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  • World Bank Group  (3,325)
  • Edward Elgar Publishing  (1,983)
  • Grimm, Wilhelm  (1,921)
  • Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques
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Language
Author, Corporation
  • 101
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Keywords: Access and Coverage ; Equity ; Financing ; Health Insurance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; PHCPI Framework ; PHP ; Quality
    Abstract: This report presents the findings of the primary health care (PHC) system in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), an assessment that the World Bank conducted in consultation with the Ministry of Health and Human Services (MHHS) of the government of RMI. The assessment provides an opportunity to understand the performance of RMI's PHC system, highlighting important areas of strengths and opportunities to address ongoing challenges. The assessment uses the Primary Health Care Performance Initiative (PHCPI) framework, which organizes various domains and subdomains of primary care using a logic model approach that encompasses the traditional inputs and outputs of a system, emphasizing service delivery and performance
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  • 102
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Attitudes ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Participations and Civic Engagement ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Knowledge ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Zimbabwe assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Zimbabwe perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Zimbabwe on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Zimbabwe; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Zimbabwe; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Zimbabwe; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Zimbabwe
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  • 103
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Attitudes ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Participations and Civic Engagement ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Knowledge ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Jamaica assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Jamaica perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Jamaica on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Jamaica; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Jamaica; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Jamaica; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Jamaica
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  • 104
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Saudi Arabia ; Women ; Women and Labor
    Abstract: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) economies have been a bright spot in an otherwise gloomy economic landscape. Average growthin the GCC surpassed 7 percent in 2022 led by Saudi Arabia, its biggest economy, which was globally the fastest growing large economy. This growth was not just a result of buoyant hydrocarbon prices but also continued growth of non-oil sectors. The latter was the result of persistent structural reforms undertaken by several GCC countries to improve the investment environment, promote flexible labor markets, and encourage women to join the labor market. GCC countries have used the windfall revenues from oil and gas to rebuild their buffers, pay down their debt, and shore-up their sovereign wealth funds. They have also sought to protect their vulnerable populations with continued subsidies on food, fuel, and utilities. Such policies have limited the impact of inflation on the domestic economy. Finally, GCC countries have also used their financial muscle to support economically weaker countries in the region. The stellar growth of 2022 is slowing down and growth is expected to moderate to 1 percent in 2023 before picking up again to 3.6 percent in 2024. The decline in economic activity in 2023 is driven by consecutive production cut decisions by OPEC+ in an effort to stabilize global oil prices. However, non-oil GDP continues its growth trajectory reaching 3.9 percent, resulting weaker integration between oil and non-oil sectors. To maintain this track record, GCC countries will need to continue to exercise prudent macroeconomic management, stay the course with structural reforms, and increase non-oil exports. Downside risks remain and it would be amiss not to mention them. The conflict in the Middle East presents major risks to the region and the GCC outlook if it extends or expands to include other regional players. While it is too early to quantify the impact and channels of the conflict, we already witness a 4 percentsurge in global oil futures. Although China is bouncing back after emerging from tight Covid-19 lockdowns, troubles in the real estate sector could still disrupt this trajectory. Persistent high inflation in the world's major economies has not been entirely vanquishedsuggesting a high interest rate environment for a longer period. Windfall revenues are anticipated as a result of higher oil prices driven by the conflict in the Middle East. However, the extent and duration of the conflict will play a pivotal role in determining economicramifications not only on energy markets but also on regional financial and trade markets and overall economic confidence. The Special Focus section of the report discusses the power of structural reforms and social norms in advancing female labor force participation in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia experienced an unprecedented surge in female labor force participation since 2016 as a result of: (i) changing regulations and the removal of legal barriers, shifting social norms, (ii) the implementation of sound structural reforms and (iii) effective government communications. Saudi Arabia's success in increasing female labor force participation from 17.4 percent in 2017 to 36 percent in 2023 offers important lessons to other countries in the region and the world
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  • 105
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Employment ; Inclusive Society ; Income Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Structural Drivers ; Wage
    Abstract: This report is intended to inform public debate and policymaking on income inequality in Thailand. It aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of income inequality in Thailand and identify opportunities to promote more inclusive growth. The analysis uses a wealth of data from a variety of sources (detailed in Appendix A) to examine the pattern, structure, and drivers of income inequality in the country, with a special focus on inequality and labor market supply-side factors. It is structured as follows. This section has laid the foundation for analysis, examining historical trends in both consumption - and income-based measures of inequality while providing geographic context and data on public perceptions about inequality. It also provided a summary of literature findings. Section 2 analyzes the pandemic's impacts on inequality, including the role that social assistance played in mitigating its effects but also the potential scarring effects on children's human capital development. Section 3 examines the structural drivers of inequality and its persistence, focusing on the role of inequality of opportunity in human capital development and access to basic services. Finally, Section 4 provides policy options to create a more inclusive society by addressing the root causes of persistent inequality and mitigating the challenges brought about by the pandemic. In particular, since a significant share of the poor in Thailand are engaged in agriculture, the report underscores that improving farm incomes is crucial for alleviating poverty and reducing inequality. As such, Section 4 draws its recommendations from a recent study on the key challenges and opportunities facing Thai farmers to raise agricultural productivity and incomes
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  • 106
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; FDI ; Foreign Direct Investment ; FX ; Import Bans ; Improved Welfare ; Inflation ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil Flows ; Private Sector Credit
    Abstract: Important reform decisions have been taken for Nigeria to avoid a fiscal cliff, and temporary compensation is being provided to help the poorest and most vulnerable households. In May and June 2023, the incoming administration undertook two critical policy decisions, which have resulted in price and exchange rate adjustments in the second half of the year. Targeted cash transfers are helping to cushion the adjustment to higher gasoline prices. On fiscal policy, budget planning for the next several years is consistent with sustaining the fiscal savings from the subsidy reform and mobilizing more revenues. However, the reforms are yet to be completed to fully realize the economic benefits. The FX market has remained volatile and is still in a period of continuing adjustment to the new policy approach. Revenue gains from the FX reform are visible, but more clarity is needed on oil revenues, including the fiscal benefits from the PMS subsidy reform. The economic outlook for Nigeria in the short to medium term hinges on the continuation and effectiveness of its macroeconomic stabilization agenda. Successful implementation of the initiated reforms will be the first step toward improving Nigeria's growth prospect. Moving decisively onto a higher long-term growth and poverty reduction path requires not only a stable macroeconomic environment but also concerted structural reforms
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  • 107
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Keywords: Health Insurance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; KIRIBATI ; PHP ; PHPCPI ; Vital Signs Profile
    Abstract: The assessment of Kiribati's primary health care (PHC) system, carried out by the World Bank in collaboration with the Government of Kiribati under the Primary Health Care Performance Initiative (PHCPI), marks a unique opportunity to identify the system's strengths and gaps and to catalyze further improvements. The PHCPI tools, including the Vital Signs Profile (VSP) methodology, provide important insights into the country's PHC system and generate actionable policy recommendations for improvement
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  • 108
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Attitudes ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Participations and Civic Engagement ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Knowledge ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Mongolia assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Mongolia perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Mongolia on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Mongolia; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Mongolia; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Mongolia; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Mongolia
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  • 109
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Support ; IDA ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Reform ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This evaluation is the first stage of the Independent Evaluation Group's assessment of the World Bank's support for more, better, and more inclusive jobs through International Development Association (IDA) financing, and it assesses the implementation of IDA-supported interventions directly supporting its jobs objectives across the three Replenishment cycles from fiscal years 2015 to 2022. Supporting the creation of more, better, and more inclusive jobs is critical towards achieving the goals of poverty reduction and shared prosperity in countries. This is especially true for countries that are eligible for International Development Association (IDA) financing. Since 2014, IDA has included jobs as a special theme, and subsequent IDA replenishments have had what this evaluation calls an 'IDA jobs strategy.' This strategy included explicit objectives, a series of policy commitments to achieve them, and results indicators to track them. This evaluation represents the first stage of the Independent Evaluation Group's assessment of the World Bank's performance in supporting more, better, and more inclusive jobs through IDA financing. It assesses the implementation of IDA-supported interventions that directly supported its jobs objectives across the three Replenishment cycles from fiscal years 2015 to 2022. The evaluation answers two questions: (i) To what extent IDA's strategy on jobs was grounded in sound analytics, adaptive, and operationally relevant (ii) To what extent the strategy has been translated into relevant and effective jobs interventions that directly address the objectives of more, better, and more inclusive jobs The scope of the evaluation is limited to the three main channels for achieving IDA jobs objectives: acting on labor demand, increasing labor supply, and improving labor market flexibility and geographic mobility. The report offers recommendations for further strengthening of the IDA jobs agenda towards the objective of supporting more, better, and more inclusive jobs
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  • 110
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: CEMAC ; Country Level ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Outlook ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The CEMAC Economic Barometer is a World Bank publication that presents a snapshot of recent developments in and the economic outlook of the CEMAC region, followed by a brief assessment at the country level. The Economic Barometer also includes a focused technical section on a theme of regional relevance. This edition's special topic provides policy options for the CEMAC countries to take better advantage of future commodity price booms
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  • 111
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Keywords: Health Economics and Finance ; Health Sector ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Financing ; Investments ; Ukraine
    Abstract: The full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation in Ukraine has immense local impact and global consequences. Ukraine is experiencing huge human and economic suffering, which will have long-lasting effects. This war has been particularly devastating for the Ukrainian health sector, tremendously increasing the urgent need for specific services and simultaneously obstructing health outcomes and access to health care due to hostilities, disruption of service delivery, and damage and destruction of health facilities. Moreover, the recovery of Ukraine is shrouded in uncertainty as the duration of the ongoing war and the frequency and localization of the attacks are unknown, all occurring against the backdrop of economic challenges within the country and at a global scale. Despite an expected international effort to finance the recovery of Ukraine akin to the Marshall Plan, financial resources may not be easily available or may become more scarce and more expensive. Investments will receive more scrutiny, and competition for funds will increase due to monetary tightening, rising interest rates, and possibly sustained high inflation (International Monetary Fund 2022). However, in the short to medium term, Ukraine is expected to have favorable access to international financing on concessional terms. While Ukraine is struggling with the gruesome immediate impact of the war and a fight for survival, the shared understanding emerges that going back to business as usual will neither be possible nor desirable. This moment may also serve as a window of opportunity for rapid reform and innovation of health service delivery in Ukraine. Improving and reconstructing services while restoring and stabilizing them is critical to aiding a suffering population and to laying strong foundations of governance that will have lasting impacts into the country's future. This document provides a proposal for stakeholdersin the Ukrainian health sector on how service delivery may need to change, how to deal with this change, and how the health sector may come out stronger in the longer term. It focuses on the organization of health care service delivery and shares considerations of how it may develop using a long-term (10+ years) perspective
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  • 112
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Childcare ; Early Childhood Development ; Education ; Legal Framework ; Policies ; Services Mapping ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The "Comprehensive Assessment of the Childcare Landscape in Lebanon: A Mixed Methods Study" analyzes the supply and demand of formal childcare services for children aged 0-3. It provides a review of Lebanon's regulatory and institutional framework around childcare, maps out the current supply of services including cost and quality aspects, and deepens the understanding of households' childcare needs. Findings show that there is a mismatch between supply and demand, with a gap in provision for the youngest children and that supply is mostly private, costly, and concentrated in coastal areas. Childcare responsibilities limit women's ability to join the labor force, and affordability is a main constraint for families to access services, resulting in low demand for formal childcare. The study proposes measures for an inclusive expansion of quality and affordable childcare services in four areas: (i) an enabling environment for efficient, affordable provision of quality childcare services, (ii) a more equitable distribution of the unpaid care work burden within the household, (iii) improved State support to address households' care needs, and (iv) inclusive family-friendly workplace conditions in the private sector
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  • 113
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Keywords: Anchoring and Mooring ; Energy ; Energy Resources Development ; Energy Yield ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Floating Solar Photovoltaics ; FSPV Ecosystem ; HSE ; Inverter ; Power Plants
    Abstract: This report builds a compelling case for India to look beyond land and institute an ecosystem that supports the installation and operationalization of floating solar photovoltaics (FSPV) power plants. Since these plants are installed on the underutilized surfaces of large water bodies, no land needs to be diverted from other uses. The installation of FSPVs also spurs job creation and catalyzes the development of a domestic value chain as some of the components, such as floaters, need to bemanufactured close to installation sites. They also provide a range of other benefits as they generate relatively more power than ground-mounted solar plants (due to the cooling effect of water) and better utilize shared infrastructure such as transmission systems, wherever available
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  • 114
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Madagascar urbanization review
    Keywords: Verstädterung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Stadtplanung ; Politische Planung ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; City Development Strategies ; Environment ; Government Capacity ; Integrated Approach ; Sustainable Urban Growth ; Urban Development ; Urban Policies ; Urbanization ; Madagaskar
    Abstract: The Madagascar Urbanization Review aims to: - Contribute to the 2019 National Policy for Urban Development (Politique National de Developpement Urbain), the main policy document outlining the priorities for cities in Madagascar. - Serve as a diagnostic tool to identify the key barriers to sustainable and equitable urban growth in the country - Offer a set of recommended investment priorities and their sequencing, to support governments in making informed decisions on the future development of cities. - Promote an integrated approach to urban development and improve government capacity. - Promote an integrated approach to urban development and improve government capacity. - Help city leaders and national policy makers to: i. Think strategically about the opportunities offered by urbanization; ii. Address key bottlenecks that are holding back the potential benefits of urbanization; iii. Develop plans to address cities' most pressing issues; and iv. Build consensus between the national and local levels to drive the urban policy agenda
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  • 115
    ISBN: 9783757562625
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource, 136 Seiten
    Edition: 2. Auflage
    DDC: 398.20943
    Keywords: Märchen ; Deutsch ; Soldat ; (Produktform)Electronic book text ; (Zielgruppe)ab 1 bis 99 Jahre ; (BISAC Subject Heading)FIC010000 ; Brüder Grimm ; Kinder- und Hausmärchen ; Märchensammlung ; Sagen ; Hauptwerk ; Achim von Arnim ; Clemens Brentano ; (VLB-WN)9114 ; (Zielgruppe)Allgemein
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  • 116
    ISBN: 9783758429545
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource, 465 Seiten
    Edition: 2. Auflage
    DDC: 398.20943
    Keywords: Märchen ; (Produktform)Electronic book text ; (Zielgruppe)ab 1 bis 99 Jahre ; (BISAC Subject Heading)FIC010000 ; Andersen ; Grimm ; Hauff ; Märchensammlung ; Kinder ; Erwachsene ; Deutschland ; (VLB-WN)9114
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  • 117
    ISBN: 9783758430558
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource, 469 Seiten
    Edition: 2. Auflage
    DDC: 398.20943
    Keywords: Märchen ; (Produktform)Electronic book text ; (Zielgruppe)ab 1 bis 99 Jahre ; (BISAC Subject Heading)FIC010000 ; Andersen ; Grimm ; Hauff ; Märchensammlung ; Kinder ; Erwachsene ; Deutschland ; (VLB-WN)9114
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  • 118
    ISBN: 9781803923017
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (218 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social service
    Abstract: "In the face of major global demographic change, social care policy and practice are in urgent need of radical reform and reassessment. Rising poverty, inequality and pressure on local communities internationally, are also increasing the urgent need for reform. Drawing on the crisis-ridden UK experience as a case-study, this highly original book identifies the limits of the traditional welfare state in taking forward policy for the twenty-first century. The proposals amount to a renewed approach to social care, based on the philosophy of independent living as originally developed by the international disabled people's movement and subsequently embodied in a United Nations treaty applicable to all in need of care and support. Despite wide international sign up since adoption in 2008 there is little evidence of any nation successfully delivering. For the first time, this book offers both a blueprint for an environmentally sustainable, rights-based approach to social care and a practical route to achieving it"--
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Foreword / David Brindle -- Introduction to the future of social care -- Part I. Social care in the uk: How it works and how it got here -- 1. Social care: The policy progress forgot -- 2. Sowing the seeds of dysfunction: The 1948 settlement -- 3. Rising awareness and falling achievement -- 4. The modern era, Part one: The truth about eligibility -- 5. The modern era, Part two: Smoke, mirrors and elixirs -- 6. The social care funding fiasco -- Part II. An agenda for social care change -- 7. Towards person-centred practice -- 8. A paradigm for an international approach to a rights-based system -- 9. Blueprint for a person-centred system to deliver the rights-based paradigm -- 10. Resistance to change -- Part III. A changing world driving change in social care -- 11. Renewing social care -- 12. Towards sustainable social care and independent living -- Index -- References.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 119
    ISBN: 9781789906981
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XXVI, 413 pages)
    Series Statement: Elgar handbooks in energy, the environment and climate change
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Environmental policy ; Environmental law ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Europäische Union ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Klimaänderung ; Umweltrecht ; Umweltpolitik
    Abstract: "The Handbook on European Union Climate Change Policy and Politics provides a wide-ranging and in-depth assessment of current and emerging challenges facing the EU in committing to and delivering increasingly ambitious climate policy objectives. It traces the development of climate and energy policies since the early 1990s and examines their continued evolution in the context of the 2019 European Green Deal. With contributions from leading international scholars, it describes the key dynamics driving policy developments and the role of key actors in climate and energy-related policy processes. Covering topics that have previously been relatively neglected, or have recently gained greater significance, such as finance and investment, 'hard to abate' sectors and negative emissions, this timely Handbook offers an up-to-date and unrivalled exploration of the complexities of climate policymaking. It will be of primary interest to academics researching EU politics, and environmental politics, policy, regulation and governance more widely. It will be especially pertinent to students and researchers who require more specialized knowledge of EU climate policy and politics"--
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- 1. The global importance of EU climate policy: An Introduction / Tim Rayner, Kacper Szulecki, Andrew J. Jordan and Sebastian Oberthür -- Part I. Main actors and institutions -- 2. The European commission: A climate policy entrepreneur / Alexander Bürgin -- 3. The European council, council and member states: Jostling for influence / Rüdiger K. W. Wurzel, Maurizio Di Lullo and Duncan Liefferink -- 4. The European parliament: A strong internal actor with external ambitions / Franziska Petri, Veronika Zapletalová and Katja Biedenkopf -- 5. The European investment bank: The EU's climate bank? / Daniel Mertens and Matthias Thiemann -- 6. Business and private finance: Their role in the EU's climate transition / Sandra Eckert -- 7. Environmental and climate activism and advocacy in the eu / Louisa Parks, Donatella della Porta and Martín Portos -- 8. Cities in EU multilevel climate policy: Governance capacities, spatial approaches and upscaling of local experiments / Kristine Kern -- 9. The role of the courts in EU climate policy / Marcin Stoczkiewicz -- Part II. Core dynamics shaping EU policy -- 10. Global dimensions of EU climate, energy and transport policies / John Vogle -- 11. Climate, ecological and energy security challenges facing the eu: New and old dynamics / Richard Youngs and Olivia Lazard -- 12. Green growth and competitiveness in EU climate policy: Paradigm shift or 'plus de la même chose'? / Oscar Fitch-Roy and Ian Bailey -- 13. EU climate leadership: Domestic and global dimensions / Paul Tobin, Diarmuid Torney and Katja Biedenkopf -- Part III. Policy instruments and modes of governance -- 14. Instruments and modes of governance in EU climate and energy policy: From energy union to the European green deal / Michèle Knodt -- 15. Targets, timetables and effort sharing as governance tools: Emergence, scope and ambition / Seita Romppanen -- 16. Proactive prevention of carbon leakage? The EU carbon border adjustment mechanism / Jørgen Wettestad -- 17. Climate policy integration and climate mainstreaming in the EU budget / Katharina Rietig and Claire Dupont -- 18. Governing EU low-carbon innovation: From strategic energy technology plan to European green deal / Jon Birger Skjærseth and Per Ove Eikeland -- Part IV. Barriers to more ambitious action in particular sectors -- 19. Agricultural emissions: A case of limited potential or limited ambition? / Alan Matthews -- 20. Energy-intensive industries in the eu: Overcoming barriers to transition? / Tomas Wyns and Gauri Khandekar -- 21. Transport: Evolving EU policy towards a 'hard-to-abate' sector / Helene Dyrhauge and Tim Rayner -- Part V. New and ongoing challenges -- 22. Carbon dioxide removal: Climbing up the EU climate policy agenda / Felix Schenuit and Oliver Geden -- 23. Brexit: Weighing its implications for EU and uk climate governance / Brendan Moore -- 24. Green recovery: Catalyst for an enhanced EU role in climate and energy policy? / Rainer Quitzow, Germán Bersalli, Johan Lilliestam and Andrea Prontera -- 25. Climate protection versus trade: Dilemmas for the eu / Natalie Dobson -- Part VI. Conclusion -- 26. The eu: Towards adequate, coherent and coordinated climate action? / Tim Rayner, Kacper Szulecki, Andrew J. Jordan and Sebastian Oberthür -- Index.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 120
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar Publishing
    ISBN: 9781035306275
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (172 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Elgar studies in human rights
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Perry, Michael J., 1945 - Interrogating the morality of human rights
    DDC: 323
    Keywords: Human rights Moral and ethical aspects
    Abstract: "This forward-thinking book illustrates the complexities of the morality of human rights. Emphasising the role of human rights as the only true global political morality to arise since the Second World War, chapters explore its role as applied to often controversial issues, such as capital punishment, the exclusion of same-sex couples from civil marriage and criminal abortion bans. Clarifying and cross-examining the morality of human rights, Michael J. Perry discusses their connection to moral equality and moral freedom, as well as exploring the significance of anti-poverty human rights. This illuminating book concludes with an explanation as to why the morality of human rights is acutely relevant to challenges faced by humanity in the modern era. In particular, the challenges of growing economic inequality and climate change are emphasised as having profound relevance to the morality of human rights. Interrogating the Morality of Human Rights will be of great benefit to both undergraduate and graduate students who are contemplating the idea of human rights and their morality within their studies. Professors and academics with cause to study and research human rights would also find it to be of interest, particularly those in the field of legal scholarship"--
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction: Interrogating the morality of human rights - introductory overview -- Part I. The morality of human rights -- 1. Preliminary questions -- 2. The most fundamental question: What justification, if any? -- Part II. Two fundamental human rights: Moral equality and moral freedom -- 3. The human right to moral equality and the constitutional right to equal protection -- 4. The human right to moral freedom and the constitutional right of privacy -- Part III. Three human-rights-based controversies: Capital punishment, abortion, and same-sex marriage -- 5. Capital punishment as a contested human rights issue -- 6. Criminalizing abortion as a contested human rights issue -- 7. Excluding same-sex couples from civil marriage as a contested human rights issue -- 8. Who decides? -- Part IV. Antipoverty rights--and vulnerability theory -- 9. Poverty as a human rights issue 10. Vulnerability theory and the morality of human rights: Complementary, not competitive -- Conclusion: Human rights inflation? Extreme economic inequality and global warming as human rights issues -- Appendix -- Index.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 121
    ISBN: 9783958282889 , 3958282881
    Language: English
    Pages: 278 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Uniform Title: Kinder- und Hausmärchen
    DDC: 398.20943
    Keywords: Anthologie ; Deutsch ; Märchen
    Note: Die Illustratoren werden im Vorwort genannt
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 122
    ISBN: 9783730607862
    Language: German
    Pages: 791 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Uniform Title: Die schönsten deutschen Märchen 2019 Köln
    DDC: 398.20943
    Keywords: Anthologie ; Deutschland ; Märchen
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  • 123
    ISBN: 1800377509 , 9781800377509
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (436 pages )
    Series Statement: Elgar handbooks in migration
    Uniform Title: Elgaronline: Political Science & Public Policy 2023
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Research handbook on irregular migration
    DDC: 304.8/2
    Keywords: Illegal immigration Handbooks, manuals, etc Research ; Handbooks and manuals
    Abstract: "Moving away from state categorizations on irregular migration, this Research Handbook critically examines processes and dynamics that generate and reproduce irregularity, and discusses who may count as an irregular migrant. Acknowledging that irregular migration is not just a South-North issue, chapters investigate the many different pathways into irregularity, demonstrating the benefits of understanding dynamics behind irregular migration over statistics. Organised into six thematic parts covering key issues such as approaches and perspectives for research, informal labour and the challenges faced by migrant families, global contributors from a variety of disciplines provide an expert review of geographical and historical paths into irregular migration. Offering their background knowledge and highlighting tools to better understand how irregular migration is linked to geopolitics and migration policies, the Research Handbook on Irregular Migration guides readers through the complex issues facing migrants worldwide. Written in a comprehensive yet accessible style, this Research Handbook will be an excellent resource for undergraduate and graduate students as well researchers and academics interested in migration, policy, law, security, border crossing, informal labour, crime and civil support to migrants"--
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface -- Introduction: The production of irregular migration / Ilse van Liempt, Joris Schapendonk and Amalia Campos-Delgado -- Part I. Approaches and perspectives on irregular migration -- 1. Irregular migration and migration control policies / Anna Triandafyllidou -- 2. Invisible, vulnerable, heroic and criminal: A gendered history of migration labelling / Marlou Schrover -- 3. How to research "irregular" migration: Approaches and perspectives from the field / Shiva S. Mohan, Alison Mountz, Monica Romero and Ana Visan -- 4. Humans, not arrows: Countering the violent cartography of undocumented migration / Henk van Houtum and Rodrigo Bueno Lacy -- 5. Situated glossaries of (ir)regular migration / Kolar Aparna, Manju Sharma, Arlene Bugabo and Beatrice Catanzaro -- 6. Beach encounters: Migrant death and forensics as an art of paying attention / Amade M'charek -- Part II. Aspirations and facilitation of irregular migration -- 7. Welcome aboard klm air land! Hope and uncertainty in precarious migration projects / Nauja Kleist -- 8. Irregular migrants and families: The challenges of transnational family lives in times of limited mobility and transient settlement / Inka Stock -- 9. Deterrence or empowerment? Awareness and information campaigns as a migration governance tool to stop irregular migration / Ida Marie Savio Vammen -- 10. How unintended are these consequences? The changing environment for migration facilitation in niger since 2015 / Ekaterina Golovko and Fransje Molenaar -- 11. Re-socializing migrant networks: Moving beyond dominant migrant-network approaches / Richard Staring and Mieke Kox -- Part III. Everyday life and (im)mobility -- 12. The irregularity maze: Investigating asymmetries and discontinuities in the interaction between migrants' geographic mobility and regulatory frameworks / Milena Belloni, Ferruccio Pastore and Emanuela Roman -- 13. Stuck in camps, at sea and in illegality: Dimensions of stuckedness endured by rohingya refugees / Antje Missbach -- 14. Irregular times: Refugees' struggles for a temporal justice in the European (im)mobility regime / Elena Fontanari -- 15. Children's mobility across the EU governance of unauthorized migration as a game of chutes and ladders: Evidence from libya, Italy, greece and Belgium / Giacomo Orsini, Océane Uzureau, Malte Behrendt, Marina Rota, Sarah Adeyinka, Ilse Derluyn and Ine Lietaert -- 16. The u.s. Response to undocumented immigrant youth: "deferred" mobilities in new york / Guillermo Yrizar Barbosa -- Part IV. Informal and irregular labour and exploitability -- 17. Migrant women workers in Europe: Forms of irregularity and conditions of vulnerability / Giulia Garofalo Geymonat, Sabrina Marchetti and Letizia Palumbo -- 18. Casting outside regular pathways: State restrictions to sri lankan female migration / Chandima Arambepola -- 19. Becoming sanfei: The irregularization of foreign migrants in China / Guangzhi Huang and Heidi Østbø Haugen -- 20. Making a living while on the move: Migrant trajectories, hierarchized mobilities and local labour landscapes in central america / Nanneke Winters -- 21. Illegalized refugees seeking protection in the hong kong economy / Francesco Vecchio -- Part V. Geopolitics and micropolitics of control -- 22. Helping people feel that their future lies at home: The geopolitics of externalising irregular migration control in the European Union / Michael Collyer -- 23. Regularizing irregular sojourners: The avenue of "deservingness" / Maurizio Ambrosini -- 24. Being (in)visible: Exploring the post-return categorisations of cameroonian migrants / Presca Wanki, Ilse Derluyn and Ine Lietaert -- 25. On the administration of evil: Frontline bureaucrats resolving ethical tensions while enforcing oppressive deportation policies / Barak Kalir -- 26. Dirty borderwork and maculated borders: Examining the Mexican transit control regime / Amalia Campos-Delgado -- Part VI. Solidarity, advocacy and contestation -- 27. Autonomous and civic solidarity practices towards irregular migrants in Europe / Martin Bak Jørgensen -- 28. Undocumented immigrant activism: The struggle for rights and recognition / Walter J. Nicholls and Zayda Sorrell-Medina -- 29. Autonomous migration and transgressive solidarity: The case of the el hiblu / Daniela DeBono and Ċetta Mainwaring -- 30. Contesting the lethal mediterranean frontier charles heller, lorenzo pezzani and maurice stierl afterword / Alison Mountz -- Index.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 124
    Book
    Book
    Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar Publishing
    ISBN: 1800883196 , 9781800883192
    Language: English
    Pages: xvii, 239 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als A research agenda for gentrification
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als A research agenda for gentrification
    RVK:
    Keywords: Gentrifizierung
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  • 125
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar Publishing
    ISBN: 9781802203790 , 1802203796
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xiv, 182 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Understanding series
    DDC: 306.4/2
    Keywords: Knowledge, Sociology of
    Abstract: "Understanding Society and Knowledge proposes that knowledge, rather than nature, violence, or power, provides the basis of and driving force behind human action in modern society. It demonstrates how the legal containment of knowledge enables the transformation of the knowledge society into knowledge capitalism. Providing an overview of the history of knowledge societies, Nico Stehr analyses the concept of knowledge as well as the nature of post-industrial societies. Chapters examine the genealogy of social scientific theories of modern society; the role of knowledge as a capacity to act or as an intersubjective resource; and recent changes in the structure of the material economy. The book concludes by discussing the political challenges of the knowledge society, highlighting the ways in which discoveries in modern knowledge and subsequent political responses continue to generate controversies. This illuminating book will be an essential resource for students and scholars of economics, political science, sociology and sociological theory, as well as science and technology studies"--
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface -- 1. Introduction: Theories of modern societies -- 2. The lineage of knowledge society theory -- 3. The science of knowledge -- 4. Knowledge competencies -- 5. The knowledge wars -- 6. The political economy of knowledge societies -- 7. Modern societies as knowledge societies -- 8. The political economy of knowledge monopoly capitalism -- 9. Political challenges of knowledge societies -- 10. Conclusions -- References -- Index.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 126
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Impact ; Economic Insecurity ; Economic Stabilization ; Future Crisis ; Institutional Level ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Recovery ; Strategic Level
    Abstract: In the face of the global economic crisis caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the World Bank delivered the largest crisis response in its history. This evaluation assesses the Bank Group's early response to the economic crises caused by COVID-19, and examines interventions over the 15 months from April 2020 through June 2021. The report considers two evaluation windows: the acute crisis phase (April 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020) and the incipient recovery phase (January 1, 2021 to June 30, 2021). The objective of identifying the two windows was to assess whether the Bank Group internalized learning from the first period of the crisis to address the challenges that were materializing in the (incipient) recovery phase. The evaluation assesses the relevance of the Bank Group's interventions on three dimensions: the extent to which the Bank Group targeted its early response based on clients' and sectors' needs, the extent to which the Bank Group used timely diagnostics and lessons from past crises to inform its early response, and the extent to which the early response leveraged the Bank Group's comparative advantages. The evaluation studies the quality of the Bank Group response on three dimensions: the extent to which the Bank Group early response influenced client strategies; the extent to which the Bank Group coordinated its early response among its constituent institutions and with development partners; and how well the Bank Group early response handled monitoring, safeguards, and governance. The evaluation offers two near-term recommendations to strengthen the role of the Bank Group as a crisis responder, which is now more critical than ever
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  • 127
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Demand-Side ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Paris Agreement ; Supply-Side ; Sustainable Development Goals
    Abstract: Improving energy efficiency-using less energy to do the same amount of work-has both supply-side and demand-side aspects. Improvements in energy efficiency are reductions in the energy required to maintain or improve energy services to households, businesses, and communities. Supply-side energy efficiency approaches target energy generation via grid infrastructure, utilities, and power producers. Demand-side energy efficiency (DSEE) focuses on the energy use of industries, commercial entities, and households. The Bank Group has committed to supporting DSEE which focuses on the energy use of industries, commercial entities, and households. DSEE is critical for energy savings and reducing greenhouse gases in line with the Paris Agreement and relevant sustainable development goals (SDGs) and increasingly for contributing to energy security. This evaluation focuses on the World Bank Group's approaches to DSEE and opportunities to scale them up, and proposes four near-term actions the Bank Group should take: (i) Intensify DSEE support to middle-income countries (MICs) for decarbonization and wider socioeconomic benefits. (ii) Develop energy efficiency sector-specific approaches in a select group of lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) that seek productivity gains alongside or via DSEE, even if EE policy reforms are in early stages. (iii) Expand DSEE approaches by incorporating reduction of indirect emissions (Scope 3), including embodied and operational carbon, in DSEE project design. (iv) Exploit untapped DSEE opportunities and help clients develop innovative approaches that adapt digital and financial solutions from developed countries
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  • 128
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; COVID-19 ; Environment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Transition ; Vulnerabilities
    Abstract: This report provides an assessment of the stability of the financial systems of selected Pacific Island Countries (PICs) in the context of COVID-19 and emerging risks. The report brings together an analysis of information provided by the central banks of the PICs covered by this study over the last two years. The purpose of the study is to assess the financial stability and vulnerabilities and to provide technical guidance to the PIC authorities to assist in their financial sector policy response. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the financial systems of the PICs. Chapter 2 presents an analysis of the impacts of COVID-19 on the financial systems of the PCIs and the policy responses to the pandemic. Chapter 3 looks at the challenges of transitioning from the pandemic to normal policy settings. Chapter 4 provides a set of bespoke policy recommendations with the aim of enhancing the ability to deal with financial sector risks and vulnerabilities. Finally, Chapter 5 puts forward recommendations for the assessment of climate and environmental related risks on the PICs. The report finds that the pandemic has negatively impacted economic growth in the PICs, challenging financial stability. Due to various relief measures adopted by governments in the region, and the lagged economic impact of the pandemic, the PICs' financial sectors do not yet fully reflect the risks to bank profitability and asset quality, which could materialize over 2022-23. Response and
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  • 129
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; COVID-19 ; Labor Market ; Pensions ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Poverty ; Social Analysis ; Social Assessment ; Social Development ; Social Funds ; Social Protection System ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: A period of economic growth over the past decade led to a reduction in poverty and improvements in labor market outcomes in Montenegro. Substantial challenges remain, which have been aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic, drawing attention to the role that social protection plays in reducing poverty and promoting human capital. This note presents a situational analysis of the social protection system in Montenegro. It assesses the extent to which the social protection system in Montenegro fulfils its purpose and proposes areas for reform in the short, medium, and long term. To this end, this note seeks to assess each category of social protection, namely: social assistance, social services, social insurance (specifically pensions) and labor market programs, in terms of program coverage, equity, sustainability and effectiveness
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  • 130
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment ; Governance ; Incentives ; International Economics and Trade ; Legal Framework ; Linkages ; Policies ; Protection
    Abstract: This Investment Policy and Regulatory Review (IPRR) presents information on the legal and regulatory frameworks governing foreign direct investment (FDI) in Malaysia. Since legal and regulatory frameworks are constantly evolving, a cut-off date was set for the research. This country review therefore covers information available as of December 31, 2021, unless otherwise indicated in the review. This IPRR is organized as follows: Section 2 provides an overview of the country's investment policy framework, including the legal instruments regulating foreign investment, key institutions involved in investment promotion, as well as the country's foreign investment promotion strategy; it also delineates the country's international investment legal framework, including the country's commitments under the World Trade Organization (WTO) and select international investment agreements (IIAs); Sections 3-6 cover the country's policies and domestic legal framework concerning different dimensions of the lifecycle of an investment: entry and establishment (Section 3), protection (4), incentives (5) and linkages (6); Sections 7-8 explore emerging investment policy and regulatory areas - Section 7 considers outward FDI and Section 8 responsible investment; Section 9 focuses on city-specific investment policy and regulatory measures in the largest commercial center; and Section 10 covers FDI in the digital economy
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  • 131
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Debt Management ; Economic Growth ; Financial Economics ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Developments ; Inflation ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Public Investment
    Abstract: Despite a challenging global environment, Jordan's growth exceeded expectations during the first half of 2022. Propelled by a strong rebound in international tourism, the full reopening of the economy, and improving exports, real GDP accelerated to 2.7 percent. However, the rebound in economic activity was only modestly reflected on labor market indicators with unemployment rates declining only gradually. Inflation has reached its highest level since 2018 but remains contained compared to regional peers, due to temporary fuel subsidies and a number of other price control measures introduced in 2022. Yet, the untargeted subsidy support came at a fiscal cost as fiscal consolidation adjustments have slowed down despite good tax performance. On the external front, elevated global commodity prices led to a significant rise in Jordan's import bill, outpacing the effect of the increased merchandise exports and tourism. Moreover, capital and financial inflows did not keep up with the widening current account deficit, resulting in a widening of the balance of payment deficit and a drawdown in foreign exchange reserves. Nonetheless, due to its substantial reserve buffers, the Central Bank's gross foreign reserves remained at an adequate level, while Jordan continues to retain investors' confidence and access to foreign financial markets. Jordan's economic recovery in 2022 is expected to be driven by a full rebound of the services sector, helped by the full reopening of the economy and a strong rebound in tourism. However, highly volatile global fuel and food prices are impacting both domestic consumption and the trade balance. Risks surrounding Jordan's outlook include a looming global economic downturn, prolongation of the global food and energy crisis, and the impact of higher borrowing costs and widening losses from state-owned water and electricity sectors on debt dynamics. The Special Focus highlights the role of public investment as a driver of growth, with a particular focus on its recent trends, as well as its efficiency and effectiveness. This is particularly relevant given Jordan's constrained fiscal envelope. Public investment spending has been suffering from a steady decline during the past two decades to meet the fiscal consolidation targets, consistent under-execution, large dependency on external aid and lack of budget for operation and maintenance cost. Its efficiency can be maximized by having in place financially realistic long-term strategic planning, transparent project selection and an adoption of a medium-term perspective. Purposefully integrating climate concerns in public investments would also advance the country's achievement of its climate targets
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  • 132
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Connectivity ; Digital Transformation ; Education ; Education For the Knowledge Economy ; Government Information Network ; Higher Education ; Higher Education Reform ; ICT Applications ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Internet ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vocational and Technical Education
    Abstract: The Digital Transformation of Philippine Higher Education recommends a medium-term strategy for the Commission on Higher Education (CHED). Chapter 1 presents an overview of the Philippine higher education sector and analyzes the sectoral and country context for digital transformation of higher education. Chapter 2 discusses the foundations and pillars that support digital transformation as well as the building blocks of common and shared platforms and services for students and academic, research, and administrative stakeholders in higher education. Based on the findings in Chapter 1 and global good practices on digital transformation in Chapter 2, Chapter 3 recommends strategic goals and actions for CHED and HEIs as well as other higher education key players to digitally transform Philippine higher education
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  • 133
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agriculture Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Financing ; Green Growth ; Policy Implementation
    Abstract: This report focuses on the agri-food sector in North Macedonia and investigates the potential and necessary actions for adopting a green growth trajectory. Agri-food is a key sector in need of transformation to achieve green growth in the country. The sector has great economic importance, and it is vulnerable to climate change and other environmental risks, which will compound current sector inefficiencies, including declining competitiveness. This report aims to assess: (i) the actions needed to re-focus agricultural support priorities in a manner that reflects green growth ambitions; (ii) policy financing implications; and (iii) the availability and capacity of effective policy implementation mechanisms. Finally, the potential impacts of greening agriculture support on farm efficiency are assessed and discussed
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  • 134
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Keywords: Access To Educaton ; Becoming Upper-Middle-Income ; Economics of Education ; Education ; Gender and Education ; Gender Inequity ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Girls Education Gap ; High Stunting Rate ; Human Capital Investment ; Skill Utilization ; Social Development
    Abstract: Pakistan can realize major economic growth and development by investing in its people and their human capital. But the reality is that Pakistan's human capital is low and has improved only marginally over the past three decades. Inequalities in human capital outcomes have persisted or widened over time between the rich and poor, men and women, and rural and urban areas and among the provinces. Human capital outcomes are low across the board, with even the most economically advantaged groups in Pakistan having lower human capital outcomes than less economically advantaged groups in peer countries. Pakistan's Human Capital Index (HCI) value of 0.41 is low in both absolute and relative terms. It is lower than the South Asia average of 0.48, with Bangladesh at 0.46 and Nepal at 0.49. Pakistan's human capital outcomes are more comparable to those in Sub-Saharan Africa, which has an average HCI value of 0.40. To enhance its human capital, Pakistan should adopt a life cycle approach to building, protecting, and deploying human capital, starting before birth, continuing through early childhood development, and schooling, culminating in increasingly productive employment. This calls for a long-term commitment, recognition of the multidimensional and cumulative nature of human capital investments, deliberate efforts from multiple stakeholders and sectors to build on intersectoral linkages, and a continuity of policies across political parties and governments. Many countries previously at Pakistan's level of development have managed to precisely do this, even with regional variations and gaps just as large. Pakistan has the tools to implement the recommendations in this report, provide stewardship for human capital investments, and enhance economic growth over the long term. Pakistan's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic has shown that the country can manage complex challenges, despite its institutional constraints
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  • 135
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (98 pages)
    Series Statement: International Development in Practice
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic underscored the need for many countries to develop more effective and accessible primary health care systems, as well as more efficient ways to quickly disperse and collect health information. In particular, countries with low health care worker-to-population ratios, as well as large populations that do not live close to health centers, need better ways for their citizens to access health services. Telemedicine or health hotline services have shown for more than 60 years that they can help people to receive accurate and timely health information and make informed decisions about when to seek treatment. These services offer the ability to provide health information and care remotely, thereby extending the reach of the health care system, improving efficiencies, and enhancing the quality of care. Health services that are stewarded by governments and embedded into public health systems are more likely to sustain impact at scale. Government stewardship, however, benefits from private sector partnerships to help with implementation, scale, and sustainability. Planning National Telemedicine and Health Hotline Services: A Toolkit for Service Providers Working with Governments is designed to guide service providers interested in working with governments to establish nationwide telemedicine or health hotline services. The range of private sector services includes call center service providers, teleconferencing software providers, data centers/hosting providers, interactive voice response providers, hotline and reference software providers, software support service providers, and mobile network operators. The toolkit provides guidance in four key areas: -- Engaging with governments -- Supporting governments' five-year strategies and one-year road maps -- Understanding technical considerations and producing realistic proposals and cost estimates -- Ensuring the ongoing success of solutions. The success of these partnerships can lead to major advances in health services that reach more Communities and help to ensure successful and sustainable nationwide services
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  • 136
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Blockchain ; Cyber Security ; EMDES ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Legal Concerns ; Tokenization
    Abstract: The purpose of this report is to assess whether digitizing the equity or debt financing used for infrastructure projects using blockchain, that is, tokenized infrastructure, provides enough benefits to justify the use of this technology. The information presented here aims to inform the World Bank whether it should explore the possibility of tokenizing one of its infrastructure projects. The conclusions are based on interviews with tokenization start-ups, experts, and the review of current and planned regulatory frameworks in selected jurisdictions and use cases/pilots to date
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  • 137
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Childcare ; Digital Technology Gap ; Economic Inclusion ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Law ; Violence Prevention ; Women's Empowerment ; Women's Land Rights
    Abstract: The focus and approach of South Asia Second Regional Gender Action Plan (SAR RGAP) are based on an analysis of regional trends in key gender outcomes in South Asia, an assessment of SAR RGAP, and an extensive set of consultations, including country-level consultations conducted across the WBG. Implementation of SAR RGAP will take place in the context of the WBG's broader strategy for gender and the latest International Development Association (IDA) commitments. The World Bank Group Gender Strategy prioritizes four domains of gender equality: (a) improving human endowments, (b) more and better jobs for men and women, (c) women's access to productive assets, and (d) improving women's voice and agency and engaging men and boys (WBG 2015). An update of the Gender Strategy is currently under preparation, with completion expected in 2024. SAR RGAP aligns with this broader strategy but is also selective and therefore focuses on the most pressing gender gaps in the region. SAR RGAP also follows the December 2021 IDA replenishment, aligning with all eight of its policy commitments for gender: (i) investing in women's empowerment, (ii) scaling up productive economic inclusion, (iii) expanding childcare, (iv) supporting medium, and high-skilled employment opportunities for women, (v) closing the gap in digital technology, (vi) strengthening women's land rights, (vii) increasing support for prevention of and response to GBV, and (viii) implementing fiscal policy and budget systems to close gender gaps
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  • 138
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Attracting Business Investment ; Business Environment ; Employment Policy ; Job Generation and Creation ; Jobs Policy ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Market Regulations ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Shaping a Better Future for the Filipino Workforce aims to inform jobs policy by examining key determinants and outcomes of jobs. Jobs are created when the macroeconomic environment is conducive and policies are predictable to businesses with sustained growth, trades, and investments. At the same time, a large body of literature also shows that economic growth alone is not sufficient for generating jobs. Jobs are created when firms pursue expansion through innovation and competitiveness and demand for more labor input, while workers' skills and human capital are able to meet the needs of firms. Intrahousehold resource allocation and decisions for labor supply also affect the jobs outcomes. It is not uncommon that workers as self-employed create jobs by initiating their own business. The market clearing process of labor is then affected by labor market institutions, most notably labor market regulations and labor policies and programs. These are key determinants of how easy it is to start a business or to hire a worker, how high labor costs are, and how efficiently firms and workers are matched. Part I looks into the country's labor market in chronological order, while Part II discusses three major areas of Philippine jobs - labor regulation, international migration, and emerging demands for green and digital jobs
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  • 139
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Conflict ; Damage Assessment ; Economic Assistance ; Economic Challenges ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Insecurity ; Fiscal Policies ; Food Inaccessibility ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Syria ; Trade
    Abstract: The World Bank's teams have been resorting to the use of a mix of standard tools and innovative geospatial and remote-based data sources (e.g., nighttime lights, shipping-position data, traffic congestion data, aviation statistics, mobile phone location data, remote sensing vegetation indices, and conflict intensity maps) to reveal economic trends and analyze unrecorded activities that are prominent in war-torn economies like Syria. Macroeconomic conditions in Syria have substantially deteriorated since the start of the war in Ukraine. Already very high, the vulnerability of Syrian households is on the rise. Subject to high uncertainty, real gross domestic product (GDP) is projected to contract by 3.2 percent in 2023, following a 3.5 percent decline in 2022
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  • 140
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (128 pages)
    Series Statement: Women, Business and the Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Discrimination ; Domestic Violence ; Empowering Women ; Equal Rights ; Gender Disparities ; Gender Equality ; Gender Inequality ; Women ; Women's Rights
    Abstract: Women, Business and the Law 2023 is the ninth in a series of annual studies measuring the laws and regulations that affect women's economic opportunity in 190 economies.The project presents eight indicators structured around women's interactions with the law as they move through their lives and careers: Mobility, Workplace, Pay, Marriage, Parenthood, Entrepreneurship, Assets, and Pension. The 2023 edition identifies barriers to women's economic participation and encourages reform of discriminatory laws. This year, the study also includes research, a literature review, and analysis of 53 years of reforms for women's rights. Examining the economic decisions that women make throughout their working lives as well as tracking regulatory changes from 1970 to today, the study makes an important contribution to research and policy discussions about the state of women's economic opportunities. By presenting powerful examples of change and highlighting the gaps still remaining, Women, Business and the Law 2023 is a vital tool in ensuring economic empowerment for all. Data in Women, Business and the Law 2023 are current as of October 1, 2022
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  • 141
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Blue Transformation ; Gateway Ports ; International Shipping ; Natural Disasters and Climate Resilience ; Sector Governance and Institutions ; Transport, Maritime Transport
    Abstract: This report has eight chapters. Following the introduction (Pacific Peoples and the Sea), the next six chapters each focus on a separate significant component of Pacific maritime transport, analyzing the major influences and challenges, and, where relevant, key areas for future attention. The topics are: international shipping, gateway ports, domestic maritime transport, four related sectors, cruise ship tourism, tuna fisheries, fossil fuel imports, and bulk shipping, natural disasters and climate resilience, and sector governance and institutions. The final chapter, transforming pacific maritime transport, ways forward, distils the report's findings into the most significant and far-reaching opportunities to transform maritime transport in the Pacific. These are grouped into three broad themes, infrastructure, services, and governance and capacity building. Ways Forward comes at the end and, for readers unable to view the whole report, is a good place to begin. The rest of this executive summary explains why the Pacific is a special case for investment and provides a summary of the main chapters and findings. But first, it describes which Pacific Island countries contributed to the study
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  • 142
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Education ; Inequality ; Limited Safety Nets ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis, Poverty ; Poverty Reduction, Inequality ; Rural Households ; Telecommunications Sector
    Abstract: The share of Uganda's population that lives below the poverty line has fluctuated over the last seven years, greatly influenced by shocks that have tested the resilience of the people. The COVID-19 pandemic pushed both urban and rural residents into poverty. Inequality, which reflects the extent to which different population groups benefit from Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, and affects the transmission of growth into poverty reduction, remained largely unchanged over this period and may even have worsened in urban areas. The findings of this report show that previously identified patterns and drivers of Uganda's poverty changes persisted well into 2020 - shaped by low productivity and high vulnerability. Identified inequality of economic opportunities and unequal accumulation of the human capital could hold back structural change in employment. Accelerating poverty reduction in such a setting requires a two-pronged strategy. While at the macroeconomic level, policies addressing growth fundamentals are important for reducing poverty, from a microeconomic perspective, the report's analysis shows that two strategies will be crucial. The first strategy is to lift the productivity and incomes of poor households in both rural and urban areas. While tackling agricultural productivity and job creation are at the top of the agenda here, making mobile phone services more widely accessible and affordable is a potential opportunity. The second strategy is to strengthen people's resilience to shocks, particularly in rural areas. To have an impact, policies in both these areas will have to address the inequality in opportunities analyzed in the report. This document provides an overview of key report findings and identifies priority actions
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  • 143
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Coastal and Marine Environment ; Coastal and Marine Resources ; Coastal Waste Management ; Environment ; Fishery Waste Management ; Fishing Gear Waste Management ; Fishng Gear Recycling ; Marine Plastic Pollution ; Plastic Environmental Impact ; Waste Disposal and Utilization ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: The Government of Indonesia's (GoI) National Plan of Action on Marine Plastic Debris (NPOA-MPD 2017-2025) outlines the ambitious objective to reduce marine plastic debris by seventy percent by 2025. Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG) is considered to be a major component of sea-based sources of marine debris. ALDFG has increased in recent decades due to the expansion of fishing effort and greater use of synthetic fishing gear materials. Drivers of ALDFG generation include gear characteristics, fishery management frameworks and socioeconomic factors. The impacts of ALDFG on the environment, economy, livelihoods and food security are significant. ALDFG management and mitigation strategies have the potential to contribute to Indonesia's marine plastic debris while also providing economic opportunities. This study aims to enhance the evidence available to support efforts to improve the management, retrieval and recycling of End-of-life fishing gear (EOLFG) and ALDFG in Indonesia
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  • 144
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Amazon ; Cerrado ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Impacts ; Ecosystem ; Environment
    Abstract: Brazil is highly exposed to climate change risks. The impacts of global climate change risks and local practices on the Amazon and Cerrado biomes are of particular concern, as they provide vital ecosystem services to Brazil, the South American region, and the world. The Brazil Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) examines the implications of climate change and climate action for Brazil's development objectives and priorities. It identifies opportunities for Brazil to achieve both its development goals and its climate commitments. It lays out a combination of sectoral and economy-wide policy reforms, as well as targeted investments in near- and medium-term mitigation and adaptation measures to achieve more rapid and inclusive development with lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The idea is to maximize synergies between climate and development objectives, while addressing trade-offs among policy objectives and key transition challenges
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  • 145
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: EAP ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector ; Technical Assistance
    Abstract: The overarching objective of the Seoul Center for Finance and Innovation partnership was to improve and develop financial and private sectors in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region by delivering better technical assistance and advisory services to EAP countries. To achieve this objective, the Seoul Center provides grants to provide demand-driven, priority technical assistance and support capacity-building needs in EAP client countries. Since 2012, a total of 32 KTF grants have been allocated to 10 EAP countries and 2 regions (EAP and Global) in three phases. This limited scope impact assessment was undertaken on behalf of the Finance, Competitiveness, and Innovation Seoul Center Korean Trust Fund (KTF) in accord with an agreed term of reference. The purpose of this assignment is to carry out an independent impact assessment of select East Asia Pacific (EAP) country-level technical assistance and advisory grant funded projects completed over ten years from 2012 through 2022. The assessment of results realized focused on fifteen country-level TA and advisory KTF grant funded activities concluded by end-2022
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  • 146
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Climate Change ; Cost-Effective ; Energy-Efficient ; Environment ; Indoor Air Quality ; Thermal Comfort ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing
    Abstract: This report provides evidence-based guidance on cost-effective and energy-efficient cooling and ventilation interventions to improve building-level thermal comfort and indoor air quality for a changing climate in South Asia. It focuses on Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan but also covers all the countries in the region, including Afghanistan, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. After an introduction, the report analyzes local climates and air quality issues, building types, and occupant behavior, as well as available passive and active interventions and their relevance in the region, before concluding with a set of recommendations for all building types. The report also identifies additional recommendations specific to residential and commercial buildings, along with policy and country-specific recommendations
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  • 147
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Catchment Areas ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Roads ; Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: The Kingdom of Lesotho is a landlocked country in southern Africa. Large pockets of the population reside along the Senqu River Valley in the south-eastern reaches of the country, and some of the roads traverse this river to connect to the mountainous areas. Increasing temperatures and changing rainfall patterns due to climate change negatively impacts Lesotho's road network. Sustained land degradation, soil erosion, and increased demand on ecosystem services threatens infrastructure and the health of Lesotho's natural ecosystems, including wetlands. The primary aim of this study was to undertake a review of existing frameworks for climate and environment vulnerability assessments for roads and to adapt these to the Lesotho context in line with Southern African Development Community (SADC) protocol on transport, the National Strategic Development Plan of Lesotho, and the South African National Roads Agency (SANRAL) Design Guidelines. The adapted climate and environmental risk framework then formed the basis for developing a climate change risk and vulnerability and assessment methodology/tool
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  • 148
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2190
    Keywords: Education and Work ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Education ; Gender Based Violence ; Gender Equality ; Gender Norms ; Human Rights ; Informal Trading ; Labor Markets ; Labor Standards ; Law and Development ; Poverty ; Social Protections and Labor ; Teenage Pregnancies ; Women and Girls
    Abstract: Gender equality is a key foundation of inclusive and sustainable economic development that can translate into long-term and effective poverty reduction. While gender equality matters on its own as a human right, it also offers instrumental value for individuals, households, and societies at large. Global evidence consistently shows that empowering women and girls reduces poverty incidence and food insecurity, boosts economic growth and productivity, and enhances investments in children's human capital. Angola, a country where a third of the population lives in poverty and economic output is heavily dependent on its oil sector, stands out in Sub-Saharan Africa for its particularly large gender disparities, especially when compared to countries of same income levels. Family formation, education, and labor market decisions are intrinsically interwoven and connected, which in the case of Angola leads to extreme demographic pressure on an already weak public service system. To begin tackling these significant gender disparities, well-designed and targeted policies are needed. But there are significant knowledge gaps when it comes to understanding the key barriers facing Angolan girls and young women in accessing education and transitioning to the labor market. This report presents insights gained from the voices of young women and girls, their parents, and key informants through a series of interviews carried out in Luanda, home to a quarter of the country's population, in 2022. Based on these in-depth interviews with low-income young women in Luanda, this report points to the multiple challenges they face across their life cycle - challenges relating to the dimensions of education, family formation, and work. It also shows how those dimensions in a woman's life are deeply interconnected - and how they are determined by structural constraints including poverty and vulnerability, gender norms, corruption and lack of transparency in access to services and opportunities, and violence in public and private spheres
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  • 149
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Consistency ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Health Financing ; Health Insurance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impartiality ; UHC ; Universal Health Coverage
    Abstract: The report offers decision support on fair processes for policy choices relating to health financing for universal health coverage (UHC). It opens by making the case for why fair processes matter for health financing. It argues that procedural fairness contributes to fairer outcomes, strengthens the legitimacy of decision processes, builds trust in authorities, and promotes the sustainability of reforms on the path to UHC. The report then describes key health financing decisions with an impact on equity in service coverage and financial protection, where issues of procedural fairness are particularly important. Next, it offers principles and criteria for designing and assessing the processes around these health financing decisions and provides suggestions for how to make them fairer. Finally, the report examines country experiences with diverse instruments that can be used to operationalize principles and criteria for fair processes in health financing decision-making
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  • 150
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2206
    Keywords: Data Governance ; Digital Transformation ; E-Government ; FCV ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Palestinian Authority (PA) ; Public Sector Data
    Abstract: Data serves many purposes in the public sector: first as infrastructure that supports services and enables transactions between diverse stakeholders in a network, from government to businesses and to citizens; and second as an evidence base for governance and decision-making. Most recently, the value of data was demonstrated through efforts to manage the COVID-19 pandemic using data to aid in disease contact tracing, provide information, guide policies, and inform spending of funds. Public sector and government data sources such as censuses, national surveys, and administrative data, combined with data produced by the private sector helping to fill data gaps, provide timelier and finer-scale assessments of programs and policies, and serve public policy and development needs. Businesses can create value from government data by integrating it with data produced by the private sector. This highlights the importance of efficient and effective data sharing, reuse, and interoperability between different actors to better realize development objectives. This report describes the key findings on: leadership on data use and sharing in the government; key enablers for better public sector data use; key legal, regulatory, and policy safeguards that facilitate the trusted use, reuse, and sharing of data in a safe and secure manner; key stakeholders and their role and responsibilities in the data governance framework; and a proposed action plan
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  • 151
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2109
    Keywords: Palestinian Pension Agency ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; PER ; SIAD ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Insurance Administrative Diagnostic ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This work builds on the Public Expenditure Review (PER) analysis of the pension system conducted in 2016 but also brings important innovations. It updates the financial analysis conducted then and offers new policy recommendations, with the key objective of improving the affordability of the pension system, subject to benefit adequacy. The principal difference of this work is in the adopted approach, which looks at the pension system holistically and offers advice from the angle of rationalizing the overall public expenditure policy in pensions, rather than working with each pension scheme individually. In doing so, it takes a forward-looking approach and minimizes the dependency path of the convoluted legacy system. The work also incorporates a component that looks at the Palestinian Pension Agency's (PPA) administrative systems using a new Bank tool - Social Insurance Administrative Diagnostic (SIAD). The findings reveal a system with unfinished reforms and call for a comprehensive restructuring of the pension financing arrangements, along with a change of the construct of the system. This work is largely diagnostic in nature, offering high level policy recommendations and suggesting a comprehensive follow up analysis. While presenting a status quo analysis and illustrating effects of several parametric adjustments, the main set of recommendations is centered around the structural adjustments and financial restructuring in the public sector pension scheme, which would require a round of follow up work, elaborating and modeling various reform cases, including careful fine-tuning of the transitional provisions
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  • 152
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2114
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Energy ; Environment ; Green Infrastructure ; Hydro Power ; Landscape Restoration ; Sustainable Land Management ; Vakhsh River ; Water
    Abstract: This report outlines the main results of a study conducted to assess the potential role of landscape restoration/nature-based solutions/green infrastructure in the Vakhsh River Basin, Tajikistan, to reduce the impacts of soil erosion on the hydropower cascade, increase agricultural productivity, improve livelihoods, and inform about investment opportunities. This assessment finds sediment sources and loadings in the Vakhsh River Basin, considers the potential correlation between soil erosion and sedimentation in hydropower reservoirs, proposes possible and cost-effective landscape restoration measures, and estimates the value of ecosystem services provided. The study also presents recommendations for implementing the proposed interventions for the Vakhsh River Basin and for scaling up to other degraded areas throughout the country
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  • 153
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2190
    Keywords: Commercial Properties ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Law and Development ; Property Taxes ; Residential Properties ; Tax Law ; Women
    Abstract: This knowledge note provides new evidence on property ownership and taxation patterns across genders in Sao Paulo (Brazil), the largest city in the Americas, with 12 million inhabitants. We exploit microdata on all commercial and residential properties to document the share of total property and property wealth owned by women, the geographic distribution of female-owned properties, and the implications of this data for property taxes in the city
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  • 154
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2203
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; NCDs ; Non-Communicable Diseases ; Prevention and Control ; Primary Health Care
    Abstract: This report aims to assess the current role and scope of private health care provision for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Republika Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of BiH). Over the last decade, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare in the Republika Srpska and the Federal Ministry of Health have implemented municipal initiatives to reduce NCD risk factor exposure and formulate an action plan for NCD control. These efforts have been supported by development partners, including the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The assessment recommends actions that the health authorities in Republika Srpska and the Federation of BiH can take to better engage private providers in tackling NCDs. In mixed health systems, improving NCD prevention and control requires effective partnerships between the public and private sector and establishing an effective regulatory and financialcontext to contribute to progress towards Universal Health Coverage
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  • 155
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Environment ; GHG ; Low-Carbon ; Natural Disasters ; Resilience ; Sustainable Cities
    Abstract: Sierra Leone is highly vulnerable to natural hazards whose impacts are exacerbated by unplanned rapid urbanization. The main victims of climate change risks and impacts in urban Sierra Leone are the urban poor who also bear the brunt of multiple crises such as Ebola and Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19). In response to these impacts, local councils are front and center in implementing climate action activities in Sierra Leone. Therefore, this report situates local councils at the center of climate action. By focusing at the urban and community level, it has three objectives: (i) Identify the risks and impacts of climate change, (ii) Explore what local councils are already doing, and (iii) Determine what they could do more of, or better
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  • 156
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Earthquake ; Economic Assistance ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Impact ; Environment ; Humanitarian Constraints ; Inflation ; Limited Response ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: Twelve years into a devastating civil war, a one-in-two-century earthquake devastated northwestern Syria. The 7.6 Richter scale shock was the deadliest in Syria after the one that hit Aleppo in 1822. Using novel data sources, such as big data, this Syria Economic Monitor analyzes what happens to a conflict-affected economy in the months following a large natural disaster. The earthquake created large human losses and physical damages in the most contested areas of the country. The earthquake also had significant socioeconomic impacts, exacerbating preexisting vulnerabilities. However, funding shortfall and humanitarian constraints impede response efforts. As a consequence, economic contraction in Syria is likely to deepen further post-earthquake
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  • 157
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Environment ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Infrastructure Guidelines ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Resilient Infrastructure ; Resilient Urban Planning
    Abstract: This 'Guidance Note on Mainstreaming Resilience into Urban Planning' forms one of a suite of reports developed by AECOM for the World Bank Group under the 'Enhancement of Resilient Urban Planning and Infrastructure Investments in Urban Areas in Kenya' assignment and constitutes Deliverable 7. Aimed at municipal-level planners in Kenya, this guidance note includes activities, considerations, and examples of good practice from within Kenya and other contexts to support municipal governments with mainstreaming resilience within the urban planning system. While the primary audience is municipal-level urban planners, this guidance note is likely to be helpful and relevant to other planning system stakeholders, including developers, local politicians, government ministries, departments and agencies, community leaders, other built environmental professionals, and the general public. Throughout, the Guidance Note focusses on mainstreaming resilience. In other words, this document is not, and should not be used as, a general 'how-to' guide for urban planning. While some advice is provided within it that may be more applicable beyond the topic of resilience and/or comprises basic good practice in urban planning, that text is nevertheless included as a means to build resilience as a primary outcome
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  • 158
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Air Quality ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; AQM ; Dushanbe ; Emission Reduction ; Emission Sources ; Environment
    Abstract: The Air Quality Management (AQM) system in Tajikistan needs strengthening in its key policy and institutional as well as technical aspects to reduce health impacts of air pollution in the most polluted airsheds (Dushanbe and other urban centers). The World Bank's first engagement to strengthen Tajikistan's AQM aims to develop a better understanding of the priorities and needs in addressing air pollution and to support the government of Tajikistan in identifying key air pollution reductionmeasures. This summary report and the attached presentation detail the outcomes of Tajikistan's first AQM study, which is envisioned to continue. The study provides recommendations for all components of the AQM framework based on an analysis of the current status and gaps. It provides: 1) air quality (AQ) monitoring and population exposure assessment, 2) source attribution, 3) emissions-reduction interventions, and 4) recommendations to strengthen AQM Policies. The study prioritizes fine dust particles (PM2.5) due to their significant health impacts
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  • 159
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Decntralization ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Investment ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: The latest Taking Stock report shows that Vietnam's economic growth slowed from 8% in 2022 to 3.7% in the first half of 2023. It forecasts a moderate growth of 4.7% in 2023, gradually accelerating to 5.5% in 2024 and 6.0% in 2025. However, the economy faces external and domestic headwinds. Vietnam has ample fiscal space and a proactive fiscal policy supporting short-term demand, removing barriers to the implementation of public investment, and addressing infrastructure constraints can help the economy achieve these targets and promote long-term growth. The report's special chapter studies Vietnam's public investment management and how it can contribute to the goal of becoming a high income economy. To harness the power of public investment, the report recommends that Vietnam sustain its level of investment, improve the quality of the proposed project, and address deficiencies in public investment management and inter-governmental fiscal institutions
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  • 160
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2163
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Manage Model
    Abstract: The Dominican Republic has made significant progress in boosting economic growth and reducing poverty, but it still faces challenges to achieve inclusive and equitable development, increase productivity, and improve the competitiveness and sustainability of primary sectors like agriculture, water, tourism, and energy. The National Development Strategy (NDS) and the National Multi-Year Public Sector Plan (NPSP) aim to address development and climate challenges and promote a green, inclusive and resilient future. The DR is highly vulnerable to climate change, which is likely to compound existing development challenges. By 2050, climate change impacts are expected to decrease labor productivity and affect health, crop yields, tourism, infrastructure capital, and natural ecosystems such as forests and coastal areas. Climate change also poses risks to the financial system such as the banking sector's heightened credit exposure to tropical cyclones and droughts. Although the DR has a small carbon footprint, the country's GHG emissions have been rising, mainly in the energy, waste, and agricultural sectors. Fostering a low-carbon growth path can support the country's climate change goals while bringing important development co-benefits. The Dominican Republic CCDR employs a version of the MANAGE model. This CCDR further extends the model to incorporate the path of emissions from key sectors (transport, energy, AFOLU), and to incorporate DR-specific climate damage functions to introduce the impact of climate change on the economy
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  • 161
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 36277
    Keywords: Air Transport ; Airports and Air Services ; Connectivity ; Governance ; Infrastructure ; Resilience ; Tourism ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The lack of land connectivity among the Caribbean Island nations and the growing significance of the tourism sector as a key economic pillar have underscored the importance of improved air connectivity for economic growth and shared prosperity in the region. On average, tourism's contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP) for the region rose from 12 percent in 2011 to 15.2 percent in 2017, accounting for 4.3 percent of the jobs (CIA, The World FactBook). Almost half these contributions can be traced to capital investments in the travel and tourism industry, while one-third is linked to tourism-related service industries. Overall, Caribbean origin and destination air passenger traffic grew by 50 percent between 2007 and 2017, from approximately 40 million to nearly 60 million passengers annually. However, intra-regional passenger traffic remained flat and declined in some countries, including in Grenada, Dominica, and Saint Lucia. While post-2017 regionwide data is limited, evidence indicates that these trends persist
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  • 162
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Covid-19 ; Economic Investment and Savings ; FIP ; Forest Investment Program ; Forestry Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic
    Abstract: With the COVID-19 pandemic, the development context for the world is fundamentally challenged in many ways. The pandemic has taken a drastic human toll, and its global-scale economic and social impacts affected rural development work focused on the most poor and vulnerable populations. It has also highlighted the increasing need to invest in natural climate solutions that protect and restore critical ecosystems, support climate stability and ecosystem resilience, and help people access livelihood opportunities. This report provides an in-depth portfolio analysis of WB-implemented FIP and DGM projects during the pandemic, gathering information from documents and directly from stakeholders involved in these projects on the impacts of the pandemic during their preparation and implementation, finding trends in delays in project activities, and identifying coping mechanisms used to overcome the challenges resulting from the pandemic. For example, some projects have shifted activities requiring in-person engagement, such as training and workshops, to a virtual format. Other projects use electronic monitoring and data collection tools to follow up on activity implementation. Finally, this report provides a few general lessons for the CIF program, WB-financed operations, donors, and other external international development partners. Although the COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose a challenge, authors now hope, having already experienced it for roughly three years, to learn from the various adaptation measures implemented by the projects, for application to future shocks
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  • 163
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Security ; Food Systems ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Stability ; Value Chains
    Abstract: Sierra Leone's economy experienced overlapping setbacks during 2022, as external spillovers from the Russian invasion of Ukraine aggravated domestic macroeconomic vulnerabilities. This led to high levels of inflation, a substantially weaker currency, greater imbalances in public finances, and lower foreign exchange reserves. GDP growth slowed in 2022 (from 4.1 percent in 2021 to 3.5 percent) bringing the average GDP growth since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic to only around half of the pre-pandemic trend. High global energy and fertilizer prices coupled with a weaker currency translated into accelerating inflation which rose from 12percent in 2021 to 27 percent in 2022, and further to over 50 percent by August 2023, threatening the welfare of households and worsening food insecurity and poverty
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  • 164
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2184
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Adaptation to Climate Change ; Digital Sector ; Economic Diversification ; Energy Supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Trade Integration ; Taxation and Fiscal Policy
    Abstract: Economic Diversification in the DRC is hindered by a business environment and key regulatory and fiscal constraints that are not conducive to private sector-led growth. Policies aimed to address the main bottlenecks hindering sustainable and inclusive growth include: i) improving business regulation; ii) promoting access to digital, electricity, and financing; iii) addressing inefficient taxation and fiscal policy challenges; iv) encouraging fiscal decentralization; and v) attracting value chain development. The two case studies discussed in complementary reports are intended to better illustrate the opportunities and challenges described in the Country Economic Memorandum and considered important for economic diversification and job creation through structural transformation and stronger trade and regional integration. The focus is on two key potential growth-driving sectors (mining and agribusiness) that offer substantial opportunities for expansion in the context of global energy transition, food insecurity, and further regional integration. While opportunities and constraints specific to the EV battery-related mining and cassava value chain are presented (and include a climate dimension), most of the challenges and recommendations could also apply to several other products or sectors of the economy (e.g., maize or any manufactured or processed product). The purpose of the illustrative case studies is to highlight how the business environment in general is not attractive to private investment, SME expansion, or product competitiveness
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  • 165
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2203
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Environment ; Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Human Rights ; Threat Mitigation
    Abstract: Climate change has been called the most important threat to human health in the 21st century. It is estimated that if thetemperature rises and its impact on the other climatic variablescontinues unchanged, it will kill more than 83 million people (1 percent of the world's population) in the next 80 years (Wattset al. 2020)-13 times the toll of the COVID-19 pandemic (WorldHealth Organization 2023). Historically, only pandemics or worldwars have posed such threats to human health. As a result, the issue has aroused unprecedented attention. In 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared climate changethe greatest health threat facing humanity (WHO 2021). Now, more than 195 governments have included climate change mitigation and adaptation as pillars in their multi-year plans, and government health sectors have been developing plans tomeasure and respond to the impact of climate change on health. However, recognition of the links between climate change and health remains nascent, so these efforts have not yet been accompanied by strategic and actionable approaches to measure the impacts and ground the responses. This report contributes to addressing that gap by providing a framework for understandingthe impact of climate change on human health in Colombia and by outlining the most effective actions to mitigate the threat
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  • 166
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2113
    Keywords: Accessibility ; Accessible Learning ; Accessible Special Technologies ; Augmentative and Alternative Communication ; Climate Change and Health ; Climate Change Impacts ; Disability ; Education ; Inclusive Education ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The purpose of this toolkit is to generate knowledge on how to develop and adapt assessment tools using principlesof universal design that yield reliable and valid data andinformation to track the learning outcomes of marginalizedlearners, including learners with disabilities
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  • 167
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 11872
    Keywords: Economic and Employment Structure ; Economic Growth ; Governance ; Inflation ; Labor Force Participation ; Learning Employable Skills ; Skills Development System ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) ; Youth Employment
    Abstract: Tanzania's rapidly growing population, particularly its youth, faces challenges in entering the labor market due to limited employable skills. This policy note first reviews the demand-side factors including Tanzania's economic, employment, and labor force characteristics, then it critically analyzes the technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and skills development system. It draws from existing studies and available data to provide an overview of key sector issues and highlights the challenges that require attention as they relate to cultivating employable skills for all Tanzanian youth. This policy note complements the World Bank Policy Note on Strengthening Basic Education System and Improving Learning Outcomes and offers timely input to the government's ongoing effort to strengthen the TVET sector
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  • 168
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2196
    Keywords: Capacity ; Equity ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Information Technology ; Performance ; PHC ; PHCPI Framework
    Abstract: This report presents the findings of the primary health care (PHC) system assessment in the Republic of Moldova undertaken by the World Bank in collaboration with the Moldovan government and under the leadership of the Ministry of Health (MoH). It highlights existing strengths, identifies areas in need of improvement, and suggests strategies for system strengthening
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  • 169
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2119
    Keywords: Debt Indicators ; Education ; Environment ; Fiscal Indicators ; GDP ; GHG ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Insurance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Indicators ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This edition of the Macro Poverty Outlooks periodical contains country-by-country forecasts and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators for the developing countries of the Middle East and North Africa region. Macroeconomic indicators such as population, gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita, and where available, other indicators such as primary school enrollment, life expectancy at birth, total greenhouse gas emissions and inflation, among others, are included for each country. In addition to the World Bank's most recent forecasts, key conditions and challenges, recent developments and outlook are briefly described for each country in the region
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  • 170
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 11872
    Keywords: Access To Basic Education ; Education ; Education Governance ; Education Quality ; Free Education ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; School Learning Environment ; Teacher Quality
    Abstract: The implementation of the fee-free basic education policy (FBEP) in Tanzania since 2015 has led to consistent growth in the education sector. However, the rapidly increasing school-age population has been creating demands for additional resources and capacity that are often not met. Persistent challenges related to institutional governance and insufficient education spending toward core teaching and learning matters further hinder service delivery and result in inadequate learning outcomes. This note draws evidence from existing studies and available data, taking a holistic approach to assess the performance of the basic education system in Mainland Tanzania in the last decade. It describes the basic service delivery indicators but also goes beyond to analyze the underlying challenges in institutional governance and basic education financing. Recognizing that basic education can deliver fundamental literacy, numeracy, as well as socioemotional skills which are crucial building blocks for continued education and training, employment, and lifelong fulfillment for all Tanzanian citizens, the policy note highlights the following areas that require attention: equitable access; learning outcomes; quantity, quality, and management of teachers; school learning environment; the curriculum and language of instruction; national examinations and learning assessments; and governance and finance
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  • 171
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 7800
    Keywords: Adolescent Pregnancy ; Child Marriage ; Economic Inclusion ; Education ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Gender ; Health ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Trade Facilitation ; Violence Against Women ; Women and Girls ; Women's Leadership
    Abstract: This gender assessment has been prepared as an input for the preparation of the World Bank's Country Partnership Strategy for Mozambique (2023-2027). However, this assessment is not limited to areas of the World Bank's current country engagement; rather, it seeks to provide a general overview of the key challenges and opportunities facing Mozambican women and girls across different dimensions of their lives. The assessment adopts a life-cycle approach identifying key inflection points in the lives of women and girls that either limit or facilitate their empowerment. The assessment is based on a desk review of available studies, reports, and data from Mozambique, and draws on global evidence, largely from the Africa region
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  • 172
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2163
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Governance ; Climate Resilience ; Economic Diversification ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Health Costs ; Natural Capital ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Republic Of Congo ; Sustainable Growth
    Abstract: The Republic of Congo (RoC) CCDR is a new World Bank core diagnostic report that integrate climate change and development considerations. It is intended to help the country prioritize the most impactful actions that can boost adaptation and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while delivering on broader development goals. The CCDR builds on data and rigorous research and identify main pathways to reduce climate vulnerabilities and GHG emissions, including the costs and challenges as well as benefits and opportunities from doing so. The report highlights that RoC could reduce poverty in rural areas by 40% and in urban areas by 20% by 2050 by implementing more ambitious reforms to promote economic diversification and climate resilience. It also concludes that business as usual is not an option. Economic losses could reach up to 17% of GDP by 2050 if reforms to diversify the economy and attract more climate investments are not taken. Climate impacts could also increase total health costs from USD 92 million in 2010 to USD 260 million by 2050. The report identifies four priorities to promote sustainable growth in the country: (i) stronger and greener infrastructure and services in electricity, transport, water, and sanitation can deliver transformative results; (ii) More climate-ready education, health systems and social services can save lives and bring critical resources to the poorest; (iii) More investments in natural capital including climate smart agriculture and greater forest management along will help create jobs while reducing carbon emissions; (iv) better climate governance to leverage carbon markets. The forest contributes to USD 260 million in timber exports and store over 44 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. Protecting and valorizing the forest is critical to turn the country's natural capital into wealth. The report emphasizes that the private sector has a critical role to play in mobilizing financing for an ambitious set of reforms and investments in the context of tight fiscal space. This will require raising awareness on risks and opportunities from climate change, and innovative solutions and financial sector reforms
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  • 173
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Access To Education ; Adult Literacy ; Agency ; Education ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Gender Barrier To Education ; Gender Bias in Education ; Girls Primary Education
    Abstract: This thematic note is part of a broader mixed-method study on gender inequalities in Madagascar, which intends to illustrate the key gender gaps in the country and shed light on the unique challenges that young Malagasy women face in their educational, professional, and family trajectories. Due to the persistence of financial, social, and institutional barriers, Malagasy women and girls encounter significant disadvantages across all dimensions of well-being and are unable to access opportunities in an equal manner with men and boys in the country. They are largely constrained in their ability to accumulate human capital in education and health, and to participate in economic opportunities; and they face severe limitations in agency and decision-making, particularly with respect to family formation. Women and girls also appear to be disproportionally affected by the impacts of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, which further widen preexisting gender gaps and amplify vulnerability to poverty, violence, and discrimination. This thematic note discusses in detail the status of girls' and women's education in Madagascar and proposes several strategic lines of action to assist girls and young women in completing schooling. This note is accompanied by the overview of all study findings and three thematic notes that present in-depth insights in the following key dimensions: health, economic opportunities, and agency
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  • 174
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2201
    Keywords: Access To Employment ; Access To Public Transportation ; Bus Ticket Price ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Curriculum and Instruction ; Disability ; Early Childhood Development ; Gender ; Motorized Transport ; Traffic Congestion ; Urban Development ; Urban Mobility Trends
    Abstract: The Metropolitan Areas of Cordoba, Mendoza, Salta and Neuquen-Cipolletti were the focus of this analytical work. These metropolitan areas represent urban centers of different sizes and regions of the country, as they are in the Central, Cuyo, North and Patagonia regions, respectively. They also have a heterogeneity of characteristics in terms of population, mobility patterns, infrastructure, public services, and institutional frameworks, among other aspects relevant to the analysis. In short, they synthesize many of the multiple challenges faced by Argentine cities in terms of mobility. However, the data available to most transport planners in Argentina, including these four metropolitan areas, is inadequate to understand exactly how travel patterns have changed in recent years, what their drivers are, and what persistent changes might look like in the future. A World Bank report on Buenos Aires (2022) laid the analytical framework for replicating such a study in other cities, drawing on other data sources and using alternative tools to support a more comprehensive diagnosis of urban mobility
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  • 175
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2119
    Keywords: Debt Indicators ; Developing Countries ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal Indicators ; GDP ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Indicators
    Abstract: This edition of the Macro Poverty Outlooks periodical contains country-by-country forecasts and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators for the developing countries of the South Asia region. Macroeconomic indicators such as population, gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita, and where available, other indicators such as primary school enrollment, life expectancy at birth, total greenhouse gas emissions and inflation, among others, are included for each country. In addition to the World Bank's most recent forecasts, key conditions and challenges, recent developments and outlook are briefly described for each country in the region
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  • 176
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 39458
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; FCS ; Fragility and Conflict ; Governance ; GOVTECH ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Political Economy ; Reforms
    Abstract: This report takes stock of the development of GovTech solutions in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations (FCS), be they characterized by low institutional capacity and/or by active conflict and provides insights on challenges and opportunities for implementing GovTech reforms in such contexts. It is aimed at practitioners and policy makers working in FCS but will also be useful for practitioners working in Fragility, Conflict, and Violence (FCV) contexts, at-risk countries, or low-income countries as some similar challenges and opportunities can be present. Chapter 1 describes the methodology and provides basic definitions of FCV and GovTech as well as the rationale for the report. Chapter 2 provides an overview of GovTech in FCS, based on the analysis of GovTech Maturity Index (G_TMJ) data, and common challenges to GovTech in FCS. Chapter 3 analyzes the state of GovTech reforms per pillar in FCS and illustrates these with selected examples. Chapter 4 concludes with some recommendations for designing and implementing GovTech projects in these contexts based on the analysis
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  • 177
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2196
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Health Insurance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pandemic ; Primary Health Care ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: While the incidence of COVID-19 in Belize has subsided, the lasting health and economic impacts caused by the pandemic have demonstrated the need to build a resilient health system. The most recent figures from the Statistical institute of Belize confirm that there have been over 60,000 cases and 678 deaths due to COVID-19. Additionally, a rapid phone survey of over 2,000 households, conducted between December 2021 and January 2023, found that 20.6 percent and 26.8 percent of respondents reported losing their job permanently or temporarily, respectively, and an additional 64 percent of respondents reported a reduction in their income during pandemic. Ensuring the health system remains resilient to shocks is critical, especially given the pandemic's impacts on heath and the economy
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  • 178
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 39458
    Keywords: Capacity Building ; Climate Change Impacts ; Data ; Development ; Economic Growth ; Inflation ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Poverty Assessment ; Statistics
    Abstract: The digital revolution has changed the operating environment for statistics and has increased competition in the information space. The operating environment for NSOs has changed significantly in the past decades. Computing power once prohibitively expensive has become affordable even for low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Data that had to be collected manually are now ubiquitous because of digitalization and e-government initiatives, which have also created a constant flow of data from citizens and businesses to government agencies. The rollout of national ID programs, unique business entity identifiers, and national address registers have created the potential for integrating data from disparate databases. However, the vast new technical possibilities have been accompanied by intense competition in the information space. NSOs that were once the main, or in some cases the only, providers of socioeconomic information, are being challenged by new, nimbler, and more data savvy players who are not bound by the rigid definitions and standards of official statistics. The COVID-19 pandemic amplified this trend, with a proliferation of data sites providing near to real-time data on the impact of the pandemic on public health, livelihoods, labor markets, and the economy
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  • 179
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2163
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Carbon Neutrality ; Climate Change ; Education Finance ; Educational Institutions and Facilities ; Energy ; Environment ; Low-Carbon ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Resilience
    Abstract: The Cambodia Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) provides analysis and recommendations on how Cambodia can achieve sustained development while responding to climate change and the low-carbon transition. Cambodia has high development aspirations, aiming to become an upper-middle-income country by 2030 and a high-income country by 2050. Achieving these goals will not be easy and will require a more inclusive, diversified, and productive economy. Climate change could amplify existing development challenges, with potentially sizable impacts on growth, trade, debt, and poverty reduction, as Cambodia faces one of the world's highest levels of exposure to floods and extreme heat. However, building climate resilience also offers an opportunity, not only to mitigate climate risks, but also to concurrently further development outcomes, as this report finds that adaptation measures in Cambodia have large development co-benefits. Moreover, Cambodia has made ambitious pledges in its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) and in its Long-term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality (LTS4CN). Delivering these commitments will require careful policy choices to mitigate transition risks and seize development opportunities. Finally, as a small, open economy highly dependent on trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), Cambodia will be highly affected by the accelerated decarbonization and changing consumption and production patterns in the rest of the world. With the right policy choices and a vibrant private sector, this could offer opportunities for export diversification, job creation, and growth
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  • 180
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Keywords: Export Competitiveness ; External Sector ; Fiscal Sector ; International Economics and Trade ; Monetary and Financial Sector ; Productivity Challenges ; Real Sector
    Abstract: Real GDP growth decreased to an estimated 1.9 percent in FY23, the lowest rate since FY20 and substantially below the 10-year average growth rate. Monetary tightening and the effects of import restrictions contributed to the slowdown. Economic activity was particularly subdued in the industry and services sectors, while agricultural output remained more resilient. Strong energy sector growth helped to avoid an industrial contraction, since manufacturing and construction outputs shrank. Hydroelectric generation increased significantly for the second year in row and added close to 500 megawatts of hydroelectric power to the national grid. Nepal nevertheless remains a net energy importer. Slow credit growth and import restrictions contributed to a reduction in private investment on the demand side. Lower capital expenditure and revenue underperformance drove lower public investment. As a result, total investment decreased by more than 10 percent, a sharper reduction than in FY20. Private consumption remained robust, owing to strong remittance inflows
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  • 181
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal Spending ; Governance ; Government Revenue
    Abstract: Bulgaria has traditionally adhered to fiscal discipline and prudent fiscal policy since the introduction of its currency board arrangement in mid-1997. After a gradual decline in the 2000s, public debt has remained among the lowest in the European Union (EU), hovering in a narrow band between 17 and 29 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) for the last 10 years. The low level of public debt has been supported by relatively low fiscal deficits or even surpluses in some years. This has helped the fiscal system absorb recent shocks relatively unscathed and provided sufficient fiscal space to address emerging crises and limit the scarring on economic activity, the labor market, and incomes. This report provides fresh evidence on Bulgaria's fiscal landscape and some of the key issues that fiscal policy may need to address going forward. To start with, the report looks at opportunities to increase revenue collection with two special focuses - the value-added tax (VAT) compliance gap and health taxes (excises on tobacco and alcohol products). Social spending effectiveness in reducing headline poverty and child poverty in particular also requires urgent attention from policy makers. An updated fiscal incidence analysis shows that Bulgaria's fiscal system has a limited impact on overall poverty; neither is it effective in addressing child poverty, as it reduces it by just 0.3 percentage points
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  • 182
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Armed Conflict ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle East ; Money and Banking ; Recession
    Abstract: Lebanon is hit by yet another crisis: the spillover effects of the conflict in the Middle East. While the country remains mired in political and institutional vacuum, and a crippling socioeconomic crisis for over four years, it has now been hit by another large shock: fear that the current conflict centered in Gaza could escalate further into Lebanon. By 2022 and early 2023, the economy was able to find a temporary bottom following years of sharp contraction, thanks to tourism and sizeable remittances. The temporary bottoming out helped the exchange rate to also stabilize temporarily. With the onset of the current conflict, Lebanon's economy is projected to be back in recession in 2023. This special focus assesses the impact of the current conflict and its spillovers on Lebanon's economy. Assuming that the current situation of containment of military confrontation to the southern borders persists, the economy is estimated to contract in 2023, primarily due to the shock to tourism spending
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  • 183
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Catastrophe Risk Financing Strategy ; Disaster Risk Insurance ; Disaster Risk Strategy ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disaster Preparedness ; Ukaid ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to make recommendations for the Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica (GoCD) for the formulation of a country-specific comprehensive disaster risk financing (DRF) strategy, based on the assessment of the legislative, financial management, fiscal, and insurance market environment in Dominica. The key activities of the present review are twofold: (a) to review the existing data that would inform the quantification of Dominica's contingent liabilities to natural hazards, as well as current practices in DRF and (b) to conduct a review of the existing public financial management (PFM) and insurance market with respect to DRF by reviewing laws, regulations, practices, existing protocols and systems, and macroeconomic conditions. This report is envisioned to be used as a planning tool for the potential development of a comprehensive DRF strategy that would equip the Ministry of Finance and Investment (MoF) with information and instruments to manage contingent liabilities posed by natural hazards. This report presents recommendations for a cost-effective DRF strategy in Dominica, drawing heavily on international experience, country-specific information, and similar conditions in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) with limited fiscal space. These complementary resources for a national DRF strategy are based on a preliminary fiscal risk analysis and a review of the current budget management of disasters in Dominica. The report benefits from the international experience of the World Bank and the approach outlined in its operational DRF and insurance framework, which has assisted several countries worldwide, including in the Caribbean (Belize, Grenada, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Jamaica, and so on) in the design and implementation of sovereign catastrophe risk financing strategies. This report tailors the approach to the institutional, social, and economic context of Dominica
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  • 184
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Insurance Guarantee Schemes ; Liquidation Process ; Resolution Regime
    Abstract: A well-developed efficient insurance sector plays an important role in any economy. This role is supported by effective regulation and supervision with the aim of having a sound insurance sector that is growing, offering adequate covers, contributing to employment and investment, ensuring reduced exposure to poverty, and increasing shared prosperity. These objectives go beyond merely protecting the interests of policyholders. They recognize that the insurance sector plays a much larger role in the economy, even for those who are not policyholders or beneficiaries. Failure of insurers can undermine these objectives. Failure events might best be defined broadly and from a consumer perspective rather than through a literal analysis of a legal definition. It is clear that such events could have an adverse impact on both the policyholders and beneficiaries directly involved as well as the broader market. As a result, the insurance sector maintains a high level of resilient providers with a well-developed system catering to orderly resolution. It is also noted that politics can add to the challenges of managing an insurer failure. Media and local politics can lead to significant pressure either regionally or nationally. While the normal activity of dealing with a crisis event is drawing heavily on the resources of the supervisory authorities, this additional layer of activity is usually not trivial. In some situations, political engagement is needed to secure the necessary mechanisms for resolution. Given the variety of actual situations that arise, it is often the case that politicians need to be engaged in the solution
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  • 185
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs)
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Deforestation ; Environment ; Forests ; GHG Emissions ; Political Economy ; Private Sector
    Abstract: The world faces a triple crisis of three interconnected issues-development, climate, and nature- and current levels of climate action are insufficient. Beyond the grim headlines, there are increasingly clear opportunities to achieve triple wins. To support the alignment of sustainable development priorities and actions with climate change risks and objectives, the World Bank launched the Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) in 2022. This core diagnostic tool aims to help countries prioritize the most impactful actions to boost resilience and adaptation and reduce GHG emissions, while delivering on broader development and sustainability objectives. CCDRs now cover 56 percent of the population of low- and middle-income countries (LICs and MICs) and 73 percent of their gross domestic product (GDP). The second set of CCDRs also includes one high-income country (HIC), Romania. A main addition of the CCDRs published since COP27 relates to tropical forests, a key dimension of the global climate change challenge. The first set of CCDRs covered only 10 percent of the world's tropical forests, but the addition of key forested countries-including Brazil, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia, and the Republic of Congo-increases coverage to 56 percent. Many CCDRs (including Romania and Turkiye) also discuss the role of non-tropical forests for resilience and emission reduction. This second summary report builds on the first report published ahead of COP27. Although it is important to caveat the differences in scenarios and ambition, modeling framework, and scope of analysis, this report provides aggregated results that can help governments, private sector investors, citizens, and development partners prioritize the most impactful climate actions. It confirms-with more granularity and stronger evidence, based on more countries-key findings from the first summary report; but it also discusses new issues, such as deforestation and land degradation. It aims to inform global priorities, including the World Bank's Evolution Roadmap and Global Challenge Programs (GCP), as well as other global initiatives
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  • 186
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Keywords: Digital Sector ; Domestic ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Governance ; International ; International Economics and Trade ; Legal Instruments
    Abstract: This Investment Policy and Regulatory Review (IPRR) presents information on the legal and regulatory frameworks governing foreign direct investment (FDI) in Nigeria. Since legal and regulatory frameworks are constantly evolving, a cut-off date was set for the research. This country review therefore covers information available as of December 31, 2021, unless otherwise indicated in the review. This IPRR is organized as follows: Section 2 provides an overview of the country's investment policy framework, including the legal instruments regulating foreign investment, key institutions involved in investment promotion, as well as the country's foreign investment promotion strategy; it also delineates the country's international investment legal framework, including the country's commitments under the World Trade Organization (WTO) and select international investment agreements (IIAs); Sections 3-6 cover the country's policies and domestic legal framework concerning different dimensions of the lifecycle of an investment: entry and establishment (Section 3), protection (4), incentives (5) and linkages (6); Sections 7-8 explore emerging investment policy and regulatory areas - Section 7 considers outward FDI and Section 8 responsible investment; Section 9 focuses on city-specific investment policy and regulatory measures in the largest commercial center; and Section 10 covers FDI in the digital economy
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  • 187
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Human Capital ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Investment ; Productivity Growth ; Public Investment
    Abstract: Bulgaria has followed sound macroeconomic policy in recent years and has weathered the Covid-19 economic crisis relatively well. The country embarked on a thorough transformation to a functioning market economy in the run-up to European Union (EU) membership in 2007 which, since 2018, has been followed by a firm course towards eurozone entry. But income convergence to average EU levels has been held back by low pre-crisis economic growth averaging only 2.1 percent in 2010-2019. At pre-Covid-19 crises growth rates, Bulgaria is not expected to converge to average EU income levels in the foreseeable future. The average income level masks substantial regional inequalities which continue to widen and undermine human capital formation and growth. A key constraint that can be seen in all growth policy areas, and also limits the pace of greening of the Bulgarian economy, is weak governance capacity and institutions. This report is organized around the World Bank long-term growth model (LTGM) which allows to simulate Bulgaria's growth path under different scenarios. The structure of the report focuses on the key identified constraints to and opportunities for Bulgaria's faster long-term economic growth and income convergence. The report discusses complementary policy areas when needed and refers to related studies for more in-depth analysis and policy options in these cases
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  • 188
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Financing ; Global Activity ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; PPR ; Preparedness ; Prevention
    Abstract: This paper has outlined an ambitious agenda for the WBG to support PPR enhancement at country, regional, and global levels as part of a broader approach to strengthen health systems. It is an agenda that not only seeks to deliver on the Bank's IDA commitments related to disease outbreaks and crisis response but also to respond to demands from all our shareholders, clients, and other stakeholders for the Bank to play a key role in strengthening PPR capacities at country and regional levels through a wider health system strengthening agenda. Policy commitments from IDA's Human capital special themes support the building of resilient health systems that can provide core essential health services and have the capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to disease outbreaks and other health emergencies an approach that will ensure sustainability, efficiency, and effectiveness. The paper has highlighted that PPR is an inherently multisectoral agenda. Further, the paper has argued that there are large financing gaps to fill, particularly in LICs and MICs. Looking forward, the WBG will support strengthening of PPR through actions in three interconnected domains: 1) financing; 2) global engagements and partnerships; and 3) analytics, evidence, and dialogue
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  • 189
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: FDI ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Investment
    Abstract: In 2011, the Pomerania region of Poland set up Invest in Pomerania (IiP) as its regional investment promotion agency. Several local institutions together launched IiP to ensure regional coordination of FDI attraction and investment promotion opportunities. The goal was to create a single entity that would effectively attract and facilitate FDI in the region and that would also act as an interface between investors, local authorities, and other stakeholders. While starting off small, the agency has developed significantly since its inception. With a total of twenty-two employees, the agency today has a number of functions, including promoting investment, providing matchmaking services, promoting innovation, developing local suppliers, functioning as a one-stop-shop, and promoting domestic investment. This report assesses the impact of IiP on Pomerania's economic performance in the period from 2011 to 2021. Upon reaching its ten-year anniversary, the agency seeks to better understand its contributions to attracting FDI and to the region's economic development objectives. Currently, IiP is developing its new investment promotion strategy for 2022-2027. By looking back to assess the agency's impact while also drawing out major IiP's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, this report evaluates past performance while also informing the agency's future development path
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  • 190
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Domestic Revenue Mobilization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; PERR ; Public Expenditure and Revenue Review ; Revenue
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure and Revenue Review (PERR) identifies Burkina Faso's key public spending and revenue challenges and proposes solutions to develop more effective and transparent fiscal policies. The review, carried out by a World Bank team with inputs from the Government of Burkina Faso, is the first such core diagnostic for the country in more than 10 years. It fills an important information gap and serves as a starting point for deeper analyses in three areas: (a) domestic revenue mobilization, (b) the sectoral allocation of public expenditure, and (c) public financial management
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  • 191
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Forced Displacement ; Host Communities ; Inequality ; Living Standards ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Cohesion ; Social Conflict Prevention
    Abstract: This report presents new evidence from 26 background studies on forced displacement and social cohesion to expand the current knowledge base on how to prevent social conflict and promote social cohesion in forced displacement contexts. The background studies are geographically and methodologically diverse. They examine social cohesion in a variety of low-, middle-, and high-income countries across Africa, Asia, Central, and South America, and Europe. Building on this new evidence, the report provides lessons on how development investments and policies can reduce inequalities, alleviate social tensions, and promote social cohesion between and within displaced populations and host communities. Overall, the findings demonstrate that, while displacement can exacerbate existing inequalities and create new inequalities and the potential for conflict, especially in areas with strained services and limited economic opportunities, inclusive policies and development investments can effectively mitigate the negative effects of displacement and promote social cohesion
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  • 192
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Environment ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Macroeconomic Impact ; Natural Disasters ; Recovery and Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Socioeconomic Impact ; Syria
    Abstract: Following the magnitude (Mw) 7.8 Turkiye-Syria Earthquake on February 6, 2023, and the (Mw) 6.3 earthquake on February 20, 2023, the World Bank launched the Syria Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA). The objective of the RDNA is to estimate the impact of the earthquake on physical assets and service delivery in the most affected areas. The RDNA covers six governorates with roughly 10million inhabitants, with an in-depth analysis of nine cities. It provides preliminary estimates to rebuild infrastructure and restore service delivery, and general guiding principles for recovery and building back better, focusing on early recovery (0-12 months) and short-term needs (1-3 years). The RDNA also analyses the macroeconomic and socioeconomic impacts of the earthquake to anticipate repercussions on the economic outlook and on the population's well-being. This RDNA contributes to the understanding of the impactof the earthquake on Syria. While the RDNA focuses on the damages incurred by the earthquake, the compounding effect of the pre-existing damages caused by the conflict are reflected in the pre-earthquake baseline. The RDNA follows a globally established and recognized damage, loss, and needs assessment methodology developed by the World Bank Group (WBG), the European Union (EU), and the United Nations (UN). This methodology has been applied globally in post-disaster and conflict contexts to inform recovery and reconstruction planning. Prior to this RDNA, the World Bank Group conducted six assessments to provide information on the effects of the ongoing conflict on population, physical infrastructure, and quality of service delivery
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  • 193
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Evaluation
    Keywords: Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Objectives ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The International Development Association (IDA) has included jobs as a special theme since the 17th Replenishment of IDA (IDA17) in 2014, when it explicitly recognized the role played by labor markets in intermediating between growth and inclusion. This acknowledgment of jobs marked a shift in IDA's inclusive growth strategy. Before the IDA17 strategy paper, IDA emphasized growth and the use of social safety nets to mitigate the effects of poverty. Beginning in 2014, however, jobs became more central to IDA's strategy for inclusive growth and for achieving the twin goals. IDA17, the 18th Replenishment of IDA, and the 19th Replenishment of IDA established specific policy commitments and results indicators under the jobs-related special theme. At the same time, the World Bank Group expanded and deepened its attention to jobs, resulting in an increasingly multidimensional jobs agenda characterized by a growing body of lending, technical assistance and diagnostics, and a strong focus on IDA-eligible countries, including through use of the Country Private Sector Diagnostic and IDA's private sector window. This evaluation will assess IDA's support for jobs-related objectives over fiscal years (FY)14-22, the period covering three IDA replenishments during which jobs became an IDA special theme (IDA17, the 18th Replenishment of IDA, and the 19th Replenishment of IDA). The objectives of this assessment are to interrogate the contribution of IDA's Bank Group financing to improving outcomes related to more, better paying, and more inclusive jobs; the role of IDA's jobs strategy at the corporate, country, and operational levels in this context; and the analytical underpinnings of jobs-related interventions. The evaluation will provide lessons and recommendations to inform the design of the Bank Group's future multidimensional jobs support and enhance IDA's effectiveness in this space based on eight years of strategic, diagnostic, and operational experience
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  • 194
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Education Finance ; Education System ; PFR ; Reforms ; Spending
    Abstract: This section of the Public Finance Review (PFR) assesses the level, quality, efficiency, and equity of public spending on education in North Macedonia and recommends policies that could increase efficiency as well as outcomes. It also examines the status of recent education reforms in the country and provides directions that can contribute to a better education system in North Macedonia
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  • 195
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Labor Force ; Labor Markets ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training, Public Services ; Social Protections and Labor, Labor Standards ; Unemployment
    Abstract: Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) face the dual and interlinked challenge of lack of jobs and low quality of public services. Labor force participation rates, especially of women, are among the lowest in Europe, and the country faces high and sustained levels of unemployment, especially of the youth. Even within the employed sector there are concerns regarding the quality of jobs, including high levels of informality. The dearth of quality jobs is linked to skills mismatches between the demand and supply of labor, which in turn reflects the relatively low quality of human capital of workers, and poor education and health services. The objective of this report is to examine the "public sector labor market" in BiH and its implications for this twin challenge. The public sector labor market is defined as the employment, compensation, management, and work environment practices of the public sector. These practices influence the employment choices of individuals, such as whether to work and preferences over public sector or private sector employment. They also affect the selection, retention, motivation, and productivity of public sector workers, which in turn impact the ability of the government to effectively deliver its variety of outputs. The report measures these features of the public sector labor market through an original household survey conducted by the World Bank (WB) in 2021-2022 that is representative of the urban areas of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and the Republika Srpska (RS)
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  • 196
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Central America ; Housing ; Mobility ; Municipal Finance ; Regional Urban Development, Urban Areas ; Urban Development, National Urban Development Policies and Strategies ; Urban Planning
    Abstract: This urbanization review "Connecting the Greater Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica" focuses on the South Corridor, a lagging (sub)region within Costa Rica's Greater Metropolitan Area (Gran Area Metropolitana, GAM), and the challenges facing the subregion as a result of rapid and unplanned urbanization, including housing, mobility, planning and municipal finance. The aim is to provide a framework for thinking about possible solutions to these challenges, with a view to improving the living conditions of its residents, connecting them to opportunities in the capital city, and addressing barriers to achieving sustainable development. As the analysis focuses on the different dimensions that constitute processes of rapid urbanization and how to manage them, the findings may be relevant for other urban centers and municipalities that may face a similar set of challenges as the South Corridor does
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  • 197
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Agri-Food System ; Agriculture Sector ; Agriculture, Agricultural Sector Economics, Public Expenditure ; Mandanas Ruling
    Abstract: The recent positive policy directions embodied in the New Thinking and One DA agenda have not yet fully translated into a shift in public expenditure patterns in the Philippine agriculture sector. One result is that agricultural growth remains low, and poverty in rural areas, where farming remains the main source of income, has stayed high. Underinvestment in public goods in agriculture, vital for inclusive growth, also drives the lack of growth. The continued bias supporting rice production has come at the expense of other agricultural products. The situation could worsen with the ongoing devolution resulting from the Mandanas Ruling of the Supreme Court unless the shift in the agriculture budget from central government to local government units (LGUs) accompanies clear changes in expenditure policies. To take full advantage of the opportunities arising from the new strategic directions and to devolve more responsibilities to LGUs, agricultural public expenditure policies must deal with challenges in three dimensions. First is the challenge of aligning expenditures with the ambition of the New Thinking. The second challenge is improving the currently low effectiveness of public spending, which is one factor behind the relatively low agricultural share in the government's overall budget. The third challenge is successfully implementing the financial and functional devolution resulting from the Mandanas Ruling. This Philippines Agriculture Sector Public Expenditure Review (AgPER) aims to (a) help the government evaluate the direction of spending policies under the New Thinking strategy and (b) consider the best way forward in devolving agricultural services to LGUs as a result of the Supreme Court's Mandanas Ruling
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  • 198
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Access To Education ; Employment ; Freedom of Expression ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Social Development ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Restrictions ; Women
    Abstract: Through various decrees from the Interim Taliban Administration (ITA), women and girls have been systematically excluded from public and political domains, and restricted in their freedom of expression, access to education, and some forms of employment. As the restrictions continue to mount, it is increasingly important to safely consult with women and girls on their needs and priorities. The Afghanistan gender monitoring survey (AGMS) is intended to provide a snapshot of women's own perceptions of their situation and to bring the voices of Afghan women into data collection efforts to inform the humanitarian-development response. The AGMS interviews were conducted in September and October 2022. This first round of data collection will provide an important baseline from which to assess the additional impacts of the December bans. This report presents the main results of the AGMS, conducted by the World Bank
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  • 199
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic
    Abstract: In Azerbaijan, economic growth was 4.6 percent in 2022, driven by non-energy sectors supported by recovering demand and fiscal expansion. Inflation accelerated sharply to 13.8 percent, driven by import prices. In the medium-term, growth is expected to moderate as non-energy sector growth returns to pre-COVID levels while the energy sector shrinks further. Risks to this outlook are balanced. This Macro Poverty Outlook presents GDP, debt and fiscal forecasts and examines the implications for critical economic and social concepts such as growth, poverty reduction and macroeconomic stability
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  • 200
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Contraceptive Use ; Cutting ; Education ; Female Genital Mutilation ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender-Based Violence ; Girls Education Status ; Maternal Health Access ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Women's Access To Health Services ; Women's Agency ; Women's Economic Opportunity
    Abstract: Evidence shows that Guinean women and girls face important barriers across all dimensions of well-being that prevent them from having access to opportunities on an equal footing with men. The poor agency of women and girls, as reflected in the high prevalence of discriminatory legal and social norms, translates into gaps in health, education, employment, and entrepreneurship, ultimately undermining their capacity to fulfill their potential and imposing important societal costs. This report presents a summary of the key challenges facing Guinean women and girls relative to men and boys. The report has a particular focus on early family formation, a common phenomenon in the country with important implications for girls' and women's well-being and opportunities in life. On the basis of this diagnostic and a review of evidence of what works, the report proposes some strategic lines of action to address the existing constraints and effectively empower Guinean women
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