and private sectors is critical to meeting the net zero challenge. Countries around the world strive to become home to the next major company emerging from a start-up with a disruptive clean energy invention, and with good reason. Whilst aiding innovation in support of climate and energy goals, nurturing innovative start-ups to maturity can also create local economic prosperity because clean energy transitions will be a major market opportunity for all countries, all century long. Already, the number of government policy measures to help start-ups get new clean energy technologies to market has risen sharply since the Paris Agreement was signed in 2015. This is extremely encouraging given that energy technology start-ups continue to face challenges attracting patient capital and governments possess some unique resources to speed them through the phases to reach technical maturity while staying in business. Based on 14 detailed case studies and in-depth interviews, this report presents a range of impressive policy measures from a variety of different country contexts, and identifies eight key insights for effective policy to support clean energy start-ups.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789264828308
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (93 p.)
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Energie ; Energieeinsparung ; Innovation ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; China ; Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: In the last 20 years, the People’s Republic of China (hereafter, “China”) has strengthened its position on the global stage as an energy innovator, as illustrated by the stories of solar power and, more recently, electric mobility. This is the result of several decades of increasing policy focus on technology innovation, which underpin China’s ambitions to become a producer of knowledge and foster innovation-driven socio-economic development. Looking forward, clean energy innovation will play a crucial role to achieve China’s objectives of carbon peaking by 2030 and neutrality by 2060, and ranks among core government priorities for the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025). This report builds on the IEA Energy Sector Roadmap to Carbon Neutrality in China chapter on “Innovation for carbon neutrality”, and provides complementary and new analysis and information. It maps the institutional and policy landscape of clean energy innovation in China and shows trends for selected metrics to track and explain progress of technology development.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264812079
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (135 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Energy Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Armenien ; Energy ; Armenia
    Abstract: This International Energy Agency (IEA) in-depth review of the energy policies of Armenia follows the same format as that used for the IEA peer reviews of member countries. This in-depth review of Armenia was conducted under the auspices of the EU4Energy programme, which is being implemented by the IEA and the European Union, along with the Energy Community Secretariat and the Energy Charter Secretariat. Armenia depends on imports to meet much of its energy needs, particularly natural gas from the Russian Federation. It is one of the few ex-Soviet republics to avoid significant energy subsidies, and it is the only country in the Caucasus region to possess a nuclear power plant. In January 2021, the government approved a new Energy Sector Development Strategic Programme that sets the path for the sector’s transition through 2040. Key government priorities include promoting maximum use of the country’s potential for renewable energy and energy efficiency; increasing power transmission links with Armenia’s neighbours; gradually liberalising the domestic electricity market; and maintaining and, possibly, increasing the role of nuclear power. This report assesses the energy sector and related challenges facing Armenia and proposes policy recommendations to improve sector governance, energy efficiency, and security of supply.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789264444218
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (171 Seiten)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The buildings sector plays a key role in decarbonising the global economy. In the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), buildings account for close to a quarter of the region’s total final energy consumption and energy-related CO2 emissions. With continued economic development, urbanisation and population growth across the region, the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) analysis shows that both final energy consumption and CO2 emissions in buildings will continue to grow without ambitious policy actions. Improving the energy efficiency of building envelopes and systems, increasing renewable energy utilisation, phasing out the use of traditional biomass and switching to clean cooking and electricity, while enhancing energy access for vulnerable households across the region, can result in more than a 60% reduction in CO2 emissions from buildings by 2040 in relation to 2020, and provide many other benefits to households, society and governments.The Roadmap for Energy-Efficient Buildings and Construction in ASEAN focuses on the policy tools available for ASEAN Member States to drive energy efficiency improvements in the building sector to help meet growing needs for residential and non-residential floor space and energy services, while limiting the growth in energy demand and related emissions. It identifies key energy-efficient and lowcarbon actions and activities that governments could consider for implementation by 2025, 2030 and beyond, moving towards net zero-carbon buildings.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789264663183
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (116 Seiten)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Distributed energy resources (DERs) are small-scale energy resources usually situated near sites of electricity use, such as rooftop solar panels and battery storage. Their rapid expansion is transforming not only the way electricity is generated, but also how it is traded, delivered and consumed.Accordingly, DERs can create new power system opportunities, but at the same time, can pose new challenges when a grid has not been properly prepared. Many jurisdictions are just beginning to understand how DERs fit into the wider energy landscape – what they are and what impacts they have on the grid, and how they can be used to improve system reliability and reduce overall energy costs. Meanwhile, other regions have built up experience with DERs, demonstrating that they can provide valuable services to the grid when incentivised with appropriate technologies, policies and regulations.Nonetheless, not all countries use the same electricity market model or are at the same stage of DER penetration, and the fit-for-purpose solutions will vary from place to place. This report reviews lessons from forerunners and distils best practices (with examples and case studies) to help policymakers, regulators and system operators across the globe understand what experience is most relevant to their own situation. Readers will be able to draw on a wide range of practical insights for electricity market design and regulation to help unlock the multiple grid benefits of DER technologies.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264966192
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (250 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Africa energy outlook 2022
    Keywords: Energie ; Energiewirtschaft ; Energieversorgung ; Elektrizitätsversorgung ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Wirkung ; Auswirkung ; Energiebedarf ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Kapitalbeschaffung ; Klimaschutz ; Energiepolitik ; Strukturanpassung ; Beschäftigung ; Arbeit ; Szenario ; Energy ; Afrika
    Abstract: Today’s global energy crisis underscores the urgency and magnitude of the task of transforming Africa’s energy sector, as well as the benefits of an accelerated shift to more affordable and cleaner sources of energy.The Africa Energy Outlook 2022 is a new special report from the International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook series. It explores pathways for Africa’s energy system to evolve toward achieving all African development goals, including universal access to modern and affordable energy services by 2030 and nationally determined contributions.The report analyses infrastructure expansion needs, investment requirements, financing options and energy policy priorities. It also explores a shifting fuel mix that supports resilient development, opportunities for new exports, and just transition issues – including energy access, affordability and employment.
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789264953253
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Secure, resilient and sustainable energy technology supply chains are central to successful clean energy transitions. The race to net zero emissions will redefine global energy security and shift the focus from the supply of fossil fuels to the supply of the minerals, materials and manufacturing capacity needed to deliver clean energy technologies. This report, Securing Clean Energy Technology Supply Chains, assesses current and future supply chain needs for key technologies – including solar PV, batteries for electric vehicles and low emissions hydrogen – and provides a framework for governments and industry to identify, assess and respond to emerging opportunities and vulnerabilities. The IEA highlights five key strategies to build secure, resilient and sustainable supply chains: Diversify, Accelerate, Innovate, Collaborate and Invest. This report has been prepared for the Sydney Energy Forum on 12-13 July 2022. The IEA is pleased to co-host the Forum alongside the Australian Government and in partnership with the Business Council of Australia. The report is a precursor to the 2023 edition of Energy Technology Perspectives, an IEA flagship report, which will present detailed analysis on what is needed to develop and expand a range of clean energy technology supply chains to achieve net zero emissions.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789264846029
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Aserbaidschan ; Energy ; Azerbaijan
    Abstract: Long-term energy planning is central to a country’s strategic direction. Without it, governments may end up relying on a patchwork of policies and legislation that can be incoherent and ill-suited for the complex challenges countries are increasingly faced with. Good long-term energy planning encompasses domestic and foreign policy, while touching on many key areas of the economy including industry, natural resources and trade. The process involves multiple stakeholders across the government, but also brings in the private sector as well as citizens, as it aims to set out a strategic path towards a clear goal. Azerbaijan, like many of its peers, is looking to understand how best to meet the opportunities and complexities of the global clean energy transition. The 2014-2015 oil shock prompted the government to consider and draft a slate of new laws and reform packages, and at present efforts are being made to finalise and pass an energy strategy. The price volatility seen in global markets over 2020-2022 is making it even clearer that energy planning using scenario analysis and modelling will help countries successfully respond to new and unexpected challenges in a resilient fashion. This roadmap details the necessary steps in building that process and exploring relevant policy options that producer economies have pursued, which may be relevant to Azerbaijan. It then discusses data collection and survey design, which are key to establishing the base for energy modelling. The roadmap then looks at energy modelling and its role in policy making. This roadmap aims to help Azerbaijan reconsider the policy planning process as it looks to connect key laws and reforms into a greater energy strategy. It also sets out a path for Azerbaijan to make this process sustainable and iterative, connecting its policymakers with its statisticians, and investing in in-house modelling capacity. Every country must choose its own energy path, based on its specific needs and resources, but having a long-term plan can smooth out that path significantly.
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: CSNI Technical Opinion Papers no.19
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Following the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, many countries began funding research and development on nuclear fuel designs with enhanced accident tolerance (ATFs). ATFs have improved designs, materials and performance features compared with those of the current generation of slightly enriched UO2 ceramic pellets within cylindrical zirconium alloy cladding. This report evaluates the applicability of existing fuel design and performance requirements to some of the new ATF designs (coated zirconium alloy fuel rod cladding, FeCrAl fuel rod cladding, silicon carbide fuel rod cladding, doped uranium dioxide ceramic fuel pellets, uranium silicide ceramic fuel pellets),identifies new phenomena which create the need for new or different performance metrics and design requirements, identifies data gaps and discusses opportunities for international collaborative research to fill them. A variety of new phenomena were identified for the examined ATF designs which challenged the applicability of existing performance metrics and analytical limits or created the need for new criteria. Recommendations to address these challenges are provided with the intention to inform future international research programmes and support ATF licensing.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264677029
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (151 Seiten)
    Series Statement: IEA Energy Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Belgien ; Energy ; Belgium ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences to help drive secure, affordable and clean energy transitions.Belgium’s energy and climate policies push for energy transition through expanding renewable electricity generation and electrifying energy demand, especially for transport. Policies focus on maintaining affordable access to energy with the double aim of protecting vulnerable consumers and ensuring industrial competitiveness. Belgium has made notable progress on deploying offshore wind and increasing the share of electric vehicles. However, fossil fuels still dominate the country’s energy mix, a dependence that is expected to increase. All sectors have considerable work ahead of them to meet Belgium’s targets for increasing the share of renewables, lowering energy demand and reducing emissions.The IEA provides a range of energy policy recommendations in this report to help Belgium smoothly manage the transition to an efficient and flexible carbon-neutral energy system.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789264438965
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Keywords: Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Energiepolitik ; Indonesien ; Energy ; Indonesia
    Abstract: This report was prepared on the basis of the framework for collaboration established by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) of Indonesia on the topic of power system enhancement and renewable energy integration, and in support of the implementation of the upcoming Presidential Decree on renewable energy. It is part of the assistance provided by the IEA towards Indonesia’s efforts to reform its energy sector and is consistent with IEA’s forthcoming Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Indonesia. The overarching objective of the assignment was to assist Indonesia in tackling short-term power system challenges, by achieving key targets such as reaching a 23% share of renewable energy in the national electricity mix by 2025 in a secure and affordable fashion, and by making grids progressively smarter. The assignment included the organisation of a number of workshops for Indonesian stakeholders and a techno-economic study performed by the IEA. It benefited from the support of the state-owned utility Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN). This public report summarises the information gathered from the workshops and presents the results of the study in a set of recommendations for Indonesia.
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9789264559264
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (95 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Nuclear Power and Secure Energy Transitions: From Today’s Challenges to Tomorrow’s Clean Energy Systems is a new report by the International Energy Agency that looks at how nuclear energy could help address two major crises – energy and climate – facing the world today. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the disruptions in global energy supplies that it has fuelled have made governments rethink their energy security strategies, putting a stronger focus on developing more diverse and domestically based supplies. For multiple governments, nuclear energy is among the options for achieving this. At the same time, many governments have in recent years stepped up their ambitions and commitments to reach net zero emissions. Nuclear Power and Secure Energy Transitions expands upon the IEA’s landmark 2021 report, Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. It does so by exploring in depth nuclear power’s potential role as a source of low emissions electricity that is available on demand to complement the leading role of renewables such as wind and solar in the transition to electricity systems with net zero emissions. In this context, the report examines the difficulties facing nuclear investment, particularly in advanced economies, in the areas of cost, performance, safety and waste management. It considers the additional challenge of meeting net zero targets with less nuclear power than envisioned in the IEA Net Zero Roadmap, as well as what kind of cost targets could enable nuclear power to play a larger role in energy transitions. For countries where nuclear power is considered an acceptable part of the future energy mix, the new report identifies the potential policy, regulatory and market changes that could be implemented in order to create new investment opportunities. It also looks at the role of new technologies, particularly small modular reactors, and their potential development and deployment.
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9789264366909
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (111 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technologies are set to play an important role in putting the global energy system on a path to net zero. Successfully deploying CCUS relies on the establishment of legal and regulatory frameworks to ensure the effective stewardship of CCUS activities and the safe and secure storage of CO2. Several countries have already developed comprehensive legal and regulatory frameworks for CCUS. These form a valuable knowledge base for the growing number of countries that have identified a role for CCUS in meeting their climate goals, but which are yet to establish a legal foundation for CCUS, and particularly for CO2 storage. Increasingly, existing frameworks are also being tested as more commercial CCUS projects are developed, with important learnings for regulators. This IEA CCUS Handbook is a resource for policy makers and regulators on establishing and updating legal and regulatory frameworks for CCUS. It identifies 25 priority issues that frameworks should address for CCUS deployment, presenting global case studies and examining how different jurisdictions have approached these issues. The handbook is supported by a webbased legal and regulatory database, and model legislative text that is found at the end of this report.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264747760
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: In the first half of 2022, many electricity markets continued to experience skyrocketing prices, particularly in Europe, reflecting deep uncertainties over both fossil fuel supplies and the economic outlook. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine shattered any hope of energy prices declining in the near term following the strong increases seen in the second half of 2021. In Europe, the situation prompted heightened ambitions and strengthened policies to advance clean energy transitions and reduce dependency on fuel imports. But in the short term, it also resulted in a partial return to coal-fired electricity generation. Sluggish economic growth is expected to dampen global electricity demand growth in 2022 and 2023 to less than half the rate seen in 2021. Despite gas-to-coal switching and low nuclear power plant availability in Europe, global electricity sector emissions may decline slightly in 2022 and 2023 – reflecting a combination of slowing power demand and displacement of fossil fuels by renewables. This July 2022 update of the IEA Electricity Market Report presents our latest forecasts for global electricity demand, supply and emissions through 2023. In light of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, we also provide a special focus on the situation in Europe, discussing recent developments and future plans.
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  • 39
    ISBN: 9789264632554
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Keywords: Energieversorgung ; Energiepolitik ; Erdgasmarkt ; Erdgasgewinnung ; Theorie ; Energy
    Abstract: Russia’s unprovoked invasion of Ukraine has had a dramatic impact on the global energy system. Russia was the world’s largest oil and natural gas exporter in 2021, and energy markets have been thrown into turmoil, with major energy security and supply risks worldwide. Substantial gas resources currently are being produced that do not make it to market because they are lost to flaring and leaks across the oil and gas supply chain. This report estimates that nearly 210 billion cubic metres (bcm) of natural gas could be made available to gas markets by a global effort to eliminate non-emergency flaring and reduce methane emissions from oil and gas operations. If countries that currently export natural gas to the European Union were to implement these two measures, they could increase gas exports by more than 45 bcm using existing infrastructure, equivalent to almost one third of Russian gas exports to the EU in 2021.
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264492172
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (215 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Kernenergie ; Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Nuclear energy is an important source of low-carbon electricity and thus plays a significant role in avoiding carbon emissions. It has the potential to decarbonise the global energy sector even further by also providing heat for industrial applications and residential heating, which both continue to run mainly on fossil fuels. More than 65 nuclear reactors around the world (about 15% of the total) with decades of experience demonstrate on a daily basis the feasibility of providing non-electric applications of nuclear energy such as district heating, desalination or other forms of process heat. In order to further reduce carbon emissions, the share of nuclear reactors used for cogeneration needs to be expanded. However, until recently the economic competitiveness of thermal energy produced by nuclear power plants has been a challenge. Not accounting for climate change impacts, heat produced by gas- or coal-fired power plants has frequently been cheaper. Yet, as fossil fuel prices rise and carbon costs are increasingly accounted for, the economics of nuclear cogeneration begin to look more favourable. A good understanding of the technical realities and economics of nuclear cogeneration, including its implications for electricity and energy systems, is essential to take advantage of this changed environment. This NEA report provides a thorough overview of nuclear cogeneration, with a view to helping energy decisionmakers and interested experts in assessing the costs and benefits of having nuclear energy provide both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat.
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789264717398
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Nuclear Safety
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: One of the key areas in fuel safety is the analysis of fuel behaviour under reactivity-initiated accident conditions. Reactivity-initiated accident fuel rod codes have been developed for a significant period of time and they all have shown their ability to reproduce some experimental results with a certain degree of adequacy. However, they sometimes rely on different specific modelling assumptions whose influence on the final results of the calculations is difficult to evaluate. This report summarises three phases of benchmark conducted by the NEA between 2010 and 2019 with codes for calculating fuel behaviour in reactivity initiated accidents. Building on previous NEA reports, it provides recommendations for future research and code enhancements for safety analysis regarding reactivity accidents.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264976764
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Keywords: Wärmepumpe ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: Heat pumps, powered by low-emissions electricity, are the central technology in the global transition to secure and sustainable heating. This report, provides an outlook for heat pumps, identifying key opportunities to accelerate their deployment. It also highlights the major barriers and policy solutions, and explores the implications of an accelerated uptake of heat pumps for energy security, consumers’ energy bills, employment and efforts to tackle climate change.Around 10% of space heating needs globally were met by heat pumps in 2021, but the pace of installation is growing rapidly with sales at record levels. Government policy support is needed, though, to help consumers overcome heat pumps’ higher upfront costs relative to alternatives. Financial incentives for heat pumps are already available in over 30 countries, which together cover more than 70% of heating demand today. The IEA estimates heat pumps globally have the potential to reduce global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by at least 500 million tonnes in 2030 – equal to the annual CO2 emissions of all cars in Europe today.
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  • 43
    ISBN: 9789264409828
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (127 p.)
    Keywords: CO2-Speicherung ; Energy
    Abstract: Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technologies are an important solution for the decarbonisation of the global energy system as it proceeds down the path to net zero emissions. CCUS can contribute to the decarbonisation of the industrial and power generation sectors, and can also unlock technology-based carbon dioxide (CO2) removal. However, its successful deployment hinges on the availability of CO2 storage. For widespread CCUS deployment to occur, CO2 storage infrastructure needs to develop at the same speed or faster than CO2 capture facilities. CO2 has been injected into the Earth’s subsurface since the 1970s and dedicated CO2 storage (where CO2 is injected for the purpose of its storage and not for CO2-based enhanced oil recovery) has been occurring since 1996. There are seven commercial-scale dedicated CO2 storage sites today, with more than 100 others in development. Lessons learned from these sites, along with research, pilot and demonstration projects, contribute to our understanding of CO2 storage resources, their assessment and their development into CO2 storage sites.This IEA CCUS Handbook is an aid for energy sector stakeholders on CO2 storage resources and their development. It provides an overview of geological storage, its benefits, risks and socio economic considerations. The handbook is supported by an extensive glossary of CO2 storage-related terminology found at the end of this report .
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9789264557697
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.)
    Keywords: Sonnenenergie ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Usbekistan ; Energy ; Uzbekistan
    Abstract: This Solar Energy Policy in Uzbekistan Roadmap is part of the EU4Energy programme, a five-year initiative funded by the European Union. EU4Energy’s aim is to support the development of evidence-based energy policy design and data capabilities in Eastern Partnership and Central Asian countries, of which Uzbekistan is a part. The main purpose of this roadmap is to guide policy making at all levels to maximise the use of solar energy in Uzbekistan, and to serve as a precursor for a national solar energy strategy. The government of Uzbekistan is invited to consider incorporating the actions outlined in this roadmap so as to enhance the use of solar resources into a dedicated solar energy strategy. This roadmap primarily focuses on increasing solar generation in Uzbekistan's electricity mix, but also touches upon solar heat potential to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels. The roadmap aims to help Uzbekistan formulate its strategies and plans for solar energy deployment across all levels of government. It is also intended to support and guide the activities of other key stakeholders.
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789264881075
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (248 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The NEA Clay Club has been gathering the key geoscientific characteristics of the various argillaceous formations that are – or have been – studied in NEA member countries in the context of radioactive waste disposal, resulting in the publication of the Clay Club Catalogue of Characteristics of Argillaceous Rocks in 2005. This publication builds upon the 2005 NEA report by providing updated datasets for a select number of argillaceous formations presented in the previous report, as well as an expanded discussion of: the formations and their properties; the nuclear waste management organisations responsible for the implementation of the deep geological repository concept; the design concept proposed for a deep geological repository in the respective countries and rock formations; and some of the favourable properties of said argillaceous formations. A key goal of this report is to present the data in a manner that allows reasonable comparability (in both scale and methods) of the included parameters, in order to support the formal assessment and demonstration of the capacity of clay-rich formations to securely contain and isolate nuclear waste from the natural environment.
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789264585874
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (74 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    Keywords: Energy ; Carbon dioxide capture and storage ; Sequestrierung ; Kohlendioxid ; Abscheidung ; Methode ; Forschungsprojekt
    Abstract: Direct air capture plays an important and growing role in net zero pathways. Capturing CO2 directly from the air and permanently storing it removes the CO2 from the atmosphere, providing a way to balance emissions that are difficult to avoid, including from long-distance transport and heavy industry, as well as offering a solution for legacy emissions. Air-captured CO2 can also be used as a climate-neutral feedstock for a range of products that require a source of carbon. In the IEA Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, direct air capture technologies capture more than 85 Mt of CO2 in 2030 and around 980 MtCO2 in 2050, requiring a large and accelerated scale-up from almost 0.01 MtCO2 today. Currently 18 direct air capture facilities are operating in Canada, Europe and the United States. The first large-scale direct air capture plant of up to 1 MtCO2/year is in advanced development and is expected to be operating in the United States by the mid-2020s. This report explores the growing momentum behind direct air capture, together with the opportunities and challenges for scaling up the deployment of direct air capture technologies consistent with net zero goals. It considers the current status of these technologies, their potential for cost reductions, their future energy needs, and the optimal locations for direct air capture facilities. Finally, the report identifies the key drivers for direct air capture investment and priorities for policy action.
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9789264540231
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (139 Seiten)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Achieving Net Zero Heavy Industry Sectors in G7 Members is a new report by the International Energy Agency that focuses on the implementation of policies aimed at drastically lowering CO2 emissions from heavy industries in the G7 and beyond. This work, requested by Germany’s 2022 G7 Presidency, builds on analysis from the IEA’s Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. It follows Achieving Net Zero Electricity Sectors in G7 Members, produced as an input to the UK’s G7 Presidency in 2021.This report focuses on two key areas for achieving net zero heavy industry sectors in G7 members, both of which are priority areas for Germany’s 2022 G7 Presidency. The first is a toolbox of policies and financing mechanisms to initiate and sustain the industry sector transition. The second is a series of common and practicable definitions of what constitutes near zero emission steel and cement production, a key step to establishing future policy mechanisms, irrespective of the exact mitigation pathway or the specific technologies chosen. The report is designed to inform policy makers, material producers and consumers, investors, leading sectoral initiatives and the research community in the lead up to the G7 Climate and Energy Ministerial in May 2022, and beyond.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264321267
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (144 Seiten)
    Keywords: Energieprognose ; Energieversorgung ; Südostasien ; Energy
    Abstract: This work is the first region-focused energy outlook to be published by the IEA since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic and the 26th Conference of the Parties in Glasgow, where participants reaffirmed their commitments to tackle climate change. The challenges facing energy policy makers – to provide clean, secure and affordable energy to all – have been made even more urgent by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. This report highlights how countries in Southeast Asia can respond to the current energy crisis in ways that improve their energy security and also advance worldwide efforts to mitigate climate change.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264451858
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (177 Seiten)
    Series Statement: IEA Energy Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Polen ; Energy ; Poland ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences to help drive secure and affordable clean energy transitions.Poland’s energy policy aims to decarbonise its energy supply through expanding renewable energy, introducing nuclear energy, powering transportation through electricity, and increasing energy efficiency across the economy. A central aspect of Poland’s energy policy is reducing the reliance on coal, especially for electricity generation and building heating. There is a strong policy focus on energy security and ensuring a just transition that maintains affordable access to energy and protects vulnerable consumers, while promoting economic growth.Poland has made notable progress on energy transition. It has one of the fastest growing markets for distributed solar PV in Europe, and it has developed a strong programme to drive offshore wind deployment. Poland has also taken important steps to improve energy security, like diversifying energy imports away from Russia. However, the country’s energy mix is still dominated by fossil fuels. All sectors have considerable work ahead to meet targets for increasing the share of renewables, lowering energy demand and reducing emissions.In this report, the IEA provides a range of energy policy recommendations to help Poland smoothly manage the transition to an efficient and flexible low-carbon energy system.
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9789264866812
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (104 Seiten)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Space cooling is the fastest-growing use of energy in buildings globally and in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Electricity use for cooling in buildings across the region has increased dramatically over the past decades. Yet today, only 15% of households in Southeast Asia have an air conditioner; fans represent around another 9% of residential energy use. With continued economic development and population growth across the region, the International Energy Agency (IEA) projects that air conditioner ownership across the ASEAN Member States (AMS) will continue to grow. This growth could see electricity demand from space cooling in the region grow to 300 TWh in 2040 – approximately equivalent to the total electricity consumption of Indonesia and Singapore combined.The Roadmap towards Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Space Cooling in ASEAN focuses on the policy tools available for AMS to drive energy efficiency improvements for space cooling. It sets ambitious milestones for space cooling technologies, including air conditioners and fans, that can help guide the ambitions outlined in this roadmap and subsequent action across ASEAN.
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  • 51
    ISBN: 9789264620476
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 Seiten)
    Keywords: Ladeinfrastruktur ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency prepared this report, within the framework of a Global Environment Facility (GEF) programme aimed at supporting low- and middle-income economies in their transition to E-mobility. It is the first deliverable of Working Group Four on Charging, Grid Integration, Renewable Power Supply and Battery Re-use, Recycling and Safe Disposal. Its objective is to provide policy makers with a comprehensive overview of the ecosystem of public charging infrastructure (defined as infrastructure that is publicly accessible), as well as key recommendations for its efficient deployment. Although it focuses on charging systems for light-duty vehicles, the report also discusses implications for two- and three-wheelers, as well as heavy-duty vehicles. The findings summarised here are informed by the many contributions and insights provided by international stakeholders. The IEA’s analysis begins with a definition of charging infrastructure and describes the different business models associated with it. We present a number of policy examples and conclude with five key recommendations for ensuring the efficient roll-out of public charging infrastructure.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264796331
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Reducing industrial carbon emissions is one of the most difficult challenges on the path to net zero by 2050 due to the magnitude of greenhouse gas emissions from the industrial sector and technical requirements for heat in addition to power. High-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) are a promising Generation IV nuclear technology that can supply process heat for a variety of industrial applications. The Nuclear Energy Agency investigated the potential and limitations of HTGRs for industrial heat applications. This study reviews the technical features and development status of HTGRs as a low-carbon heat source and explores how this technology could meet the process heat requirements of different industrial processes. It revealed the potential industrial applications of HTGR heat in the near term as well as further opportunities in the medium to long term while identifying the remaining challenges for the industrial deployment of this technology.
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9789264849389
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (103 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Kernbrennstoff ; Bergbau ; Stakeholder ; Corporate Social Responsibility ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The transformative activity of mining has numerous economic, social and environmental impacts that can be both positive and adverse for communities, ecosystems and economies. As the uranium industry begins to address negative perceptions and legacies associated with past activities, environmental, socioeconomic and governance aspects of the uranium mining life cycle are gaining increased attention from investors, communities, regulators and other stakeholders. While environmental and human health and safety concerns often dominate stakeholder engagement programmes and public conversations about uranium operations, less public discussion and analytical research are typically devoted to the socio-economic aspects. This was the basis for this report. Through an examination of case studies from several countries the aim is to clarify how the numerous activities related to uranium mining affect various aspects of socio-economic development – including employment, supply chain investments, exports, taxes and royalties, innovation, infrastructure, education and medical care. This report’s inventory of leading practices is intended to inform public debate on uranium mine development and provide policymakers with a framework of approaches to maximise the social and economic benefits of uranium mining projects.
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9789264883116
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (92 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Radiological Protection
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Ten years after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, many lessons have been learnt that have helped improve preparedness for nuclear emergencies and awareness of the global risks that such accidents can entail. This includes a number of long-lasting, multidimensional impacts on health(including mental health and psychosocial support), the economy, and the environment. Recovery from a nuclear or radiological accident is a long, complex and resource-intensive process. To facilitate efficient recovery, it is important to establish processes and procedures during the preparedness phase to activate the resources required and to involve the relevant stakeholders at all levels. This report addresses the need for a harmonised approach towards efficient recovery management from nuclear or radiological accidents, which aims to assist countries to develop their own national plans and procedures for post-accident recovery preparedness in a harmonised manner, through the introduction of a cyclical approach.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2021, no. 1 | volume:2021 | year:2021 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2021, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Viewed from a general, global perspective, the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments is not the rule. On the contrary, it generally requires a specific legal basis and justification that a country accepts the rulings of courts of other states and treats them like its own decisions. The main basis for such treatment is most often an international treaty or a supranational instrument (like, for instance, the Brussels Ibis Regulation1 or the revised Lugano Convention of 20072) that provides for the mutual acceptance of foreign court decisions among the states adhering to the respective instrument. In the absence of a specific bilateral or multilateral treaty or supranational instrument, the states autonomously formulate the conditions under which they recognise and enforce foreign judgments. In this respect, some countries follow a more generous, others a more restrictive, course. But, countries do not recognise foreign judgments without preconditions;3 every country provides for a certain type of control. Some, for instance, adhere to the principle of reciprocity. These countries recognise and enforce judgments of other countries only if the other country recognises and enforces their decisions...
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2021, no. 1 | volume:2021 | year:2021 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2021, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2021, no. 1 | volume:2021 | year:2021 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2021, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2021, no. 2 | volume:2021 | year:2021 | number:2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2021, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: 0
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2021, no. 2 | volume:2021 | year:2021 | number:2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2021, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Multiple sources of international nuclear law, including binding instruments such as the Convention on Nuclear Safety (CNS)1 and the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management (Joint Convention),2 stress the importance of the independence of the regulator, as well as the effective separation of that regulatory body from others tasked with the promotion or utilisation of nuclear energy. Since its creation in 1974, the United States (US) Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has been characterised as an “independent agency” within the US government. One of the hallmarks of this independence is that, by law, members of the Commission cannot be removed at will by the President over policy disagreements. However, recent decisions by the US Supreme Court have declared that restrictions on the President’s ability to remove the heads of certain agencies are incompatible with the nation’s constitutional structure and are therefore invalid and unenforceable. As of this writing, these decisions have been limited to independent regulatory agencies headed by a single administrator, not multi-member boards or commissions such as the NRC. However, the Court’s legal reasoning sweeps broadly, and if the holding of these decisions were to be applied to multi-member regulatory bodies (as legal scholars predict), it would shake the organisational bedrock upon which the Commission has rested since its creation. It may also risk transforming the Agency’s public image into that of a political or promotional actor, whose activities are closely overseen by the President who is also responsible for setting energy-related national priorities and goals.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2021, no. 2 | volume:2021 | year:2021 | number:2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2021, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: 0
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2021, no. 2 | volume:2021 | year:2021 | number:2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2021, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The nuclear industry recognises the need for a present-day solution to the future needs in decommissioning and spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste management. The end state for spent fuel and radioactive waste must be reached by future technical capabilities, but executable based on today’s sound legal system for decades of fund accumulation. Strictly perceived through the perspective of technical implementation, all existing nuclear facilities can be decommissioned by today’s means. Funding, however, is the issue. Each country sets up different systems to ensure financing and implementation of these projects. The adoption of various nuclear back-end strategies results from each country’s different legal system, economic ability and the national nuclear industry’s historic development.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2021, no. 2 | volume:2021 | year:2021 | number:2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2021, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: I was fortunate enough in my former position to take part as a member of the French delegation in the discussions that led from 1990 to the revision of the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage1 and from 1998 to the revision of the Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy2 and the Brussels Supplementary Convention.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2021, no. 1 | volume:2021 | year:2021 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2021, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2021, no. 1 | volume:2021 | year:2021 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2021, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2021, no. 1 | volume:2021 | year:2021 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2021, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2021, no. 1 | volume:2021 | year:2021 | number:1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2021, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9789264429475
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: A wealth of technical information exists on nuclear fuel cycle options – combinations of nuclear fuel types, reactor types, used or spent nuclear fuel (SNF) treatments, and disposal schemes – and most countries with active nuclear power programmes conduct some level of research and development on advanced nuclear fuel cycles. However, perhaps because of the number of options that exist, it is often difficult for policy makers to understand the nature and magnitude of the differences between the various options. This report explores the fuel cycle options and the differentiating characteristics of these options. It also describes the driving factors for decisions related to both the development of the fuel cycle and the characteristics resulting from implementing the option. It includes information on the current status and future plans for power reactors, reprocessing facilities, disposal facilities, and the status of research and development activities in several countries. It is designed for policy makers to understand the differences among the fuel cycle options in a way that is concise, understandable, and based on the existing technologies, while keeping technical discussions to a minimum.
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  • 68
    ISBN: 9789264544062
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Keywords: Elektrizitätsversorgung ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Energy
    Abstract: Electricity is an integral part of all modern economies, supporting a range of critical services from healthcare to banking to transportation. Secure supply of electricity is thus of paramount importance. The structural change from an electricity system based on thermal generation powered by fossil fuels towards a system based on variable renewable energy continues apace at various stages across the globe. Digitalisation tools such as smart grids and distributed energy resources, along with the electrification of end uses put electricity increasingly at the forefront of the entire energy system. As a result, governments, industries and other stakeholders will need to improve their frameworks for ensuring electricity security through updated policies, regulations and market designs. This report details the new approaches that will be needed in electricity system planning, resource adequacy mechanisms, incentives for supply- and demand-side flexibility, short-term system balancing and stability procedures. It provides examples and case studies of these changes from power systems around the world, describes existing frameworks to value and provide electricity security, and distils best practices and recommendations for policy makers to apply as they adjust to the various trends underway.
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  • 69
    ISBN: 9789264988507
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (212 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Safety
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: As the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (NPP) accident illustrates, many challenges have to be faced in maintaining safety over the long term in a damaged NPP following a severe accident. These comprise maintaining and monitoring a stabilised and controlled state of the damaged plant; implementing provisions against further failures; evaluating the plant damaged state from a physical and radiological standpoint and ranking related risks; preparing and achieving fuel retrieval (either fuel assemblies stored in spent fuel pools or fuel debris from damaged reactors); and managing safely plant recovery and accident waste. All these actions are to be conducted protecting plant personnel from radiation exposure. This status report reviews knowledge and experience gained through long-term management (LTM) of the Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi accidents, by identifying and ranking main issues and knowledge gaps. It also reviews the existing regulations and guidance, practices, technical bases and issues considered in member countries of the Nuclear Energy Agency regarding LTM of a severely damaged nuclear site. Finally, it proposes recommendations and areas for future investigation to enhance LTM of an NPP as regards necessary knowledge and provisions development, particularly for the optimisation of management of contaminated cooling waters.
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9789264685598
    Language: Japanese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Ten Years On: Progress, Lessons and Challenges
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy ; Japan
    Abstract: 東日本大震災とそれに続く福島第一原子力発電所事故から10年が経ち、多くの教訓が得られたが、まだ多くの課題が残っている。 この報告書は福島第一原子力発電所の現況と、事故後の日本の当局並びに国際社会の対応について報告するもので、事故に起因する多面的な問題を政策決定者と一般市民双方が理解することに役立つであろう。それには、災害復旧努力、損害賠償、原子力安全、原子力規制、放射線防護、廃炉作業、放射性廃棄物管理、コミュニティにおける心理社会的問題、社会的回復力(レジリエンス)などに関するものが含まれる。 本報告書はOECDの原子力機関(NEA)が2013年と2016年に発行した前回の報告書を土台とし、福島第一原子力発電所並びに被災地と人々の今後の展望を検討するとともに、さらなる改善余地と、国際社会がどう支援できるかについて概要する。
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9789264676565
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Keywords: Elektrizitätsversorgung ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Energy
    Abstract: Given the salient role that electricity plays in modern economies, the task of ensuring electricity security is a top priority for policy makers. The process is an extensive and complicated one that involves careful consideration of costs and benefits. This chapter summarises the steps involved in developing a framework for electricity security. It defines outages, describes approaches to assessing how much they cost, and outlines the institutional responsibilities to prevent and/or react to them. In doing so, it lays out the existing approaches available to policy makers and the challenges they face in creating electricity security frameworks, including clarifying the costs and benefits, establishing reliability planning structures, and assigning institutional responsibility for various tasks. It then previews how policy makers and other stakeholders need to adapt frameworks for electricity security in the face of major trends affecting the sector – namely, the clean energy transition, cyberthreats and climate change.
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264376588
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (167 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Energy Policy Reviews
    Keywords: 2021 ; Energiepolitik ; Energiewirtschaft ; Litauen ; Energy ; Lithuania ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member, partner and accession countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences. Lithuania has made strong progress towards realising its vision of a secure, competitive, sustainable and innovative energy system in the Baltic region. The government supported major reforms of the electricity and natural gas markets, and further integrated with the EU energy system and markets. Thanks to the expansion of renewable energy sources, notably bioenergy and wind, the carbon intensity of the power and heat sector has decreased over the past decade. Nevertheless, emissions have been on the rise, notably in the transport sector. Lithuania will need to make energy efficiency a priority, design a strong renewable strategy, and reform energy taxes to underpin its ambitious targets. This kind of clean energy leadership can drive emissions reductions up to 2050. In this report, the IEA provides energy policy recommendations to help Lithuania accelerate its energy transition towards its ambitious 2050 targets for climate neutrality.
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789264973527
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (239 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Nukleare Entsorgung ; Finanzierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The world’s nuclear power reactors are ageing, with the majority approaching the end of their planned operational lifetimes in the coming years. The adequacy of funding for decommissioning and radioactive waste management (RMW) thus increasingly commands the attention of decision-makers. This report by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) combines a solid conceptual framework with the insights from twelve case studies of NEA member countries to propose a new approach to the adequacy of funding that is both robust and flexible. Current funding systems in NEA countries are overall adequate. The challenges ahead however are formidable: decommissioning and RWM are moving from design to implementation, returns on assets are low and societal preferences can evolve. The very long-term nature of the solutions, in particular for radioactive waste disposal, is also not easily compatible with the economic lifetimes of the original liability holders. This requires that all elements of the system – accrued funds, expected future returns, the lifetimes of nuclear power plants, the expected costs of politically sustainable technical solutions and the liabilities for residual risks – are reviewed and realigned at regular intervals. Complementing existing approaches with such a circular approach will strengthen funding arrangements and ensure their adequacy for decades to come.
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9789264424685
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (92 p.)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Radioactive waste inventory data are an essential element in the development of a national radioactive waste management programme since these data affect the design and selection of the ultimate disposal methods. Inventory data are generally presented as an amount of radioactive waste under various waste classes, according to the waste classification scheme developed and adopted by the country or national programme in question. Various waste classification schemes have thus evolved in most countries, and these schemes classify radioactive waste according to its origin, to criteria related to the protection of workers or the physical, chemical and radiological properties of the waste and the planned disposal method(s). The diversity in classification schemes across countries has restricted the possibility of comparing waste inventories and led to difficulties in interpreting waste management practices, both nationally and internationally. To help improve this situation, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) developed a methodology that ensures consistency of national radioactive waste and spent fuel inventory data by presenting them in a common scheme in direct connection with accepted management strategy and disposal routes. This report provides the final version of the methodology and presenting scheme for spent nuclear fuel and the radioactive waste of all existing types. Additionally, there are recommendations in the report on how to enhance the comparability of national inventory data using the NEA methodology. The NEA support for joint efforts of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the European Commission on harmonisation of the reporting process by member countries to the Joint Convention and European Council Directive 2011/70 EURATOM is also presented in the report.
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  • 75
    ISBN: 9789264577039
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy ; Japan
    Abstract: Much has been learnt in the ten years since the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and the subsequent accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, but significant challenges still remain. This report presents the current situation at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and the responses by Japanese authorities and the international community since the accident. It will assist both policymakers and the general public to understand the multi-dimensional issues stemming from the accident. These include disaster recovery, compensation for damages, nuclear safety, nuclear regulation, radiation protection, plant decommissioning, radioactive waste management, psycho-social issues in the community and societal resilience. Building on two previous reports released by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) in 2013 and 2016, the report examines the plant’s future, that of the affected region and population, as well as outlining areas for further improvement and how the international community can help.
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9789264669987
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Low-level and very low-level waste represent the vast majority of radioactive waste by volume from decommissioning activity at nuclear facilities around the world, but they are only a small fraction of the radiological inventory. The availability of the appropriate waste management infrastructure, including a robust process and procedures for managing waste, waste disposal routes and an appropriate safety culture, are key components of an optimal approach to decommissioning. Recognising the important role of an effective waste management strategy in the delivery of a successful decommissioning programme, the former NEA Working Party on Decommissioning and Dismantling (WPDD) established an expert group in 2016 – the Task Group on Optimising Management of Low-Level Radioactive Materials and Waste from Decommissioning (TGOM) – to examine how countries manage (very) low-level radioactive waste and materials arising from decommissioning. This report explores elements contributing to the optimisation of national approaches at a strategic level, describing the main factors and the relationships between them. It also identifies constraints in the practical implementation of optimisation based on experience in NEA member countries.
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789264947566
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1572 p.)
    Series Statement: Chemical Thermodynamics
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: This volume is the fourteenth of the series “Chemical Thermodynamics” published by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. It is the second update of the critical reviews published, successively, in 1992 as Chemical Thermodynamics of Uranium, in 1995 as Chemical Thermodynamics of Americium, in 1999 as Chemical Thermodynamics of Technetium, in 2001 as Chemical Thermodynamics of Neptunium and Plutonium and in 2003 as the first Update on the Chemical Thermodynamics of Uranium, Neptunium, Plutonium, Americium and Technetium. A team, composed of nine internationally recognised experts, has critically reviewed all the relevant scientific literature for the above mentioned systems that has appeared since the publication of the earlier volumes. The results of this assessment, carried out following the Guidelines of the Thermochemical Database Project, have been documented in the present volume, which contains new tables of selected values for formation and reaction data and an extensive bibliography. The database system developed at the NEA Data Bank ensures consistency within the recommended data sets. This volume will be of particular interest to scientists carrying out performance assessments of deep geological disposal sites for radioactive waste.
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789264651456
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are gaining recognition among policymakers and industry players as a promising nuclear technology. SMRs can be defined as nuclear reactors with a power output between 10 MWe and 300 MWe that incorporate by design higher modularisation, standardisation and factory-based construction levels enabling more predictable delivery models based on the economies of series. Today, more than 50 concepts are under development covering a wide range of technology approaches and maturity levels. The value proposition of the SMR technology also includes potential financing and system integration benefits. These attractive features, however, rely on a business case that requires the development of a global SMR market to become economically viable. Large-scale deployment of SMRs faces several technical, economic, regulatory and supply chain challenges and will need considerable governmental efforts and efficient international collaborative frameworks to be realised in the next decade.
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9789264613096
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.)
    Series Statement: Radiological Protection
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The decisions made about exposure to ionising radiation tend to be driven by subjective judgements about the health risks that radiation exposure may cause. In order to reach decisions that are effective and sustainable, it is essential for nuclear safety regulators, governments, nuclear facility operators and other nuclear energy decision makers to communicate scientific, technical and regulatory information regarding radiological and other risks to all stakeholders. Communicating such information can be complex since people judge and evaluate risks differently depending on the context and on their perceptions of risk. In this context, the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) organised the “Stakeholder Involvement Workshop on Risk Communication: Towards a Shared Understanding of Radiological Risks” in September 2019. The workshop provided an opportunity for participants to share perspectives and lessons learnt in risk communication, identifying what has been effective and what has been less effective in the various cases. By understanding how situation-specific factors influence risk communication, a common framework addressing such circumstances can begin to emerge. This report attempts to capture the collective wisdom generated over the three days of interactions in the hope that the knowledge gained from this workshop will benefit governments and citizens alike.
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264377721
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nukleare Entsorgung ; USA ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Safety remains the most important factor in managing radioactive waste and spent fuel resulting from the generation of nuclear energy. General consensus has emerged worldwide that deep geological repositories are the safest option for long-lived radioactive waste, and that constructing repositories is feasible using current technologies. However, until repositories become available, radioactive waste must be managed safely and securely so that the risks posed to human health and to the environment over the long timescales involved are minimised. This report examines the predisposal phase of radioactive waste management programmes in NEA member countries for all types of waste from high-level to intermediate- and low-level waste, and spent fuel. It reviews regulations, policies, strategies and financial issues in member countries, as well as best practices both in terms of storage and transport. The report is primarily directed at decision makers with a technical knowledge of the subject.
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9789264608795
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Keywords: Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: The number of countries announcing pledges to achieve net-zero emissions over the coming decades continues to grow. But the pledges by governments to date – even if fully achieved – fall well short of what is required to bring global energy-related carbon dioxide emissions to net zero by 2050 and give the world an even chance of limiting the global temperature rise to 1.5 °C. This special report is the world’s first comprehensive study of how to transition to a net zero energy system by 2050 while ensuring stable and affordable energy supplies, providing universal energy access, and enabling robust economic growth. It sets out a cost-effective and economically productive pathway, resulting in a clean, dynamic and resilient energy economy dominated by renewables like solar and wind instead of fossil fuels. The report also examines key uncertainties, such as the roles of bioenergy, carbon capture and behavioural changes in reaching net zero.
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9789264440562
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.)
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: It is essential that organisations in the nuclear community maintain a healthy safety culture to achieve common goals regarding the safe operation of nuclear facilities and the safe use of nuclear material. Regulatory bodies are no exception, as a key element of the interconnected system which includes licensees, research institutions, technical support organisations, as well as governmental organisations and other stakeholders. By their very nature, regulatory bodies deeply influence the safety culture and the safety of the organisations they regulate and oversee. Based on their regulatory strategy, the way they carry out their daily oversight work, the type of relationship they cultivate with licensees, the values they convey and the importance they give to safety, regulatory bodies profoundly impact the licensees’ safety culture, their sense of responsibility for safety and, by extension, the safety of their installations. Regulatory bodies apply a number of methods, practices and approaches to foster and sustain a healthy safety culture. This report provides an overview and practical examples to build the regulatory bodies’ safety culture competence and to perform self-reflection and self-assessment with regard to their own safety culture and its impact on the safety culture of the organisations they oversee. Drawing directly from the experiences from OECD Nuclear Energy Agency member countries, the report discusses effective methods to disseminate safety culture throughout the regulatory body, to build competence in safety culture, and to develop self-reflection and self-assessment activities. Finally, the report presents ten conclusions based on lessons learnt and best practices to inspire managers to continuously develop their regulatory body’s safety culture.
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  • 83
    ISBN: 9789264840829
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Series Statement: Radiation Protection
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The Information System on Occupational Exposure (ISOE) is jointly sponsored by the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Since 1992, ISOE has provided a forum for radiological protection professionals from nuclear licensees and national regulatory authorities worldwide to share dose reduction information and operational experience aiming to improve the optimisation of radiological protection at nuclear power plants. As of 31 December 2018, the ISOE Programme included 76 participating licensees in 31 countries (352 operating units, 61 shutdown units and 10 units under construction and/or commissioning), as well as 28 regulatory authorities in 26 countries. The ISOE database contains occupational exposure information for 500 units, covering over 85% of the world’s operating commercial power reactors. In addition, the ISOE database contains dose data from 106 reactors that are shut down or in some stage of decommissioning. While ISOE is well known for its occupational exposure data and analyses, the Programme’s strength comes from its objective to share such information broadly among its participants. This 28th Annual Report presents the status of the ISOE Programme for the calendar year 2018. The report includes global occupational exposure data and analyses collected and accomplished in 2018, as well as information on the Programme achievements and principle events in participating countries.
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9789264561359
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (155 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Kernkraftwerk ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The existing nuclear fleet remains the largest low-carbon source of electricity generation in OECD countries. In 2021 the average nuclear power plant had already been operating for 31 years and some 30% of reactors worldwide were already operating under long-term operation conditions. The long-term operation of this existing nuclear capacity will be essential over the next decade to keep decarbonisation targets within reach. At the same time, by keeping the long-term-operation option open, countries could also reap a wide-range of socio-economic benefits including more affordable and secure electricity supply. Nevertheless, an increasing number of reactors are being shut down earlier than expected due to policy decisions and increasing market pressures in some regions. In light of these trends, this study takes a holistic approach to identifying the key enablers for long-term operation of nuclear power plants. The attractiveness of long-term operation lies in its technical maturity, cost-competiveness and ease of implementation: it is a high-value option to support the energy transition while minimising potential risks along the way.
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789264459014
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Keywords: Kernenergie ; Elektrizitätsversorgung ; Klimaschutz ; Coronavirus ; G20-Staaten ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: This report highlights the potential role of nuclear in contributing to the circular carbon economy as a low-carbon source of electricity, but also as a source of heat and system integration services. It further highlights the essential role played by the existing nuclear reactor fleet in supporting the resilience of the electricity system through the COVID-19 crisis, and the significant role that the nuclear sector can play in post-COVID-19 recovery efforts. As with all low-carbon technologies, a number of enabling policies are needed for nuclear power to play its full role in the circular carbon economy. They are outlined in the last section of this report. Building on these conclusions, G20 countries could take specific action in a number of areas, both individually and collectively.
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  • 86
    ISBN: 9789264530584
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Nuclear power plants are used extensively as base load sources of electricity. This is the most economical and technically simple mode of operation. In this mode, power changes are limited to frequency regulation for grid stability purposes and shutdowns for safety purposes. However for countries with high nuclear shares or desiring to significantly increase renewable energy sources, the question arises as to the ability of nuclear power plants to follow load on a regular basis, including daily variations of the power demand. This report considers the capability of nuclear power plants to follow load and the associated issues that arise when operating in a load following mode. The report was initiated as part of the NEA study “System effects of nuclear power”. It provided a detailed analysis of the technical and economic aspects of load-following with nuclear power plants, and summarises the impact of load-following on the operational mode, fuel performance and ageing of large equipment components of the plant.
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9789264537736
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Kernkraftwerk ; Klimawandel ; Wetter ; Nukleare Sicherheit ; Welt ; Nuclear Energy ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: Climate change will create specific risks and challenges for nuclear power plants and the electricity system as a whole. Extreme weather events caused by climate change – such as floods, storms, heat waves and droughts – have already affected the operation of nuclear power plants. Any increase in the temperature of the water used to cool nuclear power plants can also lead to reductions in their power output due to decreasing thermal efficiency. This report sets out the adaptation strategies that can be effectively implemented to improve the resilience of existing plants as well as any new installations. The costs of adaptation to climate change can vary significantly depending on the type of reactor, the climate change issues affecting them, as well as the applicable regulations and standards. However, while these adaptation costs can, in some cases, be significant, the costs of inaction – both directly at the plant level and indirectly for the electricity system – are likely to be even higher.
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  • 88
    ISBN: 9789264892149
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.)
    Keywords: Kohlepolitik ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Welt ; Ontario (Provinz) ; Großbritannien ; Deutschland ; Energy ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: Reducing global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to net zero by 2050 is necessary to limit the long‐term increase in average global temperatures to 1.5 °C. Today, coal-fired power generation is the largest single source of CO2 emissions. Therefore, tackling emissions from this sector is critical to achieving our goal. National governments, subnational jurisdictions, coalitions and many large corporations have announced coal phase-out pledges and net zero targets. Ahead of COP 26 in November 2021, Phasing Out Unabated Coal: Current Status and Three Case Studies gathers all known national commitments to eventually stop using unabated coal-fired power generation announced to date and assesses their impact in terms of reducing emissions. In addition, the report analyses three jurisdictions in detail to extract recommendation. First, an early example of coal phase-out commitment and execution from the Canadian province of Ontario. Second, the case of the United Kingdom, where the industrial revolution started but which was one of the first countries to decide to phase out coal. Finally, Germany, where phasing out is particularly complex because it is the largest coal-fired power generator among those committing to a phase-out and has thousands of jobs that rely on lignite mining. This paper acknowledges that each country must tailor its approach based on its own specific circumstances, but that nonetheless there are instructive experiences from other jurisdictions undertaking similar measures.
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789264426580
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (102 p.)
    Keywords: Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Klimaschutz ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; G7-Staaten ; Energy ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: Achieving Net Zero Electricity Sectors in G7 Members is a new report by the International Energy Agency that provides a roadmap to driving down CO2 emissions from electricity generation to net zero by 2035, building on analysis in Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. The new report was requested by the United Kingdom, under its G7 Presidency, and followed the G7 leaders’ commitment in June 2021 to reach “an overwhelmingly decarbonised” power system in the 2030s and net zero emissions across their economies no later than 2050. It is designed to inform policy makers, industry, investors and citizens in advance of the COP26 Climate Change Conference in Glasgow that begins at the end of October 2021. Starting from recent progress and the current state of play of electricity in the G7, the report analyses the steps needed to achieve net zero emissions from electricity, and considers the wider implications for energy security, employment and affordability. It identifies key milestones, emerging challenges and opportunities for innovation. The report also underscores how G7 members can foster innovation through international collaboration and, as first movers, lower the cost of technologies for other countries while maintaining electricity security and placing people at the centre of clean energy transitions.
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  • 90
    ISBN: 9789264414976
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Safety
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Experimental facilities in nuclear energy are key to addressing safety issues. The recent loss of some critical infrastructure, from facilities to industry expertise, has therefore become a concern for many countries. In response, the NEA has launched several efforts to address the matter as outlined in this report. Current safety issues, research needs and research facilities associated with currently operating water-cooled reactors in NEA countries are all addressed. Also included is an assessment of the present needs to maintain experimental databases. The Senior Group of Experts on Nuclear Safety Research, which produced this update of the 2007 report on the same issue, noted the success of previous reviews in helping maintain critical infrastructure and make a number of recommendations to preserve key research facilities and capabilities.
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  • 91
    ISBN: 9789264816626
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (304 p.)
    Keywords: Klimaschutz ; Klimapolitik ; Energiewende ; Energiepolitik ; China ; Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: In September 2020, President Xi Jinping announced that the People’s Republic of China will “aim to have CO2 emissions peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060”. Amid the growing wave of governments around the world setting targets for reaching net zero emissions, no pledge is as significant as China’s. The country is the world’s largest energy consumer and carbon emitter, accounting for one-third of global CO2 emissions. The pace of China’s emissions reductions will be an important factor in global efforts to limit global warming to 1.5 °C. This report, An Energy Sector Roadmap to Carbon Neutrality in China, responds to the Chinese government’s invitation to the International Energy Agency to cooperate on long-term strategies by setting out pathways for reaching carbon neutrality in China’s energy sector. It shows that achieving carbon neutrality fits with China’s broader development goals, such as increasing prosperity and shifting towards innovation-driven growth. The first pathway in this Roadmap – the Announced Pledges Scenario – reflects the enhanced targets China announced in 2020. The report also explores the implications of a faster transition – the Accelerated Transition Scenario – and the socio-economic benefits it would bring beyond those associated with reducing the impact of climate change. This Roadmap examines the technology challenges and opportunities that this new phase of the clean energy transition will bring for China’s development, with a focus on long-term needs. The technology innovations required in the Chinese context are a key in-depth focus area. The report concludes with a series of policy considerations to inform China’s energy debate.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264635838
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Kernenergie ; Energiemarkt ; Energieversorgung ; Nuclear Energy ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: Energy markets will be significantly different in the future. The electricity generation system is becoming more diverse with the development of energy-related technologies including renewable energy sources, storage technologies and demand-side management. Beyond the electricity sector, various low-carbon energy technologies are being developed to respond to the need to decarbonise hard-to-abate sectors such as heavy industry and long-distance transportation. In this report the NEA investigates the changing needs of energy markets and the potential role of nuclear technologies as low-carbon energy sources. Focusing on the technical characteristics of advanced nuclear reactor systems, including Generation III/III+ reactors, small modular reactors and Generation IV reactors, it explores the ways these advanced nuclear technologies could address the future energy market needs. The conclusion is that advanced nuclear reactor systems, while complying with the flexibility requirements of the electricity grid and supporting system reliability, have a large potential as alternative low-carbon energy sources for residential and industrial heat supply and hydrogen production.
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  • 93
    ISBN: 9789264646735
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Safety
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Understanding the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant is important for safe and timely decommissioning of the reactors. This objective, together with the development of better computer codes for analysis of severe accidents, was the aim of the benchmark study conducted under the auspices of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. Through the diversity of the modelling codes and approaches, and the use of parametric studies, it has been possible to identify the more likely scenarios that can fit with the limited data available from the accident. The insights gained from the project will help guide research into severe accident behaviour, improve severe accident computer codes, develop accident mitigation and response at nuclear power plants, support regulatory oversight related to severe accidents, and inform policies on the development and deployment of nuclear technology.
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789264679948
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (287 p.)
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Mineral ; Rohstoffvorkommen ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: Minerals are essential components in many of today’s rapidly growing clean energy technologies – from wind turbines and electricity networks to electric vehicles. Demand for these minerals will grow quickly as clean energy transitions gather pace. This new World Energy Outlook Special Report provides the most comprehensive analysis to date of the complex links between these minerals and the prospects for a secure, rapid transformation of the energy sector. Alongside a wealth of detail on mineral demand prospects under different technology and policy assumptions, it examines whether today’s mineral investments can meet the needs of a swiftly changing energy sector. It considers the task ahead to promote responsible and sustainable development of mineral resources, and offers vital insights for policy makers, including six key IEA recommendations for a new, comprehensive approach to mineral security.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2020, no. 2 | volume:2020 | year:2020 | number:2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2020, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2020
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2020
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2020, no. 2 | volume:2020 | year:2020 | number:2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2020, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2020
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2020
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2020, no. 2 | volume:2020 | year:2020 | number:2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2020, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2020
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2020
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2020, no. 2 | volume:2020 | year:2020 | number:2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2020, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2020
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2020
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Over the last decades, the world has become increasingly mindful of the potential impact of human activities on the environment and many governments have recognised the need to better assess the potential impacts of such activities prior to their authorisation. Legal requirements to perform environmental impact assessments (EIA) for activities likely to have environmental effects have been enacted under national, European and international law and have gained the status of international customary law.1 Due to the nature of the risks posed by the civilian use of nuclear energy on human health and the environment, it has become a requirement in most – if not all – countries that an EIA be performed prior to authorising the construction and operation of any nuclear installation, including nuclear power reactors.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2020, no. 2 | volume:2020 | year:2020 | number:2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2020, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2020
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2020
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear Law Bulletin Vol. 2020, no. 2 | volume:2020 | year:2020 | number:2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear Law Bulletin
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2020, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2020
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2020
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: In the 70-plus years of peaceful uses of nuclear energy, the nuclear industry has reached a mature awareness of its importance, influence and responsibility for and towards the world. Not only does it dutifully regulate itself in technical aspects, making the use of nuclear energy stricter and safer by any and all means possible, it also establishes policies, backed by legislation, for its decades-long activities. Thus, the industry has recognised the need to systematically approach and solve the issue of complete dismantling of its (previously operating) facilities and final disposal of the operational and decommissioning waste (including spent nuclear fuel (SNF)1). This sought end state must be reached both by technical means as well as by creating a sound system for today’s continuous accumulation of funds, needed for the future implementation of the selected technical solution (including final disposal of SNF).
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